The Market of Honors : On the Bicentenary of the Legion of Honor

8/14/2019 The Market of Honors : On the Bicentenary of the Legion of Honor

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THE MARKET OF HONORSOn the Bicentenary of the Legion of Honor

Olil'ier 1/1/

Inslltut d'f:tudes Poli tiques, Grenoble

T h ~ ~ ls ""ly une I n < l i v j l i b l ~ poIm Irom whlch to "k>w a p k t , , ~ ; the othe" are

too close. 10<> high. or 100 I(IW. hr tlMo an of painting lt ls .mentd b)' pcrspeo:.t I , ~ Bu t ln trulh and mural Ir)'. "'00 will owgn il?

C o m m ~ m O l . t ! n ~ 1$ m o ~ than mobUlJ:lng a p.. 0 ' toCpttS)11lJl coIlMln grat .1100.. Ir l, Il,,,a matieTol mJplng. Il nOl m hapins. 1 point ul_. In " " " ' ~ cI!<11hh will mean e n ~ e J u p l n g Il ln Ihe m cngth of 1 l ' r ~ f < k m ; ln othe".

rehabUl13Ung a "i .h Or a flgme. h . l l t n g l n ~ l ",laUon<hlp. or confl rmlng a

repu"llon. ln a rry O""rlt. I l I I a lways aque. tion ul lorglng. vISion br me.n.

010 Mv!ct lh . t l . ""!l l1l.lIr a g\'Ome!!lc , ~ n t 01 the 1"". The r"'""

spe<'II"e Is....-laltd wllh tlle !zslon 01 Itonor, b.l...-d on tht n«.,slly 01 g<>v .

tflling "en:tptlom b)' ~ l u " l $Ignlflçatlons, is no ~ « p t l O l 1 . AI If. In thl.

_t 01 'l'trmpn'll'' ' ' ",,,ungle hamlng the field 01 vision. Ihe JC'Ope 01 hi .ory

w .m no lunher!han tht IImlboi. presentalion. a müt . . . . .h ... 8r locus!ng

on 11_", t h e ~ n t l ; O < " p I l l l : f t l l n 2002 for- the bicmlenaryol tht Onkr oIlhe

Lqion of Hon", promptw ul to do--Io .... e gripptd b)' that IntMplcl.llon.

~ I t h e clo"""p 0 ' lrom a dls,""ct. no\ u n ! i k 'he uptrltnce of Ihe t )'e"plunglng" Ihrough • wlndow u, p.rlntlng. llle media .uc«u 01 Jean.Bap

! 1 s 1 ~ ~ b ' c t '. p.rlnling. / ~ r p",mih. ,I/;trj/",rim' ,1<'5 .IVi.. ,If /11 Us/m' ,1'/",,,,,,,,,(/""s rt,fli... des /"'-,JI;,/ ... Ir /4 j,lil/rr IIJ(U. emblematlc (iCe Figure 1).' The

wlillui c u m m . m o , ~ of thls dhlant . ' · ~ n while coru«r.tlng Ils fount!.>·

Ilon.l ( harader. had a .ptdflc gool: to ntabllsh" U'M' of dt$«nt ""d rein·Force an InsUtutiun procl.lmt-d \0 ,he Impanlal man"1I'" of" "nalu,al"

sc.1e oF IIH'fIt.

Ir Il p<ed",'y Ihe lUI", 01 Ihll 1"'>IlUment.>lintlon of tlM' ,....1 tha!

exploit II<.-fto. \\"e >how how tht')' "'" lntendt-d 6n! to Ittldtr lin t"en t- the act



,

FiS" '" '- J O . ~ n ' I ~ I ' k > 1><00.1, W 1"',"1ffi' dl"'i""""" d,., .ltrornt"'" ok la Ugloor J'IIOII'

' ' ' ' ' '. {JIll! l" " N ~ " " " , , , I ,h"" r ~ l f " , J, 11o.ktl imphllli olt:< / " " ' ,_ , " IlIiII" 1/J()4 (1812Ji5/:l<m:t; \ ' h o l ~ r ' l > h from .u t l l« , "",><>n. 1roltect\on)

of crcating th. Legion in 1802-intelligibl. br ordering the l n u l t i t u ~ of

points of vi ...... >caneret! throughout ils hislory. Thei, se«Jnd P"'p<)Se j , 10 produce," Image lha! js will credible .nd comi,rent "ilh dlC;' founding Înoti-tulion - in thi. panicul.1T in stan," br m'gnlfying "n hO!lO<3ry o,der Ihat

prides Itsel! "n ha,ing "dernocrallzetl· the ! . O d ~ 1 celebraUon of ,'i'tues and laI·

ent • ' C 1 a ~ l f " . l i o " t . , , ~ of ",,,,il is so cl=ly . ~ I 3 ! e d wilh ( )Ut ""pc,l

e nce (>1 schoollng that wc muid casUy forgN that honorai}' dl,llncUon.

perim", the ""me operallon); of ,.nklng on a \'a.1 >cale evcry yeal. The fl'&'ih1p

01 thl. >Cl of Ic .... ,,1, 1. of r o , , ~ Ihe I.<!glon of Honol with Ils IIS,ooo m",n

ocrs, bU! rl'COgnhlom als.o Include l h ~ ~ l i l i l a r y M<'<lal (560,000 indlvidu.l!1

a"d Ihe Onkr of Merl\ (l1\'er 130,000), followcd by the ,wollen ,ank$ of t h ~ Agr icultur'[ Merit rm"" 400,000) . nd Ih. C t o i ~ de Gu."e or th" Order of th"

Polme> Académique, ["'"'" 350,000), Qu.<liuning the grorn."}' 01 'hl, com_ffiernorallun , (hat , ig'" ul "di,tln,tlu,,- and ffi. .ks al "g,cOIn",,- lak. ad"a,,

t a ~ 0/ today lu ",Iernnl .. thelr e ~ l < l c n ( e , I l ; . maller of cxplalning how thl,

type of p""pecllve ddor,"' the r•• llly Il [, suppo"-'d 10 "'I"" . nl- IO Ih.

point 01 c""tlng the fKUon uf. "",,1,1 umer ln whlch ."ch pc'''''' crafts hl . orhe, uwn ,-.lue,

With l" Ihe l'ra me

Jeon -B,pli,t. [)ehre!'! p.1ln tin &, La p ~ m i è r ~ l/iltriblltiarJ 1/($ c r a i III L ~ Q 1 ' d'/"'''''tllr d",u /iSlist dd [",,,/id.,, /. 14 Juillet 1804, pUr<'hased ln 1812 by the

>1",e and ."hibile<! at th. Salon in th . ""'" y.a" wa, ["tende<! lu celebrale



aM<.lhl

thc m'lnl) ' 0( •• ·.......lgo_ The Irtht, , .. wa.de<! by t h ~ EmprfO'. w u ID

bc<mml' On<! of t,", ~ . > d l l l ! l ani.uof hl! Hm .." Rut the Côlons abo ~ n l f i e s th . sup ... xqulll'd br mmt " ' .., blnh or th . "mk of a noblllary cW .The IJIU3\' 0( th . h"ml>ko dtlun <Iororated br the very hand 0( the ""ad of

St.l . uy>, ln II) o"'n ...ar, Ihat fmallr thc rKOgnlllon and me. . ....m .nl of

", •• t a•• n01 n«<'ISiI.lly ",1.100 to <lIdal crlte.la. lieue. IIUl. n",.11 ran Id".

Illy he reward<>d wlthulU Implylng pa.ily whh othe. Itgns of gr.'ln"" ,uch

. . mon .y. Ohlt'CIlfi"d ln the form of moo,ls and g.ad ..., m••1t l, dcfme<! as a",mlp.ovhlentla l o r d ~ r . one in whlch c.p.bllhl", al1d ....pul.tlon . '" ""'<>g'

n l ~ c d UltOUHh a ran); inS by t h ~ state. This rotlnR ,lmuh.u,,!ou,ly h,,""lve.

ool1,ld""llon ,,{ """.1<", ••nderC<!, ••" . . rd thfOuSh IOdai p••5 1 l g ~ . • nd œrl!.

&caUnn of mo.al q".litl.,.. h I l .Jrplrtl'<l ln OIhe. I)cl).et palmlngs ,,,rh il<

N<lI'<,'hJ,I m,,/ h ( } " , ~ ~ "" , , , , r r ~ g r n " , I I " " f ~ U X (1806) 0 ' NaptJ/ron ,1«0« Ir

gm,adkf Lillutrffa TI/litt (1 808). The", ""s thus , p"nkula. "">00 101 Ihe

commemo.atlon of z002 belng procblmed optn 10 thbdbtan t .. ,t'm, whlcltIl r o n ~ m e d as 1 f<MIndlng e ~ m e n t to .,.l3hlllh ",·ÎlknC1' of a hlstoriCill

.od 10 ' ' ' l 'porI.n InS1l1"llon that cLaI",! ln be 1,", Imp.>r11.11 g<n"("fIOl

of a "natu",l" Of<It. of ..,.,,-tl.

The rommlll"" ..,.".,.."illl . for orxanlzlll!l Ihe ( ~ ~ " . . km o I l h ~ lc!llon of

Honor', b I ( ~ n t e n n L a J . ( ......too hy dt<;..., on JI July ZOOI. pI.nned 1 ~ r i f S of",,,,,••1 ('..,01 5 h..ld th.oughout F.anC1' ftom Janu••y 10 21 Ma)· 2002.

Indudlng .rctpllons for ( o n s i " ' ~ n I bodlp!! ln Ihe P",fl'<1U1fS. ct'tmon;rs

o'g,olled br p"",loc1,1 socittl.,. for holde" nf Ihe 1.I')Ilon of Hono . exhlb;.lions 00 Ihe h l ~ l o r y nf French honora.y " ' ~ c r s . CO'Ke",. co"f,·,.nc",. and ' "

00. h, l '"b I h ~ h l ~ h l l ~ h l s "'ete 1 July l)roce.slo" un the theme of rl"hcI.tglon of Itono• " Jn "al .demi<"" confe"",,,,, lin 25 S<-plel"ber .\ th . F.role

MIlIIII,., • show ( " C ' ~ t a l t !\Qu'l .n . ") al the l'alal! des C,mgth, .nd a ",Iemn

....slon on "ltono." . \ Ihe In,lilul de · . a l 1 C 1 ' on 22 OClobt'•. In t h ~ Il ..... 01 ,igh\of ail rw",s "·n Napok"""H,ealion of I.q:kNt .... Honor On 19 MayIIIOZ. an an p ~ n l e d " aUlonomous. unlqu., and fund.nlf1l1al lu "'f'Ubllcan mtnlOC . Y. IVlIloI "'a, Il '''l'IJO>rd 10 m"n-<>4htr Ihan Ihat Indl\idual<.f;aa,d wllh 1,", . f b l t r a r l ~ . of hetedity or ..,.,allly, lK'nC1'fonh had lM po$Si.

bllUy of tlt.."tlng Il>e. . '.'' .. . (and Ih . . Ih.1 lhe", ..as no m ..... "'"Orallon" , ..ln tJw l><ocI<1y of Ofr:lcD); Ih.I talcnts we " , ""lUral apillur:lcs dntlned 10 sen",

Iht COOlmunlty . t l.rge: Ihal Ih""" was. dUly 10 ..,..."rd merll slnC1' .11 tolents" ...'" hCl>C1'lorth romm.nsu ••bIe; and , .... 1 Ih. ,IOle ,Iont coukl a,bltr.le lnIhi, >!lUgg'" for pK"SlIge, sl""" lho: "'·ahr"Ilt>n of ' f ~ l ! u t . k " S wa, no 1ot'8<1 • si8"

nf dl"l",ndcnC1' wh.n I,""orml'<l b)' the C<lmmunlty as a wool.1C e l . l r f i l t l ! 1 ~ th . tKOZ epl.ooe "' . , a way of oat",alltlng Ihls l , l I ~ d } · Ideal.!sile rep",sent"llo!1 uf ", •• il and m ~ . l I o c . . c)·. lh f .u llly of Ihe m.l1e. l,

o o , I o u ~ l y 0 l 0 . ~ rompl"". f i"t. the O.de, of Ille Legion of Hono. ".", d. . gneo.l1o bot 3 welal m a " ' K ~ ' " ~ " 1 h n ; q " " Ulumln,tOO br a poIlHcall''C<momlcs of

hono. In ",•.eh of .ocngnition at 1"" t l n , ~ Il "'" pa" of. l C ~ n C 1 ' of go' ...n.

mmt Ih,t, ""nal"'lo r........,nl ~ i l h e ' the numlre.",!lw dh"'' ' lIyofpa .kNt>."



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" OInitrlM

The Distortions of Hi l lo ry

The lacl th., mmmcmoraliom ramr luch

"""11\,, fictions . l lhe e'pense 01

...." Ii ,tic ob . va1ion 1. hardly 'utpming. T h ~ i r alrn 1. tu hono! rhe in>l iluHon

<ponsorlnH them, not to pt""' .. ., the " ,.le of the ~ v c n t lt ...l f Or 10 ""..,al 311 of

II< ••pectS. Il j , cie" lhal ln 2002. rar from "",br.clns .oy "'al grealn"" of the

l'<'.t ,Œmmemoration. of Ihe Legion of Honor only ~ t a b l , h e d Us ron/ormUy

wlill the cxpoctaUons of the pre$enl d.y . In pan;C\,13r, thry .ffirrncd: Ihal for

the past IwO cemuries the while star and Ihe red . ib!>on have Deco ·popul••

Inslgnla, ""poc'..:I and co\'eted'; lha' the Order of the legion of Iionor 1. "the

most I.mou, ln the world"; and lh.l e<Jua hty of 0pJIOnunlty d",-" Indero

",ok. Il p<mlblc "'0 tr.al ewryon. a<:<:ording 10 mcrit. " FiJI/ro 'U&8'-"'OOthal the creation of the Orde, ",as "3 W'Y 01 m.'king a complete break "' ith th.

Revolution: be/ore concludJns that if !Ionap;>rt. dreomod 01 "bringlng

togNher worthy w ltllcts and ch·Hlans." it was "10 fonn one big f.mily cncom·

p . ~ l n g the Ih'ing .t ..ngth of the country.· This dlstlnctly Ga"l l1 'n exp"",i"n

,,"aS Imended ta m.k. the ronnecHon ",ilh .n<>the, key dote in th"", co rn ·

memoroti'" gcncaloglcs: Ihe Deœnll. . . 1963 ,do,m,' Und., th. imp"l .. of

l're>ident G3ull., th . ,eform .mounted to "'. 'ginS the ,ixty 0 ' W offi ci.1

d.coralions created under the Thitd .nd Fou'lh Republlcs, e r e a U n ~ t h ~ National Order of Ment lor ,.w.,ding "dl,Unguis,hed mcrit, " whi le ... servinglhe u,glon of Hono, fo, "outst.ndlng merit. " Note th"t . lthough Il,. l.rgel)'

antiqu.ted te,m "oro" ,le ch,,,,I"';e" "'as dropped, som. brochures and 1 . 1el,conllnued 10 ",Iate the legion 10 the precede"" of the 'Jo;"'o 0.1'0" Instinued

by the Ouk. of lIurgundy ln 1430, or the Ortie. "r ~ i n ' Esp , it 10\l"ded in 1578

by Henri 1lI-il ,y"crelle " jew f.,'orlng the ro"tirruit)' of a fi liôlion tha, !ladthe merlt <>1 making the p,esent. docile helrofthe pa,t_

ln Ihe provinces, t h ~ condlho"" under which tlte Legion of Hon", had

be<on /ounded ... ere vlewed lrom th" SOrne per.;Jl"Oi '' ', ' In thc g .dcns of the

pre/l'ClUre 01 tlte S3rthe , on 1 j uly 2002, the pre/cet "ddl,,,,cd" the 10Uowing

lnte'pret.llnn of th• • ,nt:

Wh. . dld Iloml"'" , , ~ n t l An oroer 'h " " ." I h ~ ~ & n of ..;""", h"""" h"'''''m; .distinction th" . . ved '0 rew.rt.I "'l llt.ry br.vt'ty . nd d.;!t 'n m",lt, "kibOOn •• " . . d~ J l O ' I < , "th'l "111 Ile ."',nkd to th. , . ." ",bc ha,.., be>, ",rwd th . :trmy ",<1 th<

... e, wh" h.,.., pwdU<"<d ,he mmt beauU!ul ,,,,.!!,,,,,_"18"""I',rt<1 ,ur,U"....t,"Soldl.... "'ho an nrither ",ad no< ,,'r it< ... lll>o prood '0 ...... , ,h. . .me doco",i"". . dl.Unguhhcd ""hol."" who .. ll ."",h '" mueh mO«' ",1 . . 0 U,I • ..".,0111 it h

.1", g I ~ ' to the b . ·<." \n ,,.,kr <>pm ' " .11 , wlthoo, di>tinchon of binh ( J I soct,j1""1''''''_ h, .hot!, .n ,..ro.:r .h . 1"''' CIvil ",d mltit3IJ' vIrtucs on on ~ w . I I ~ n g ,

If, in thl, . ccount, the ,h.pe al hlstory l, ben t, w"'l'cd, and twisted, It l,

hec.use th. commemo,atlon denl. . the <urface 01 ." ,m 1<> ueate .n il lu·

, 10" of <lepth, l'crœpllon [• • igncd 'long an axis whe... th. Mm.nd 10' fi.",I ·nes. (the fin. 1 ,, . it of Ih. action Il,-,,, cnUrel)' ln the acto,', initial intention)



"

stcms hom l h ~ nrmgth of a .cl\'\.>relgn .. ll . TInte is a m ~ f f K«UOf } ' Ihat tHts

an In'Ihutinn that ha. remal ...... rundamentally 10) .110 ltieLf. L frlaimu du

I;',/in,,;, nO!N 011 22 M.y 2002 Ihal "(WO cenlude. '80, almo>t 10 'he da)',

N ~ p o l l ! o n IIonal"" te, 1'1r.1 Consul .nd tmperor.to-bO', ~ r ~ . l t ' d Ihe Legion or

1I0nol. 11,e dl,tinctlon d ~ f i n C t . l an l I l e ... Ilhati w"' n o l t l , ~ , .rI'tO<TdUC nor

herodltalJi; Il roncemo:<J proplc who had s e , , ~ FranC<'. In mlillary or cMUan

I I ~ . h wa. thl, ne .. defmIU ." , original al Ihe Un .... tha! W ~ I 10 m.blc Ihe

Orde. 10OOSS decadn and res1m"" withoul eveI' bI'In& c t ~ l l e n l : t ' d . · " In .1>001.Il w;u ttH. profile of hhlO<)' Ih:ll wu .rc!wd. ' " Ihal «fl .I" beome

In,1.lblt ar«! othe .. omolp.."..,lII. Il'''' a pu plungln, IllfO<lSh 'P"«- hl

IIes;lnçun, Ihe Prfl«t , ~ a l , ' I l l h e ••gument 10 lM k>c:al OOlIndlon. meruben

of p.1.Ham('nt. m.glmalfS, st'niOf oducation offidoll. • ate p<Of<'CUtors, andlunior and .. ."Jm offiœn prtSem al the '«<pUon. 'I()\htl'· ..... , ." n-nturies.tht 1.egi<J.n of Hono. hou m a . k < ' < l l h ~ n ~ l ! o n ' 1 re«>gnllion of lho.ue III ;1' Ifllow

<IHM n. who have d l . l l n ~ " l s h l ' d l h ~ " , , , , v e s 10' lhe I > < ' , , , ~ f i l of th. oommon

800d and ",.-vi"" of , h ~ c l ~ n d , I l < n ~ a t h thlS " ' ~ " " < . of oontlnulty

Ih ... ha"" I><'<>n CtlUntim vlcllsltudeo: change:> of Iq!lmt, . . . . . ""'o/Ullom.and upMava.b! Yo:t the Û';Ck .. ." JblOl' mnoi." ; m m , , ~ r b I . ur ~ I I " " " , <>Jjlllli.rs

ur.1y Ils 1r001O$Iaplty ltJ ,ult tllf !}'l 'Ir'" 0( u .. dur--th<' profile of Ma.lann .

...pIaad tml of Henri IV, whkh had "'f'I><:aJ .hol 01 Napoiton."" AI if prin.

(iples "'\ 'ff' ~ h v a . y s in sho.p comnost ... ,th (i",,,nslanl"f$.ln ,he dep.>nmmt of tlle Ain th. hlghllghu Wl"n' a ••mony ln the capi.

lai on 2.1 J u n ~ in m ~ m o r y of famoui holders of Ihe 1-"!Ilon of Ho nor, and 1

W f f ~ · l o n & [>UbU< exhibition on \ h ~ Legion of Hon",. In rollaborallon will! thedCp.1, III1Cn!'Sa",hlve scl'l'Ic..s, On 6 Cktcm.. a, tM allh<y of 1'101 ... Dam" dei

Domt>e$ (named d t . v ~ l i . , ; n the 0""" of thc Loglon of 1I0no. In 1948 fo,

of res/stan"""1 a ronlc ..rw:. wa, Mid on Ih. h!.'tolsm of Ihe C l s ~ r d a n mon .. In Ihe fil"" of lM O<:tUple. durlng Ihe 5erond lVorld 1Va,. follow<'<l brlhe lruugunllon o f . rommcmo.t;>lh·e pY<j.... In Ren" ... ln lM prno'llCI!' of

~ . n . P h i l l l " P " Douin, Gr.r.nd Ch;mcdlor. Ihe " .me a.e,;1or1 011101101 >RI KI''''''br Ihe d·..,ll2ldt 10' p l I U o 1 C 1 " ' ~ y u"der the l'lIlal. du COOn..........,. PIac<o

do la RlpubUque. This "<l'ltbtenl,,," was folkJw<'<l by tht Ina"llur;>tlon of an

""hll>lllon Il lM 111111'1 do Vlllt .nd the awa,ding 01 p. llf i for a romJJe\it!on

fOI hlgh·"'hool " u d ~ n t . nlled "l'v<rrrlir 01.- Itgio",'u;rr.•

An e n ~ l " " ilre.", of r o n l l l l e l l 1 " . a t i , · ~ flcllO'" a l 1 " r l > K < l rhe", " " ~ ",..,,,It'I. ' Ihoogh .pread o " ~ r IImf, ther .. .,. . linked "Ia th. Brtllkn of ah,,,,,,,,·

ol.nt n ~ . r a i v e . . .n.po.lng , h ~ m lnlO a IInc., ~ n d tcloologlnl spa"".

Accordmgly, lhe paru of thb ru".U .......hl'lher ckM or dIStant. ljJ(lCilred lnICOOfd.:Inœ IlOt ";th thel. hlslorkal greallte1l but Mlh thr "",1 U ~ t < ' < l . . .h lhem: <mtloS • domocncy 01 ....rll ronct'n1<'<l ftom the OUt"" with

"'I ...ll1y of rerognllion. Whal dld Il malte, .lIal Il hod taltn iO long for d,11·

[ ' n I and "'Omer. tO '''Ilr6tflted. Ihat the wo,klng dallO'l wt1't <lUI 1 a , ~ I )Undc,ref"""'nttd, 0 ' "''CO Ihat lM ch.inn.., of Ih, S o c \ f : d'en,,"lde ""'œmlll\;uy mcn and the latte. sOli ron,thuted th. I.rg" majOflty vf ht.>klc. . of the



"

LtsiOO 0( lIo"er1" For thr acl of cmollon hall Ils QWII !<cys of lnlcrp<-eullon

and I ~ I ...as w ~ 1 rounlil'd. Thme I:eys:oen'<!d 1( ) fok! pUt and JXOffiI ,.e'l1lr

O > ~ r rach othe.". Dur !O thrm. Ordtf of LtgIon of 1l0n0r brilllantlyr o n ~ n n t d _ onon.opoly: ,h.t of certllylng "O\lUI.ndinl mft'tts· Ln 10

o k c L : u ~ I ~ m IIIIM' I>.. t of «rial hierarchle,s.

AnOlhcr Geomclry

PubliC sw tcmcms. commemor.1t!'·c .p«<:h . . . . nd . r t l c l ~ . connfflN

wllh Ihb ,,,, ,h'cr ..ary h3d , hoglogr. phlc r"m110n, ...hkh 1. why Ih." COIl

..... ntly 1:>0>"00 I h ~ >OII"d"... of " point of vie. . nO! of kllOwlng " ' p ~ n t aIl ' ' ' ' ' hUI o f ~ n t l n g k n o w l c d ~ . . , _ Fmm Ihl. ~ > « I I ~ Imowledge h•• lO

pull IWO)', fiD! of 11 10 ralse. qutstion Ihal would OIhc".lse remaln Inacc&

<lblc. Dots Ihr mHltocr<1oC)' esI.hllshtd by ,hl. Onk. 011"11 ,,, · outst.ondlng

q " " I I t ~ · a i '" lIalul", daim. or don Il ~ I O W ~ n l of g,anoJeu., ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' of •

....,.mIle ronctinfd lbO'. ...n about t l t u a U z l n l . K > d . I ~ ? "Dots IIH' deroratlotl . . . . . . know Il loday correspond 10 the AB! Consu]'.

IniUallntemlom?" lbe "P""lng IInes of lM Ihlrtt'mlh 1_ of I h ~ RooI".. ri .

s..."""I, _·(lpoM.riror" >how Ihot lM m",1on of pM'SpKllvt' ClIn maJœ ,,-oy lof

.noUler readlng If. lrom OUI>tI. Ihe po" l, no I o n ~ ~ r prolKl<'tllhrough a

tix<'tl f r 3 m ~ . Cont.mpor.ry hinorlogrJphy . 1 I ~ m p l ! Ihts 10 ,.,rylng des""".

For Imm,,,,"_ Il denl .. d ~ p l h .nd dlsmanll .. Ihc I.œll of an (>'.nll" u3mlne

Ihem d<»el)'. l " ' l ~ a d of cI.lm lng 10 Ile l h ~ d l ~ w l t n ~ ! 1 of . c b r . l t . ' d 1"<1,

h d 1 . n ~ . > and mU !llpll ... Ih. ""ale of """"· .! lon. Th. I , I ~ . Is no l o n ~ " , 10

C \ ' O ~ c or mon momml .. al If 10 movt Ihem .round Il1rough lime wllhoui

changlng Ihelr dlme",lon•. but ••• heT 10 olt<. I h ~ 1 r proportion... 111. ga'"

Il.1('1[ mov", Iiong. In .1Ion. Ih. ex...,l.\(' wn.I" , or l ~ a t l n K Ihe InternaI

b.a1.1tCl' ofI h ~ l r

fomlS wlth equalio" of IhelrS U « ' t S . I , ~

<leform.llons_SllICI/ [)urklWm. Ih. socbl <CIeoces h.,'i' perlomll:d thb n'\'en;,l. U . . -'P<"'1"

lOf no 10nlJff h . , . C1!nlt:01 i " " . or. ni""'. hi! or ber polnl of , ..... foo-

..... r "".....,Ign. 1. no ionS'" lM focal poInl. In othtr ....>nI.. h t Of oh<- l, no

!oogtr Ih. ont who œholds but t h ~ o n ~ who .. Ilehtkl. Ont ...,y of J><OI>'*nS

• mort nllon.1 d.,..,rlJl'lIon of lhe .. . .,nl .. by dtI:oo;:hlnl Il from 111 l'tgu•• n ..

or narnth .. qu.litlr:'S, on the o , , ~ hand, .nd. on the olht . br obl«llf)ing lhe

•••"",,01 III n i t for romm.moutl, .. purpose:tt.

l i moy Ile J,11d Ihal Ihi> tYII" of apl"o:och 1. unllkcly 10 h.". mueh edu·

c.tlon.1 " ' Iu... Hut what II the "ppmllo w"o,rut'? Wh>! Il conun emor. l!on"'ore thu, • "' .""s fo, 'C'll lng preludlce, .nd ml .. tld. " landlng' ] Commem·

oratlng ca n abo tic • vohlde f", 1 •1Inlng 10 que" I"u Il,. pr lnclpl. of filiation

ur ldentlncatlon. Ik'ttcr .Ill l. lt c ~ n I:>e wayof lellisonins Illuslom J"'ddlt<l

hl' Ihe hlll",menl.lIr,;,llon of hinory. 111I1e [..,81on of Honor unde. 1110 Hlth

Rel'"hllc h ~ 5 "try IIttl.ln common "-l1h Ih. on.lm.g!n t.'d by Napnlron Ihal

j',.r""·!.",,I, 1 l < N ' t l ~ f f " wU ""Iu"'l l"<l lo dfltft. why dr;ow rel.tlom • mll<ortlles.



"and Conespon<kIKO M l " ' ~ n ) ~ I t r d i y amltDday? n , ~ obttct of corn""",,_

matlon fan alw br r o n œ , l ! u ~ ! l l n l a. l ,oInre'I"".<"tl fr.gmtnl. thal of the

· ~ . I u ~ . · ,h., """al glO"l" and an honor . y poUcy I l r l v ~ 10 lurr> Into

"IOundlll8,'alues,"

l h ~ S"rl.. {lf romme mol> , h,)011 of th" l.egion 01 Ho"",'. cr•• tlon wosl,u,,(I,('Il will! the deço,t. Uon o f ~ , ." ' ' ' ' '" IndMdual. In tll. ' .... t'I'lIon hall of

Ihe Üy.sk> l'al>< .. and a m ) ( ) l 1 y ot horI..se 10 the foundt>r of Ihe Ortle• • hi.

10mb ln Ihe In,'alidn. Th. prelidt>m of t h ~ n'public 1001. Id""","g. of Iheopponunlryon VI J.nulr)' 2002 10 ""Iri>wc the "natlon.1 t'OnU"uUy" 10. . hlch tht <le«:>r;>1\on wU Akl Il. ht-. . . . tn .... H. empha!Jnd th<- "p<>rmlI_

nene. of , ..Iues" Ih.\ Il wu cllIln,e(! 10 ~ m b o d r . on lM 0"" ""00 Ihroughc q ~ l I t y

di'fined try U, Indiffcrenœ 10 ,, .. social qualhlols of Ihe indi,1d ..J.OOcnr.>IOO (likethe upr . . on altfibuled 10 N.poI",,": ·punlns Il. . l'rince andth . dNm 00 an C<JUlt fOOting", .nd, On lhe othe., tllrough "n\versa\ltyç a p " b 0/ mlxtng att type• ,, / ",crU. ", t'ether mllitary 0/ (i"llIan. wJ'hout <l;.-1111cHon r J l r o " I ~ < ' < . l Itht')' "el exemptary.'J'' ' 'I ' ' ' ' ' Chirac was 10 ""yi." In th.

'1I'1'0runents a, wett t h ~ subfcct WU mentloned in multiple t O " ~ : 'Comoot-

an!!. IoChoJa". d,-II ..."",nt • rlfclf!d r e p . - . . . e n t . l h ~ . a r U ~ u . SJJOn.penon•.tal,""",,,fors, ;n,,,ntors ... ail. tI",,,"gh Utel, , ~ . dl,,,,,II}'. n!l11ICI tM ,kh""",

of talcnn 01. .. .,.,...., and mr" who ma"" Fn,..,., wonderlul and &reat" !Iut

fi,mly "tabl«hing Uth pcorspecth" lilte equality of French dliz\:ns ao rq:ard.merlt. th(, unt . ""lity of «OgIlltlo" of m ~ . ; t ) mu" , e ~ p d U n 8 dental•• IIldy

lU undc,mlne il. In l h ~ f r i n ~ e s of n a r r a t h ' ~ . Sorne arc h I S l o , I ~ . t ~ ~ , I . h : Ihrw .mounllO ml"crn ...."tatlol1' 01 mh..,.

." .nl ' that muid ma"" t h ~ 3Ç1 of crcatlonless dedslw, Ile!!«,. corttlllcntato,,'r o n ~ . n 10 p .....ntthe RtVCtulk>n a l "h'''i' 'g lIoolishN att o.lle" and . 11foml' of ~ ~ r d or Ih-c w l ~ h 10 COnt.aS! lh. ÜI<W' of tl,. ~ g l o n 01110 ....

. . th the O ~ I S 01 noblUty ()( lIeTedll}', arcU5ftl of ""''1''1 dl)l'tg.,d<.>d "1lI"";1'Of "Ialrnt"; ()( the lad: 01 allmtlon ln Ih<> Con""'1 d·ital 10 . " ! ~ n œ IriggerC'dby tM ~ . u t i o n of the Lt8I<>n of HQnO' al Ihr Itn..and I h , o u ~ U l the,e>! of

lM n l ~ . . . . , t h <tiltury. Il .. nOi f f i o u ~ h 10 lncrimln.>!r · f o n " ~ JarobIns." ru ·

S<'rtl 1" b01h t"" Trib" .. and tht Iqttillti'" body." T h ~ la,,' 0 ( Z9 i l ~ a t uf th") ~ a r X e s t ~ b l h h r d . ~ I o n o! M t ~ n rohon • cach " , n ~ h n n 8 QI ~ ' t ' f l senioruffiCftS. Iwenly commander$. Il,ln)' office". and Il;tbwaln'S. Hl m. .nt",,,.who cOlllJ ch.llge thd. d,,.ull,.,;,. tmo • hcredltary nlle ln teT"" nf the la,.. on" .. !<Jo'I.<. r«tlvrt! • • l.,end from 2.Yl to 5.000 /"'"cs. <kp<lIdlng on Iheh r : m ~ . and ar<:'( 'I ' fUT 1""1. d:n'ghtt" to Ip<eiall!:o:d rd"ca,lOnalln,lttutlOn•. Un"".·

,I."dabty, Ihls of HQnOI """ deoouo«<lat lhe U m ~ OH -p;tlrki.O" and....,." arcu5<'d 01 •• .W108 a /orm of n o b l U ~ Wh.t dld litt fIOIlon of -1C'Xi<>fl "l h o n _ ~ from the ,...",.1 VQC;1buJary of .Mimt R o m ~ t ,ully mtan ln •

republk, Of \lt.ll of an 'ontt'r" that had ' " jn;tatrd tlH.' rouncllo" t l e d ~ and5 . ! , ~ . I I r l l n . rspedally . .1",,, bI""" on the obIlpllon 01 œlh1

011,., ""niaI, "'" JOClologlGol. How to accounl kir Iht Ct",/lil/or natu'" nrIhes.! merit ,ew.rd. unde. ,h . f1fth krpubUd If tht ON.,W.' ",.lIy "0JlI''' 10



"

ail, wllh no distinction of blnh Of iOd.Il posUlon. ~ x c l u d l n g .11 IHeludice and

..,grex"ion,· why dld l'resldrnl Jacques Chirac, Grand MH'C' of th. Legion of

1I0no., addrm • Irtlt . In 1996 10 lM prtme mlnls'e . ( p u h l l ~ ~ ln the """",,1

0{fi<IrlJ. lndJcalln& th.l ""\(>nIt ordl'rs h.d 10 " rclle<:l Qur ...,U", nation !let.

1"']" Why dlct t.. .u for th. ·unl ......1 clu. act. . of Il... or .. . 10 t.. rein·

ron:m, fOI GOI. 10 Ile ' .....n 10 nu .... Iml ".11 socIoprof ....on.1 catogoril"l"

""""' "'presentoo, 101' ". (!tOVIphlc b ; o l l l n ~ ' 10 bc ""'ghl, Ln whi<h ". gr•• ..~ « o f w o m ~ n · ........nalned?'"ll,. qunlloo b wonh Hklnjr;: A..., Ihctt

scrltl prtdisposlllom lowar\ls mtrlil JudJ!I"lI by lM profil< of

I!KM 11«01;110<1. Il (ertalnly • .)O. FI.,t, Il " ltiling ID ron,ld•• th"

m,"/femalt nlil> .manS rtdplffil' of the LtgIon of HOIKN. Allhough 1"" 15

April ZOOI JoumpJ O(fidri rcponfd 22.5 pHCfl1t of womm Ln tha' )'Un",""'-rion ol dl.tingulshfll ptrJOrlS, c o m ~ r e d 10 23.8 P<''''''nI ln July ZOOO and Z2

percent ln J;tnU3'Y ZOOI. Iha' JlfopcN'llon IIIC",a.nlthR'riold >irK!' Ih.

p ~ i d e n l L a J InsTructions of 1996, wh ... th", .alt Lr>rn'uM llOm 11 10 11

nonl. Tht pn""ntt of womtn, fOI' l i 10llg lime 11IIII8il\lll. h .... clearly bo.>en

~ Œ r m a I only ~ f l f r a spedfic polley ln Ihat 'HflKl. l'hl! ''f'Y ,ownt " a t ~ inter·,·enUo . whlch COll l Ile sœn lS lmllatlng ~ r l l y on ~ l n ' t o r a l cam""ign liSIS.

explaln! why ve ry few wornro h a ~ IUtpJo!!ed lM , . n ~ of ch ....ali. . of the

1Rg101l of Iionor." Only Ihfff Won' trI comp;r'od tu nlMt""n "",n ~ r e COm

mande ... Anothe, ~ a l dlstorUon Is the age crltenon. Sit>Ce th. rcquinm>ent

to obtaht the r a n ~ of chevalle, Is a minimum pe,IO<! of public service 0' p,o

fesslonal aCllvhy (/u, a long I l m ~ a l'crlod of I ~ m y rea ..; loday. f i f l ~ n l . and

young f"."ple cnler e,uploymcnt l J I ~ and laM ln l I f ~ . Ihe YOII''lI'''1 nomin=

>te .arely under filty.l1ltc a v " r a ~ " a g ~ of 'lsiu",,,,I.,, h se'"""'y-f,ve.)

Thus. "Ihe n.!ion·1 living cHIC ' Il ha,d ly a p<'rf",,' "'prc"'ntali'!n nf

French society, espc<blly Ilnce socloprolmlonal nlte.la. ",""n ~ m l c qual

ifioaHom and Income. welgh heavlly On lu ,rcru!tmcnt. ln Ih. ao..,nce of

dctailM lIall,lles on the l'I1e, point. Can conlkk'lhecoml105lUon of the

Lute, 1996 n.omlnallons as an e ~ " n p Alongllde" 1.,..1 01 455 chief hupec-

tors, prcff'<1l. Murnl lon o/tlcL>ls, maglslratt'>. bbhopo. QI rom["'ny dir«t<:ln,

only fift ........ Indlvlduals w e ~ no! p.1rt of what soclulogllts u", . Iy du>lfy 3.$

the soc1al oll l•." Anothl'. Indlcatlon l, ,he numh<:r of snnh p.ald "'. honOlary

ortie .. llleoe allowanall lof an a ~ e < 1 I , e ":llue 0I18O euros) are flI",ly paid 0111.

lbey (1)Ittlncenl on an [ncome «111", (lZ.OOO euros IUf a .Ingle penonand 17.000 eu,f)S fOI a roupie) .ha. Il hardly "",Ulde ln romp.1n. . . . . . . lh the

Income of mos. members of th<: Ordn. In 1999 • total 0/ no mure.h;rn

IID poopIf ~ h ' t ' d gra.nls lmon FrfflCh honora'Y 01 . . . . . Uwmly"""e for thel.opon 01110l10I, fOllr fOf'lw Ortk-r 0/ Merll , "nd cl,ghl)··fiye fUf'!>r Mililary

Modal). Cornp.1t1'd 10 l!>r tOUI numh<:r 0/ peopk decor.tM'" ln G l I ' ~ . !Mw ligum KI..... 'IOCI>I' . . . . . 0/ wha. the Iow It'\'" 0/ JOCIal ••".eoelf.:III\'ffI"'"of l!>r o...." of Merlt _.OU ln 11>0 KpUbik.

ln the 6n:l1 a r u o l ~ wha\ ,1>0 rommemouU .... ~ " . . , """..".10<1 wa.lM ul rnt 10 whlch IKOfInllN n,HlI (1)It«nu Indivkluals who....., :l1....dr



"

lQdally dl'tlngut.htd. E,,,," 010'" th.o.n the Q t h ~ 1 $ , OnM.t of the

of Il ....... ch"""" abovf: t h o ~ who chOOSl' i t . ~ This eIec1h'o! affinlty allowiIn,!ltullon 10 InclU<le · t l l ~ l b l c " randid;lt"" ln Ille: cin:lc of ' t h ~ elec:ted."

Wha! ... ., 00..."" 1. il,,1 l h ~ dl,tlnrllon .<'Wa"b dlw.n. I«OIdlog 10 thel.

r ~ n k ln iOdety " 8 t n ~ dl ri'CHlI'! of compolll .. c h . l r l 1 \ ~ " of c h . m b e ~ ofcommerce. spom 0 / ~ m ~ n . l n m c m ~ " " n . U l \ ... """lof officiais close 10 Il..,

cOlzidofs of powerl . . l h ~ r tho" thel, "medL· lhh item. ""nly from II>c p,oCNun; IoIlowed. M ~ I candidate lin, art d.a",n "]> br tht prefKj' and >u!).

mlul'<! 10 ht.,h Dl n,tnhtetl.1 " , b l n ~ llM.'ir ".ual I m ~ .. ocuton---lt;>di"l!Ionl pn><>nalllln Of . . .010< oflitbl!.--;o,., '!MUlony l, an ; K h ' W t ~ t <)1.", ""OS-'<)01, mil ...... I1IU and p e o p I ~ hokllng ocrup.a.tlon. llul ha'< nUIe Or no

KCo!SS 10 m e c h . n i ~ " of l'KOmmt'>o.I.1tion. nt.. .nnUllllists of nom;, .llorll . , . , . d •• !llum.t ion. For In"a"ce, on Ille: 1 J.nu.') ' 19'97 lb! a ,-••

m.jollly of tht c h e v ~ l I c n W < : ~ 5('nlOf g O " e m m ~ n \ officilis. TI", resllndudetl

s r l ~ ~ f S (S3c/t.l Ilhlol. Johnny IlallidayJ. • n .",hltrel \ l ) Q m n l q , , ~ J ' ~ " . u l l ) . anamun'' '1 ( C l a u < l i ~ Andrf.Delha},,). Ih. head 01 Ihe . l n l l n ~ 1 ' ' ' ' · ..11&''llon

<kj»nmtn, ( M a n i n ~ Monltil). • p h l k > s o p ~ . (Luc Ftrry) al h ~ a d or the

Co,udl N"kn\;l1 dos l'rog.ammn. a wrll" and psyd.' ...rulysl Uulla Krlsl"""J.ln eua)isl (Gu)' Sonnan). and. pOOI<>gnphn (lIeItllla Rhl."",. 1'IKM noml_I13tOO n commandtr> Inclurkd Gtr>enl Philipp" Rl>f1dm. lo.m ...'y <II Ihe

tICS': lnd Ihm DS1: Ionn.... cabinH mlnist .. Haby. and lite COUturi",.1'1<.", ca,din . . . h'le lM hSl .... olloc.... IOOuded COfllpllny d"cetOl> Fr.lnçoi.l'in.u!!. J••n·Rl"lIf f<K1rtou. "m ' .... lhy.La.r", and R ~ n t !J;tsdt"",nt.

Whal Ihe c<>mmcmo"I!>-e 8l'Om ....ry al", " " I ~ e d wal t h ~ fact thal the

I l r ~ S .dds an .ddiUQI,.1 slruke of Ilono< by focuslng ..n ~ o o n a l l t l t $ who havea h ~ a d y bo.-en diningubhed.'" tu",. ",relTK)nles tan" th('5(' admlni.<tr.lth'eaw. . Is. How can QIII ' nord noIJ<,ins 1h>.1 ~ p . n o n lrom whom one ~ i , ' H a dlltOfation na. at 1e",1 as mueh Im)lOrtanœ;as Ibo r u l u r f o f l ~ d b U n c t l o n ?

am.rd is prtStlllcd by. IfadlnK ~ n o n a l i l y ( .. .tt mlnbt ... pre-1«1, ( I f ma)"""'). '" if Illlht MUt. 10 " " ~ ÙII' "",ttlcular" ""atn"", of tht

r t ' W 3 . ~ pa.rticulariy>i,gnifram fat'l1n1Ofa. 1 • 1,J;f u. . Ilubblng <II knlghtln J.liddJe "S"'. no may .......ar Iht'i. 1ru;1gnIa, rlbhon. ( I f roI<'t1t wtlbouth"'lng !omtaUy r < n l , ~ Il ln lull dlgnl\)'. A J"'f'OO b«omel , lIji<Nma;w only

) I t ~ r sol.,nn rI-'œpllon of Iheh dIstinction. and nO! ,'milly b)' publication lnIl''' 1<x<lI\tl! Officie! of I h ~ d l ' C . ~ roncemlng thelr nomination.

Hnally. the oommcmor.ulon hld th. ~ x l . n ' 10 whlch Ih. d l . t l n ~ ' t l o n H '

foIm of "pœltlV1' . .OOI ..n" ttmlln$ condillon.!. The logie of the OIde. Is tha,

III 1 conSUni lM . Tlt • •• nIdnK 01 q ....nlinHo"' (lM Ordcr con,lsls of th.ttr.lnki: c h ~ I I ••. offiocer• •"d co.nmand .. and 1"'" dlxnlllrlres: gl70nd offi",.

and:rand mJiJt) and t I ~ condlllon. KO\'erning Ih. 1>9.,"1 of !Ille (In ca... of

nlml ... ] off.nœ 11 can tw suspmdcd) .nes! 10 lh>.l. Holders 01 th. M<;oI7o.

lion remaln "" proballoo. To tw fully lderttlfi'-".l wllh tM dlUlnctlon 'herhaVi! 10 ronlinu. 10 dl.tlngul.h Ind .I"",al. I h ' ' ' ' > e h ~ R«Ognllloll.•

M k h ~ \V;rlzer 50 c r : u m e l y o b ~ , l , . oompcllllon: "1\ b " ' ... ""'. and



.. O/MtriM

! h ~ l''rllctpalllS iOOn le.m thal r ~ l ~ r d a y ' 1 honOl' 5'1:"'" I I W ~ p u ~ ln~ ) ' " market. Cannot a/ford 10 labo • ~ . k Of 10 re>1 on Ulei. I.u

",11,'" This ""luI"",. ronSlant pt ......... , i'l\'Hlrntnt V : 1 ' ~ " 8 adl""klll 10

an 'ortk," and 10 Ils 'Vôllu"S," the onl)' j " " I ~ c a l l o n fnr Il ... mmtl. of th.",..

"'00 ha .... r-n l'K08nIZO'd.

From M erl t 10 M ~ r l r l I c y

l'or Iht paSI Iwo Cent u" ' " the legion of Hono. aS ail InS111,,1I0n ha, l>Of!n a

ron!!'' '1 ,ubiC<:1 of < k : 1 " ' 1 ~ . a, If, ln a 'Y'ltIn f"""de<! on the .""mpUnn of th e

eqU3liry of clUœns. œ.tlfylng mcrit eould n01 b( ' t.ko:n for Il,,nled. Ho ... 100-e n m l " ~ . ClIn I h ~ nolions of t<I""lity (""l""IIIIII) and dlsUnctlon b(' "'«In·

d k ' d ~ nIe 3ntloomy i l pr=n l throoghoot, '!&hl down 10 medallltuck for

Uw-blœnlffiary: 00 the 0"" .i<k, the l i . . n k k o l l ~ [ ~ I . r " l o n of Human

.00 O t ~ I ' " RIghI! C"Ali ~ p I e are bom and ",ma;n frœ I"d ftjual"l; on the

other, Impeml molto of lhe lJ:gion ("Honor .nd ftomebnd"). Notlng

\..,.,II17\'en!cs .mount. Il> probltmatlzi"3 lM '....-y klN Qf ",ward. Thl§

an dQne from • phllooopllka' . n & I ~ . Dors m ~ r i l ~ I u d by lh<.>

IqIon of Ilono< n'lI Ç l u ~ V t O I ) ~ 'Q fOtgtt . 1 l O I 1 I ~ , m ~ I I . II\.aI of 1.... l v l " u a ~ fOI whom I h ~ lustlOOllon fo' I I I ~ i T actio<" 0< Ihd. li>"fl lle1 ln I I I ~ I , acrom·plllhmcntr Wc an Ihu. engage in SOCiOloglcal q"Hlkmlng al ""'Ll. Aft' Ihe

French oqual wllen Il CQm", 10 ...mgniUon of Iliti ' merur Howdo we 4ualify

th\>!.e tha, tliis " , ~ r l l O C r . c y h., n"!l]relM. th., Ihb dl'trlllullve lu)lI(e pre!f'nts

.s " ' u l l u l i ! ~ ' or Ch""C10rlzro by an · . w n ~ of " , ~ r U 1 Il Il" Ihlrd "'ode 0/

quest!onll\ll thal hov. QPI«J fo. he",. a pullllcal " , o d ~ focu.l<'d on the Il,.. .

Ol1."llcal unde'l'lnnlng. 0/ thi. ~ Q , a l l , · t m•• toc . :tey.

AI the l I e ~ n of III. biœn,mnI.l œl"bllllon., w,> tlle "tlllt nf merit" nol

d d i n ~ a\ . wn of "'puhllcan ariSlotnC)'? Tho ulslonre of ln IIonola')' ..."",.a wpa' ' ' t body wllb lis ""·n lu,"diC1lon . • ""'&lr . ~ ) Ihal lt W H. Yo, thll

ordo. no l o ~ , h", the vl51bilily 0/ a hoslc dilllnnlon.ll ~ 1 1 > t t lK."m1lta')'

nor plIlrimOrlI.I. Il II dcJIIorcd "' ''''''''l''''y Qf go", Ind d l f f ~ ont thattclu5O'd ony 'onn of di>Criminating iudicial exp,HsJon. T h ~ IIIn", . .hm t h ~

arl>l0Cf3cy IOIlplt Ill\' 6ntty of nobilily came 10 . dtfinllt tn" ln Ill\' ni",,""

IH1"IIh œnlury . .. al I.a>l ln 1918, willl tht dl..al'l>ta..,t.:. of European

coun!." TOIby social .,hlO<radn nQ longo-r .....k I ~ a p l l e a ' a ' ) = of nubllily.

Ehher 'hl')' .I ...<ly Il..... thorn (coat> of . ,mo .nd tIlll/) of n,,\JUlly . ,e oU!!.

'od'y. "vcdf'l"([ " by ! h ~ Con..;1 dt! S<taux de . . nce1'1 0'. ntOft' f'<:tl""nUy.U",.. ~ t H ~ for O"mtllut", "Kh " ' the I.<")!lon of Bonor Dt th les front Il,egr"ml"ko/r<. The a ' llI<>Clary Il no longer ~ n y t h l n ~ mo .. tha'i • nnblllty for hfe,

whlcb 1., . f I ~ . '11, o n o u ~ h 10 "diS'ingul§h · It [,om o,dlnal}' nto,,"lo. lIut does

Ihe ,«J rlbbon on the llllel h.,·e tht . .m. val . . . . . . the lword th. , dazzl..-.:!

M.1J>.me Roland On he, wor with her grandmolh., ICI ,·Isil he, couolno

1 l o I x " ~ "'" lIobnlOll'll The ques'ion ....... <1 . . . tCl ' ' ' ) ' ' ' ~ (f Ihlo hClnol



"

adôod righlSOI' prnnsaU,..·\ co cht p o w = < k r i ' ~ From a l"O\"t1rd social position. If lho diM.loctlon aloi .. ·s'....ntonl· a o.Ituatlo" ..... )(J<"UI suprrlorHy.

""Uhou&,, the legion of 11(111)11, 110 longer tra",,"I . . I ~ I ~ From f . t h ~ r 10 son, Il

w., 10 ln the pa,t. Fo. a long lime Anide T...-o of t h ~ dmee of 1 Man;h 1808

. 'Id tht "'y.1 edkl 0/ b Octobcr !I\1 1010.10"..-.1 the dUc of chl ...a l l ~ r un """ ' -

be"nl Ihe Order, h."«-. Ihe 1>os.lhlll')' of e"nohllng one', dOlKt'nd<>nt< .fI.,IIUi'e" conse.:utiv. gcncr.ulons of I ~ i " " , . z i " " , . Even though I h ~ s c IWO la\\'). hast'

no,.,.", mn rrpralnl. Ihe MinlslI'f of J"'11œ M ' wtoed chem sl,,« ]875.Sin« thm la . a dmtla, WIN 21 April 1932 confuo"'l. · l h ~ tltle of a.c. . l i ~ ,< no! rlghnuUy acqU"N thrClUJlh mm1brnhlp of i l .. l.qIon of HOOOI.·"

.... ...J on . recomJDef1Wllioo br the Coruoil du Sm " on 19 April U1I3. il w"

ad ...ncr<I that only l > e f \ ' t l l l ~ r y che-... ien muid br gromOO t h ~ tille of "d""u-1... <k l'FJI,piœ" and ploc.! It ln Iron! of thei. "ame!lM! mhe, Imperiale;e''''''

51"", memtK:rs of the UslQn of Hl>nor w e r ~ ~ 1 " ' 1 ! l y · " .. ,,11 ... '''''''''1',"Thbw ~ s a w ~ y of s.ying n'al I h ~ Ili le of "d""",Ii .. MrMII,,;'" ,/" I " , M ~ " , . J'sil,,,,.

,wl,." ..as 3 " " ' " llJ.ll n c c 6 s h ~ l e d Ihe lifting of 1 . 1 I ~ " p,ucnt-<ümething

thal h Imp<>"lble ln I",m. or Ihe roll .lltu.ion;oll." . 01 I h ~ I t e p ~ b l i c . " /lJffioriwhh 1"'" Con<titutlon of I ~ S 8 , ",hkh ""'I>>CS lhe. k l ~ ~ of bblh ronlO'rring .nylom' of hont>l1lry l,I le Of F ' , h 1 I ~ .

Tlu' .1"I<'Ien ....... ')'Slem of d!&nl1\es g ; o ' ~ way 10 ,\senloo, 01 equal

hl>rmn dtxnity: 'Men nI: bom Ind 'em;tin h"".OO rqual in rlKhu. Sod&I dis-tinction> con br w..-d only upon brnd"ll lor the rommulllty." ln 1 7 ~ 1 the

ItalCmtnt wa. vk"torlou •. III;e Ihe hope unde,plllning h: tO t'1tablish m",it. ,tilt basi, ff}f.1I """i.1h l c , ~ , c h l ( ' , . nlc Ide.1 w.u ,.peall'd ln thc Constitution of

14 M'1''''''II>er 1791. whleh IlalCS: "'11,.", i, noJlII"t nobliity nO, I)f;:lage, nor

hiOredhary distinction. nor distinction 01 onk .. nor Icud.ll oyMem$. nor p.n·

rlmonl.1 jll>ti<T. IKII .ny thl6, nlm . . or prl'fOJlOlh"", deri,·"" hom them. no<

an)" om., of knl!lhtllood, n ( l r any rorporallon o:r dC'COfatiom lor ",hlctt prQO!

ofnohility could tK: IkrmndN.

Of

III.t mlgh. impl)" dilllOOloo< of binh. IlorartY!oUptriorityOth. . I h ~ n th>! of publiÇ uffidol, in ' ~ O O U M of ,bel. i ~ . · Thil th""')' Dl unh..,..,.] con"dtt>.llon consiSI<:d in ~ I i l l n ~ the demand lor

"",>«1. henœforth al>jllkable 10 any """"". I.""prctl' 't 0( Uldr 4uall,ôes and. .prct.lJy Ihet' .ItatUI. whlch nrlf<! lICCording 10 I h ~ "",ri\ ! . 1 ~ l e n l < . and "'P"

",nllon! ç h ~ " ' c t . r i t l lhcm, l'hl, dlgnity. d e f i n r o ~ , uni,·,·,§,IIII>1 and egall.

tarl.n , ( ~ I V i ( ) U . loft , , " t o u C h ~ Ihe p r o b l ~ m of t h ~ condilloll\ in whkh men

.nd wornen rould "S",,,,' wllhln the polllk.l cOllununlty. W h ~ t . , ~ tht uil ...,la and llmll< 0( Ihb l""", of l«<lglIlUOIl?

Wlthout !ornling a , U l ~ noblltty, '' ' .... ' and womcn 01 mnlt. pren...t)·Ihose . hat e ~ , u "1 .. lnxuJ<""'. ron"tlute an .rutQCTacy (lrom IIr/stoi

and m""'J. Iha! '" a SfO\IP 0( """"Ir whow >OC!al l U F ' ~ r l o r l 1 y l, ondlstlncth"! tilles!· TWo points utltlerHe thil ,.tuollon. Hr5t . In a ronlexl 01

tqu.ll 0l'ponuni')". mnÎt Il r ... ar<Jed Iff i Of "servIœ!.1'I'IKItHod" .han for a 'P""

dfoc "uall.)". ,hll' r o n \ ' < 1 ' l n ~ ide. thal '\lthOfn)" l, ln the hand, 01 t h ~ "I>es'." the mml virtU01I1 Or ~ n l l ~ h t c n < ! d . S«ond. tht rac, of holding • I l t l ~



'" Ulivier Ihl

gr.m. the fi8,hllo specifie ad,-.m.ge . Only Ihi, d"31condition muid ~ t a l > -IIII! lI1.e eue"t 10 whlch " rompctenœ.' or l'I'COgnized merit, functlon> as a

,ign of di,tinel;on and pow.r. Nol. fi,,! of .1I1I1a' merit rewa,ded l, "-<pc'I.

enced ••• he pUld,,<;t of the glft and the sanction of a specifie "q u.llly. ·

M"llY commemorative spet:ches aHest 10 rhl._ Wc ~ l I l h ~ add",,, of for·

Ine< l'rime Mini'te. and C h a n c ~ l l o r of the In,lltule l' i.,,,, MMSmer on 3 Se]).

tembo, 2002 in M'J'SI'IJl. . . l'he .rgum'III w ", hammerrd Out 10 the !",Int of

ron,!Iluling a lull_bl<>wn 'IOClal prophecy: "The . . se of honol. a force p",h·

Ing the hum.n belog to exceed hlm ..11 ln .cllon< th.t, ln one form OJ

aneth . always requlre rourage 10 the point of tOl.1 abnl'g.lton. In 1",'0' of

, "perim reallt\es and !Jelie!,. cn.ble. uS tu ",,,,,,ch ouneh'"" lrom the world

and 10 ri .. aooVl' the ronllngcncl. .

of nIe. B<>cau .. . Il 10 • d,lvlngf o ~

01action and. ",lu",1 of o"o')'lhln& lh. l l . ha... and vulga'. hffause Ill ' .1>0""

ail a fmm 01 cuing for on"",U .nd lhe Id. . l l m ~ e on" ha, of on .... 1. hff.use

It 15 comm.mtinS. the scnse of hono, will prob.bly!.le one of !I,o fe,menU!

[rom which the new mo"lily 01 ou, indivldu,li,tic rlemoe,.tlc ,odetle:< will

emergo." WoUng onl)' Ihrough the rew,rd sancllonlng Il , honor turm itSbad

he", on Ihe KanUan Ideal of a dUll' aœepled as ,uch and fo, Il' own . . ke

Ihrough Ihe deployrncm of ·pu", will."" Wc a", fa, from Ihe "'p ublic_n doc-

Illne 'iO dear to Jul .. Ilo",t, I.e,. lh.1 rew.,d, 1>0", from dignllie" ,hould 1><:

al>ollihl."d ln the delen", of d;gnity, th.t of ail hum.ns---ll doctrine f ,T moreIIkoly 10 gu.,anlet' Ih. equailly Ih.1 the Republlc proml,ed to e't.bli,h

! . I e l ~ n dliH"n._ H"""". hl. ·",fusal of humiliating dl.tlnction,. di,pl.ynl

Su lJ('rlOrltl.... 11'0 spl,11 of oomln3l10o , \'.nlly, and cnvy,""

The olh" question ~ l l a t i n g Ihe Iheor)' 0/ merlloe,"'1' conce,,,, Ihe "",1.1

va lue 01 .uch dl.tlnctlon,. Wh.1 does I l cncomp" . Wilhoul pa'licula, ,Ighn

are the", .dvamages conn!'C11."d 10 thl, cxpreMlon of Indlvldual g,.ndeu,? On

puhllc &'oul1d Ihlns, are cloa,. Apart lrom Ihe alluwanœs &,amcd by lhe hon

o""y orde" but drown trom ,tale lunds, and ,1 purely 5l'ml>ollc "'.ge, the .. l,

Iho fact of h.vlng .=, o educatlon.lln,mution, run by the O"t.,- for the

daughlO . . and &ronddaught. " 01 hold." of the l.eglon of HonO!. Membershlp

ln Ih. S o c l ~ t é d'entr.lde of the Legion of Honor i, there/o,e not only 'iOun:e

of convl"I. llty. Thi, .tiu,t pride (11."d by 'he Image 01 "",ial °asc.n,lon" and

Indlvldual ·election ") _100 g h ~ sumt.n"" to m.te-ri.1 _dv.nlages, .I!.Iei' very

modeS! on ..

Mo", l"'portanUy, ln the prl"ate 'plt.",_ th. "' ' ' ' ' ' of belonglng and sen. .

of dl,tlnctlon gratlly reclplem_to Ihe polm 0/ regul",ll' m.to,I.llzlng the

lemplatlon to tran,form u,"g. Imo 3 rule of de/.renCl'. For ex.mple, on 5August 1976, • cln:ul. . "'tahli,hed the rtght for meml><:" of the N.tlonal

Order 01 the Legion ni Hono, and Ih. N.tlonal Ord.,- of Merll'o have modal.

and decoratlons menUonl."d On th6r n,lItonal identlty c.rds.This mO",urO fO l·

lowed a met'Ung by Ihe expert commlttl'C:l 01 the Counell of Europe th . on 28

October h.d r••ulled ln a propo><'ll r"",lution to st.nd.,di", idenli ty cards

throughoul the Furopeon Comm",,;'y_ AtleT. gener.1 omerl', the Minister



"

elldfd up vt10lng the dKislon." BUI !/u' l''obk-m " , m ~ ! n e d unloh'ed. Ho ... far

do the Ikmand5 of rcrognltion fo< merl! go? One Ih!n8 Il œ<Uin. the COrn

rnrmor>tlons of 2002~ f ( '

a com""1 cI.lm for the1 [ > I ~ n d o r

"r Iha. hom.!;".ln t h ~ n.me of • "'publlr 10 f t ' 1 0 r ~ . nte most nostalgk wO\ Jld ln the " a n , ~ o f. republlc 01 rc'Storatlon.

1N:'sidential '-hje:o;ty

TJw:o of HorIOf ...as not lM only C3US. 01 the I I 1 > I N r n ~ n l . U z . t i o n 01 th!'I>I"ory of hono . In 2OQ2; ron1ul .1", pt.o)...... pan. Cokabl lltlOO b<1..

....1"'" Mini" . . U o o ~ 1 }<>$pIn and r . ~ n t Jacqun Chirac and Ihe 2 1Apfil crtsil ~ 8 h n l hea\1lyon t h ~ !.hap.! o f ~ . . , m •. l i Is thto vanllhlug point th.1 now

nI'Ws \0 Ile e.atnlned. Ihe pu rd )' pollUeal one Ih3\. although robbc<l of ~ U e ' " tlon. had an Imp;!'! ln lu OWn way On rommemorato,,' rXPf'Clatloll!. if nol

Ihd. ",mlvaUons." Under t h ~ l'Inh ~ p u b l k 1\ " the p'61<lem woo t m b o d i ~ I h ~ rishl 'o <onrer soc!;'1 e s l ~ m . F ..,n though he no longer w ~ ~ r s a c«>wn, the

h c ~ 01 .me doe> " ~ a . , h ~ , ...nd rordon of , t>c l<'gion of IIC>rI<)I. J minime<,

rtd <!Jk b>nd O \ ~ r 'Jw chts! (TOm ristol 10 !cll, I\nl<hed wilh a

fOS<'l,e '0 whl,h 'he fh'e-polnl«l >la. 1. a t t a ~ h e d . This republlnn > c e p l ~ . tnables Ihr ple5kkont la glw the I m p l ~ n ofbdng Ihe pOw around whkh

adm!n!,"a,;", and potnlCllI hlenrchin arc organln'd and ll'l'f"'O!:ntod.

Th. rommelIlOfaliom W ~ ' " L1unchtd on 28 jauuary ln Ih" f«qlllon hoU

or the tlJ'*e l'.lace, ln ,he p r e ~ " c e of th. Iwo eXMI,I.'c Ih,.d•. bolh candi

d a t ~ ' ln th. pre,;d.uUal .I«tlons, Ah l!<'lugh th. '''10 <uen hard!y ,('Oke to

ea.c:h othe,. Ihey dld m3ko brlef COnt;lCt ond ""l'le Immoolaldy bomoo/ljf<l br

phOlograpt-.. JacqUf!S Chirac pl.xtd ht , hand on l J Q n ~ 1 Jl»pln', IMI ,hooJd .

la ,."Uy 1"'s11 htm OUI of Iht WOlf so Ihat rould g.ed AllI* P,......... 'Ille

P'HS WôUled n.o Tlme ln romment,", on Ihi>~ , , , r c

Thal_ Il WOlS noted. Khoed,hat of the p r i m ~ mlnb,ff's hand on Ih<- presldenl' •houlder ln .....Iy Janu;uy

.1 Ihe N.-w \'e•• , ce.""ony, whlch had o.!.gin.tly made headHnc> ln ,he

P .. nch pr .... l lk banleof 1"0100:011 ha<! been lam'd>td bu' was.o t.. ""'Redwllh unequal mc." . The w""mlnrn<:<, of lne FJ)'Sk, COnM'CIIIOO 1»' 'he Con

.ltlullon of the Fillh Rep"bUc. Ich th•. prime minl.I.' wUIt UtUe chan<:<,_

Allhough ea<:1l mlni,lry ha. U. r e ~ , , ' e d quota. on Ihe c r o s ~ . of th. Legion of

lIon01 belong hr tlght ta Ihe t'' ' ' ' ' 'd.nl. Ta "'" 'ur<:', Il. delfJl.1I" <)5 !""rent of

l h ~ • • location ta I h ~ cabinfi ",Inht ...." b u l l h ~ G.and Malt•• of lM O.de.

ts Jtltlth. l!uaraOlOl of aU the ,"ln...,.1Mi ....vk.,. ... ,'a«kd. A ~ n [rom th .r'el .h., h.can nomlnlle ,"lMildaI6 ftom . n y o c r u ~ l I o n t . hHus mini ......

can do SO onIy for p M p I ~ .. lh o c r u ~ l l o o , f . o l l i ~ ..1lhln Ihfi. prtn'ina), ru,can .Iso dKIde on • ~ " t . of uœpUonal "",,,rd (a•. fOI Instar>«'. lor Ihe

membns of llM- F.-ern:h soca:. Ifam ln 'he " .. ..., of lhdr World CUl' vk10<y"").

ln ano'her Sil" of precmlnCn«, JaCques Chir..: "'". ablc la -. . ",," Uon.1

Jnsrln 10 , he r3nk ofif""!" rrol" of the Nation.1 Order of Merh saon alter hl<



\'ktory ln lm.- l o g l ~ I ~ ! I \ ' t electloru--<t way of ron6rmlng !IM' adage' Ihalo u ~ r I o r J1t\.fI' a, ~ . t a. when h ~ ~ . . " hh Inleriors.""

The- y ~ a . 2002 WH anopporIllnlty

10• •mise'

trI vhtt of thl.SIlpftlorit)·.On Janu3ty, lC(:om""nkd br tWt> ....,mbe . of h l ~ go\'emment. Aloln

RIChard I l . l c l e n ~ 1 and Ma<yll.. . u, ft. .""h" U l l ~ ! ~ ) , I ~ I Jmpln l ' i ' I ~ n l y I h l ~ " " " 1" l ' r n l ~ ' ' Chl.ac ",I.tirt.l\ Ihl. hlltory of III<' Onle. or Im.-I.qion "rHonor, ~ x p l a l " l n g ",hy the "a.io,,·, le.dlng orde. "h ad ~ " " , ' \ ' ~ d ail Ihe

.oglml'S, ( , I ~ . .nd ml.fo",," . of OUT hbIO'Y" .nd con g . ll laUnK l i for IheGm,lIIsl pronll)t'S ktpt, 'Ilch a. rroudnS Ihe numl""" of Ih@ Û f d ~ . ' " 115.000la, O l ' I ) ( ) ~ t<l .100.000 ln I%O).JO He Ihon W31Cht'li M . Ch l.ac Jc',,·ura·tlonllO (Milan and mlllta'Y f"'rsonali.i ... I l . dld l'Y 10 Ir.v. fi.sl pl'co bul

wU not Ihe only Ont who w . n l ~ 10 be ln Ih. pholO. Th. ",op..,..,nt.aUun"n"qulltd br 1'1010001 .h"w'lhis: lac<.jues and ! l t > m ~ t e Chl.ac ourroundlngIhe ' tar of Ihe da)·. Sœur fmm.nlMi'lIe (aw.nktl th..: Iltlr of romm . .def). ' "UoneI)œpln trled to approocb tm.- elrdl'd one. th. hto>d of ~ . I e ' l . " . , . . s e heldhlm N.<:k 6rt1lly br tlle a.m ",hlle Chirac Iùm""l'fflIiIlnl'd bt1W1'<'n the IWo.

If proIoml h lm.- ln of d i ~ r i b u , i n g bodies ln SlIX'I'. lm.- handlrlj! ()\"C' of a dK·0.. 1011 1. 01010 1 rotnmunic>tIon "pL>n." Th .>. Il. . ron,mt',.....,.ÎO<1 of the

Iqlon of Honor. <10>t'1). bound 10 the p"'Ild<'ncy . . l'lOI only an urponunll)· to 1")· trthult 1<. Ihe founde. of tlle Ûldet, at01.lnd hl. 10mb ln thrh1\' .II&.. or 10 < " C l d J t 1 0 1 ~ Ihe dKQraled m ~ n ln t h ~ """"rtment!. II al!iD ",,,.....:1

10 ~ n h a n ( ~ the nm..oo""T1 im;ljje of I h ~ pœ,;l<Jrntlallnllltullon ln I h ~ contexlof an cloctlon o:am""lgn and 10 consolid.lt a 'Olley "r •cognltlon IInked 10 '

.rpuhllca" O l ~ , l I o < : ' . r y ln Ihr th."",! 01 crbl •.Ho ... can On" roll / ( l "'" Ihal ,,".n if lb. ( l " I ~ . "r Ih. Uglon of 1I0no. "",ni

10 g.e"' 1."Slh, 10 l"'llly Ihe "di lfc rcne<:>" of me.l!, " ~ n C ( > u r a g l n g li.OS<' ...hol'''.cclvt'd t h ~ m 10 b t l l ~ Ihem 10 1"" "n'lu••I" and lhoH ...ho W<>rt Ihem tod...."'e !Ilem, Il wa. unable ID shano. a fo.m of IndlfftrttlCl:? The commem(>

r.tlonw a ~

dlscteCe; abo ...~ l l ,

l t relnlolCl'd Ihe co'IYlrllon of tl\<:Kr who weredcn".tfll. Yt. bf ",Iylng on Ihe aUlhorlty of a roll«lh'e In,lIIllllon (tm.-

. \ ~ l i o r " , 1 Ordc:. of Ihe 1.qIon of Honor>, Il.hould h ..... a c h l ~ . . . . . : I Ille engaKt-men. of Ih . community'l a whole. n . - SI.te , ..rdlCls. ho .............. now

" ....k. and Ifthrh legl!bnacy i . b e j n ~ chalJengod. Il Is nOl_nd tht<" Impo.IIm-for polltlnl reaso"!. For 1 long Um •. lhat . . . lM main obloctlon 10 thi,nlrfI! fI1lng; l (H f I r occup;oUon. "'..", iudged thrmlod"H I n r o m l ' i ' l i t ~ .. wlthSuch decorotitm •. rOf Imtoncc magistrale>. membt'rs of rolil.mtnl durlngIh';. Itlm of offi<"C, and jomn.Hm. Li\;Cwl"" IWO !rack union,. the CroT and

Ihe FL'l, ,efu)t'd Illy 's13le di,tincti",," for Iht'l, le .dm." Under the FUlhRepu!>!!r tlrl. f<'luc'ancc 8,"dually dl" 'l' r""R«l ~ ~ x c r p l fm mcmb . . of Pd,!!a·menfo. as If Ihe p'<lSldenl1a1JzaUon of Ihe ,oshnellol Ihe IICUr' of .rrU<3Uon,01 "poll lld7.<otlo,," Il< "(fonyl."'." . In facl. th...., ,18 '" of social .levaUon af<'

r u r r ~ n t l y nhldztd by Ihe general pulll1c ror a n o t h ~ , f1laSOIl. l I J . m ~ l y Ibe dewl·

nrmtrll 01 f l n a " c I ~ 1 h l c . ~ r c l l " ' s . In wclctici un"".goh'8 "1I1""•• 1I"'1Ion'""",t ' · has Ix'con,e. IOfm of P'<lSI!ge ln lU OWn "8h1. onc that "ou.dy I h ~



m "n Ill",", 10 r i l ~ l Q f l . from I h ~ paloL M a compul!oOt)' lflbule 01 a ...>1-o1ll3t)' homage, nlOll<:y cl.almllQ dklt ""1""'-1 .nd <,,'t'f1 IQ sl,nlfy "'31 merlt.

0 , "' ,, . hn, i•• i'OlIlI.o l ..-Ieml'I c " r r ~ m l y "'"OrklHg on Ihe d e , . . . , l o l ' m ~ m <>fpOIlUeal science .fle, Ihe l'.eHch Ikvo lulion and on thr d.'l1loc•• lIzalion of

honofiflc 'W3Tt!o in conlenlporary Europe. l'rof..s.or of 1'o1l11c.1 $<"ien.c.( )lI,·Ie. Ihl h dlll'Clo, of the l n ~ l I t u l d'Étoot.'S l'olitlqu,,," ~ n o b ami . mtm-

ber of t h ~ ~ i t " " " , ' bo.Jrd oIlhe Rt>",. F " " ~ - , , j ~ d'I/il.wi" J r j I , ~ n ruJitUj/<r< andGtrlhts. Reœnt h!>I:.n:h ronctrllS lhe dy ... I1lic5.rMl U>6 01 K<>'"<!mmen'.ci~ n ~ , f«u,.nK on Ih"", .Ien: Jymbolk poIl<ieJ. lM >'OIe as. sociuhlsloric.11«lInology, and lM ""Kha"k:;[ Qf «'WM<h and di,,'fJ(flo.u. IIh publications

Indud", /,il FIlnIl"I/or, <ko StMocr:< IN sm"_ ...., " F.uN('f' XL"·'>':'>':' ,i«!rs(WIn); 1." Trmarial, P"I",II$I' <1U c<m, M l'ru",{X (wl111 J . n l ~ Ch"ne, ~ , I c \'ill,.nd Ghlll.ln \\'>.le,I"I. 20(3); 1.1' l'vU (2000); U . Œrh'H",iltl po/il;'!"" 1'",,-'1$<'$ ofllri,·I.' IIrs dwf> d'ftll' (w lth Jean·William l>e,eymez a l1 ll Gérard SJbat lcr.19981; L" Fa .. " p " h J k , p j ~ (19%); Le l'mu,"". p" (II " , , ~ '" /ÎN"" ,1,. /,,,,,/,.. " . ~ jIii/ut (wltl> Y,'es DOlO).., ~ n d C I ~ u d l r > C H ~ n x h e . 1 1%1.

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r.nk of g<>nd Of"",.(-L'.bI>t Pi<" . OCCt1" ... liw,-,n ~ · h " " n .... ,," U f ; g ~ m , ZO Ap'U 2(01).

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11... ""'" ool""o>nhy l"non.IiU. . or loyal fri"".!,. DllIin.g hi.> 6" , "rIO 0/ , , ! ~ " " (1'J'95-2002I,J""-!u", Ch i, , , ' ~ ' . r d < d ,)0" dt_.,;Oll tg "oarly Joo I n ~ M d u . l \ (on.

œremony ",!th Ion '«'plo n!> po' m"nth in 'h" ~ J y s é e · . 301<1." gloWI, Sorne

t".."lte. (Chul.. r'><lua, M.""", Rbolm., Jacq"e F,'«Ima nn, • . Fronçoi. .~ I o n o d ) w.,,-e "..-ct! g , ~ , , , , " Ù i n ~ h ' i d u , l """monl ....

22, Mlch.. 1 \ ~ I Z < r . SpI. . . . . do- i->l""': Ur.. 01.'(",,..,,,, p/l4mli>.... " ,Ir 1'<'1«#11 (P.rb' Seuil.1991). lB .

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<"'Ic h ...lclln 'Sil! .ml m<1i',". " '" 1'1<:". IIottrdk'u, Ld NoN_ JÙm, Gra,>its

kW< "tsptll <h ""1'" I r . ~ . , r.es Edltf<n" de minuit, 198Y), S;BfL24 A. "., know. Ihl, 1. ,h" ,he>i. 0 ( Arno M,J'ft h, Lu f'h-,blmr.. <h 1'/1,,,,,,, 1141"""

L ' C ~ " - ' P ' J, 1 ~ - I 8 ; ' la Gmmt, G""",. Il.,, . j, M.ml<lboum Ir.ri" FI.mm",lon,1 9 ~ 1 1 .

25. Th. 'g,)I'<mmml .ut hOT\U . . .ha. g,a". "0 no ..... "",, , , ;sion; for .'DIIU 0/ "m ' 00

nO! "PI""" m'''''' in lt!.1ti ,·. . In "'1> ,,-,,/>«1," /",,,,,,1 0ffi<kI, 17 jmu,,}" 19."1:JfWu, ,';én. . 67.

U. n", ",...-.:I.t;"n 01. . Honneur:> Hé«'<li"lm (AHH) will rounded ln 1%110 OOt.l n

,h i. ,-.rllk.,1on ln 1<'10' nr ""I<k V 0/ ,ho 8 Jon .. Y 185.2 t I«t« , Thl, " , ~ . n i " , . !ion <omm"" la, .. II I", wi,1I ,1""" CüflIkUUvegetl"""''' 0/ m.1e m c " " , ~ ln 'h"Üfd<, 0/ ,)oc 1 " , ~ l m ' 0/ Huoor 1200 faml l"" ou. of. l>Oitnri.1 of . . le. " J.(1OO!. 1"

10 .. ,<1"" ("-<",d M .. n., p«"Sid<n' 0/ th . A " , , ~ i e de l'hi>!ot,,, d. l'.,.i,, h. . h.>d

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27 , '11" 1 " ,,'hr """ili<at. . of ".,,,,'n,"l,,, , 10 tlwl.tgion 0/ Honor no longer .. i i<:1llymention ,h., be".focl.,1c< enjo)i 'h . ," le of ",h", .n.,.." The teX!•• !. . notin8 ""

(Ia'e 0/ "" 'y Into th. Ordo" .imply ""<1> ' . , , ~ oOlIOY> .11 RlXht<. Hono . . .nd Pro-

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tII. On ,h.,. bod!el; of m,'lk1!<'tlI"''PI.,'' ' ' [),a''I<l Bien, "1.., oIfires, 1 . <0<]" ct . .«<dll " l : !'ol1!l>aUon de. 1"1"11'1" '0 '" 1'An"le" H<glme,' """al", I;K 2iM.,.,".Aprll 19S8), l19-1O-1.

J(}. Th• • 1i<le "!;onclklo" by nw-K.nll.n Camille MHlnand, ln Ln G,.rnJ. r."'ycl<Jf'<'<lj,

Nllcd by M .",llIn Jktlhewt U O l ~ ' " ~ l " Radi ...1Repü hllc, "p""""" , n obI«U"", ItIl, , , . h ",,,-.,d 'no l''-'ni,hrncn!, ,,,,,,.!l'}" ll5<!f 1. dl",io•• .. '(or ", . 0<1 1", ,he

. .k< of r t ' W a , ~ 0 ' n ,,,,-,s" (•. , of punbhmm" no mort d h l " ! c ~ " " ! t " ' , , , , , nen« DO

moN vi"'"," (vol, 29. 416).

31. Jule> Dam!. M."""I rlpuN""'" (P.ri" G. Dallli<r•• 1812/,81.32. On lIu. ""In'.•"" "I><bat; A . .· m l l l ~ mdon.le du J 1 m'li 1977," lout'-.J (){fI<1rl.

Th" ",",k" 1 • $0 rd.M\'tl'o " L . . . ~ di"in<tiOru OOI,·. n'..,II","'", "'e.,'I"" "{",, 'ur y "

<I<><lorncnts d'''k"tit.?" t, )'/"'''". 13 ,lp'U 1977.

n. Thi. 'p '" ,I<len1l>.1IzatlO<l" 0/ 'h" " ~ . Jo U,5ion of Honor p'ol>.hly .xpl. ln. lhe,xceptlon.' "",'-"'lty ni n", "''',1ion ImJlO"'d on 0, . Guh",. F,a,,1'Oi> Mllle"",,d ',forme, prIv'" _,"". M,,,, ,e«ti_lr\;I' too,·mon'h '"'p"nd<d ion ..."t.""" ro. no.Lo'ion of prof",.!",,.) """«r ( f " , püb!ko'kln in ! '/% of 'he booI; u G , , ~ . , j Srm-rl,



ln J<;ovtmbtf 1999 br . . . . . . rud 00' th< wU 01' th< N.Hon.1 Oldtl' 01 M.ri. _ of

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