The Many Uses for RFID Technology Include

8/6/2019 The Many Uses for RFID Technology Include

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The many uses for RFID technology include:

y Smart labels and security labels.y Product and inventory managementy RFID chips in car keys for securityy Theft controly Placement on pharmaceuticals to prevent counterfeited drugs from

entering the legal supply chainy Increased efficiency in admissions into entertainment or sporting

eventsy Increased efficiency in toll road paymentsy Monitoring the whereabouts of luggage, library books, livestock, etc.


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Reset Circuitry:

Pin no 9 of the controller is connected to the reset circuit. On the circuit we

connect one resistor and capacitor circuit to provide a reset option when

power is on

As soon as you give the power supply the 8051 doesnt start. You need to restart for the

microcontroller to start. Restarting the microcontroller is nothing but giving a Logic 1 to

the reset pin at least for the 2 clock pulses. So it is good to go for a small circuit which

can provide the 2 clock pulses as soon as the microcontroller is powered.

This is not a big circuit we are just using a capacitor to charge the

microcontroller and again discharging via resistor.


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Crystals

Pin no 18 and 19 is connected to external crystal oscillator to provide a

clock to the circuit.

Crystals provide the synchronization of the internal function and to the peripherals.

Whenever ever we are using crystals we need to put the capacitor behind it to make it

free from noises. It is good to go for a 33pf capacitor.

We can also resonators instead of costly crystal which are low cost and

external capacitor can be avoided. But the frequency of the resonators

varies a lot. And it is strictly not advised when used for communications

projects.


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RFID

RFID Tag Categories | RFID Construction | Applications | PrivacyIssues | Chipless RFID Technology

RFID, which is an acronym for Radio Frequency Identification, is not a newtechnology. It was first used in the late 1960's, but it has only become morewidespread with advances in technology.

RFID Systems consist of a transponder, also known as a tag, which isbasically a microchip connected to an antenna. The tag is mounted to anitem, such as a pallet of goods in a warehouse, and a device called a

reader communicates with the tag via radio waves. Depending on the typeof tag that is used, the reader can receive detailed information or it canreceive data as simple as an identification number.

RFID is similar to barcode systems in which data, such as a price, isaccessed when the barcode is read. The main difference is that thebarcode must come in direct contact to an optical scanner/reader and theRFID tag can transmit to the reader via radio waves and does not have tobe in direct contact. An RFID reader can receive data from as many as1,000 tags per second.

The radio signals can go through many non-metallic substances such asrain, fog, snows, dirt and grime, painted surfaces, etc. This gives RFID tagsa distinct advantage over optically read items, such as barcodes, whichwould be useless under similar conditions.

The many uses for RFID technology include:

y Smart labels and security labelsy Product and inventory managementy RFID chips in car keys for securityy Theft controly Placement on pharmaceuticals to prevent counterfeited drugs from

entering the legal supply chainy Increased efficiency in admissions into entertainment or sporting

eventsy Increased efficiency in toll road payments


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y Monitoring the whereabouts of luggage, library books, livestock, etc.

It is predicted that RFID use will continue to increase. It is unlikely to everbe as cost-effective as barcoding, but it will become dominant in areaswhere barcoding and other optically read technologies are not effective.

RFID Tag Categories

The basic types of RFID tags can be classified as read/write and read only.The data stored on read/write tags can be edited, added to, or completelyrewritten, but only if the tag is within the range of the reader. The datastored on a read only tag can be read, but cannot be edited in any way.Read/write tags are much more expensive than read only tags, so they arenot used for tracking most commodity items.

RFID tags are further categorized as:

y Active tags, which contain a battery that powers the microchip andallows it to transmit a signal to the reader.

y Semi-active (or semi-passive) tags, which contain a battery to run thecircuitry of the chip, but must draw power from the magnetic fieldcreated by the reader in order to communicate with the reader.

y Passive tags, which rely solely on the magnetic field created by theradio waves sent out by the reader to create a current that can be

received by the antenna within the passive tag.

RFID Construction

RFID Tag Components

RFID tags consist of a microchip connected to an antenna, which isconstructed of a small coil of wires. The assembly is usually covered with aprotective layer (such as a laminated card), which is determined by the typeof application. The RFID tag can be a passive tag or an active tag. The

RFID tag is also known as an inlay.


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Components of passive RFID system:

y An antenna is attached to a microchip.y The antenna allows the chip to transmit information to a reader,

which also has an antenna.y The reader is the device that actually sends out the radio waves

to create a magnetic field. A passive RFID tag draws its powerfrom this magnetic field, which powers the circuits in themicrochip allowing it to transmit data back to the reader.

y Reader transmits to a computer system.y The computer passes data onto a network.y Software determines how the data received should be used.

Other Print/Security Applications

Besides the various types of RFID labels that are being printed for producttracking and security, plastic cards and badges embedded with RFIDtransponders are being produced. Data from identification cards embeddedwith RFID tags can be read as people pass through a doorway. RFID tagsembedded in security badges offer an alternative method for controllingaccess to sensitive information or limiting access to specific areas.

Merchandise/Inventory Tracking

When used with product and inventory control, a computer keeps track ofthe data received from the transponders/tags through the reader and cantrigger reorders based on the adjusted inventory levels. Antennas can bebuilt into warehouse doorframes in order to receive data as merchandise,cartons, and pallets of goods containing an RFID tag pass, through thedoorway.

RFID costs may not become low enough for the tags to be used on alltypes of products and services. It may not be cost effective to include thetags with every item if the items are inexpensive commodity items, but the

tags can be very useful to track full pallets of commodities for inventorycontrol.


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Transportation

RFID tags can be used for a number of applications in the transportationindustry for monitoring and tracking of vehicles and products.

Railroads

RFID systems can be configured for rail car identification:

y The tags are installed underneath the rail cars.y The antennae are mounted between or near the tracks.y The readers are usually located in a building no more than 100

feet away.

Trucking

Commercial trucking facilities also use RFID systems to monitor truckmovements in and out of a main terminal.

Automotive

RFID systems are very useful in the automobile manufacturing industry intracking individual vehicles through the assembly process. RFID systemsare also being installed in toll booths to monitor the traffic.

Airports

Most airports track passenger baggage with barcoded labels or tags, butthey are often damaged do to rough handling of the baggage. Barcodedtags that have been damaged because of rough baggage handling, mayaccount for 10% of the total volume. All of these bags must be accountedfor manually, which can be a time consuming process. RFID systems canhelp to eliminate the problems that occur with unreadable barcodes.

When used for tracking bags at an airport, RFID tags contain a uniquenumber assigned to the bag. Anyone with access to a reader could see thenumber, but any personal information could not be viewed because it isstored in a database and is not stored on the tag.


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Table 1. RS-232 Specifications

RS-232

Cabling Single-ended

Number of

Devices1 transmit, 1 receive

Communication

ModeFull duplex

Distance (max) 50 feet at 19.2kbps

Data Rate (max) 1Mbps

Signaling Unbalanced

Mark (data 1) -5V (min) -15V (max)

Space (data 0) 5V (min) 15V (max)

Input Level (min) 3V

Output Current500mA (Note that the driver ICs normally

used in PCs are limited to 10mA)

Impedance 5k (Internal)

Bus Architecture Point-to-Point


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Table 2. RS-232 Defined Signals

Circuit

Mnemonic Circuit Name*

Circuit

Direction

Circuit

Type

AB Signal Common Common

BA

BB

Transmitted Data (TD)

Received Data (RD)

To DCE

From DCEData

CA

CB

CC

CD

CE

CF

CG

CH

CI

CJ

RL

LL

TM

Request to Send (RTS)

Clear to Send (CTS)DCE Ready (DSR)

DTE Ready (DTR)

Ring Indicator (RI)

Received Line Signal

Detector** (DCD)

Signal Quality DetectorData Signal Rate

Detector from DTE

Data Signal Rate

Detector from DCE

Ready for Receiving

Remote LoopbackLocal Loopback

Test Mode

To DCE

From DCE

From DCE

To DCE

From DCE

From DCE

From DCE

To DCE

From DCE

To DCE

To DCE

To DCE

From DCE

Control

DA ransmitter Signal To DCE


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Element Timing from DTE

DB

DD

Transmitter Signal

Element Timing from DCE

Receiver Signal Element

Timing from DCE

From DCE

From DCE Timing

SBA

SBB

Secondary Transmitted

Data

Secondary Received Data

To DCE

From DCEData

SCA

SCB

SCF

Secondary Request toSend

Secondary Clear to Send

Secondary Received Line

Signal Detector

To DCE

From DCE

From DCE

Control


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Table 3. RS232 Transceivers in Space-Saving Packages

Part

Packag

e

Shutdow

n Supply

Current

(A)

Data

Rate

(kbps

)

No. of

Drivers/Receivers

ESD

Protection (kV)

MAX3221

E

20-Pin

TQFN1 250 1/1 15

MAX3222

E

16-Pin

TQFN1 250 2/2 15

MAX3223

E

20-Pin

TQFN1 250 2/2 15

MAX3230

E

20-

Bump

UCSP

1 250 2/2 15

MAX3231

E

20-

Bump

UCSP

1 250 1/1 15

MAX3232

E

16-Pin

TQFN1 250 2/2 15

MAX3237

E

28-Pin

SSOP10nA 1Mbps 5/3 15

MAX3243 15


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Transponder

Transponder Orientation The orientation of the transponder with

respect to the antenna also impacts the reading range. For

maximum range the orientation of the antenna with respect tothe transponder must be optimised to acheive maximum

coupling.

As you will see to the left diagram

orientations in line with a ferrite antenna produce the longest

read ranges from the 32mm glass transponders.

Whereas as you can see on the right

diagram orientations at right angles to a gate antenna produce

the longest read ranges from the 32mm glass transponders.

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The Many Uses for RFID Technology Include