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The meaning of culture in a globalised world. The phase of ‘globalisation’ now coming to an end has been a process of: economic restructuring (growth of construction, retail, finance, tourism, commercial sport, the creative industries) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The meaning of culture in a globalised world
The phase of ‘globalisation’ now coming to an end has been a process of:
• economic restructuring (growth of construction, retail,finance, tourism, commercial sport, the creative industries)• intensification of flows (of capital, media messages, people)• standardisation• erosion of local distinctiveness • growing popularity of standardised metropolitan models(also for small and medium-sized cities)
Some processes of urban change, and their implications for European cities
The standardisation of city centres: towards ‘anywhereville’?
The ‘anywhere’ shopping mall
Related concepts:
cloned townsStarbucksificationmallingthe geography of blandnessthe throwaway, disposable city
From Charles Landry The Art of City Making
Urban sprawl
The rhetoric of environmental sustainability, the tyranny of car dependency and the ‘obese city’
Non-places or places for social interaction? New cultural programming strategies and partnerships
The rise of out of town ‘citadels of entertainment’
The sad centrality of car parks in ‘shedland’
The rise of out of town ‘citadels of entertainment’
Possible responses:
The Cittaslow movementThe ‘Keep Louisville Weird’ campaignThe UK’s localism and ‘Big Society’ agendasTax relief for independent shopsUrbanism plans to protect distinctiveness
Less leisure time for people in work: the problem of work-life balance
The fast city and the values of slowness(see www.slowmovement.com)
Other processes of change
Information overload and its consequencesNew roles for public libraries?
‘Night-time economies’: the dream of a convivial café culture, and the reality of the ‘alcoholic agora’ (and its costs)
Conflicts between revellers and residents in city centres
Some issues in urban cultural strategies today
An uneasy coexistence of policy rationales from different historical periods
1) the intrinsic and civilising value of access to culture (1940s-1950s)
2) the transformative potential of ‘cultural democracy’ and active participation (1970s)
3) culture as a tool for economic development and place marketing (1980s-1990s)
4) cultural actions to change the behaviours of individuals and communities (1990s)
Some issues in urban cultural policy today
‘Newism’ and the neglect of the (tangible and intangible) heritage, and the rhetoric of historical continuity
Some issues in urban cultural policy today: the rhetoric
of high quality architecture, and the reality of blandness
“I have learnt from my mistakes, and I can now
repeat them almost exactly” (Peter Cook)
CHANGE
Urban cultural policies in the contextof the economic downturn
The ‘triple’ (credit, energy and climate) crunch (New Economics Foundation)
A new focus on production and skills?
Creative cities for the world (Charles Landry):beyond destructive forms of urban competitiveness
New priorities: reducing the negative impacts of unemploymentfinding new uses for redundant buildingsfostering a climate of resilience, exploration and innovation
Urban cultural policies in the contextof the economic downturn
Decline of community facilities
Impact of reductions in availability of benefits
Less money for culture-led regeneration projects
Lower priority to artistic and creative practices in schools
An ideological attack on culture?
Lower cost of premises for cultural activities
More opportunities for experimental artistic interventions
Less bureaucracy and red tape: a more positive attitude to risk?
Possible new funding partnerships
New ‘sub-cultural’ and internet-based forms of participation
Growing cultural hybridity
New types of cultural institutions, beyond dividesbetween culture and commerce, production and display
Silo Mentality
The problems generated by focusing funding on consumption activities, flagship buildings and city
centres
Multiple deprivation in many other inner urban and peripheral areas
Social exclusion: the importance of access policies, ‘soft boundaries’ and public space networks
Urban cultural policies and social inclusion
Strategies for community engagement
‘New commissioning’Participatory budgetingInvitation policies
Importance of the ‘porosity’ and permeability of cultural institutions
Urban cultural policies and social inclusion
The growth of immigration and multi-ethnicity
National approaches to managing ethnic diversity are being questioned
Corporate multiculturalism (UK, Netherlands)
The search for alternative concepts -e.g. integration and communitycohesion
The growth of immigration and multi-ethnicity
Civic cultural integration (France)
National approaches to managing ethnic diversity are being questioned
The debate around the concept of ‘interculturalism’ and its applications
Definitions
What makes a city intercultural?
The value of conflict
Does immigration make towns and cities more standardised or more distinctive?
Cultivating ‘cultural literacy’: creating new local glossaries
Rethinking Policy & Planning approaches to creative spaces in urban & rural centres
The debate around the concept of ‘interculturalism’ and its applications
The temptation of ‘theming’ ethnic quarters
Exploring shared histories and heritage
Holistic cultural/social/health centres: the Peepul Centre, Leicester
European initiatives: the EU’s Year of InterculturalDialogue (2008) and the Council of Europe’sIntercultural Cities research project (www.coe.int/interculturalcities)
Rethinking Policy & Planning approaches to creative spaces in urban & rural centres
Comedia’s international action research project “The Intercultural City: Making the Most of Diversity”
The Intercultural City, by Phil Wood and Charles Landry, London, Earthscan, 2008
Rethinking Policy & Planning approaches to creative spaces in urban & rural centres
Creating an Intercultural Civic Identity and Culture
Creating intercultural architecture, urban design and public art
Reshaping collective memory to include “the other”
Transforming mentalities through public awareness and education initiatives: initiatives in Berlin, Rotterdam and Tuscany
Rethinking Policy & Planning approaches to creative spaces in urban & rural centres
Some issues raised by the project:
Counteracting Ethnic Segregation in Urban Spaceand Public Life
The strategic siting of cultural infrastructure: examples from England, Austria and Portugal
Countering ethnic stigmatisation through place marketing: Hyson Green, Nottingham
From multicultural to intercultural festivals: examples fromRotterdam, Edinburgh , Berlin and Manchester
Diversifying the airwaves
Rethinking Policy & Planning approaches to creative spaces in urban & rural centres
Some issues raised by the Intercultural City project:
Urban ‘cultural planning’ as a possible response to aspects of the present crisis
The work of Partners for Livable Places (US),Colin Mercer (Australia), Comedia (UK)
‘Cultural planning’ as ‘thinking culturally (and artistically) about public policy’ or as
‘the strategic and integral planning and use of cultural resources for urban and community development’ (Colin Mercer)
Rethinking Policy & Planning approaches to creative spaces in urban & rural centres
holistic, interdisciplinary, lateral:
importance of collaborative working e.g. cittadellarte, Biella, Italy
(www.cittadellarte.it)
Rethinking Policy & Planning approaches to creative spaces in urban & rural centres
Learning from the processes of cultural production, which tend to be:
Rethinking Policy & Planning approaches to creative spaces in urban & rural centres
Cittadellarte and its offices:
EducationEcologyEconomyWorkPoliticsSpiritualityCommunicationArchitectureFood
Rethinking Policy & Planning approaches to creative spaces in urban & rural centres
Collaborative projects in urban lighting:
Luci d’artista, TurinLyonValon Voimat (Forces of Light) festival, HelsinkiLight Night, LeedsSee Zenobia Razis Reflections on Urban LightingComedia, 2002
Rethinking Policy & Planning approaches to creative spaces in urban & rural centres
Rethinking Policy & Planning approaches to creative spaces in urban & rural centres
Towards collaborative approaches toplace marketing
Chris Murray Making Sense of Place (2001)Revealing and discovering, not designing and selling, place identitiesGoing beyond product marketingCelebrating complexity and layering
Rethinking Policy & Planning approaches to creative spaces in urban & rural centres
Some data from Murray’s research
Local people - friendly 163Local people - other references 15
Local culture - diversity 157Local culture - homogeneity 495
The present 223The past/heritage 1,134
Uniqueness (non-specific) 218Uniqueness (specific) 61
innovation-oriented, experimental, not narrowly instrumental:
need to open up policy systems to young talent, and to set up
pilot projects and R&D budgets
need to reassess ideas of ‘success’ and ‘failure’
Rethinking Policy & Planning approaches to creative spaces in urban & rural centres
Learning from the processes of cultural production, which tend to be:
critical, questioning, challenging:
welcoming conflicts and contradictions as a creative resource - e.g. ‘Cities on the Edge’ project, Liverpool European Capital of Culture 2008
Projects on the Third Reich legacy, Linz European Capital of Culture 2009
Proposal for Mafia Museum, Salemi, Sicily
Rethinking Policy & Planning approaches to creative spaces in urban & rural centres
Learning from the processes of cultural production, which tend to be:
cultured, and critically aware of history, local distinctiveness and of traditions of creativity and cultural expression:
*documenting local distinctiveness (also through cultural cartography)
*creating a local ‘image bank’
* drawing inspiration from local traditions of creativity and innovation
Rethinking Policy & Planning approaches to creative spaces in urban & rural centres
Rethinking Policy & Planning approaches to creative spaces in urban & rural centres
Inspiring initiatives in small and medium-sized European cities
Festivals as catalysts (Mantua, Modena, Rennes)
Contemporary architecture and public art in historic environments (Graz, Nimes, Munster)
Making historic layers more legible (Burgos)
Innovative transport systems (Perugia, Grenoble)
Linking art and new technology (Karlsruhe)
Rethinking Policy & Planning approaches to creative spaces in urban & rural centres
Cultural policy issues in small and medium-sized European cities
(based on the work of Bas van Heur)
Small cities as ‘less than’ big cities: a self defeating narrative
Creativity as “the search for innovative moments in existing local economies”
Greater focus on quality of life, the natural environment and older people
Is social conservatism necessarily the other side of the coinof social cohesion?
The importance of urban alliances and networks (cittaslow, HERO,Alpine Space, Eco Kommun
Differences between ‘cultural planning’ and ‘cultural policy’: the two approaches are complementary
Rethinking Policy & Planning approaches to creative spaces in urban & rural centres
The strategic main lines of a local cultural policy
Cultural policy proper (sectoral policies on arts, museums, libraries, media, other aspects of the cultural industries)
Cultural planning approaches to:
youth policyplace marketing and tourism promotionphysical planninglocal economic development
The relationship between sectoral/vertical andIntegrated/ horizontal functions
Rethinking Policy & Planning approaches to creative spaces in urban & rural centres
Researching and mobilising local cultural resources
A definition of local cultural resources:
• Arts and media activities and institutions• Sports and recreation• The tangible and intangible heritage• The local ‘image bank’• Places for sociability• Intellectual and scientific milieux and institutions• Creative inputs into local crafts, manufacturing and
services activities
Rethinking Policy & Planning approaches to creative spaces in urban & rural centres
Researching and mobilising local cultural resources
A definition of the urban ‘image bank’:
• Media coverage• Stereotypes, jokes and ‘conventional wisdom’• Cultural representations of a city• Myths and legends• Tourist guidebooks• City marketing and tourism promotion literature• Views of residents, city users and outsiders
Rethinking Policy & Planning approaches to creative spaces in urban & rural centres
Understanding urban mindscapes and imaginaries
One gestalt of the urban imaginary?Klaus Siebenhaar’s marketing strategy for Berlin The politics of symbolic contestation The production of official urban mindscapes
Rethinking Policy & Planning approaches to creative spaces in urban & rural centres
Rethinking Policy & Planning approaches to creative spaces in urban & rural centres
The importance of mapping • entrepreneurial opportunities & desires, not just
needs• obstacles & constraints, not just opportunities• gatekeepers, gateways, networks & collaborations• local talent & creative & innovative milieux• the uses of time• different moral, aesthetic,philosophical,
organizational and policy concepts and styles
• The importance of making innovative links between different types of cultural resources
Can implementation problems be overcome?
Training needs
Institutional arrangements for effective partnerships
Emerging professional specializations: the ‘cultural cartographer’,the intercultural mediator and the cultural planner
The fragility of existing cultural planning experiments
The need for international cultural strategies
Rethinking Policy & Planning approaches to creative spaces in urban & rural centres
Can implementation problems be overcome?
The continuing problem of the relatively low politicalstatus of culture
Culture as a ‘soft option’ for public expenditure cuts
Towards new forms of elected urban culturalleadership?
Towards new European NGOs to campaign for investment in urban culture?
Rethinking Policy & Planning approaches to creative spaces in urban & rural centres
Franco Bianchini
Professor of Cultural Policy and PlanningFaculty of Arts, Environment and TechnologyLeeds Metropolitan UniversityUK
