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The Making of a Court SocietyThis is the first full-length study of the Portuguese royal court in the fourteenth andfifteenth centuries. It describes the fundamental importance of the court in defining thesocial position of kings, and shows how kings and nobles redefined one another, despitemany celebrated political rivalries within the broader Iberian context. The book containsa detailed comparative analysis of the way royal courts were organised, and of the status,professional and gender groups inside the Portuguese court. The characteristics of thecourt society as a whole, however, were rooted mostly in the dynamics of hierarchyand interdependence – in other words, in the specific ways the different parts and theindividuals were bonded to each other. These bonds are discussed in the light of latemedieval concepts and theories. The book also describes the constant displacement ofthis complex community in the geographical space of Portugal, and how life at courtwas shaped by ceremonial duties and common activities.First published in 1995 as A corte dos reis de Portugal do final da idade media, the
book has been extensively revised and updated for publication in English.
RITA COSTA GOMES is Professor of History at the Universidade Nova de Lisboa,Portugal.
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The Making of aCourt SocietyKings and Nobles in Late Medieval Portugal
RITA COSTA GOMES
Translated byALISON AIKEN
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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-80011-2 - The Making of a Court Society: Kings and Nobles in Late Medieval PortugalRita Costa GomesFrontmatterMore information
cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town,Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Mexico City
Cambridge University PressThe Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 8ru, UK
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.orgInformation on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521800112
© Rita Costa Gomes 2003
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2003
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data
Costa Gomes, Rita.[A Corte dos reis de Portugal no final da idade media. English]The making of a court society: kings and nobles in late medieval Portugal / Rita CostaGomes; translated by Alison Aiken. p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.isbn 0 521 80011 01. Portugal – Court and courtiers – History. 2. Nobility – Portugal – History. I. Title.KKQ250 .G6613 2002305.5´223´09469 – dc21 2002067727
isbn 978-0-521-80011-2 Hardbackisbn 978-0-521-03695-5 Paperback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables, and other factual information given in this work is correct at the time of first printing but Cambridge University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter.
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To Richard, sempre fitando o sol
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Contents
List of figures page viiiList of maps ixList of abbreviations xGenealogical tables xvGlossary xxi
Introduction 1
1 The court: outlining the problem 9
2 Individuals and groups 56
3 Criacao and service 204
4 The court and space 291
5 Court times 357
Conclusion 422
Bibliography 426Index 465
vii
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Figures
1 The English court according to the Constitutio Domus Regis page 232 The Castilian court according to the Partidas 253 The Aragonese court according to the Ordenacions of Pedro IV 284 The Burgundian court according to the Memoires of Olivier dela Marche 31
5 The Portuguese court in the fifteenth century (attemptedreconstruction) 48
6 Number of visits to the four main cities in each reign 3027 Seasonal distribution of royal stays in Coimbra 3038 Seasonal distribution of royal stays in Santarem 3039 Seasonal distribution of royal stays in Lisbon 30410 Seasonal distribution of royal stays in Evora 30411 Miniature of the office of the dead, Book of Hours of KingDuarte 41112 The royal chapel with the king’s curtain in the fifteenth century 415
viii
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Maps
1 Places visited according to the royal itineraries (1325–42 and1360–83) page 300
2 Places visited according to the royal itineraries (1385–1438) 3013 Royal residences in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries 3064 Royal residences in the Lisbon region 3245 Royal residences in the Tagus valley 329
ix
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Abbreviations
ALF Humberto Baquero Moreno, A Batalha deAlfarrobeira, 2 vols., Coimbra: Imprensa daUniversidade, 1980
ANTT Arquivo Nacional da Torre do TomboAsh AshburnamBGUC Biblioteca Geral da Universidade de CoimbraBL British LibraryBLAU Biblioteca Medicea-LaurenzianaBNL Biblioteca Nacional (Lisbon)BNM Biblioteca Nacional (Madrid)BPE Biblioteca Publica de EvoraBPS Biblioteca Publica de SantaremBrasoes Anselmo Braamcamp Freire, Brasoes da Sala de
Sintra, 3 vols., Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional–Casa daMoeda, 1973
CDA Chancelarias Portuguesas: D. Afonso IV, ed. Centro deEstudos Historicos da Universidade Nova de Lisboa,2 vols., Lisbon: INIC, 1990–92
CDP Chancelarias Portuguesas: D. Pedro I, ed. Centro deEstudos Historicos da Universidade Nova de Lisboa,Lisbon: INIC, 1984
CE Coleccao EspecialCod Codice(s)CPA Cortes Portuguesas: Reinado de D. Afonso IV
(1325–1357), ed. Centro de Estudos Historicos daUniversidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon: INIC, 1982
CPF Cortes Portuguesas: Reinado de D. Fernando(1367–1383), ed. Centro de Estudos Historicos daUniversidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon: INIC, 1990
x
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List of abbreviations xi
CPP Cortes Portuguesas: Reinado de D. Pedro I(1357–1367), ed. Centro de Estudos Historicos daUniversidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon: INIC, 1986
CR Corporacoes ReligiosasCR 1344 Cronica Geral de Espanha de 1344, ed.
Luis Filipe Lindley Cintra, 4 vols., Lisbon:Imprensa Nacional–Casa da Moeda,1983–90
CR 1419 Cronica dos Sete Primeiros Reis de Portugal, ed. CarlosSilva Tarouca, 3 vols., Lisbon: Academia Portuguesa daHistoria, 1952–53
CR Afonso V Rui de Pina, ‘Chronica do Senhor Rey D. Affonso V’, inCronicas, ed. Manuel Lopes de Almeida, Oporto: Lelloand Irmao, 1977, pp. 577–881
CR Ceuta Gomes Eanes de Zurara, Cronica da Tomada de Ceuta,ed. Francisco Esteves Pereira, Coimbra: Academia dasCiencias, 1915
CR Duarte Rui de Pina, ‘Chronica do Senhor Rey D. Duarte’, inCronicas, ed. M. Lopes de Almeida, Oporto: Lello andIrmao, 1977, pp. 477–575
CR Fernando Fernao Lopes, Cronica de D. Fernando, ed. GiulianoMacchi, Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional–Casa da Moeda,1975
CR Joao I Fernao Lopes, Cronica del Rei D. Joao I, ed. AnselmoBraamcamp Freire and William Entwistle, 2 vols.,Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional–Casa da Moeda, 1977
CR Joao II Rui de Pina, ‘Chronica d’elRei D. Joao II’, in Cronicas,ed. Manuel Lopes de Almeida, Oporto: Lello andIrmao, 1977, pp. 883–1033
CR Nuno Estoria de Dom Nuno Alvrez Pereira, ed. AdelinoAlmeida Calado, Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade,1991
CR Pedro Fernao Lopes, Cronica de D. Pedro I, ed. GiulianoMacchi, Rome: Edizioni dell’Ateneo, 1966
CRO (Ayala) Pero Lopez de Ayala, Cronicas, ed. Jose Luiz Martin,Barcelona: Planeta, 1991
CRO Alfonso XI Gran Cronica de Alfonso XI, ed. Diego Catalan, 2 vols.,Madrid: Gredos, 1977
CRO Pedro (Ayala) Pero Lopez de Ayala, Coronica del Rey D. Pedro, ed.C. and H. M. Wilkins, Madison: The Hispanic Seminarof Medieval Studies, 1985
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xii List of abbreviations
CUP Chartularium Universitatis Portugalensis, ed. ArturMoreira de Sa, 12 vols., Lisbon: Instituto de AltaCultura/INIC, 1966–85
DCH Documentos das Chancelarias reais relativos aMarrocos anteriores a 1531, ed. Pedro de Azevedo,2 vols., Lisbon: Academia das Ciencias, 1915–34
DEHP Dicionario enciclopedico da historia de Portugal,2 vols. published, Lisbon: Alfa, 1985
Desembargo Armando Luıs de Carvalho Homem, O DesembargoRegio (1320–1433), Lisbon: INIC, 1990
DEV Documentos historicos da cidade de Evora, ed. GabrielPereira, 3 vols., Evora, 1885–91
DHDA Francisco Marques de Sousa Viterbo, Dicionariohistorico e documental dos arquitectos, engenheiros econstrutores Portugueses, 3 vols., Lisbon: ImprensaNational–Casa da Moeda, 1988
DHP Dicionario de historia de Portugal, ed. Joel Serrao,4 vols., Lisbon: Iniciativas Editoriais, 1971
DLM Dicionario da literatura medieval Galega e Portuguesa,dir. Giulia Lanciani and Giuseppe Tavani, Lisbon:Caminho, 1993
DMA Dictionary of the Middle Ages, ed. Joseph Strayer,12 vols., New York: Scribner’s, 1984
DP Descobrimentos Portugueses: documentos para a suahistoria, ed. Jose Martins da Silva Marques, 5 vols.,Lisbon: INIC, 1988
Elucidario Frei Joaquim Santa Rosa de Viterbo, Elucidario daspalavras, termos e frases que em Portugal antigamentese usaram, e que hoje regularmente se ignorao, ed.Mario Fiuza, 2 vols., Oporto: Civilizacao, 1962
f. folioGav GavetasGTT As Gavetas da Torre do Tombo, 12 vols., Lisbon:
Centro de Estudos Historicos Ultramarinos,1960–77
HFAC Historia florestal, aquıcola e cinegetica, ed. CarlosManuel Baeta Neves, vols. I–IV, Lisbon: Ministerio daAgricultura e Pescas, 1981–83
Leges Portugaliae Monumenta Historica a saeculo octavopost Christum usque ad quintum decimum, Leges etConsuetudines, 2 vols., Lisbon: Academia Real dasCiencias, 1856–68
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List of abbreviations xiii
Livro Vermelho Livro Vermelho do Senhor Rey D. Afonso V, Colleccaode livros ineditos de historia Portugueza dos reinadosde D. Joao I, D. Duarte, D. Affonso V e D. Joao II, ed.Abade Correia da Serra, Lisbon: Academia Real dasCiencias, 1793, vol. III
LL Livro de Linhagens do Seculo XVI, ed. AntonioMachado de Faria, Lisbon: Academia Portuguesa daHistoria, 1956
LL Conde Livro de Linhagens do Conde D. Pedro, ed. JoseMattoso, 2 vols., Lisbon: Academia das Ciencias, 1980
LN Leitura NovaLP Livro das Leis e Posturas, ed. Nuno Espinosa Gomes da
Silva and Maria Teresa Campos Rodrigues, Lisbon:Faculdade de Direito, 1971
M MacoMH Monumenta Henricina, ed. Antonio Joaquim Dias
Dinis, 15 vols., Coimbra: Comissao Executiva dasComemoracoes do V Centenario da Morte do InfanteD. Henrique, 1960–74
MPV Monumenta Portugaliae Vaticana, ed. AntonioDomingues Sousa Costa, 3 vols. published,Braga/Oporto: Edicoes Franciscanas, 1968–70
NA Nucleo AntigoOA Ordenacoes Afonsinas, ed. Mario Julio de Almeida
Costa and Eduardo Borges Nunes, 5 vols., Lisbon:Fundacao Calouste Gulbenkian, 1988
OD Ordenacoes de D. Duarte, ed. Martim de Albuquerqueand Eduardo Borges Nunes, Lisbon: Fundacao CalousteGulbenkian, 1988
PA Livro das Posturas Antigas, ed. Maria Teresa CamposRodrigues, Lisbon: Camara Municipal, 1974
Provas Provas da historia genealogica da casa realPortuguesa, ed. Antonio Caetano de Sousa, 12 vols.,Coimbra: Atlantida, 1946–54
Quadro Visconde de Santarem, Luis Augusto Rebelo da Silva,Quadro elementar das relacoes polıticas e diplomaticasde Portugal com as diversas potencias do mundo,18 vols., Lisbon: Academia Real das Ciencias, 1842–60
REL Luis Suarez Fernandez, Relaciones entre Portugal yCastilla en la epoca del Infante Don Enrique,1393–1460, Madrid: Consejo Superior deInvestigaciones Cientıficas, 1960
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xiv List of abbreviations
Res ReservadosRussell Peter E. Russell, The English Intervention in Spain and
Portugal in the Time of Edward III and Richard II,Oxford: Clarendon, 1955
Supl. Suplementov verso
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Genealogical tables
xv
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1TheAvelarfamilyandQueenBeatriz
Mar
tim
Est
eves
do
Ave
lar
(
mor
dom
o to
the
quee
n)
Joan
eL
oure
nço
Mar
tins
do A
vela
rV
asco
Bra
nca
=B
eatr
izA
nes
Leo
nor
Mar
tins
Ter
esa
Mar
tins
Joan
aB
eatr
izG
omes
Lou
renç
odo
Ave
lar
?
(1)
Vas
coR
eim
undo
Mar
tim
Lou
renç
oB
uval
Leg
itim
ate
desc
enda
nts
Ille
giti
mat
e de
scen
dant
s
=(2
) L
oure
nço
Mar
tins
Buv
al
=
2ThedeMeirafamilyandQueenLeonorTeles
Méc
ia R
odri
gues
de
Mei
ra
Pai
o R
odri
gues
de
Mei
ra
= G
onça
lo P
ais
de M
eira
Leo
nor
Rod
rigu
esL
eito
a
Fer
não
Gon
çalv
es =
T
eres
a
d
e S
ousa
de M
eira
=B
ranc
aL
oure
nço
Est
evão
Gon
çalv
esde
Mei
raF
ernã
o G
onça
lves
De
Mei
ra
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3TheMirandasandQueenPhilippaofLancaster
Con
stan
ça =
Afo
nso
Per
es
Mar
tim
Afo
nso
da C
harn
eca
Afo
nso
Per
esC
harn
eca
Mar
tim
Afo
nso
Mir
anda
Fer
não
Gon
çalv
esM
iran
da
Dom
ingo
s =
(?)
Leo
nor
Mir
anda
Méc
iaM
iran
daM
arga
rida
Mar
tins
Mir
anda
==
Air
esG
omes
Sil
va
=G
onça
loP
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rmas
’
=P
edro
Men
eses
=B
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aS
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Gen
ebra
Per
eira
Per
esA
list
ão
4The‘daGuerras’
Mar
ia T
eles
= (
1)
Ped
ro ‘d
a G
uerr
a’
Fer
nand
oda
Gue
rra
Lui
s da
Gue
rra
(2)
= C
onst
ança
Infa
nte
João
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5The‘deBraganzas’
6The‘deCascais’
Mar
ia T
eles
= (
1)
Fer
nand
o‘d
e B
raga
nza’
Leo
nor
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ques
Cou
tinh
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rte
‘de
Bra
ganz
a’
(2)
= C
onst
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nte
João
(2)
(1)
Afo
nso
‘de
Cas
cais
’
Bra
nca
Cun
haF
erna
ndo
‘de
Cas
cais
’
==
Mar
ia V
asco
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Isab
el M
enes
es
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ia T
eles
= (
1)(2
) =
Con
stan
çaIn
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=
= A
fons
o V
asco
ncel
os‘d
e C
asca
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Isab
elS
ilva
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das
Reg
ras
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7The‘deEcas’
Fer
nand
o ‘d
e E
ça’
Ped
rode
Eça
João
de E
çaD
uart
ede
EçaM
aria
Tel
es =
(1)
(2)
= C
onst
ança
Infa
nte
João
= D
r V
asco
Fer
nand
esde
Luc
ena
Bra
nca
de E
ça
8TheHenriques
Hen
ry I
I of
Cas
tile
Fer
nand
o H
enri
ques
IL
eono
r S
arm
ient
o =
San
cho
Afo
nso
Hen
riqu
esH
enri
que
Hen
riqu
es
Fer
nand
o H
enri
ques
II
‘das
Alc
áçov
as’
Bra
nca
Mel
o =
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9TheBraganzas
Afo
nso
==
(1)
Bea
triz
Per
eira
Con
stan
ça N
oron
ha (
2)
Fer
nand
o =
Jo
ana
de C
astr
oA
fons
o
Phi
lipp
a of
Lan
cast
er
=
John
I
Isab
el
Fer
nand
oJo
ãoA
fons
oÁ
lvar
oA
ntón
io
Leo
nor
Alv
imN
uno
Álv
ares
Per
eira
=
Infa
nte
Joã
o =
10TheNoronhas
Fer
nand
o I
of P
ortu
gal
Hen
ry o
f C
asti
le
Afo
nso
(Cou
nt o
f G
ijón
& N
orue
ña)
Ped
ro N
oron
haF
erna
ndo
Nor
onha
= B
eatr
iz M
enes
esH
enri
que
João
Con
stan
ça=
Afo
nso
Cou
nt o
f
Bar
celo
s
Ped
ro M
enes
es J
oão
Nor
onha
Mar
ia N
oron
ha =
Afo
nso
Cou
nt o
f F
aro
Ped
roN
oron
ha
=Is
abel
San
cho
= M
écia
Sou
sa
João
Nor
onha
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Glossary
Aia NurseAlcaidaria Governorship of a cityAlcaide Governor of a cityAlferes Standard bearerAlmotace Inspector of weights and measuresAlmoxarife Collector of the crown taxesAma Nurse/wetnurseAnadel CommanderCaca HuntCamara ChamberCamareiro/camareira Gentleman/gentlewoman of the chamberCarta Letter or charterCasa House/householdCasamento (Literally) marriage – the moment at which a couple
‘took’ their householdColheita (Literally) harvest – dues in kind to the monarchCondestavel ConstableCorregedor MagistrateDesembargador High court judge/senior crown magistrateDona LadyDonzela Young (unmarried) ladyEscrivao Scribe or clerkEscudeiro SquireEsmoleiro AlmonerEstrebaria StableFalcoeiro FalconerFidalgo NoblemanJuiz de fora District magistrateManceba Young woman/handmaidMantimento Subsistence allowance
xxi
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xxii Glossary
Marechal MarshalMoco/moca Boy/girl; groomMontaria Big-game huntingMonteiro Huntsman-mor (as a suffix) head of a department/masterOrdenacao Code of lawsOuvidor Crown or circuit judgePrivado/privanca One who had the king’s ear/favouriteProcurador AttorneyQuantia Feudal rents or incomeQuitacao PaymentReal/reis Low-value unit of moneyRegimento DirectiveRico homem/rica dama (Literally) rich man/rich womanSisa ExciseVedor High officer
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