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The Marine Biome . CHAPTER 11. THE WORLD OCEAN. OCEANIC ZONE – Open ocean Largest zone in the ocean – 90% of surface area Very deep – 500 m to 11,000 m Mostly aphotic except over the continental shelf Photic zone less than 100 m deep only producers are phytoplankton. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The Marine Biome CHAPTER 11
THE WORLD OCEAN
OCEANIC ZONE – Open ocean
Largest zone in the ocean – 90% of surface area
Very deep – 500 m to 11,000 m
Mostly aphotic except over the continental shelf
Photic zone less than 100 m deep only producers are phytoplankton
The Oceanic Zone
Neritic zone – photic area over the continental shelf
Aphotic zone - has limited diversity
Benthic zone – scavengers that eat detritus (dead organic material) or marine “snow”
Organisms live in open ocean have special adaptations
The World Ocean
Water near the equator is warmer, has more salt and minerals
Water currents are driven by winds
Most currents are stable like the Gulf Stream (warm water along the East Coast of the U.S.)
Exceptions – La Nina, El Nino
11.2 Neritic Zone
All continents are surrounded by shallow water - continental shelf
Neritic Zone - From the continental shelf to the top surface of the water.
Shallow depth so it is in the photic zone.
Warmer water has coral reefs combination of animals and bacteria
Colder water has kelp beds
Coral Reefs “Tropical rainforest” of the
marine biome
Reef is made from millions of shells from tiny corals – like sea anemones
Greatest marine biodiversity
Only the top layer of corals are alive
Reefs protect the shoreline from erosion
Largest reef is Great Barrier Reef off Australian coast
Coral Reefs
Living corals have tiny algae in their bodies
Algae perform photosynthesis to give them food – mutualism
Algae need sunlight for photosynthesis
Coral are limited in depth to photic zone
Reef damage from human activity: blowing up so big ships can pass through, coral is used for jewelry and to decorate fish tanks, water pollution from ocean dumping, runoff from farmland
Kelp Forest
Kelp beds or kelp forests are usually found in colder water.
Large beds off the California and Alaskan coast
Kelp forests are home to many species – like the coral reefs
Kelp are sea algae that grown in very tall columns from the continental shelf to the surface
Estuaries
Region where fresh water from a river meets salt water from the ocean
Subject to rise and fall of tides
Water is usually brackish
Provide shelter and a place for many marine animals (fish and birds) to lay their eggs
When the young hatch they can ride the current back out to sea
The The largest estua
The largest estuary is the Che
Intertidal Zones Located along the shoreline
of every continent
Covered and uncovered by ocean water twice a day (Tides).
Organisms adapt to changing tides and pounding surf by either burrowing in the sand or attaching to rocks
Attached to wetlands such as salt marshes or mangrove swamps
Coastal Salt Marshes Flat, muddy wetlands around
estuaries, bays and lagoons
Wet at high tide and dry at low tide
Vital “rest-stop” for migrating birds
Grasses provide organic matter (detritus/marine “snow”) that is the base of all ocean food chains
Sediments from fresh water collect and cause delta areas to sink under water changing their shape - Subsidence
Coastal Salt Marshes
Sediments from fresh water wash downstream and collect at the mouth of the river - Accumulation
The buildup will cause delta areas to sink under water changing their shape – Subsidence
The Mississippi River delta(40% of all US wetlands) goes through a 5000 year cycle of accumulation-subsidence that changes the shape of the delta
Mangrove Swamps Coastal wetland found only
in warm climates
Woody plant/tree more than 800 species worldwide - only 10 found in the USA (red mangrove is most common)
Low-oxygen water causes roots to lift up out of the water
The tall roots trap sediment which collects and forms soil for other plants to grow
Eventually the mangroves collect enough soil to replace the water become a forest.