The Mamlūk Period: Fatwas and PolemicsAgainst Dhimmīs• al-Qarāfī’s (Egypt, d. 1285) The Glorious Answers to Wicked Questions

(Kitāb al-Ajwiba al-Fākhira ʿan asʾila al-fājira)

• Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (Syria, d. 1350) Guide of the Perplexed in Replyto the Jews and the Christians (Hidāyat al-Ḥayārā fī Ajwibat al-Yahūdwa-l-Naṣārā)

• Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, Aḥkām ahl al-dhimma (The Laws Pertainingthe Protected People)

legal opinions (fatwa, pl. fatāwā) ordering theclosure of synagogues and churches• Taqī al-Dīn ibn Taymiyya (1263–1328)

• Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq

• Taqī al-Dīn al-Subkī (1353)

• Ibn Ḥajar (1442)

• Ibn ʿUbayya (regarding the so-called Ramban synagogue in Jerusalem, 1474)

• Najm al-Dīn ibn al-Rifʿa

• al-Nawawī

• Ibn al-Naqqāsh

• Ghāzī ibn al-Wāsiṭī’s ‘An Answer to the Dhimmis’

• al-Jawbarī, The Best Collection Disclosing the Secrets (Kitāb al-Mukhtār fī kashf al-asrār)

Ghazi al-Wasiti

Jewish Converts to Islam and the Anti-JewishPolemics

• Samawʾal al-Maghribī, Silencing the Jews

• Saʿīd ibn Ḥasan of Alexandria (1320), Path of Investigation about theProphethood of the Lord of Mankind (Kitāb Masālik al-naẓar fīnubuwwat sayyid al-bashar)

• ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq al-Islāmī’s The Outstretched Sword in Refutation of theJewish Sages (Sayf al-mamdūd fī l-Radd ʿalā Aḥbār al-Yahūd), writtenaround 1395

• The Fortification of Faith (Taʾyīd al-Milla), a work probably written by a Mudejar of mid-fourteenth-century Aragon

• The Key of Religion (Kitāb Miftāḥ al-Dīn)

• Muḥammad al-Qaysī, “Disputation between Christians and Muslims”