The Magazine from Carl Zeiss s Anniversaries in Medicine s Shapes

InnovationT h e M a g a z i n e f r o m C a r l Z e i s s

■ Anniversaries in Medicine

■ Shapes and Colors in Art and Nature

■ Images like Music

ISSN 1431-8059

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Innovation 13, Carl Zeiss, 20032

Contents

Editorial

Epochal Events Celebrated in 2003 3

In Focus

Innovations for Health 4The Spiral-shaped Ladder of Life ❚ Ursula Loos 10Genetics Founded by an Augustinian Friar 15

From Users

High Profile Measurement ❚ Andreas Hahnen 16Exactly to the Point ❚ Nina Berlin 18Chinese Terracotta Army: Not Gray, but Brightly Colored ❚ Susanne Krejsa 20

Focus on Vision

Alcedinidae – Kingfishers 24A Life with the Kingfisher 30The Kingfisher in Art 31Images like Music ❚ Interview with Susesch Bayat 32Nature – the Greatest Artist of Them All 38

In Short

Rolling Materials Microscopy 41Music for Health 42Ideas for the Future 44

Service

Computer Tomography for Industry 46Lenses from the Net 47

Product Report

Light Microscopy 48Electron Microscopy 49Industrial Metrology, Spectral Sensor Systems, Camera Lenses 50Sports Optics, Ophthalmic Products 51

Masthead 51

Looking back at some of the outstanding events thattook place a hundred and fifty, one hundred, and fiftyyears ago, there is much to celebrate and remember in 2003. Many of these discoveries changed our lives forever and will continue to have a decisive influence ondevelopments and events in future.

Science and technology

Carl Zeiss has worked in the interests of health for morethan a hundred years. Just fifty years ago, in 1953, itgave the world the first Carl Zeiss operating microscopemade in Oberkochen.

1903 saw the birth of the company suggestionscheme at Carl Zeiss, and product development andmanufacturing has been enjoying the benefits now forone hundred years. Suggestions for improvement assistin optimizing the product development cycle and cuttingdown on the supplies needed in the manufacturingprocess.

Celebrating its one hundredth anniversary this year,the world’s largest exhibit of natural sciences andtechnology, the Deutsche Museum in Munich, was themodel for numerous renowned institutions such as theChicago Museum of Science and Industry and theNational Science Museum in Tokyo. It provided the inspi-ration for Umberto Eco’s world bestseller Foucault’sPendulum, and it was at the instigation of the Museum’sfounder, Oskar von Miller, that Carl Zeiss built the firstprojection planetarium in the 1920s.

A twelve-second flight in 1903 marked the beginningof the unstoppable progress of motorized aviation. OnDecember 17, 1903 the brothers Orville and WilburWright left the ground for the first time in human historyin a motorized aircraft controlled by human hand.

But perhaps it was the brief article just one page longthat appeared in the science magazine Nature on April25, 1953 that announced the most profoundly ground-breaking discovery of the last century. In this article JamesWatson and Francis Crick described the structure ofnucleic acids and called it a double helix. The three-dimensional model of the heredity material DNA lookslike a twisting rope ladder, and the discovery of the struc-ture cracked one of the most vital secrets of life to usherin the century of the gene.

Art and nature

One hundred fifty years ago the Dutch painter Vincentvan Gogh first saw the light of day, and in his short life-span of 37 years produced more than 800 sketches,watercolors and oils. Auctioned for a record price of 82.5million dollars, the picture of his doctor Paul FerdinandGachet is still the most expensive work of art of moderntimes.

In 1853 the German emigrant Henry EngelhardSteinway established his legendary piano factory Stein-way & Sons in Manhattan, New York. The first piano wassold for 500 dollars and is now exhibited at theMetropolitan Museum of Art in New York.

The Rochester Institute of Technology is celebratingone hundred years of photography courses at its schoolof photographic arts and sciences.

Politics and world history

The first mass uprising in the territory of the former Sovietbloc was an important landmark in German history too.The day before June 17, 1953, a handful of constructionworkers protested in East Berlin against the ten-percentincrease in work norms. On June 17 protests, strikes anddemonstrations were held all over East Germany. Theuprising was one of the crucial events that affected thecourse of relations between the two Germanies untilreunification in October 1990.

In 1953 for the first time in the history of the Englishmonarchy a coronation ceremony was broadcast on tele-vision and radio. On June 2, 1953, hundreds of thou-sands of viewers watched as King George VI’s eldestdaughter was crowned Elizabeth II in Westminster Abbeyin London.

In the same year came the long awaited news fromthe Himalayas that the New Zealander Edmund Hillaryand his Nepalese sherpa Tenzing Norgay had conqueredthe summit of the 8850-meter high Mount Everest, thehighest mountain in the world.

September 2003

Dr. Dieter Brocksch

Epochal Events Celebrated in 2003

3

Ed i tor ia l



The first Carl Zeiss product in thefield of optical medical systemswas the binocular corneal micro-scope, which was developed bySiegfried Czapski in 1898. Thisophthalmic examination instru-ment was based on a stereomi-croscope developed by Carl Zeissin collaboration with S. Gree-nough. The xenon light coagula-tor was presented in 1957 andmade it possible for the first timeto use light not only for examina-tion, but also directly for thetreatment of the diseased eye –this formed the basis for CarlZeiss’ entry into the field of lasermedical systems in 1984. Today,two out of three surgeons world-wide work with a surgical micro-scope from Carl Zeiss.

After the Second World War surgicalmicroscopes and light coagulatorsfrom Carl Zeiss in Oberkochen mademedical history. A new arrival wasadded to the already comprehensiverange of medical instruments: in1953, the OPMI® 1 surgical micro-scope, developed at Carl Zeiss, laidthe foundation for modern micro-surgery. OPMI® 1 was the first surgi-cal microscope to offer coaxial illumi-nation and stereoscopic viewing.

History and tradition

Surgery – derived from the Greekword “cheirourgikos”, the craft ofhealing – is one of the oldest branch-es of medicine, and was even per-formed by primitive peoples. The Tal-mud mentions amputation, artificiallimbs and wound suture. As early asthe 2nd century the Indians knewabout urethral extension and rhino-plasty. Since the time of the Greekdoctor Hippocrates (460 – 370 BC)we have known about the “ubi pusibi evacua” treatment principle(where there is pus, there evacuate).However, it was not until the 19th

4

In Focus

Innovations for Health

century with its discoveries and in-sights in the areas of antisepsis andanesthesia that surgery was able todevelop into the essential and fa-miliar branch of medicine that it istoday.

Hippocrates was the founder ofmedicine as a science. He laid thetheoretical and practical foundationsfor a form of medicine based on em-pirical and rational principles. Todaythe name Hippocrates is still associ-ated with the oath that forms thebasic moral code for the medical pro-fession. The Hippocratic Oath obligesthe doctor to do everything he can tobenefit and protect the patient andto avoid any action that may disturbthe mental and physical equilibriumof the person entrusted to his care.

Galen (129–199) (also known asClaudius Galenus or Galen of Perga-mon), personal physician to MarcusAurelius, was a Roman doctor ofGreek origin who was regarded as achild prodigy because he had alreadywritten three books by the age of 13.To win fame, he demonstrated hissurgical skill in public. Galen earnedsuch a high standing for Greekteachings on the four humors that

“Feldtbuch” show a range of com-plex and technically sophisticated“extension devices” and a range ofsurgical instruments. The emphasis isplaced on treatment techniques andsophisticated devices, the body ap-pearing merely as a functional struc-ture that can be “fixed” mechanical-ly. There is no mention of elementaryemotions, cruelty and pain duringoperations.

One of the first surgeons to suc-ceed in bridging the gap between ac-ademic medicine and skilled practice,thereby enhancing the status of theprofession, was French surgeonAmbroise Paré (1510 – 1590). In1543 he published his findings inFrench under the title “The Treat-ment of Gunshot Wounds”. Thesewent directly against the methods oftreatment previously employed andtriggered a scientific controversy.

An early treatise on “plastic sur-gery” appeared in Gaspare Taglia-cozzi’s (1546 – 1599) publication “Decurtorum chirurgia” in 1597. This de-scribed, among other things, the re-construction of a nose after the pun-ishment of having your nose cut off.

In medieval Europe surgery was

5Innovation 13, Carl Zeiss, 2003

“Once you have performed an operation using themicroscope you will no longerwant to do without it.”

Carl Olof Nylén

they even became part of a religiousdogma.

Abù’Alì al-Husayn Ibn Sina,known as Avicenna (980 – 1037), isregarded by many as the father ofmodern medicine. He was not just aphysician, but also a philosopher,mathematician, mineralogist, geolo-gist and poet.

The major textbook “ChirurgiaMagna” was written by Guy deChauliac (around 1300 – 1368) andis probably the most comprehensivecompendium of all the medicalknowledge of that time. The mottoof surgery ”Tuto, cito, jucunde” –”as safely as possible, quickly andas pleasantly as possible” – is foundin the border of the title page ofAvicenna’s ”Canon Medicinae”,printed in 1608.

The “Feldtbuch der Wundarzeney”by Hans von Gersdorf (around1450 – 1529) conveys knowledge andmedical tradition dating from thetime of the transition from the Mid-dle Ages to the modern era. Whilsthis anatomical knowledge was stillhanded down from Galen, in thefield of practical surgery he was aninnovator. The illustrations in his

Figs 1a to 1e:(from left to right) HeinrichWestien’s Binocular CornealLoupe, Heinrich Westien’sheadset magnifier, SiegfriedCzapski’s corneal loupe,loupe from Carl Zeiss andthe OPMI® 1 surgicalmicroscope from Carl Zeiss.

practiced by barbers. Medieval sur-gery was surgery resulting from warand accidents. It was often limitedmerely to the cauterization ofwounds, the setting of fractures andamputations. Surgery was considereda skilled trade rather than a profes-sion. The “real” doctors – doctoresmedicinae – clearly disassociatedthemselves from this kind of “hands-on” work. The rise of surgeons toacademic recognition was a gradualprocess that started in the 16th cen-tury, and was confined to certainregions. Specialist literature in locallanguages (French, Italian, Germanetc.) was not written and printeduntil the second half of that century,

and consequently only then becameavailable to lay surgeons. It was notuntil 1743, with the founding of the“Académie royale de Chirurgie” inParis, that surgeons achieved equalstatus with physicians.

The main upholders of educationin medieval Europe, the clerics andmonks, were not allowed to practiceany medical activity. The 4th LateranCouncil in 1215 expressly prohibitedall clerics in major orders from carry-ing out any kind of surgery. After along ban on dissection during theMiddle Ages, the attitude of theChurch changed: Pope Alexander Vwas dissected in 1410. Eventually, in1556, the theological faculty of theUniversity of Salamanca declared that“the opening up of the human bodyis useful and therefore permitted toChristians”.

Leonardo da Vinci made morethan 750 anatomically accuratedrawings. His aim was to attempt tounderstand man as a whole. Thisserves as an example of man’s awak-

ening interest in the human body inthe 16th century. Nevertheless, daVinci’s anatomical studies remainedby and large unfamiliar to most ofhis contemporaries. His findings didnot follow on from any tradition,and did not bring about any changein science.

Pioneers of microsurgery

Surgery took an upturn in the 19thcentury as a result of the discovery of ether (1846) and chloroform(1847), the discovery of microbes aspathogens in wound suppuration(Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch) and thediscovery of antisepsis and asepsis.

In spite of constant improvementsin microscope technology, until theend of the 19th century nobodyregarded the use of a microscope asreally necessary in surgery. The loupesdeveloped at this time were used inclinics for diagnostic purposes andsometimes also in operating rooms.


SurgerySurgery is regarded as the science of operativetreatment and is one of many specialist areas ofmedicine. It comprises wound care and the operativetreatment of illnesses or physical defects by means ofmechanical or instrumental intervention in the livinghuman body. Surgery is divided into the specialistfields of abdominal surgery (or visceral surgery), chest surgery (thoracic surgery), cardiovascularsurgery, pediatric surgery, oral surgery, head andnerve surgery (neurosurgery), cosmetic (plastic)surgery and accident surgery (traumatology).

MicrosurgeryMicrosurgery is a surgical technique that makes itpossible to perform operations on the smallest vessels,nerves and organs with the help of special optical aids such as loupes or surgical microscopes. Microsurgical techniques are employed in particularlysensitive areas, such as the eyes or cranial region, and are essential for eye surgery, organ transplantsand the reattachment of severed body parts.

Figs 2a to 2c:Maya scalpel,“Cranial section” from the“Atlas of anatomicalstudies”, Leonardo da Vinci,“Serratura” (leg amputa-tion) woodcut from the“Feldtbuch der Wund-arzeney” by Hans vonGersdorf.


The French optician Chevalier de-signed a loupe in 1838 and 1843 that made it possible to achieve 6-10x magnification at a free objectdistance of up to 7 cm. Rostock courtengineer Westien developed doubleloupes that could be attached to thehead and worn during surgery. In1886 Westien built a binocular instru-ment for the Berlin zoologistSchultze, to be used for dissectionwork. The Director of the RostockUniversity Eye Clinic, Karl Wilhelmvon Zehender (1819 – 1918), modi-fied this instrument for ophthalmic di-agnosis purposes. Von Zehenderpaved the way for the University EyeClinic in Rostock and is today regard-ed as the founder of ophthalmic sur-gery. He was the first ophthalmologistto operate successfully using theBinocular Corneal Loupe, a binocular,microscopic magnifying optical sys-tem (in 1886). The forefather of thesurgical microscope was thus born,and von Zehender is consequently de-scribed today as one of the pioneers

of microsurgery. This was the begin-ning of the slow, gradual further de-velopment of surgical methods andspecialist optical instruments that cul-minated in the modern surgical mi-croscope.

It was more than thirty years aftervon Zehender’s report on the use ofoptical systems during operations be-fore other reports of microsurgerywith the help of optical instrumentsappeared. G. Holmgren’s assistant,Carl Olof Nylén (1892 – 1978), builtthe first surgical microscope from asimple, binocular, slightly modifiedstand microscope at the UniversityEar, Nose and Throat Clinic in Stock-holm in 1921. The instrument wasused during microsurgery for the firsttime in November of that year, todeal with two cases of chronic otitiswith labyrinthine fistula. Since thenNylén has also been regarded as oneof the fathers of microsurgery.

Dr. Horst L. Wullstein

Hans Littmann

Dr. Mahmut Gazi Yasargil

It quickly caught on in existingareas of microsurgery. H. Herrmann(1900 –1996) introduced the OPMI® 1into nasal surgery as early as 1958.Heinrich Harms (1908–1987) andGünter Mackensen, the co-foundersof modern ophthalmic microsurgery,improved the possibilities for usingthe microscope in ophthalmic micro-surgery from the 1960s onwardswith their suggestions on technicalmodifications to the OPMI® 1, suchas the arrangement of instrumentcomponents, illumination, adjust-ment and focus.

With the development of theOPMI® 2 surgical microscope in1965, motorization arrived in the op-erating room. Motorized focus andzoom systems simplified and facili-tated microsurgery considerably.

The optical possibilities offered bythe surgical microscope formed thebasis for the development of newspecialist fields, such as neuro-micro-surgery. Mahmut Gazi Yasargil(*1925) is regarded as the father ofneuro-microsurgery and was elected


The first surgical microscope

Under the guidance of physicist HansLittmann (1907 – 1991), initial proto-types of the OPMI® 1 surgical micro-scope were produced at Carl Zeiss inOberkochen in the early 1950s. Thismicroscope was soon developed tomeet all of the fundamental require-ments of surgical technology at thattime: an adjustable working dis-tance, coaxial illumination, magnifi-cation changer (Galilean changer),binocular tubes with various anglesof inclination, and possibilities formounting co-observation and docu-mentation devices.

Horst L. Wullstein also contributedideas to the development of the sur-gical microscopes designed byLittmann. The OPMI® 1 surgical mi-croscope then had its first public ap-pearance in 1953 when Wullsteinpresented it at the world congress inAmsterdam. This was the decisivepublic breakthrough for the surgicalmicroscope in the field of otology.

8

Nylén’s superior and tutor G.Holmgren (1875 – 1954) took up hisstudent’s idea. In 1922 he modified abinocular microscope from Carl Zeissby adding a light source and a standdevice that allowed it to be used forfenestration operations.

Almost another thirty years laterHorst L. Wullstein (1906 – 1987),who was unhappy with the inflexibledissection microscopes being used atthat time, built a surgical microscopeof his own that offered much im-proved movement. It was mountedon a stand, equipped with a rotatingarm and offered 10x magnificationfor ear surgery.

One of the few women to make history as a microsurgical pio-neer was Rosemarie Albrecht(1900 – 1996) from Jena. Even before1950 she was using a colposcope forthe diagnosis and early recognition ofcancerous changes in the oral cavityand larynx region. In 1950 developersat Carl Zeiss in Jena modified thecolposcope for laryngeal diagnosis atAlbrecht’s suggestion.

50 Years of Surgical Microscop

“neurosurgeon of the century” bythe American Association of Neuro-surgeons in 1998. In 1967 Yasargilperformed the first intracranial vascu-lar anastomosis and developed spe-cial microsurgical instruments andmethods for recording operations.This period also saw the developmentof the NC 1 stand by Contraves andCarl Zeiss. Weight compensationmakes it possible to move the opticsto the desired position easily duringthe operation. This stand technologyis still recognized as the gold stand-ard in neurosurgery today. The elec-tronic piloting system on the MKMsurgical microscope (1992) offers theuser targeted navigation around theoperating area during neuro-micro-surgery. The OPMI® Neuro MultiVision surgical microscope (2000)creates the ideal basis for the er-gonomic integration of a range ofadditional information. The doctorhas all the key data from other in-struments involved in the procedure,such as endoscopes and data fromtomography systems, available “on-


Fields ofapplication andinitial use ofmicrosurgicaltechniques

Milestonesin the designof surgicalmicroscopes atCarl Zeiss

1921 Microsurgery of middle ear1923 Colposcopy

2000 OPMI® Neuro MultiVisionSuperimposition and projection ofdigital diagnostic data directly intothe eyepiece2001 OPMI® Vario/ NC 33for minimally invasive spine surgery2002 OPMI® PROergoDental Microscope2002 OPMI® Sensera for ENT surgery

1976 Contraves NC1 StandEffortless motion throughcounterbalancing

1992 MKM Navigated neurosurgerywith electronic pilot system1994 OPMI® ORLfor ENT microsurgery1996 SMN Navigation Systemfor microsurgery1996 OPMI® PRO for oraland maxillofacial surgery

1942 Ophthalmology

1953 Facial surgery1955 Microlaryngology1958 Paranasal sinus

surgery

1961 Vascular microsurgery1962 Neurosurgery1968 Microsurgery

in gynecology

1965 OPMI® 2First motorized focusingand first motorized zoom

1971 Microsurgeryof lateral skull base

1973 Cochlear implants1973 Reconstructive and

reimplantation surgery1977 Urology

1953 OPMI® 1First surgical microscope

1984 Wide angle optics for OPMI®

1985 Voice control for OPMI®

1988 OPMI® CSfor ophthalmology

line”, in a similar way to a pilot usingthe display instruments in his cockpit.

Today all surgical microscopesstand out thanks to their optimumuser comfort, optical brilliance andseamless integration into the operat-ing environment. Numerous acces-sories, such as foot and mouthswitches and camera systems fordocumentation, expand the possibleareas of application in all fields ofmicrosurgery.

es from Carl Zeiss

www.zeiss.de/surgical


Exactly 50 years ago, James D.Watson and Francis C. Crick de-scribed the double helix formingthe 3D structure of DNA – forwhich they received the NobelPrize a few years later. As carrierof hereditary information, DNA ordeoxyribonucleic acid controls thedevelopment of a fertilized ovuminto a complex, fully functionalorganism and has permitted thewide variety of life forms todevelop throughout the course of evolution.

Watson and Crick pushed sci-ence that decisive step forward,which ultimately led to the rapiddevelopment of genetic engineer-ing. This is why 1953 marks amilestone in the history of biolo-gy. While this branch of sciencewas rather insignificant in thefirst half of the twentieth centu-ry, it now points the way to the future of medicine thanks toits numerous application possibili-ties, and has also become a prom-ising branch of industry.

one protein. Later on, Linus Paulingshowed that a modified (mutated)gene can cause changes to a proteinand thus result in a disease. It stillremained to be clarified how thehereditary information is passed onto the next generation.

Only after the Second World Wardid the electron microscope becomea standard instrument in science.Experiments revealed DNA as a long,thin, non-branched molecule. In theearly fifties, chemical examinationsfinally showed how the DNA mod-ules, the nucleotides, are linked toeach other, thus revealing the back-bone of the long molecule. However,the question of spatial arrangementof the nucleotides remained com-pletely in the dark. Is there regularrepetition of the four different bases?How can DNA store the requiredinformation and play its role as thecarrier of hereditary information?

In 1951, Erwin Chargaff observedthat the bases are not available inidentical quantities: adenine wasabout as frequent as thymine, whilethe quantity of guanine approximate-ly corresponded to that of cytosine.He also observed that DNA of differ-ent species contains different basecombinations. In fact, Chargaff’s find-ings implied that genetic informationmust be stored in the base sequence.

The Spiral-shaped Ladder of Life

10

The role of DNA

However, the history of molecularbiology begins a good 100 years ear-lier. Watson and Crick would neverhave achieved what they did withoutthe many discoveries made in thesecond half of the 19th century andthe first half of the 20th century.After all, it remained to be clarified atthat time which molecules in the cellsactually store and pass on the heredi-tary information.

The Augustinian friar JohannGregor Mendel found out that cer-tain traits (later called “genes”) canbe passed on independently of eachother. The molecules found in the cellnucleus were named nucleic acids.DNA consists of very long chains ofmany linearly connected elements(nucleotides). There are four differentnucleotides in DNA – depending onwhich of the following bases theycontain: adenine, guanine, cytosineand thymine.

However, it was not until the mid-dle of the 20th century that clear evi-dence was provided that genetic ma-terial definitely consists of DNA – andnot of proteins which were long con-sidered as candidates for this role.Furthermore, various observationspermitted the conclusion that onegene contains the information for

Ursula Loos

130 years ago, the Basel physician FriedrichMiescher for the first time isolated a substancefrom human pus cells, or more precisely fromtheir cell nuclei, which he called nuclein.

However, the importance of his discovery was not to become obvious until many years later.Today, we know this substance as nucleic acidand as the carrier of genetic information.

Friedrich Miescher

Oswald Avery was the first to show that the agent responsible for genetic transferring is thenucleic acid and not protein. Avery and his teamextracted a substance from a bacterium with asmooth surface and introduced it into a rough-surfaced bacterium. When the rough-surfacedbacteria transformed into the smooth-surfacedtype, Avery knew the substance he had extractedcontained the gene that coded for the smoothsurface. Avery’s team purified this substance and found it was pure DNA.

Oswald Theodore Avery

1844 –1895 1877–1955

Double helix – the answer to thequestion

X-ray structure analyses were used to finally clarify the spatial structure of linear DNA. In the early fifties,Maurice H. F. Wilkins and RosalindFranklin examined the diffraction pat-terns of DNA, and Franklin finallyfound the decisive clue to the helixstructure. However, the diameter ob-served was too large for a single mol-ecule: DNA had to consist of twointertwined chains!

By building 3D models of DNA,Watson and Crick finally discoveredthe spatial arrangement of the twochains of nucleotides and how theyare held together: the two chainsform a double helix. The base se-quence is irregular and specific toone person only – and can thus storethe specific hereditary information ofevery individual with a high degree ofvariability.

It was magnificent that this DNAstructure also seemed to make itclear how genetic information can bedoubled: the individual chains of adouble helix are the matrices for thedaughter strands to be newlyformed. In 1962, Watson and Crickwon the Nobel Prize in Medicinetogether with Wilkins. Later on,

Watson wrote a vivid description ofthe race for the DNA structure in his book “The Double Helix”.

Genetic engineeringmade possible

Further discoveries followed in rapidsuccession: in 1958, the mechanismfor the replication of genetic infor-mation could be definitely verified,details of gene regulation becameknown in the sixties, and the geneticcode was cracked soon after.

Since a DNA molecule is too longfor further analyses, enzymes weresearched which are able to cut DNAinto short, defined fragments. Thefirst of these so-called restriction en-zymes could be isolated in 1970,

which permitted the cloning of genesand therefore opened up the way forall further developments in geneticengineering. For the purpose ofcloning, a certain gene – the humaninsulin gene for example – is insertedinto a bacterium. If the bacteriumdivides, the human gene is alsomultiplied, and finally the bacteria –acting like a tiny factory – generatethe relevant gene product, i. e. theprotein. In the late seventies, StanleyCohen and Herbert Boyer cloned thegene for human insulin in this way.

However, scientists were worriedabout the reliability of such biologicalexperiments at a very early stage. In1974, an appeal to all scientists wastherefore published in the renowned“Science” journal to continue these


Linus Carl Pauling examined the structures of crystals and molecules. His research resultsbasically changed the idea about molecularstructures, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1954.On the basis of data obtained from X-raydiffraction analysis he developed the hypothesisin the 1940s and 1950s that proteins might be arranged in a helical pattern.

Linus Carl Pauling

Max Delbrück organized a meeting of scientists,physicists and biologists in Berlin in the 1930s,to which he also invited the Russian geneticistTimoféeff-Ressovsky and the physicist KarlGuenther Zimmer. In 1935 they jointlypublished the ground-breaking paper “On theNature of Gene Mutation and Gene Structure”which has now become classic reading material.In this publication, Delbrück proposes for the first time a gene model. By linking two sciences –biology and physics – which so far had existedonly side by side, he also made a first steptowards modern molecular biology. In 1969 hewas awarded the Nobel Prize in medicinetogether with Alfred Herschey.

Max Delbrück

1901–1994 1906–1981

1 2

Fig. 1:Rosalind Franklin’s X-ray structure-analyzedstructure B.

Fig. 2:James Watson and FrancisCrick with their moleculemodel.


experiments only if the health riskscan be calculated. As a result, aworldwide moratorium was foundedfor certain experiments involving re-combined DNA. During a conferencein Asilomar in February 1975, morethan one hundred internationallyrenowned scientists discussed possi-ble risks and recommended concreteguidelines. For example, it was al-lowed to use only those bacteriawhich are unable to live outside thetest tube.

Finally, human insulin could beproduced in large quantities throughgenetic engineering. For the first timenow, it was possible to use a geneti-cally produced drug! Until then, in-sulin drugs had been isolated frompigs or cattle, and many patientsshowed an allergic reaction to thesedrugs. Genetically engineered insulin,however, is identical to human insulinand therefore causes no rejectionreaction. The expectations and hopesin research and industry for medicaland economical success had thusbeen met for the first time.

In the USA, this was followed by aboom in the biotechnology industry,with many new companies beingfounded. After this, there was aconsolidation phase with companymergers, bankruptcies, and acquisi-tions by large drug manufacturers.

12

The DNA contained in almostevery cell nucleus is the hereditarysubstance of almost all creatures. The DNA molecule is made up oftwo intertwined molecule strandsbetween which approx. 100,000parallel connections are arrangedlike the rungs of a ladder. The twolongitudinal strands alternatelyconsist of the deoxyribose sugarmolecule and a phosphate group.

DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid

Details

Rosalind Franklin is considered to be the realdiscoverer of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).In 1950, she started to set up an X-ray crystallo-graphy unit at King’s College in London.Furthermore, she did research work in the field of DNA as part of a research program headed by Maurice Wilkins. In early 1953, Franklincorrectly interpreted the images she had obtained herself as an indication of a spiral-shaped DNA structure.

Rosalind Elsie Franklin

In 1950, Maurice Wilkins started x-raydiffraction studies of DNA and sperm heads and discovered the DNA molecule seemed to have a defined double spiral structure.Rosalind Franklin was also a member of hisresearch team. Together with Francis Crickand James Watson he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology in 1962.

Maurice Hugh FrederickWilkins

The rungs of the ladder are madeup of four different bases:adenine, thymine, guanine andcytosine. If the genetic informa-tion is considered as a text, thebases correspond to the letters ofthe alphabet. The sequence of the various bases on the DNAstrand forms the words of the“genetic text”. Three successivebases (triplet) in DNA form thecode for a certain amino acid.Other triplets of DNA contain startor stop information for proof-reading enzymes. These producecopies of parts of the geneticinformation which on their partserve as building instructions forproteins. If the entire DNA of ahuman cell were linearized, itwould measure about 2 meters. It consists of about six billionindividual components. If printed,the resulting library would contain2,000 books each of 1,000 pagesà 3,000 words.

1920 –1958 *1916

1 nm0,34 nm 3,4 nm

The attempts of the German biotechindustry to catch up with the Ameri-can market were finally crownedwith success in the late nineties, alsoleading to a boom in the founding ofstart-up companies, partially state-subsidized – and again a consolida-tion phase is expected to take placein the course of the next few years.

Chances and risks

In medicine, in molecular diagnosisfor example, genetic methods led to enormous improvements in thedifferentiation of diseases. For exam-ple, a differentiation between certainforms of breast cancer can only bemade in molecular biology. However,this is crucial for the patients. Thegenetic change defines the therapyand the prognosis. This is similar with other diseases where varioustechniques facilitate the diagnosis.

One of these techniques is thepolymerase chain reaction, PCR. Inthe mid-eighties, Kary Mullis had abrilliant idea which revolutionizedgenetic engineering. PCR dispenseswith cloning, and permits the directand therefore time-saving replicationof a specific DNA fragment. Further-more, this highly sensitive methodpermits the detection of minute DNA

quantities: in forensic science, forexample, tiny drops of blood or asingle hair found at the scene of a crime are now sufficient to convicta suspect. And DNA fragments frominsects trapped in amber for millionsof years help in providing evolutionbiologists with the answers to theirquestions.

Fluorescence in-situ hybridization(FISH) is a very attractive optical tech-nique in prenatal diagnosis and alsoin the follow-up care and therapymonitoring of cancer diseases. Fluoro-chromed probes permit the visualiza-tion of genetic changes. Individualgenes can be traced on the chromo-somes and fluorochromed, or entirechromosomes can be fluorochromedand compared under the microscope.

Many hopes are pinned on genetherapy treatment of diseases cur-rently considered incurable. If thechange of a gene in a certain diseaseis known, scientists can try to repairthe gene defect by insertion of the“healthy” gene, for example. Here,the so-called stem cells could play aspecial role because they are still ableto transform into very different cells.It is hoped that this will enable thecultivation of replacement cells fortherapeutic use.

However, molecular diagnosis andmedicine have not only positive

aspects, but also provide problems ofethics. Who would like to know at anearly age that he is likely to get an in-curable disease later on? How shouldanyone cope with this knowledge? Afurther aspect is that it cannot be ex-cluded that medical data is misusedby employers and insurers.

The public opinion about “green”genetic engineering, i.e. the use ofthis technique in agriculture, is oftenunfavorable and the subject is dis-cussed critically. Research targetsinclude, for example, resistance tovarmints or weed killers; possiblerisks with the insertion of new genesin plants include allergies to newsubstances in the food chain andharmful effects for the environmentand other organisms.

Bioinformatics andthe chip technology

The nineties saw the beginning of anew era when the systematic se-quencing of the entire humangenome started. Two major groupsformed which were competing witheach other: an international, govern-ment-funded group (the so-calledHGP – Human Genome Project head-ed by Francis S. Collins) on the onehand, and the company CeleraGenomics with J. Craig Venter as


In cooperation with Francis Crick, JamesWatson discovered the structure of DNA at theCavendish laboratory of Cambridge University in 1953. This marked the birth of moderngenetics on a molecular level. Together withFrancis Crick and Maurice Wilkins he wasawarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology.

James Dewey Watson

It is Erwin Chargaff to whom we owe the first basic knowledge about the chemicalcomposition of DNA. He discovered theregularity of the base composition of DNA fordifferent species. In all organisms, the amount of adenine equals that of thymine, and theamount of guanine equals that of cytosine.Together with the X-ray crystallography imagedata of DNA from Rosalind Franklin,Chargaff’s scientific findings formed the basis for one of the greatest discoveries of the 20th century, the double helix structure of DNA.

Erwin Chargaff

1905 –2002 *1928


director on the other hand. Afteryears of bitter competition, Collinsand Venter announced in mid-2000that they are able to jointly presentthe draft version of the three billionbase pairs of the human genome.

The data flood obtained bysequencing requires entirely newmethods of data storage, analysisand interpretation, which created thenew bioinformatics field of science.Biologists and IT specialists are nowjointly researching biological prob-lems using IT methods.

The human genome has nowbeen sequenced more or less entirely.But what does this mean? Althoughwe know the pure DNA sequence –approximately three billion chemical

effect, depending on the genetic dis-position of the individual concerned.So-called pharmacogenomics areaiming for the tailor-made drug. Ifthe specific genetic pattern of apatient is known, it might perhaps be possible one day to provide himwith the perfectly fitting drug. Butthat’s all still pie in the sky.

14

Figs 3a to 3c:Chromosome analysis,Brightfield image (3a).False-color image (3b).Assortment and allocationof chromosomes foranalysis (3c).

letters – we do not yet understand itsmeaning. Only three percent of DNAcorrespond to genes – and some ofthese 30,000 human genes have yetto be identified. It remains to bediscovered for which proteins thesegenes are coding, what tasks theseproteins perform in the organism andwhat role they play in diseases, forexample. In these cases, they mightbe the starting point of drugs. There-fore, these questions are not only ofacademic interest, but there is alsohope in the biotech and pharmaceu-tical industries that this moleculardata will provide information aboutdiseases and possible drugs. Here,there is promise of business totalingbillions of dollars where diseases suchas cancer, diabetes, rheumatism orAlzheimer are concerned. Alreadyabout twenty-five percent of all thedrugs available on the market areproduced biotechnologically.

Two further technical develop-ments – miniaturization and automa-tion – facilitate the functional analysisof the human genome. DNA chipspermit thousands of measurementsto be performed simultaneously, e.g.to clarify the question which genesare active in which cells or what doesthe gene pattern of a certain patientlook like? By now, it is known thatdrugs can have a positive or negative

Francis Crick cooperated with James Watsonin the discovery of the DNA structure which waspublished in 1953. They used X-ray crystal-lography and models to show that the basic structure of DNA molecules is a double helix,or an intertwined ladder. Together with James Watson and Maurice Wilkins he wasawarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology.

Francis Crick

In 1983, Kary Mullis developed the polymerasechain reaction (PCR) and, in 1993, wasawarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry togetherwith Michael Smith for the development ofoutstanding methods in DNA chemistry.The PCR method has revolutionized DNAtechnology. PCR amplifies very small amountsof DNA sequences, and the amplificationproduces an almost unlimited number of DNAmolecules suitable for analysis or manipu-lation. PCR has allowed screening for geneticand infectious diseases. Analysis of DNAs fromdifferent populations, including DNA fromextinct species, has allowed the reconstructionof phylogenetic trees including primates andhumans.

Kary Banks Mullis

*1916 *1944

Dr. Ursula Loos, [email protected]

3b3a

3c

In 1854, Mendel started selectingsuitable species of garden peas, orPisum sativum, from the abbey’s gar-den, which he could use for cross-breeding experiments. He focused hisstudies on such characteristics of thepea plants or seeds which can beclearly differentiated: white floweringor red flowering, yellow or greenseeds. Mendel performed the cross-breeding by transmitting pea pollensof one species to pea stigmas of theother species.

What was new in Mendel’s cross-breeding technique was the largenumber of plants. From 355 artificial


In 1865, the Augustinian friar Johann Gregor Mendel (1822–1884)held two lectures in Brno/Czechoslovakia that were un-spectacularly entitled “Experi-ments with plant hybrids” (cross-breeding experiments withplants). His audience was sympa-thetic, but uncomprehending. In1866, the paper was published inthe “Verhandlungen des Natur-forschenden Vereins in Brünn fürdas Jahr 1865” (Proceedings ofthe Natural History Society inBrno). The journal was distrib-uted to 120 university librariesand natural research associa-tions. Mendel himself sent 40reprints of his paper to expertshe knew. And yet nobody real-ized that a system of genetic in-formation units still valid todayhad been discovered then.Mendel called these units “fac-tors”. Today, they are known ashereditary factors or genes.

Genetics Founded by an Augustinian Friar

1

fertilizations he obtained 12980 hy-brid plants, providing him with reli-able results about the regular segre-gation of traits. His interpretationwas new and ingenious.

The interrelation between inheri-tance and chromosomes (or thegenotype or DNA) was not known inMendel’s times. At first, no noticewas taken of his pioneering achieve-ment by other researchers. It wasonly in 1900, 16 years after hisdeath, that other biologists inde-pendently rediscovered Mendel’sfindings, confirmed them and madethem generally known.

www.zeiss.de

www.mendel-museum.org

www.mpiz-koeln.mpg.de

Hand in hand with users

Ascona Consulting and ApplicationsGmbH of Meckenbeuren at LakeConstance was looking for a technol-ogy able to reduce the increases intime and cost that profile manufac-turers are faced with. As a specialistfor innovative optical 2D and 3Dmeasuring techniques, Ascona GmbHdeveloped a new method of measur-ing profiles that makes allowance forthe market requirements of profilemanufacturers. The measuring sys-tem can also be utilized in the steeland plastics industries, in otherwords, anywhere where profiles areproduced and machined.

The “special optics”solution

The centerpiece of this measuringsystem called Contur Projector 290 isthe Visionmes® telecentric objectivelens specially developed by Carl Zeissfor such applications. It features an ex-ceptionally large object field of 290mm. The high-tech quality of the lensguarantees high measuring accuracyover the entire object field. The combi-nation of hardware and software,integrated illumination and an arraycamera permit highly efficient meas-urement and analysis of different pro-file sizes, for example of extruded alu-minum profiles, with unchanginglyhigh quality.

Innovation starts right at the begin-ning when the sample is prepared. Asthe objective lens is mounted horizon-tally, the samples no longer have to beabsolutely plane, right-angled and freefrom any sharp edges; the burr causedby the cutting process is simply re-moved by grinding or brushing. Thepreparation of each sample thereforeno longer takes five minutes, but onlyone. This alone saves several hundredhours of valuable working time peryear and lowers the overall costs con-siderably. The maximum permissible


Metal profiles can be found inmany everyday products. Theyare not usually visible, but theyprovide the necessary reliabilityand stability. If they are made ofaluminum, their weight is re-duced and the stability is main-tained or even improved. This is the reason why car manufac-turers are tending to use more and more aluminum profiles inthe construction of automobiles.Modern intercity trains are an-other important field of applica-tion. Aluminum profiles are usedfor cooling electronic compo-nents in radios, TV sets and com-puters, for guiding mechanicalcomponents in printers and formodernizing the design of win-dow and door frames.

Increase in time and cost

To ensure that aluminum profilesreally meet the requirements madeon them, it is absolutely essential thatfunctionally relevant dimensions con-form precisely to specifications, nomatter how complex the profilecontour may be. Deviations from thespecified parameters caused, forexample, by tool wear, temperatureand material fluctuations, must beidentified by quality assurance assoon as possible during the produc-tion phase. The immediate correctionof dimensional shortcomings avoidsthe production of rejects – costswhich would have to be borne alsoby the consumer.

The time presently required forchecking the constantly increasingnumber of different profile shapesand the costs this entails are veryhigh and are getting higher all thetime. In part, this is also due to thedifferent production quantities forvarying requirements. Until now, sev-eral cost-intensive work stages wererequired for measuring aluminumprofiles. First, a profile sample wasextracted from the current produc-tion by a sawing process. To elimi-nate errors in the subsequent meas-urement on scanners or projectors,this sample had to be square, sharp-edged and shorter than 2 cm. Thisentailed a great deal of manual workbefore the actual measurement, withthe added risk of injury to the opera-tor due to the thin cutting sections.These checking methods used foryears are no longer adequate to meetthe critical demands made on fastand precise verification. The measur-ing instruments were sensitive to dirt,heat and dust, and therefore had tobe set up in metrology rooms some-times far removed from the produc-tion environment.

High Profile Measurement

16

F rom Users

Andreas Hahnen

Fig. 1:Whether in the automotive or electronic industry or in the construction trade –exacting demands are made on aluminum profiles.


Fig. 3:The Visionmes® telecentricobjective lens from CarlZeiss with an object field of 290 mm. In addition tothis special lens, Carl Zeissoffers other telecentriclenses for different profilesizes. Ascona GmbH offersdedicated solutions forthese specific applications.

sample length is now 20 cm, whichtotally excludes the possibility of in-juries during sample preparation.

Another major benefit is the actu-al measuring time itself: work thatused to take 15 to 20 minutes withtraditional projectors and mechanicalprocesses can be done in two min-utes using the telecentric objectivelens from Carl Zeiss. This is the timerequired to capture and evaluate thecomplete contour of the testpiece, al-lowing you to implement immediateproduction control measures and, ifnecessary, to interrupt the productionprocess if deviations develop in anyfunctionally vital dimensions. Thismay amount to an almost 20-minutereduction in reject production withcostly material.

Results the simpleand direct way

Designed for use directly on the shop-floor, the Contur Projector 290 alsoreduces transport routes. It does notcontain any sensitive mechanical andmoving elements, and if it is optionallyequipped with an anti-vibration andan air conditioning system, it canstand up to any environmental chal-lenge.

Outstanding ease of use is a specialplus of the system. Production opera-tors place the profile in the measuringsystem without having to align it inany way, and the result is available for

ing industry and for streamliningprocess control. In the long term, thiswill have a positive effect on the costs of all products incorporatingprofiles.

Andreas Hahnen is responsible forMarketing and Sales at Ascona [email protected]

Information on Carl Zeiss telecentricobjective lenses and modules from Joachim Petermann, Optical [email protected]/optics

Fig. 4:The architecture of thebuilding housing HensoldtAG in Wetzlar, a companyin the Carl Zeiss Group, ischaracterized by aluminum.Hensoldt has been manufacturing the Zeissbinoculars and riflescopessince 1964.

Fig. 2:High-quality measured data is instantly available forevaluation and analysis.

evaluation and analysis in next to notime at the push of a button.

The first Contur Projectors were de-livered in 2002. In metrology process-es alone, approx. 70 % of the pre-vious costs were saved in this way,added to the reductions resultingfrom the much lower reject rate inproduction. Another benefit is theavailability of more precise informa-tion for effective process control forQuality Management, providing thepossibility of identifying and eliminat-ing problems in connection with toolsat a very early stage.

The new technology offers greatpotential for drastically reducing rejectproduction in the profile manufactur-


Nina Berlin

The new FIVE product allows therevolutionization of the technolo-gy incorporated in variable mes-sage signs. Here, SCHOTT FiberOptics and Carl Zeiss are workingtogether hand in hand.

The display changed every fewseconds: first the number “90”appeared in white, then a red “x”,followed by a green arrow. Itsounds like a traffic sign alongthe highway, but it is in fact a test device in the R&D labora-tories of the Fiber Optics Division

of SCHOTTGlas in Mainz.Here, re-searchers areworking tofulfill a num-ber of de-mands: “With

this new technology, we want toachieve more than just trafficsigns,” says Wolfgang Streu, Pro-ject Manager at SCHOTT FiberOptics. At exactly that moment,the display shows a yellow “smi-ley”, a task which would be toomuch to handle for the conven-tional variable message signsnow in use in Germany. FIVE – thenew, future-oriented project atSCHOTT – is the big exception.

Engineering genius

The catchy working title FIVE is anacronym for “Fiber Optical Informa-tion & Visualization Equipment”, andin simple terms it means using a pro-jector and a bundle of glass fibers totransmit information, which is thenmade visible on a display. This con-cept is not new, of course. Luminoustraffic signs made with glass fiber op-tics are already in use today. Butthese signs have their limitations interms of projection and resolution.Each light point can only be used forone signal. Red is always red, green isalways green. This static approachonly allows a limited number of sig-nals.

SCHOTT’s new development,however, has all sorts of untappedpossibilities because developers havebeen able to overcome the weak-nesses of the old systems. For onething, a single light source is suffi-cient with FIVE. In a stroke of genius,SCHOTT engineers – together withtheir colleagues at Carl Zeiss – wereable to break down the light beaminto red, green, blue and white withthe help of a so-called color wheel.From these primary colors it is possi-ble to represent up to 16.7 millioncolors, a number that computer fansknow from the color setting of theirmonitors. And thus FIVE is able to of-fer the same broad color representa-tion. As it continues on its path, thedispersed light beam strikes a DMD

Exactly to the Point

chip, similar to those used in modernprojectors. “This chip is about thesize of a postage stamp,” says physi-cist Ekkehard Gaydoul, who is one ofthe inventors of the FIVE system.

“Fingerprint” tech-nology is the answer

However, the scientists still had onehurdle to overcome before achievingrepresentation on the display: directingthe path of the light through the glassfiber to the right position on the dis-play. This procedure is not a problem,for example, when using a mini-matrixwith four light points. The glass fiberthat receives the light beam at the up-per left also transmits it to the upperleft of the display, and reproduces thelight signal there too. “But even ourtest model had a matrix of 13 by 17,or 221 points. To connect each singlepoint by hand is complicated and verytime-consuming,” explains WolfgangStreu – and thus too costly. Further-more, four to six times that number,i. e. between 800 and 1250 imagepoints, were planned for the commer-cial application. “We had to find an-other method of correctly coordinatingthe image points,” says Streu.“

“Fingerprint” technology ultimatelyoffered the solution. “In the firststep, a fine light beam is used to de-termine the path it will take throughthe glass fiber bundle,” explainsGaydoul. The beam with the entrycoordinate A 1 will emerge, let's say,

Fig. 1:DMD chip from Texas Instruments.

at G 8. “The arrangement is com-pletely random and because of thelarge number of glass fibers, differentfor every unit. That is why it is calleda fingerprint.”

Like a puzzle in a mixer

Software developed by SCHOTTstores this apparent chaos and thenbreaks down the image or the signalthat one wants to represent withFIVE. In keeping with the above ex-ample, for instance, the light informa-tion that should appear at the G 8field of the display will be directed bythe software to the A 1 field, basedon the stored fingerprint. Here it isfed into the optical system.

The effect is amazing. The signalfed into the unit looks like someonehad thrown a puzzle into a mixer. Butat the end of the process, which isperformed just once for each display,the finished image appears on thescreen with each point at the rightspot. A patent has been applied forthis process.

The advantages of the entire sys-tem are quite obvious:■ Every image point can assume

every color.■ The outside temperature has no

influence on the color intensity. ■ The light intensity does not de-

crease over time (no light degrada-tion).

■ The housing of the display can be

kept very thin, since only the fiberoptic light guides – and no elec-tronic components – are assembledthere. Nor are any additionaldevices required (such as ventila-tors).

■ The system is easy to maintain be-cause the technical parts and thedisplay are kept apart. The fewworking parts, and especially thelights, are easily accessible forreplacements.

The possible applications extend farbeyond traffic technology. One possi-bility would be to use this technologyin signage with large numbers of in-dividually triggered, light-emittingpoints, such as passenger informa-tion on railroad platforms. And be-cause of the enormous optical flexi-bility, more sophisticated applicationsare also feasible, for example FIVEdisplays as advertising vehicles. Prod-uct Manager Wolfgang Streu is opti-mistic: “We have great expectationsfor our new development.”


For more than five years, what are known as OpticalEngines – i.e. optical systems in data and video projec-tors - have been developed and produced at Carl Zeiss inJena. The functional principle of this projection technol-ogy is called DLP – Digital Light Processing – and isbased on the DMD technology (Digital Micromirror De-vices) developed by Texas Instruments, where movingmicromirrors are the image-forming elements. As com-ponents of a consistently digital technology, thesesystems are used in application fields which far exceedprojectors. Here, it is possible to fully utilize the compe-tencies in the field of high-performance optics devel-oped by Carl Zeiss over many years and to implementthem in innovative technologies, permitting entirely newapplications in fields like biotechnology, printing tech-nology, microlithography and rapid prototyping. Theabove article describes a very interesting and promisingexample – use in traffic control systems and similardisplay systems.

Details

Fig. 3:The position of the reflector on the DMD chip determines whether the lightbeam will be transmitted through the projector lens to the display or absorbed.

Nina Berlin, SCHOTT Glas, Fiber Optics [email protected]

Ekkehard [email protected]/fiberoptics

Norbert Diete,Carl Zeiss, Optical Systems Business [email protected]/optics

Figs 2a to 2c:This is how FIVE works: The image to become visible on the display appears on thecomputer monitor (2a). Special software then breaks down this image in apparentchaos… (2b)… which is then transformed back into the original image by the glassfiber matrix. (2c). The FIVE system permits displays which are unlimited in formand color.

For around 2200 years they hadremained intact: the magnificentcolors of the famous terracottawarriors in Lintong, China, nearthe provincial capital of Xi’an. But now, the warriors lose theircolor as soon as they catch aglimpse of the light of the out-side world. The question of whythis is happening, and how it canbe prevented, is the subject of a joint research project being un-dertaken by German and Chinesescientists and restorers.

Almost 30 years ago the terracottaarmy was discovered quite bychance; it soon became famous theworld over and is lauded as the“eighth wonder of the world”. Itforms part of the tomb constructionof the First Chinese Emperor QinShihuang (259 – 210 BC), which wasincluded on UNESCO’s list of worldheritage sites in 1987. Even at thetime the excavation started in 1974,the remains of colorful decorativepainting were observed. This paintingconsists of a layer of East Asian lac-quer (Chinese: Qi, Japanese: Urushi),which is used as an undercoat and abrilliant dark brown color. A colorfullayer of mineral pigments (predomi-nantly valuable ones), such as azurite,malachite and cinnabar, along withantimonate, ocher, bone white andlead white, was applied on top. Chi-nese blue (han blue, BaCuSi4O10)and Chinese violet (han purple, BaCuSi2O6) were also used. These arebarium copper silicates, the methodof whose manufacture was onlyknown in China. The detection ofthese unusual pigments on the terra-cotta army is currently the earliestexample of their use that can beprecisely dated.

Chinese Terracotta Army: Not Gray, but Br

20

Susanne Krejsa

A stable paintingtechnique

A thoroughly stable painting tech-nique was used for the terracottaarmy. It had to be the best, long-last-ing and luxurious, and therefore atechnique was used that had alreadybeen tried and tested. East Asianlacquer is resistant to pretty muchanything, except for UV light and ex-cessive dryness over a long period.Painting an entire army with thishighly expensive and hard-to-obtainmaterial is testament to the Emper-or’s high demands. The pigment layerapplied on top was bound using awatery binding agent, which todaycan no longer be identified. 2200years of storage in moist earth – theunderground corridors of the graves(which were originally filled with air)are likely to have collapsed relativelyquickly after completion – resulted inconstituents of the binding agentbreaking down and water being de-posited. As they were completely sur-rounded by earth, however, the col-ored layers retained their originalform. Today, when the earth is re-moved, the pressure disappears andthe lacquer layer is able to move andbecome deformed. The water evapo-rates, reducing the volume, and thelacquer cracks.

Drying out has to be prevented

After 12 years of German-Chineseresearch it was possible to resolve theproblem of the flaking lacquer layersin principle. The speed of the excava-tion was reduced so that preservationmeasures could actually be performedin the grave itself. The colored figuresare cleaned of the moist earth insmall sections and immediatelysprayed with water. The cleaningprocess has to be performed withextreme care and therefore takesconsiderable time. Then the figuresare covered with moist compresses

21

ightly Colored

Fig. 1:Colored warriors in grave 2.

Photograph:Mr Zhou Tie, Museum of the Terracotta Army,Lintong


made from soaked cotton wool. Thisresults in the water that is present inthe lacquer layer being exchangedfor the non-volatile PEG 200 (poly-ethyleneglycol, a substance based onthe antifreezing agent ethylene gly-col), with an adhesive being added tofix the lacquer layer to the terracotta.Fine cleaning of the figures is thenperformed in the museum laboratoryusing microscopes, and individualparts are reinforced. In the case ofthe warrior with the green face (Figure 2c), the treatment of thehead alone took three months.

A newer method involves the in-corporation of a synthetic materialbased on an acrylic ester (HEMA, 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate, similar to plexiglass PMMA, polymethyl-methacrylate). This is applied as amonomer, i. e. in the form of smallindividual molecules, and is subse-quently hardened into a polymer. Thelow-viscosity liquid, which can bemixed with water, can penetrate thelacquer and simultaneously forms abond with the terracotta surface. Theoverall procedure is complex andcostly, as the polymerization requiresan electron-beam system. Neverthe-less, the results achieved with thisprocedure, which so far has beenperformed on individual fragmentsonly, are very good.

However, there is still a long wayto go before all of the problems havebeen solved. Current tests are focus-ing on improving the procedure sothat it can be adapted to best effectto the various tasks and the climaticsituation on site. New excavations inthe tomb construction are also throw-ing up new preservation problems allthe time.

Lost expressiveness of the eyes

The painting, which was originally ra-diant, emphasizes the finely crafteddetails of the uniforms, physiques,hair, moustaches, hands, feet andfaces, to which the Chinese artistshad devoted so much attention. Un-der the microscope you can see howthe polychromy was built up: on topof the dark brown Qi lacquer is athick pigment layer. The skin sectionsoften also contain two pink-coloredlayers, usually in different shades, tocreate a slightly translucent effect.Slight shading was used to empha-size the expression of the faces andgive them a true-to-life look. Theeyebrows, moustache and hairlinewere painted using fine blackstrokes. The artists also took advan-tage of the differences in glossinessbetween the Qi lacquer and matte

paint layers: the finely modeled hair,in shiny black lacquer, formed a vividcontrast to the colorful, material-like,matte hair bands. The pupils, also inblack lacquer, sparkled. On top of theclothes, with their radiant and con-trast-rich colors, is the armor, whichhas been lacquered like the originalleather armor. All of this gives theobserver the impression that the fig-ures are practically able to breatheand move.

Figs 2a to 2c:Head of a warrior fromgrave 2. For reasons that are not yet clear the warriorhas a green face.

Photographs:2a: Mr Zhou Tie, Museumof the Terracotta Army,Lintong.Other figures:Bavarian State Office for thePreservation of HistoricalMonuments, Munich (Catharina Blänsdorf).

2a

2b

Figs 3a and 3b:Fragments of a figureimmediately after excavation(3a), and after cleaning anddrying of the colored layerwithout preservation.

Figs 4a and 4b:The microscopic photographsshow cracked lacquer before(4b) and after thepreservation treatment (4a).After successful preservationthe lacquer is flat and sticks tothe terracotta, but the cracksremain visible.

Fig. 5:In a cross-section under themicroscope the use of unusualpigments (in this case hanpurple, cinnabar and azurite,for example) in the paintingof the figures can be clearlydetected.

5

4a 4b

3b3a


The site of the find consists of three graves. Thearrangement of the figures could provide clues as tothe military tactics that succeeded in destroying allopposing States and uniting 40 million peopleunder the Chinese Empire. Here the warriors wereused to guard the route of the procession, whichleads to the Emperor’s grave 1.5 km away.

Grave no. 1 covers around 14000 m2 and containsthe main army: 7000 warriors, horses and chariots ina straight-line formation, facing the enemy East. Infront are three rows of lightly armed warriors, whoform the advance guard, with 38 teams of warriors,horses and chariots behind them

Grave no. 2 is around 6000 m2 in size and containsfour small units in an L formation. This compriseskneeling and standing archers, chariots and cavalry.

Grave no. 3 is the smallest, covering 520 m2, but is also the most important: it probably forms the army’s command center – the warriors in this grave, who are only equipped with blunt (i.e. ritual) weapons, are sentries or a guard of honor for the Emperor.

The Terracotta Army of the Chinese Emperor

Details

Many more finds are expected

With a great deal of time and effort,it has so far been possible to preservethe decoration on around 20 figures.In many other cases, however, it hasbeen irretrievably lost or at best onlypartially retained. Around 1500 fig-ures have already been excavated,and other graves from the area ofthe tomb construction are being dis-covered and opened every year. The“problem” with the terracotta armyand other finds from the tomb con-struction lies in the techniques andmaterial combinations used, whichare unusual even for China, and inthe incredibly high number of finds.However, it is already becoming ap-parent that this tomb constructionwill not remain an isolated case. Theterracotta army comprises four ofmore than 100 known additionalgraves, of which only a small propor-tion have been excavated. The regionaround Xi’an will keep archaeologistsand restorers busy for generations:around 100 emperors are buriedthere in huge tomb constructions,

Dr. Susanne [email protected]

Catharina Blänsdorf, Bavarian State Officefor the Preservation of Historical [email protected]

www.bmy.com.cn/index_eng.htm

2c

Hong Kong

Peking

Shanghai

Lhasa

China

beneath earth pyramids or in rockchambers.

The Chinese-German project“Research and testing of preserva-tion methods for cultural assets ofthe province of Shaanxi” has beenfinanced using funds from theBMBF (German Federal Ministry forEducation and Research) since1988. It is due to run until at leastthe end of 2006.

A Stemi® 2000 C stereomicro-scope, an Axiolab® transmittedlight microscope and an Axiophot®

reflected light microscope camerafrom Carl Zeiss have provided valu-able assistance in preserving theterracotta army, including the earthconstructions, and in investigatingand identifying materials such aspigments, fabric and wood.


Focus on V i s ion


Alcedinidae – Kingfishers

Alcedinidae are a family of birdscomprising approx. 90 species in15 genera which can be found allover the world, many of them intropical and subtropical areas.Usually plumaged in bright col-ors, the birds range in size from10 to 50 cm. Besides their brilliantcoloring, they also have threeother features in common: a long,strong bill, a large head and shortlegs which altogether give thema stout appearance. Kingfishers

nest in tree or ground cavitieswhere they bring up their nidi-colous young. Depending on theregion where they live, kingfish-ers are resident or partially migra-tory. Most species hunt on landfor insects and small vertebrates,while some have become plunge-diving fish hunters. This meansthat the habitat of these speciesmust be located near water –ponds and streams with densevegetation on their banks.


Worldwidedistribution

The members of the Alcedinidaefamily distributed worldwide includethe giant kingfisher Megaceryle max-ima in Africa which measures 41 cm.It hovers in mid-air with vibratingwings like a kestrel and mainly feedson freshwater shrimps. In Asia, thewhite-throated kingfisher Halyconsmyrnensis attains a size of 28 cm. Itsdiet consists of insects, shrimps, fish,frogs, small reptiles, fledgelings androdents. Australia is the home of twooutstanding kingfisher species: thekookaburra Dacelo gigas with a size

striking, metallic greenish blue whichchanges in hue from blue toturquoise depending on the inci-dence of light. The bird's breast is ofan orange chestnut color with awhite spot on the throat, its feet abright red. The common kingfisher’sarea of distribution comprises NorthAfrica and Eurasia, except the north-ern regions. It nests and breeds incavities which it digs in steep, clayeybanks of clear watercourses or insand and gravel pits. It is even foundnear lakes and on the sea coast. Itsterritory may cover as much as threeor four kilometers of a watercourse.The nesting cavities are dug horizon-

of 46 cm and the red-backed king-fisher Halcyon pyrrhopygia measuring23 cm .

Central Europeanspecies

The only indigenous species in Cen-tral Europe is the common kingfisherAlcedo atthis. It lives here as a resi-dent, vagrant or migratory bird and is a solitary animal. Alcedo atthismeasures approx. 17 to 19 cm and isa fish hunter. It flies at high speedover short distances, in a straight lineclose above the water surface. Itsplumage on the back and head is a




tally into vertical banks, the tunnelleading to the nest chamber being 60to 90 cm long. The female and themale take turns in hatching up toseven white eggs, which takes about20 days. The nestlings remain in thenest for 23 to 27 days and are mainlyfed with small fish and water insects.A kingfisher family with six or sevennestlings may eat as much as 100fish per day.

Hunting behavior

Watching a kingfisher hunt is abreathtaking sight. A flash of brilliantgreenish-blue, it dashes along the riv-

er close above the water surface. Orit is perched on overhanging branch-es at shallow places in wait for po-tential prey. Having spied suitableprey, it dives perpendicularly into thewater with folded wings. With thefish caught in its bill, it beats itswings under water to return to thesurface. After surfacing, the bird re-turns to its perch with its prey and at-tentively watches the surroundings,the fish still in its bill. Then it kills itsprey by hitting its head against thebranch or post on which it is sitting.Finally, the bird eats the fish head first, because of the gills, or it takes itsprey to its family in the nesting cavity.

Fig .1:Helmut Heintges in actionwith his Hasselblad cameraand Carl Zeiss 250 mmSonnar T* f/5.6 lens.

Fig. 2:Small pond, observationhut and diving basin withperching branch forkingfisher photography inHelmut Heintges’ garden.

Fig. 3:Artificial bank with entryholes of the nesting cavities.


A Life with the Kingfisher

After years in forestry, he switched toa job in industry in the Cologne area.He was lucky enough to find a river-side property in the nearby Siegkreisdistrict. Again, the shy kingfisherswere constant guests on the water-course.

Helmut Heintges now began toexpand his hobby of nature photogra-phy on a professional basis. He creat-ed three small ponds in his garden andstocked them with fish. And the king-fishers were not long in making theirappearance. As a next step, a hidewas built to permit the kingfishers tobe photographed secretly, withoutdisturbing the birds. Two steep bankswith artificial nesting cavities wereadded shortly afterwards to completewhat was practically a typical king-fisher biotope.

As he gradually completed the bio-tope, Helmut Heintges also upgradedhis photographic equipment step bystep. A complex system of differentcameras, light barriers and flash unitsis now installed around the biotope.What the enthusiastic nature photog-rapher could not obtain through spe-cialized dealers he simply built himself.In spite of one or the other setback,he persistently worked on achievinghis great goal: shooting unique pic-tures of the kingfisher.Brilliant, fascinating shots are theresult of several years of kingfisherphotography. In 1992, the first egg lay in the nest. Between 1992 and2000, kingfishers hatched as often as eight times and reared a total of 52 young.

Born as one of ten children, Hel-mut Heintges spent his childhoodin a small village in the Eifel re-gion of Germany. In his nature-loving family, he learnt to be anattentive nature watcher from anearly age. A box camera permit-ted Helmut Heintges to take hisfirst steps as a photographer, andhe took more or less successfulshots of roe deer and stags whilehelping his father with the forestwork during school holidays. Thiswas the beginning of a part-timecareer as a nature photographer.Living near a river, he made theearly acquaintance of kingfishers,and the brilliantly colored birdhas never since lost its fascinationfor Helmut Heintges.


The Kingfisher in Art

Fig. 1:Painting of a kingfisher by Vincent van Gogh(1853-1890), one of themost famous painters today, created in the periodbetween 1886 and 1888 in Paris.

Fig 2:The kingfisher has been a model not only for glassand metal artists, but alsofor china manufacturers.It is also a very popularmotif on stamps all over the world.

Whether in watercolors, colordrawings, colored etchings or oil paintings – the kingfisher’splumage shining in metallic blueand turquoise, its orange-chest-nut head and breast with thewhite spot on the throat and its spectacular hunting behaviorseem to have such great attrac-tion for artists all over the worldthat they have made Alcedoatthis a frequent motif of theirpictures and sculptures. Apartfrom art, the kingfisher also holdsa firm place in superstition. It isoften considered a bearer of luckand augmenter of money, andalso seems to be of importance as a weather prophet. In bridalpictures, the kingfisher symbol-izes faithful love of the spouse.There is the popular belief thatthe female of the birds which livein couples carries its aged maleon its wings, feeds it and looksafter it until it dies.

Perched for minutes on a branchnear the water before diving for itsprey or after a successful hunt, thebird makes an excellent subject forartists. Virtually all pictures of thekingfisher show it sitting on abranch. It is only in rare cases thatthe bird is captured diving into orsurfacing from water, or flying withprey in its bill.

Philatelists from all countries prob-ably possess the world’s largestcollection of kingfisher portrayalscomprising more than one hundreddifferent stamps and stamp series.Even stamps from Macau, Mongolia,the Solomon Islands and the Vatican have been devoted to thekingfisher.

The kingfisher is an attractive, col-orful decoration on designer pottery.Bronze sculptures show the king-fisher in different postures. Crystalglass sculptures are ideal to give avivid impression of the kingfisher’sradiant, glittering plumage.

The kingfisher appears not only asa motif in text-related illustrations,but also in the illuminations of mag-nificent bibles such as the WenzelBible. Even the first German still lifepainter Georg Flegel (1566 –1638)created a painting showing fruit, akingfisher and a mouse.

www.zeiss.de

www.bird-stamps.org

www.swarovski.com

When you buy a record or a CD,you usually base your choice onthe piece of music, composer orartist in question. But before youeven hear a note, the sleevegives you an initial impression ofthe content. Does its design per-haps influence whether or notyou decide to buy it? KorneliusMüller, marketing manager forcinematic and photographic lens-es at Carl Zeiss, spoke to photog-rapher Susesch Bayat, who spe-cializes in portraits of artists forrecord and CD covers. With morethan 1000 CD booklets, postersand records to his name, he isone of the most active photogra-phers in his industry.

Images like Music

32

So you weren’t involved withrecords to begin with?

No. My actual breakthrough as aphotographer came at the end of the1970s with several calendars, forcompanies including Contax, CarlZeiss and Mercedes-Benz. Peoplefrom various industries approachedme, including Meler Markovic fromPolygram International, DeutscheGrammophon. At the time he wastheir international director for adver-tising and marketing. Polygram didn’thave a photographer in Berlin, andfor me this was an incredibly fortu-nate and decisive moment that re-sulted in decades of collaboration,not only in Berlin but also on theinternational stage.

Mr Bayat, you are well known as aphotographer for classical recordcovers. You come from a Persian-Russian family, but have beenliving and working in Germanyfor a number of decades. How didyou get into the field of classicalmusic?

In 1960, after studying architecturein Frankfurt/Main, I went to the Acad-emy for Film, Photography and Adver-tising in Berlin, where I studied thesesubjects for two and a half years. Ini-tially I spent a few years working as acameraman. It was only around 1970that I took up photography profes-sionally, concentrating to begin withon female portraits, first in black andwhite, but later in color too.

Were you then faced with some-thing new?

I certainly was! The interestingthing was that I had never pho-tographed men before. Markovicnoticed that after seeing my pic-tures: “You’ve only taken pictures ofwomen. Never men?” But I wasconvinced that I’d be able to do thatjust as well. My female photographyhad created the basis that enabledme to place sensitive people in frontof the camera and create meaning-ful images.

And – were you successful?My customers were happy with

the pictures, which meant that mycover photography then took off veryquickly. In the 1980s the economy

was booming, and during this period,when I moved into the field as a pho-tographer, classical music was also ex-periencing an unprecedented goldenage. There was so much to do, and Iwas constantly on the move – oneday London, the next New York, thenMunich and Copenhagen. I was oftenin the Berlin Philharmonic Hall inBerlin with Herbert von Karajan.

Your photographs of artists arenot normally taken in the studio?

Unless special photo-shoots hadbeen arranged with the music com-panies, I often had very little timeavailable. Sometimes you only offi-cially have ten minutes – only rarelydo you get one or two hours. I simplytried, during the orchestra’s re-

hearsals, to find a favorable andbeautiful subject. I have often set upa temporary studio inside the orches-tra areas or inside the hall. The musiccompanies appreciated my flexibilityand speed. Artists are often ratherdifficult people and normally have lit-tle time. This means that the photog-rapher has to be able to develop andimplement ideas quickly.

So the special skills of a photog-rapher who takes pictures for clas-sical record covers include theability to create a suitable loca-tion for your work whatever thepremises?

That’s right. Wherever musiciansperform, I’m always very quick tospot a suitable backdrop for photos.

Figs 1a to 1c:Leonard Bernstein (born1918 in Lawrence/Mass.,died 1990 in New York/USA) during recordingswith the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra in Vienna.


Even without a studio. To do this, youneed to be able to empathize withthe artists. I take the time to listen tothe rehearsals. The musicians knowfrom their record companies that Ican take photographs. And that’swhy they give me time.

Have there ever been any particu-larly “difficult cases”?

I’d rather give you a positiveexample. I obviously couldn’t askHerbert von Karajan to come to thestudio. But he was very well awarethat you need time to take good pic-tures. He spent half an hour posingwith Anne-Sophie Mutter, or on hisown, and then with other artists. Halfan hour, twenty minutes – that wasenough time to take a professionalpicture. Karajan was also disciplined,very disciplined, even after two orthree days of demanding rehearsalwork – one of the most disciplined

have to like Rachmaninov, but I needto capture the atmosphere of thismusic in my picture.

How important is the photo onthe cover of a record or CD towhether or not a person decidesto buy it?

It’s very important! Karajan oncesaid: “You can’t see the notes.” Herecognized how important the coverwas. In addition to the quality of themusic, he also placed a great deal ofimportance on the image and theoverall marketing. He was aware thatit is not only the artist’s name thatsells a record, but also the externaldesign. The sales figures of hisrecords today, more than ten yearsafter his death, show that Karajanwas right.

Before we see a picture on thecover of a record, countless photo-

34

conductors I have known. He wasbrilliant, he really was very good! I’mvery grateful for the time I spent withhim, grateful that I’m one of the fewpeople who has been able to takephotographs of him. Another con-ductor who was an exception wasLeonard Bernstein, of course, but hischarisma was quite different fromKarajan’s.

When you photograph musicians,you obviously have to understanda great deal about how they thinkand what they do?

Of course! If you are making adouble piano recording, for instancewith Alexander Rabinovich andMartha Argerich and a work by Rach-maninov, then the dramaturgy of thecover image also has to be right. Youcan’t photograph in a Romantic style.It needs to look a bit more progres-sive, harder. That doesn’t mean that I

Figs 2a and 2b:Herbert von Karajan,conductor (born 1908 inSalzburg, died 1989 in Anifnear Salzburg/ Austria).

Figs 3a and 3b:For record and CD coversseveral photographs arepresented to the artist forselection. Solo violinistGidon Kremer (born 1947 inRiga/Latvia) opted for thisportrait for the design of theCD cover “5 Mozart violinconcertos”.


graphs are produced, showing theartist with various expressions.Here Gidon Kremer seems quitefriendly. In the version on the cov-er, however, he looks much moreserious. This pattern can also beseen in other examples of yourwork. You usually offer your cus-tomer a wide range of differentimages, but often a stern facial ex-pression is the one they go for.Why is that?

I have no influence at all over thedesigner. He makes a preliminary se-lection, which includes a number ofdifferent facial expressions, andsometimes will certainly also includea friendly one. These images are pre-sented to the artist.

So it’s the musician who makesthe decision?

That’s right. The musician has “theright to his or her own image”. And

the record contracts dictate that heor she can decide which image willbe released. In my personal opinion,image selection should be left to thedesigner and the photographer, asthey know a lot more about the sub-ject. But nothing can be done aboutit, that’s just the way the law is. MrKremer picked a more serious photo.And it’s not such a bad choice.

Whether friendly or serious, froma technical point of view the im-ages are all of the same standard.And that brings us to the technol-ogy: What technology, and inparticular what camera techno-logy, do you use for record coverphotography?

I started out with a 35 mm cam-era, but for 20 years now I havebeen working only with a 6 x 6medium-format Rollei.

Which lenses do you use?All of the lenses are from Carl

Zeiss. I usually use the Sonnar®

4/150, Makro-Planar® 4/120 andPlanar 2.8/80 on the Rolleiflex 6008.But I also use a Sonnar® 5.6/250 anda Distagon® 4/40 and 4/50.

What are the advantages of theselenses over those of other manu-facturers?

With Zeiss lenses I can work witha fully opened aperture. They offer a performance that is exceptionallyconsistent and a particularly high bril-liance that I haven’t found anywhereelse. I often take photographs in verylow light. With Zeiss lenses, even un-der these conditions I can still focusvery precisely. Sometimes, if it’s rain-ing outside, I photograph indoorsagainst a window. I put the cameraon a tripod, take the 80, open theaperture fully and expose for a thir-



Kornelius Müller, Camera Lens MarketingDepartment, Carl [email protected]/photo

Susesch [email protected]

Fig. 4:For the production of a CDof works by Antonin Dvorákand Richard Strauss theBerlin PhilharmonicOrchestra was joined in theBerlin Philharmonic Hall by:(from left to right) cellistMischa Maisky (born 1948 in Riga/Latvia), violist Tabea Zimmermann (born inLahr, Black Forest/Germany)and conductor Zubin Mehta(born 1936 in Bombay/India).

Figs 5a to 5c:Photographs of mezzo-soprano and Wagner singer Waltraud Meier (born 1956in Würzburg/Germany) for a new CD production.

tieth of a second. I can rely on theimage being of print quality. Thatreally is unusual on the market.

But besides the technology, sensi-tivity to light is also important. Youhave to deal with so many kinds oflight – artificial light, neon light, day-light, sunlight, flash, soft and hardlight – because in most cases you’renot able to photograph in a studio.

When these images are repro-duced on a CD sleeve they are rel-atively small. Are your photosever used in larger formats aswell?

The largest images were shown ata Polygram exhibition in New York ina format that was around 1.2 m x1.2 m. Today lots of new possibilitiesare available, thanks to computeriza-tion and large-format ink-jet printing.Most of the images I have pho-tographed using Carl Zeiss lenses anda Rollei could also be enlarged to 10 m x 10 m and more. It is the highquality of the originals that makesthis possible.

Do you also take photographs withContax cameras?

Yes, I also have a Contax G. Butonce you have worked with a Rollei,that is with a medium-format cam-era, and with these excellent Zeisslenses, the results are so outstandingthat you stick with them! Zeiss lensesare a real work of art – in terms ofdesign, handling, focusing and quali-ty. But also in terms of weight. It’sobvious that you are holding some-thing of real quality. The lenses lookgood, too. And the quality of themanufacturing is outstanding – allthat precision engineering inside! Un-fortunately, this is something thatmany people are completely unawareof.

That’s interesting! For you therelative heaviness of these lensesis a sign of good quality! We areoften faced with demands for thelenses – or the products in general– to be made lighter.

Absolutely not! If you want lightequipment, you shouldn’t be photo-graphing using 6 x 6. Nowadays, inthe age of digitization, you need topay particular attention to quality.When major feature films are madetoday, the action is shot using Arriflexcameras and Zeiss lenses. I’ve beenworking with these cameras for

many years. Quality-minded cameraoperators and film producers shootusing these cameras on 35 mm film,rather than using digital. The qualityoffered today by a 35 mm film or awider format cannot be matched bydigital imaging technology. The timemay come when it can. I’m slowlyhaving to get used to the idea thatone day I, too, will have to take digi-tal photographs. But when that daycomes I’ll use a Rollei with Zeisslenses.

The fact that you insist on usingZeiss lenses, whether analog ordigital, must say something aboutthe quality of the product.

Yes, absolutely.

Mr Bayat, thank you very muchfor the interesting interview.


Art comes in many forms. Who isnot struck with admiration by theimages nature has created? Wecan find aesthetic beauty andskilful craftsmanship in almost allpictures based on or taken fromnature without understandingthe origins of the work or thedetails of how it came about. Ab-stract microscopic and macro-scopic images and representa-tions of nature and the environ-

Nature – The Greatest Artist of Them All

38

ment provide fascinating aspectsof and insights into the diversemanifestations of life. Such works,created as if by an artist’s hand,are among the many wondersthat nature, in her astonishingprofligacy, offers. In this way artopens the eye to nature by re-vealing new perspectives, andarouses thoughts and emotionsthat suggest new ways of lookingat it, new ways of seeing.

Buchenwald I, Gustav Klimt, Staatl. Kunstsammlung, Dresden.

“The House with the Ocean View”,installation by Marina Abramovic.

A Diascope® spotting scope by Carl Zeiss was available

for viewing details.

Discomedusae, Ernst Haeckel,Art Forms in Nature, 1899 – 1904.

Mankind has always struggled to un-derstand the workings of nature. Na-ture has been a constant theme in artthrough the ages. For centuries, naymillennia, men have made pictures re-flecting the varied natural forms oflife around them. The scenes depictedand their emotional power reflect thetimes in which they were created andthe prevailing circumstances of theircreators. The way we view and inter-pret them is influenced by the timethat has elapsed between them andus and the social environment inwhich we live now.

Art through the centuries

Images and sculptured forms takenfrom and originating in nature have atimeless appeal. The cave paintings


of Lascaux in the Massif Centraldating to the Paleolithic era fill uswith wonder and fascination. Whenwe consider the paintings of theaboriginal peoples of Australia andtheir closeness to other worlds, it is aspine-tingling experience. The sculp-tures of Michelangelo and the paint-ings and drawings of Leonardo daVinci fill us with amazement. Butmotifs from nature appear not onlyin drawings, watercolors, paintingsand sculptures. They find their place,too, in sacred and secular architec-ture: ornamental foliage on Greekcolumns, highly wrought animalsrepresenting fabulous creatures inRoman and Gothic churches, abstractfoliage designs on public buildingsand offices and residential apart-ments in art nouveau style. Evenimages taken from light or electron

microscopes become strangely beau-tiful through quite random artisticeffects, depending on the opticaltechnology used. Incidents from thedaily lives of human beings are trans-formed into total works of art by acombination of human creativity andnature's genius. Nature itself, in itslandscapes, plants, animals and ap-parently lifeless materials, may pres-ent images of intrinsic beauty andoverwhelming power depending onthe point of view and psychologicalmakeup of the viewer. Today artistsare increasingly inspired by the envi-ronmental sciences, biology, medicineand optics. A number of well knownartists use microscopes and otheroptical instruments in their work.

Seek the light and you will discover the universe.

William Turner

Exhibition “Ecologies” by Mark Dion, Chicago, with a stereomicroscope by Carl Zeiss included in the laboratory equipment.


Institute of Technology mounted anexhibition entitled “Images From Sci-ence”. Many of these pictures fromthe world of science were taken withCarl Zeiss microscopes.

Total works of artfrom human hand and nature

Mark Dion is an installation artistwho works primarily with naturalsubjects. In a recent exhibition at theSmart Museum of Art at the Univer-sity of Chicago entitled “Ecologies”Dion presented a project he called“Roundup”, using a little laboratoryfor entomological research and aStemi® 2000 stereomicroscope.

The performance artist MarinaAbramovic spent 12 days withoutspeaking or eating in three rooms ofher installation “The House with theOcean View”. The public was invitedto watch the scene as long as itwanted and focus on details of thework with a Zeiss Diascope®.

Microscopic art

The pharmacist and biologist FranceBourély creates breathtakingly beau-tiful microscopic images of the micro-cosm. Using a LEO electron micro-scope, she arranges details fromnature in artistic settings.

In the 19th century Ernst Haeckelfrom the university town of Jena cre-ated richly illustrated and artisticallyarranged images of the specimensexamined under the microscope inthe course of his natural history stud-ies and excursions.

And keen scientists today fre-quently enter the picturesque resultsof their research work in photo-graphic competitions that awardprizes for the best pictures accordingto artistic criteria and exhibit the re-sults. In October 2002 the Rochester

The farther we penetrate the unknown, the vaster and more marvelous it is.

Charles Lindbergh

Circuit Collage, 2000, Heidi Cartwright,digital photographs. Prince of Wales MedicalResearch Institute, Randwick, Australia.

Lacewing – Skin of anAfrican insect, FranceBourély, scanning electronmicroscope image,magnified approx. 10,000 times. From the book“Hidden Beauty:Microworlds Revealed”by France Bourély.

Riff in Lilliput – formation of zeolite crystals,France Bourély, scanning electron microscopeimage, magnified approx. 10,000 times. From thebook “Hidden Beauty: Microworlds Revealed”by France Bourély.

Microplankton, 2001,Dee Breger, scanningelectron microscope image.Magnification approx. 4500times, post-section digitalstaining. Lamont-DohertyEarth Observatory ofColumbia University,Palisades, New York, USA.

www.mpiz-koeln.mpg.de

www.medphoto.wellcome.ac.uk

www.ldeo.columbia.edu/micro

www.lsc.org/antarctica

www.rit.edu/~photo/

www.gerstenberg-verlag.de

www.leo.de

Starting out early in December2002, an eye-catching truck la-beled “Materials microscopy onthe move” toured all across Eu-rope. Its cargo was state-of-the-art microscope systems from CarlZeiss. On the road for more thanhalf a year, the truck visited lead-ing customers and users from thefields of materials analysis andthe materials sciences, presentedthe latest innovations in the fieldof materials microscopy anddemonstrated new solutions tospecific application problems.

Rolling Materials Microscopy

Jena was the 61st stop on the 17,000km tour of the truck through alto-gether 16 countries. The show truck,which is 16 m long and weighs 36tons, started its tour in the UK, thenmoved southward to Italy andFrance, continued its journey upnorth through Scandinavia and re-turned to Germany via Eastern Eu-rope. It not only used country roads,but crossed the Baltic Sea and theChannel by ferry. By the middle ofApril, the Zeiss specialists from Ger-many and the sales organizations inthe visited countries had presentedthe latest Zeiss innovations in thefield of materials microscopy to morethan 1,500 users and demonstratednew solutions to specific applicationproblems. The innovative instrumentsystems, from the Stemi DV 4stereomicroscope to the LSM 5 PAS-CAL laser scanning microscope, fullyequipped for materials testing andquality inspection, were functioningcorrectly without any defects right up to the very last day of the tour.Not something that can be taken forgranted with such sensitive instru-ments on such a long and exhaustingtour.

From September to December2003 the Mat Mobile is on tour allacross the U.S.A.


In Shor t

www.zeiss.de/mat

From movie star to development aidworker

It all started with a bet. In a GermanTV show, the movie star KarlheinzBöhm, well-known for his roles inAustrian, French and US film produc-tions, betted that not even everythird viewer would donate one Ger-man mark, one French franc or sevenAustrian shillings to the inhabitantsof the North African Sahel zone thatwas suffering from a severe droughtand famine at the time. Needless tosay, he lost his bet. In October 1981,with donations totaling 1.4 millionGerman marks, he flew to Ethiopiaand saved 1500 of the seminomadsfleeing from the Babil/EasternEthiopia region from almost certaindeath by famine.

Experiencing the dire plight of therefugees changed the movie star forlife. On November 13, 1981 the sonof prominent parents – his father isthe famous conductor Karl Böhm andhis mother the singer Thea Linhard –set up the foundation “People forPeople” which he has since expand-ed doggedly and tenaciously into oneof the largest denominationally andpolitically independent aid organiza-tions. For several months a year, he

lives in the extremely simple condi-tions in Ethiopia, and he spends therest of the time traveling round Eu-rope giving lectures. “My motivationis the little word “anger,” explainsBöhm, “Anger at the unfair and in-human discrepancy between rich andpoor.”

To date, “People for People” hascollected over EUR 200 million,100% of which it has invested inconcrete projects, in water supplies,in the forestation of the country, inthe construction of roads, bridges,orphanages, schools and agrotechni-cal training centers, in basic medicalcare and education in a large regionwith a widely scattered population ofalmost two million inhabitants. The


Music for Health

In November 2002 Dr. DieterKurz, President and CEO of CarlZeiss, presented two surgical mi-croscopes to Karlheinz Böhm’s“People for People” Ethiopian aid foundation with a symboliccheck. Carl Zeiss sent the surgicalmicroscopes to two hospitalsbuilt by “People for People” inorder to achieve a marked im-provement in the surgical possi-bilities offered by these facilities.They are now being used forvascular surgery and for thetreatment of special eye diseasesthat could otherwise lead toblindness.

In seven regions in Ethiopia,the “People for People” founda-tion is implementing a largenumber of initiatives: agricultur-al and agro-ecological projects,the construction of wells, girls’hostels and schools, and the ex-pansion of the country’s health-care system. It is also involved intraining programs and educa-tional measures aimed at im-proving the position of womenin society. 585 staff are in actionfor about 1.7 million Ethiopians,with 300 helpers supporting theactivities of “People for People”in an honorary capacity.


www.menschenfuermenschen.org

www.jazzlights.de

nomads have become farmers, arelearning to read and write and, withthe appropriate guidance and sup-port, are finding new perspectives fora better and more self-reliant life.

Music from all over theworld at Carl Zeiss

For connoisseurs of jazz music, theCarl Zeiss Hall in Oberkochen, thesmall German town in which thecompany is based, is one of the mostpopular ports of call even for interna-tionally established musicians on theirtravels between New York, London,Berlin and Moscow. In Oberkochenpeople of all ages gather to let them-selves be swept away by the musicaldelights offered by their stars. In1990 the two Oberkochen-basedfirms Carl Zeiss and Leitz/LMT andthe local council decided to embarkon a project that would revive thetown’s cultural life. This resulted in a

festival called “Jazz Lights” – a week-long feast of music which has attract-ed guests from all over Germanyevery year since then. The organizersdefinitely have a talent for bringingnot only such big names as ChrisBarber, Dave Brubeck, Toot Thiele-mans, The New York Voices andmany others, but also young hope-fuls in the jazz scene onto theOberkochen stage.

Charity concert in Oberkochen

On April 5, 2003, to mark the 75thbirthday of Karlheinz Böhm, a charityconcert for “People for People” wasorganized in the Carl Zeiss Hall aspart of the “Jazz Lights” InternationalJazz Festival. The 13th Jazz Lightscame to a close with a real highlight– a concert with Miriam Makeba,also known affectionately as MamaAfrica, in favor of Karlheinz Böhm’sinitiative. To the enthusiastic applauseof the ambassadors of Ethiopia andAustria, Karlheinz Böhm received theproceeds of the concert. The rhythmsand words of Miriam Makeba’s songsdefinitely had a feel of Africa aboutthem, the continent which anthro-pology now describes as the cradle of humanity, in other words thecontinent to which we owe our veryexistence.

The direct route wasthe route to success

The workforce at Carl Zeiss first ex-pressed the idea of creating an officewithin the company to deal with im-provement suggestions as early as1901. The management announcedthe establishment of the so-calledTechnical Committee on January 31,1901. Just three months later, how-ever, the office was “closed down” atthe instigation of the foremen, due toreservations about the expertise ofthe committee members concernedand the impracticality of the proce-dure. However, the managementthought that in itself the idea was apositive one, and declared their inten-tion to try and find a more suitableformat. From December 22, 1903 on-wards, an entirely new suggestionscheme was introduced. It was nowpossible to present an improvementsuggestion directly to the manage-ment, without taking a roundaboutroute via a committee or the employ-ee’s superiors. This measure guaran-teed that the decision would bereached carefully and impartially. Theperson submitting the idea received afixed payment that was appropriateto his or her suggestion. The hopewas that this would not only give theemployee inner satisfaction, but alsoa feeling of external recognition. Thebonuses were not (as is usual today)paid together with the employee’ssalary. He or she received the specialpayment in person from the manage-ment.

In practice, improvement sugges-tions were submitted via a form usingmailboxes in the department for em-ployee suggestions. The suggestionswere then managed using an indexcard system, with key details of theideas entered on the small indexcards. A separately maintained listmade a complete overview of all theindividual suggestions possible. Allstatus information, such as the nameof the person submitting the idea,

Around 1880, quite independent-ly of each other, employee sug-gestion schemes were set up inthe USA, Germany and the UK.Along with Krupp and AEG, CarlZeiss was one of the first compa-nies in Germany to introduce theemployee suggestion scheme in1903.

The classic goals of traditionalemployee suggestion schemesusually develop from production.This is reflected in ideas to in-crease production and productivi-ty, simplify procedures and meth-ods and improve quality, ideas on working conditions and orga-nizational forms, ideas to reducestockouts and ideas to reducecosts by making savings in mate-rials and working hours.

The modern aspect taken on bythe employee suggestion schememore recently is more commu-nicative and motivational in na-ture. The aim is no longer purelyto reduce costs and is much moreabout motivating employees,day-to-day cooperation and theworking atmosphere. This con-tributes to the creative develop-ment of the company as a whole.Priority is also given to each em-ployee’s opportunity for personaldevelopment. Reputable studieshave shown that successful com-panies are increasingly turning tothe creative potential of their em-ployees in the fight to cut costs,as “…employees know best howproduction can be optimized orprocesses speeded up”.

Fig. 1:The employees who wererewarded for theirimprovement suggestion inMay 2003: (from left to right)Claus-Peter Walny, PeterHölscher and Jürgen Söll fromthe Industrial MeasuringTechnology business group.

Ideas for the Future


the level of the bonus and how thesuggestion was developing, wasrecorded, right down to the smallestdetail. This method of data manage-ment was commonplace within theemployee suggestion scheme untilinto the 1970s. And even today thestatus of each suggestion is carefullyupdated.

Suggestions around the globe

IT tools then made their entry intothe employee suggestion scheme.With the arrival of the first computersystems, punch cards were intro-duced, with microfilming used toarchive the forms submitted. All theaccumulated data was recorded,saved and processed using the punchcards and microfilms. The computerlists provided an overview of all thesuggestions that had been received.For almost the last 40 years the num-ber of suggestions submitted has in-creased at an incredible rate. Up until1980 around a hundred improve-ment suggestions were receivedevery year. By the mid-1990s this an-nual influx had risen to around 700.The introduction in 1998 of evenmore effective methods and process-es for handling the suggestions hasseen their number increase annuallyby more than 30%.

The main focus of the employeesuggestion scheme has also changedin recent years. Whereas traditionallythe emphasis lay on the administra-tion of the suggestions, new meth-ods – now firmly established – nowenable all employees to present theirideas and suggestions quickly andunbureaucratically. The employee’sidea is now placed unreservedly inthe foreground. The development ofthe employee suggestion schemefrom the role of suggestion adminis-trator to that of idea coach has be-gun and will continue steadily. Pro-cessing times for the individual sug-gestions have already been reduced

1960


1935

1915

1982

2003

by around 75%. With the online em-ployee suggestion scheme all em-ployees now have the opportunity topresent their ideas by a paperless sys-tem, and can look up the current sta-tus of their suggestions. The assess-ment of the ideas and the meetingsof the committees are also by andlarge carried out electronically on thesystem. Today 60% of improvementsuggestions are already submitted inthis way.

The employee suggestion schemehas now been extended to all CarlZeiss locations in Germany. And withthe introduction of the scheme thisyear at Carl Zeiss in Hungary and theMinneapolis site in the USA, the em-ployee suggestion scheme at CarlZeiss is gradually taking on an inter-national character, too. The first sug-gestions that have been receivedshow that the scheme has met withacceptance at Carl Zeiss worldwide.

Over the years it is not only thequantity of suggestions that has in-creased. The quality, in particular,should also be underlined. The use-fulness of the current employee sug-gestion scheme has quadrupled overthe last five years. Last year, employ-ees’ ideas saved the company morethan 2 million euros. Employees arebeing encouraged to take part in the employee suggestion schemethrough various promotions, rangingfrom a lunch invitation and petrolvouchers through to the chance ofwinning a car.

45


The computer tomography (CT)we know from medical appli-cations also offers new industri-al possibilities that were totallyundreamt-of in the past. CarlZeiss 3D Metrology measuresand inspects customers’ compo-nents and materials using a spe-cial industrial tomograph.

The application of conven-tional 2D-CT systems of humanmedicine is focused sharply onthe density spectrum of people(bones, muscles, organs). These2D-CT units operate with quitelow X-ray radiation and reducedprojection to keep the radiationdose for the patient as low aspossible. 2D-CT systems are suit-able for technical applicationsonly to a limited extent, as theirlow resolution and extremelylong measuring times of severalhours, and sometimes evendays, would render them ineffi-cient for this purpose.

New services with new technology

In the Service Center of Carl Zeiss3D Metrology Services GmbH, asubsidiary of Carl Zeiss IMT in Aalen,contract measurements are per-formed on behalf of customers

The RayScan X-ray inspection unitis a combined system for radioscopyand bevel beam tomography. Unlike2D computer tomography, it permitsseveral hundred layers to be capturedsimultaneously within a few minutesand the observation of radioscopicimages. As a consequence, RayScanopens up a great number of analyz-ing methods. Wall thicknesses, dis-tances, bores, radii or angles of allinternal structures can be measuredand also compared. Hence it is possi-ble to illustrate the entire surface of the test component (inside andoutside) in the form of millions ofpoints and to compare these withCAD data. For a nominal/actual com-parison, the results of the computertomography are matched up to theCAD data for the entire volume.Also, CAD data can be generatedfrom the results of the computer to-mography. The 3D-CT data obtainedin this manner may be used as a basisfor Reverse Engineering and RapidPrototyping applications.

The cooperation between CarlZeiss Industrial Metrology and HansWälischmiller GmbH includes Sales,Applications and the upgradingdevelopment of industrial tomo-graphs.

Computer Tomography for Industry

46

Serv i ce

Fig. 1:External view of a steeringcolumn. X-ray pictureobtained with the computertomograph. A look at the interior of a steeringcolumn.

Fig. 2:In its Service Center,Carl Zeiss 3D Metrologyuses the industrialcomputer tomograph ofWälischmiller to measurecustomers’ components.

using the RayScan X-ray inspectionsystem from Hans Wälischmiller. Thisnew technology is based on a 3D-CTsystem with a 225kV microfocus X-ray source and a surface detector of 1024 x 1024 pixels. This 3D-CTconstitutes a multi-purpose systemfor frequently changing applicationsand a wide spectrum of testpieces.The RayScan 200 features a meas-uring range of 500 mm x 500 mm x1000 mm.

Some materials suitable for CT analy-ses with a maximum additive wallthickness.

Making the invisiblevisible

With the RayScan 3D ComputerTomograph it is possible to visualizein a non-destructive manner ele-ments and structures on the in-side of components, e.g. material de-fects or internal workpiece featuresand geometries that cannot beprobed or inspected optically. Usingstate-of-the-art bevel beam tomog-raphy, it only takes one revolution of the testpiece to generate virtual3D volume data that contains thegeometric information at each pointof the test object. The main fields of application are the entire field of plastic injection molding, castingproduction focused on light metal,and the machining of compoundmaterials.

Siegfried TomaschkoCarl Zeiss 3D Metrology Services GmbHwww.zeiss3d.de

Hans Wälischmiller GmbH (HWM),Markdorf/ Bodenseekreiswww.hwm.com

Material additive wall thickness

Plastics 200 mm – 250 mm

Light metalalloys approx. 150 mm

Model mate-rials (plaster, wood, resin) 200 mm – 250 mm

Glass,ceramics on request

Steel approx. 25 mm

RefractionPolatest systemRefractorOphthalmo-meterTrial frameKeratometer

NetFral®System

Business processZeiss Partner NetworkOrder modulesEdging serviceDelivery status

Eyecareprofessional

+patient

Personalized fittingVideo Infral measuring systemWinfral lens consultationDigital price listLens database

FramesFrame consultation by PCDigital frame catalog

Frameselection

“Lab”Lens analyzerEdging service

toward the Zeiss product lines suchas Premium, eXPress, Eco, Specialand Campaigns. In addition, theeyecare professionals can alsocompile their own product linesfrom the overall portfolio on an in-dividual basis.

■ The corresponding products can befound in the applications Work-place, Children’s glasses, Sport andSunglasses (plano power).

When you go to your eyecarespecialist, you expect to get goodadvice. But who advises him or her? The Web-based lensconsultation module NetConsultby Carl Zeiss is aimed at helpingeyecare professionals to find andcompute the right lens for theirpatients. NetConsult is an integralcomponent of the NetFral® Sys-tem for the online processing ofall business processes associatedwith lens consultation and order-ing.

What happens online?

From the purely technical viewpoint,NetConsult computes the edge andcenter thickness as well as the weightof the eyeglass lenses for the selectedframe. The online connection of theeyecare professional’s PC to the CarlZeiss servers offers the benefit thathe or she always has access to cur-rent production ranges and to theentire database for several billion lens versions. This means that thelatest products available are alsoimmediately included in the consulta-tion program right from day one.

Selection and order-ing of eyeglasses bymouse click

In their sales talks and consultations,eyecare professionals and their pa-tients together compare the thick-ness and weight of selected lenses on the screen. All data such as diam-eter, edge thickness, center thicknessand weight of the lens types areshown in a clear, understandableway. From a comparison of up to six different lens types, the eyecareprofessional finds the lens for thepatient at a glance. Also for Gradal®

Individual progressive lenses, anapproximation technique or an exactproduction calculation can be usedto determine thickness and weightdata.

To be able to determine the exactdimensions and shape of the edgedlenses for the thickness and weightcalculation, not only standard frameshapes (pilot, panto, square, circu-lar/oval), but also special shape datacan be read. An additional benefit ofonline consultation is the certaintythat only lenses that are actuallyavailable are displayed during theconsultation.

After the consultation, the ordercan be triggered online or placed in the shopping cart for subsequentorder placement. On request, theselected lens is then optimized forthe frame at Carl Zeiss. In somecountries, up to 70 % of all lensesordered are available from the eye-care professional the next day.

NetConsult offersindividuality!

With NetConsult, the eyecare pro-fessional has the possibility of con-figuring the patient consultationprocess in accordance with his or her own ideas. The lenses are of-fered via product lines or via specialapplications:■ The product lines are geared


Lenses from the Net

Andreas Nix/Christina Scheible, Ophthalmic Products [email protected]/opto

Fig. 1:Only a mouse click away:online services from Carl Zeiss for eyecareprofessionals.

Fig. 2:Direct comparison of twolens types. The lenses werecomputed “virtually” for the required frame shape.This screen shot shows a frontal view of the shapeand a section through thefuture lens in the positionof the red line. The weightof the eyeglasses can also be directly compared on thelateral scales.

Light Microscopy

The AxioCam® MRc5 microscope cam-era with a 5-megapixel CCD-sensorproduces high-resolution images ofmicroscope specimens with perfectcolor accuracy in a very short time andat a reasonable cost. To satisfy theneed of many users to have a camerathey can connect easily to their PCsand laptops, we have equipped theAxioCam® MRc5 with a fast FireWiredata interface. Furthermore, rapid liveimage speeds permit fast operationand focusing of the sample on themicroscope. With the Axio-Vision®

imaging software the camera is as-tonishingly easy to operate.


Product Repor t

The new version of the LSM 5 PAS-CAL® confocal laser scanning micros-cope for materials research and quali-ty inspection features attractive hard-ware and software functions. Non-contact 3D materials analysis has nowbecome possible even for large orbulky samples. Fast and precise mea-surement of height steps in the nano-meter range have become possiblewith the piezotechnology. The newStitchArt software permits longprofiles and extended topographiesextending over hundred times thesize of the microscopic scan field tobe acquired at a high-resolution. TheLSM 5 PASCAL® can therefore assem-ble and measure height profiles over

The new AxioVision® FRET softwareoffers optimum accuracy in FRETexaminations, allowing cell and devel-opmental biologists to determine theprocesses in cells even more precisely,e.g. the energy transfer portion oftwo adjacent protein molecules. Inaddition to the recording of time-lapse series and the creation of FRET-dependent false-color, access to16-bit images is also possible, consid-erably increasing the measuring accu-racy. Furthermore, measurements inthe various techniques can be set tothe local regions of interest, i. e.measurements are possible directly inthe FRET images. The possibility ofautomatically recording all the re-quired time-lapse images via a few,logically linked operation windows isa further benefit. AxioVision® FRETcan also be used for the recording ofstandard fluorescence images.

long distances and large-area portionsof material surfaces as image stack ar-rays at a high resolution.

Roughness or waviness analysis, thinsections or steep slope angles, microor macro, – the StitchArt option mat-ches the recording format to your ap-plications and thus broadens the hori-zon of your microscope. In addition toconvenient recording, processing anddisplaying of XYZ image stacks, XY-profiles can now also be acquiredalong a straight line or a freehandcurve. Complete processing procedu-res, including filter, fit and balance al-gorithms, are saved as parameter filesand are therefore available any time.

Highly resolved topography of an array of soldered joints with marking of simple scan field size (20.08 x 16.77 x 0.44 mm3).

AxioCam® MRc5 digital camera.

FRET-encoded image as an example of a testcell line (CHO-K1): positive control withcoupled molecules of the fluorescence dyesCFP and YFP. The color encoding showingconcentration-dependent FRET intensitieswas performed with AxioVision® FRET usingthe Youvan method.

The C-DIC technique now permitseven the finest structures, errors anddefects, which generate no or onlyinsufficient contrast in classical bright-field/darkfield, to be displayed in highcontrast in the light microscope. TheC-DIC Differential Interference Con-trast technique in circularly polarizedlight provides the semiconductor andMEMS industry and all branches ofmaterials examination with increasedeffectiveness for defect detection. De-fects are recognized more quickly andthe objects are displayed in much bet-ter quality. Object structures lying indifferent azimuths can now be con-trasted one after another by adjustingthe C-DIC prism and not by the stageor object rotation required in the past.This means that object orientation andthe full information content are re-tained.

If two structures run vertically to each other,the C-DIC technique makes it possible for the first time to image both structuressimultaneously without any need for stagerotation.Top left: linear DIC.Top right: linear DIC, stage rotated through 90°.Bottom micrograph: C-DIC, splitting direction as indicated by arrow.


The Axioskop® 2 MAT routine mi-croscopes for reflected and transmit-ted light meet the specific demandsmade by modern materials micros-copy. They are available as manualand motorized versions and offer thepossibility of recognizing more detailand measuring structures more preci-sely using the C-DIC and TIC interfe-rence contrast techniques. The moto-rized microscope models permit theautomation of procedures such as

Axioskop® 2 MAT routine microscopes.

Electron Microscopy

The LEO 1540XB CrossBeam® systemfor use in the semiconductor industryand in nanotechnology is based on the modular CrossBeam® design.LEO CrossBeam® technology pro-vides a unique combination of theoutstanding electron-optical imaging

LEO CrossBeam® 1540XB electron microscope.

GEMINI® column on the SUPRA field emission electron microscope.

capabilities of LEO GEMINI® fieldemission SEM technology and a fo-cused ion beam (FIB) system. In thisconfiguration, the FIB system is usedfor targeted materials processingusing an extremely focused ion beamwhich permits material to be re-moved, modified and deposited. Theintegration of the ion column controlsystem in the LEO 32 software makesthe system easy to operate. As an all-time first, CrossBeam® technologyallows the simultaneous visualizationof the machining process with maxi-mum resolution. On this basis, thecurrent LEO CrossBeam® series is set-ting new standards in the fields ofsemiconductor analysis and structur-ing technology for MEMS and micro-structural components.

The application spectrum of fieldemission electron microscopes – in-cluding for example nanotechnology –is making constantly increasing de-mands, in particular on the resolvingpower at low acceleration voltages.The SUPRA field emission electron mi-croscopes with the third-generationGEMINI® column provide the bestresolution values currently available: 1 nm/15 kV, 1.7 nm/1 kV and 4 nm/0.1 kV. Further outstanding benefitsare high flexibility, a specimen currentof 20 nA and a current stability of

0.2 %/h. The new features also in-clude a eucentric specimen stage, thehigh-efficiency in-lens detector, the ex-tension of the pressure range in theVP mode and enhancements of theVPSE detector. Users have the choicebetween nine different models: theentry-level model SUPRA 25, SUPRA35 and 35VP for general applications,the fully analytical high-resolution FER-EMs SUPRA 50 and 50VP, and thetop-of-the-line systems SUPRA 55 and55VP, SUPRA 60 and 60VP offeringversatility and ultra-high resolution.

EC Epiplan-Neofluar® microscope objectives.

digital image recording and imageanalysis using the AxioVision® soft-ware, which markedly enhances ef-fectiveness, e. g. in quality inspection.With the Axioskop® 2 MAT mot, thereflector turret, z-drive, brightnesscontrol and switching mirror are mo-torized and the nosepiece is coded.With its ideal viewing angle of 20°,the trinocular TV Ergotube permitsvertical adjustment of up to 50 mm.

The EC Epiplan-Neofluar® objectivesfor materials microscopy are availableas H/DIC models for brightfield andDIC examinations, as HD/DIC modelsadditionally allowing darkfield exami-nations, and as Pol model (withstrain-free optics) for polarization-optical observation. Furthermore, amodel with a long working distance is available. The high fidelity of theobjectives is particularly beneficial in

structure analyses of weakly reflectingobjects (glass, coal, ceramics). Wheresub-micrometer structures are dis-played, the complete image informa-tion is retained up to the very edge of the field. A further outstandingfeature is the elimination of false lightin the range from near UV to near IR.The constant aperture over the entirefield results in a homogeneouslyilluminated object field.


Spectral SensorSystems

The MCS-CCD spectrometer is thefirst spectral sensor to be equippedwith a UV sensitive CCD array as areceiver. The MCS-CCD modules areavailable in two different versions: UV for the spectral range from 200 to 600 nm and UV-NIR for 200 to 980 nm. With its time-tried, compactand rugged design, the MCS-CCD of-fers all benefits of previous MCS spec-tral sensors such as thermal stabilityand shock resistance. The MCS-CCDfeatures outstanding photosensitivity,making the module excellently suit-able for use wherever weak lightsignals must be detected. These areasinclude, for example, fluorescencemeasurements in microscopy andspecial layer thickness measurementsin the semiconductor industry. Themodule is completed by CCD controlelectronics from the company tec5AG providing a full 16 bit resolution.A plug-on temperature control boardfor cooling the chip is available as an MCS-CCD spectrometer module.

Camera Lenses

The conditions of use for cameralenses in space differ substantiallyfrom those on earth. The lenses mustbe able to permanently cope withextremely cold temperatures, vacuumand radiation. They must also surviveshock and vibration during the rocketlaunch without being damaged. Inaddition, the optical and mechanicalcomponents are not provided withthe usual outgassing surfaces. Thelenses require pressure compensationbores for the use under vacuumconditions in space, a special, rigidmount without focusing mechanism,and a fixed stop.Known as a supplier of high-perform-ance lenses for scientific and technicalapplications in space since NASA’smoon landing missions, Carl Zeiss hasbeen commissioned by the Massachu-setts Institute of Technology (MIT) inCambridge, USA with the manufac-ture of three lenses of the type Dista-gon® T* 1.2/3.5 in a version suitablefor the use in space. The lenses will

be installed in satellites where theywill help to ensure the fast, preciseorientation of the satellites on the ba-sis of orientation points in space. TheDistagon® T* 1.2/3.5 lenses will haveno problems meeting the extremelycritical requirements made on theiroptical performance with respect tocontrast, distortion and brightnessdistribution.

option. The user has the choice be-tween different interface types suchas USB 2.0 and PCI. Further optionsinclude support software for all com-mon programming languages and the connection to ASPECT PLUS. TheMCS-CCD sensor is currently availableas an OEM module, the laboratorysystem including software is in prepa-ration.

Industrial Metrology

GageMax is a measuring machine foruse directly in the production environ-ment which features markedly re-duced life cycle costs and higher pro-ductivity. Its outstanding features in-clude its small footprint, ease of oper-ation for production staff, and itsability to provide metrology room pre-cision in a manufacturing environ-ment despite poor temperature con-ditions, dirt and floor vibrations.GageMax meets the major demandsmade on measuring equipment: avail-

GageMax coordinate measuring machine.

ability, robustness and a progressiveservice strategy. Service modules suchas teleservice or on-line diagnosismeet the requirements for high accu-racy and repeatability. The use of newguideway and drive systems in the en-closed 3D box allows the machine tobe used even in very rough ambientconditions. This new guideway tech-nology allows for ambient tempera-tures of more than 35°C and elimi-nates the need for purified air. Noadditional costs are incurred for en-closures, air-conditioning or clean-room conditions, because all criticalcomponents are housed in the com-pact, protective 3D box. Both the in-stallation and preparation costs onthe part of the customer and the cur-rent costs are markedly reduced.Thanks to the sturdy and massive ba-sic body of mineral cast, GageMax iseven more insensitive to typical floorvibrations from machining centers.The temperature-dependent accuracyspecifications enable a single productto be offered worldwide for variousproduction sites and for all ambientand temperature conditions. GageMax can be used like an open metrol-ogy room in the production environ-ment. As a result, time is saved byreducing part transport and allowingparts to assume the temperature ofthe metrology room. There are nodelay times caused by the late provi-sion of results or delayed processcorrections.

The new PRO Select horizontal-armmeasuring machine meets the con-stantly increasing demands for higheraccuracy combined with optimumproductivity in the measurement ofsheet metal components. The high-precision linear guideways of the axes require little maintenance andprovide long-term stability. Via inter-faces, the centerpiece of the instru-ment, the X/Z unit, can be combinedwith various sensor carriers and carts.This strategy allows flexible reactionsto the various requirements from the users. The sensor carrier is mount-ed to the crossarm via a universaladapter. This allows other sensorcarriers to be used without any needfor mechanical conversion. The maxi-mum permissible error MPEE of thehigh-end version of PRO Select totals18 µm + L/125 ≤ 50 µm for onemeasuring arm of Y = 1600 mm andZ = 2500 mm. The spatial accelera-tion of PRO Select is up to 1500mm/s2, and the travel speed may beas high as 833 mm/s. The mechanicalconstruction of the instrument withlinear guideways and the three-pointbearing of the measuring bar makesure that the instrument is extremelyeasy to service. Time-consuming andtherefore expensive service jobs suchas adjusting the bearing or realigningthe entire measuring bar are a thingof the past. This means that the costsfor the machine’s life cycle are notice-ably reduced and the uptime of the

system improved. To ensure that thehigh speeds entail no safety hazardsfor the user, a completely new controlsystem has been developed. Whenthe light barrier is crossed, themachine does not suddenly stop, butreduces its speed to a safe levelmonitored by a computer. This meansthat measurement is not interrupted,but continued at a slightly slowerspeed. A simple turn of the keyswitch – and the machine continuesto measure at high speed.

PRO Select horizontal-arm measuring machine.

Distagon® T* 1.2/3.5 lenses.

Sports Optics

The Varipoint VM/V 3-12 x 56 T*riflescope is the combination of a red-dot sight with a high-grade riflescope.With its variable power and newly en-hanced magnification, the instrumentoffers what many hunters have longbeen waiting for.

The Diavari V 6-24x56 T* tele rifle-scope with its large objective diame-ter is the ideal choice for poor lightconditions. It comes with a bulletdrop compensator as a standardfeature and with other attractivebenefits such as a constant reticlesize over the entire power range anda wide reticle adjustment range.

Something special among red-dotsights: the Z-Point reflex scope of-fers innovative features such asZeiss-patented digital function con-trol and the new optical configura-tion of the light source which hasalso been patented. The Z-Pointscope is ideal for drive hunting inparticular.


Masthead

Innovation, the Magazine from Carl ZeissNo. 13, September 2003

Publisher: Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Corporate Communications, Marc Cyrus Vogel.

Editors: Dr. Dieter Brocksch, Carl Zeiss, 73446 Oberkochen, Germany, Phone: (+73 64) 20 34 08, Fax (+73 64) 20 33 70, E-mail: [email protected]

Gudrun Vogel, Carl Zeiss Jena GmbH,07740 Jena, GermanyPhone: (+36 41) 64 27 70, Fax (+36 41) 64 29 41, E-mail: [email protected]

Authors at Carl Zeiss:[email protected]

Other authors: If no information is givento the contrary, other authors can becontacted via the editors.

If readers have any inquiries about howthe magazine can be obtained or if theywish to change their address (the cus-tomer number should be indicated, ifapplicable), we would kindly ask them to contact the editors.

Article on page 6: Cranial section from the “Atlas ofAnatomical Studies”, Leonardo da Vinci,at akg images, Berlin, and “Serratura”(leg amputation) woodcut from the“Feldtbuch der Wundarzeney” by Hansvon Gersdorfer at akg images, Berlin.

Article on pages 18 and 19:1st, 3rd and 4th picture from the left:Picture Alliance/dpa – epa afp kanter, epaefe Jose Huesca, Marco Kohlmeyer

Article on page 29:Kingfisher, Vincent van Gogh, at Van Gogh Museum Enterprises B.V.,Amsterdam

Article on page 38:Buchenwald I. Gustav Klimt, at StaatlicheKunstsammlung Dresden.

Design: Corporate Design, Carl Zeiss, 73446 Oberkochen, Germany Layout and setting: MSW, 73431 Aalen, Germany.Printed in Germany by C. Maurer, Druck und Verlag, 73312 Geislingen a. d. Steige.

ISSN 1431-8059© 2003, Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen.

Permission for the reproduction ofindividual articles and illustrations from“Innovation” – with due reference to thesource – will gladly be granted after priorconsultation with the editors.

Picture sources: Unless otherwise speci-fied, all photographs were contributed by the authors or originate in the archivesof Carl Zeiss.

Articles supplied with the author’s namedo not necessarily reflect the opinion ofthe editors.

Ophthalmic Products

VisuCardTM – the new magnifier nobigger than a credit card – opens upmany different possibilities to the user:whether as a reading aid for out andabout or simply for seeing those tinythings that are part of everyday life, theVisuCardTM is the ideal helper, as itssmall size allows it to be taken practi-cally anywhere. Its special feature is amicrostructured asphere which en-sures outstanding imaging propertiesright into the peripheral areas. With arefractive power of 6.5 D, the magni-fier is a mere 0.8 mm thick: in other

The Victory NV 5.6x62 T* night vision scopebrings light into the dark: stags on a clearing.Photo: Sportive Werbeagentur, Munich.

The Victory NV 5.6 x 62 T* nightvision scope replaces the Zeiss MONO5.6 x 60 N and offers significantlyenhanced performance. Its featuresinclude advanced electronics, re-designed high-performance optics, anintegrated additional illuminator andthe possibility of mounting flash lightswith an integrated IR filter via anadapter. Objects can be clearly identi-fied at distances between 5 m and500 m, the field of view of 146 m at1000 m is exceptionally large. Superbease of use of this high-tech scope isensured by its ergonomic design andconvenient layout of controls.

words, it is as flat as a credit card. Ahard coating protects the surface andensures that the VisuCardTM can takea lot of punishment in everyday use.Every magnifier comes standard with its own cover for safe storage and transportation.

The Quick Camera Adapter converts Diascope®

spotting scopes into super tele lenses.Photos: Koschate, Wolf Wehran.

The Quick-Camera-Adapter con-nects Diascope® spotting scopes withdigital still cameras, digital video cam-eras or SLR cameras, converting thespotting scope into a super tele lens. Itsuse could not be easier: simply mountthe adapter on the tripod, align thecamera on the adapter and lock it inposition. Just swing out the camera forobservation, and swing it back againfor shooting photos. The rugged unitcan be folded to a compact size. Spot-ting scopes from other manufacturerscan also be mounted.

VisuCardTM – the newmagnifier no biggerthan a credit card.

InnovationT h e M a g a z i n e f r o m C a r l Z e i s s

Cover Photo:The US conductor, composerand pianist Leonard Bernsteinwas one of the greatest musi-cians of the 20th century andat home in all of the world’sfamous concert halls. Hismost well-known composi-tion is the musical West SideStory.

Small Photo on Back Page:One of the specialist fields of the Berlin-based photog-rapher Susesch Bayat isclassical music. Portraits ofconductors and musicians onover 1000 record and CDcovers bear his unmistakablemark. The tool he uses for hiswork is a medium-formatRolleiflex 6008 camera andlenses by Carl Zeiss.

Documents

The Magazine from Carl Zeiss s Anniversaries in Medicine s Shapes