THE MEANINGS OF RICHARD DICK W INTERS’ ACTION … fileTHE MEANINGS OF RICHARD DICK W INTERS’ ACTION DURING HIS MILITARY SERVICE AS SEEN IN STEPHEN E. AMBROSE’S BAND OF BROTHERS

THE MEANINGS OF RICHARD DICK WINTERS’ ACTIONDURING HIS MILITARY SERVICE

AS SEEN IN STEPHEN E. AMBROSE’S BAND OF BROTHERS

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsto Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By

Emanuel Gevi ResantoStudent Number : 101214072

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAMDEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATIONFACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITYYOGYAKARTA

2015

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

i

THE MEANINGS OF RICHARD DICK WINTERS’ ACTIONDURING HIS MILITARY SERVICE

AS SEEN IN STEPHEN E. AMBROSE’S BAND OF BROTHERS

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsto Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By

Emanuel Gevi ResantoStudent Number : 101214072

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAMDEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATIONFACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITYYOGYAKARTA

2015


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I DEDICATED THIS THESIS TO

MY BELOVED PARENTS

AND

MY BELOVED BROTHER


STATEMENT OF WORK'S ORIGINALITY

I honestly dcclare that this thcsis,which l havc w五 tten,doeミ nOt contain the work

or parts ofthe work OfOther people,cxcept those cited in the quotations and the

rcfcrences,as a scientiflc paper should.

Yogyakarta,January 21並 ,2015

The Writer,

伽Emanuel Gc宙 Rcsanto

101214072

V


LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILⅣ IIAⅡ

UNTUK ICEPENTINGAN AKADEⅣIIS

Yang bcrtanda tangan di bawah ini,saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharlna:

Nallla :Emanuel Gevi Resanto

Nomor Mahasiswa :101214072

E》elni pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan,saya rnelnbenkan kepada Pcrpustakaan

Universitas Sanata Dharalna karya ilmiah saya yang beゴ udul:

TⅡE MEANINGS OF RICHARD DICK WINTERS'ACTION

DURING ⅡIS ⅣIILITARY SERVICE

AS SEEN IN STEPⅡ EN E.AMBROSE'SJ∠ⅣDθFJROttS

Bese■a perangktt yang diperlukan oila ada).Dengan demikian saya melnbcrikan

kepada PcTustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk mcnyimpan,

mcngdihkan ddaln bentuk mcdia ldn,mengelolanya ddaln bentuk panょ alan

data,rnendistribusikannya secara terbatasぅ dan mempublikasinya di int()rnet atau

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sёbagai pcnulis。

Delnikian pemyataan inl saya buat dclllgan sebcn〔rnya.

E》ibuat di Yogyakarta,

Pada tanggal:21 Januan 2015

Yang menyatakan

Vi

(Emanuel Gevi Resanto)


vii

ABSTRACTResanto, Emanuel Gevi (2015). The Meanings of Richard Dick Winters’ ActionDuring His Military Service as Seen in Stephen E. Ambrose’s Band ofBrothers.Yogyakarta: English Education Study Program, Sanata DharmaUniversity.

This study deals with Band of Brothers, a novel written by Stephen E.Ambrose. This novel tells the story of Richard Dick Winters, a soldier who takesaction combat for ally in World War II to against Germany. Richard Winters is asoldier who serves his country in World War II. He becomes a paratrooper soldierin the company, named Easy Company. As a volunteer soldier, he wants to spendhis time in army by positive time and with no excuses seriously takes actioncombat during the war. His motivation, leadership skill and an ability to solve theconflict bring Easy Company lead the campaign the war in Europe. At thebeginning of the war, his action in Europe is only to show his willingness to servethe company. As the time passed, he realizes that the war is not only aboutfighting with enemy, but also helping and releasing the Jewish people who areplaced in a concentration camp and treated badly by Germany soldiers.

The aim of the study is to find out the meanings of Richard Dick Wintersaction during his military service. There are two research questions in this study.The first question is “How is Richard Dick Winters described in the novel?”Andthe second one is “What are the meanings of Richard Dick Winters’ action duringhis military service?”

The theories that are implemented in this study are the theory of characterand characterization, the theory of leadership, the theory of motivation and thetheory of conflict. The approach used is psychological approach. The primary dataof this study is a novel entitled Band of Brothers, while the secondary ones are:Literary books, psychology books, related books and internet.

After analyzing the novel, it can be concluded that Richard Winters isdescribed as a hard working, kind, humble, self-confident, spiritual, wise, caringand decisive person. Then, the meanings Winters’ action are taking the Germanybattery, solving the conflict among his men and changing the leader of EasyCompany. Further, the deeper meanings are he does not want to be killed in thefirst day, refuses to be underestimated by his men, wants to lead Easy Companyonce more and helps Jewish people, who are treated badly by Germany soldiers.

For future researchers, it is recommended to analyze the meaning ofpeople around Winters’ action, such as Nixon’s or Sobel’s action. It is alsosuggested that the novel is used as the material to teach reading.

Keywords : action, leadership, conflict, surface meaning, deeper meaning


viii

ABSTRAKResanto, Emanuel Gevi (2015). The Meanings of Richard Dick Winters’ ActionDuring His Military Service as Seen in Stephen E. Ambrose’s Band ofBrothers.Yogyakarta: Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma

Study in berkaitan dengan novel Band Of Brothers, sebuah novel yangditulis oleh Stephen E. Ambrose. Novel ini bercerita tentang Richard DickWinters. Winters adalah tentara yang melayani negaranya pada Perang Dunia I,melawan jerman. Dia bergabung dengan pasukan penerjun payung di sebuahkompi, yang bernama Kompi Easy. Sebagai tentara sukarela, dia ingin menjalaniwaktu di kemiliteran dengan hal-hal positif tanpa banyak keluhan yangmengganggu. Jadi, dia melaksanakan dengan serius semua tugasnya selamaperang. Motivasi Winters, kepemimpinannya dan cara dia mengatasi konflik,membawa kompi Easy memimpin kampanye perang di Eropa. Pada awalnya,aksinya di perang Eropa hanya sebatas untuk melayani negaranya. Seiringberjalannya waktu, dia sadar bahwa perang ini tidak hanya untuk mengalahkanmusuh, tetapi juga untuk membantu dan melepaskan kaum Yahudi.

Tujuan dari studi ini adalah mencari arti dari aksi Winters selama beradadi kemiliteran. Ada dua pertanyaan yang harus dijawab dalam studi ini, yangpertama “Bagaimana Richard Winters digambarkan dalam novel?”, yang kedua“Apa arti aksi dari Richard Winters selama di kemiliteran?”.

Teori yang digunakan adalah teori karakter dan perwatakan, teorikepemimpinan, teori motivasi dan teori konflik. Pendekatan yang digunakanadalah pendekatan psikologi. Sumber data pada studi ini adalah novel Band OfBrothers, sementara itu sumber kedua adalah buku literatur, buku psikologi,buku-buku yang terkait dan dari internet.

Dari hasil studi ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa Richard Wintersdigambarkan sebagai pekerja keras, baik hati, rendah hati, percaya diri,spiritual, bijaksana, perhatian dan tegas. Lalu, arti dari aksi Winters adalahmengambil alih meriam Jerman, menyelesaikan konflik diantara tentara danmengganti tongkat kepemimpinan di Kompi Easy. Untuk arti lebih mendalam,Winters tidak mau tebunuh sia-sia pada hari pertama, diremehkan oleh para anakbuahnya dan sebenaranya dia ingin lagi memimpin Kompi Easy dan yangterakhir untuk membantu kaum Yahudi yang diperlakukan buruk oleh tentaraJerman.

Untuk para peneliti selanjutnya, disarankan untuk menganalisa orang-orang disekitar Winters, seperti Nixon atau Sobel. Lalu juga disarankan bahwanovel ini dapat digunakan sebagai materi untuk mengajar reading.

Kata kunci : action, leadership, conflict, surface meaning, deeper meaning


ix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank Jesus Christ who always gives me strength, courage

and opportunity to finish this thesis. There were many obstacles that I faced

during the process of writing the thesis. However, His blessing keep supporting

me in finishing my thesis. I would also to thank for Mother mary, who always

gives me enlightenment when I encounter some problems in writing this thesis.

I would like to thank my sponsor, Dr. Antonius Herujiyanto, M.A., who

always gave much time and patience in helping me to finish this thesis. His

support, motivation, energy, guidance and feedback really help me in the process

of writing the thesis. I would also like to thank all the lecturers of English

Language Education Study Program for their experience and knowledge in

teaching me. I would also express my gratitude to all of the staff of English

Language Education Study Program for helping during my study at Sanata

Dharma University.

My deepest gratitude goes my beloved parents, Fredericus Priyana and

Maria Yani Moerdyaningsih for their support, patience, sincere and prayer for me.

I would like to thank my beloved brother Benedictus Delly, who always supports

and encourages me in writing this thesis, and all of my familiy members who

support me to finish my thesis.

My greatest thank is for my best friend, Tiwik, who always supports me. I

would like to thank my great cangkruk friends, Marino, Tory, Abi, Kapoek,

Ceper, Ais, Gaplek for sharing ideas together in every moment. I also thank to


x

Nande, Mentari and Vena who have checked my grammar. I would also like to

thank Vincent, Bitha, Arnis, Duma, Mentari, Anin, Sani and Arnis.

I would like to thank all of PBI students batch 2010 for their support in

finising my study. Last but not least I would like to thank all people who I could

not mention all here by name. May God always be with us.

Emanuel Gevi Resanto


xi

TABLE OF CONTENTSPage

TITLE PAGE .......................................................................................................iAPPROVAL PAGES..........................................................................................iiDEDICATION PAGE........................................................................................ivSTATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ..................................................vPERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI...................................................viABSTRACT......................................................................................................viiABSTRAK .........................................................................................................viiiACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...............................................................................ixTABLE OF CONTENTS...................................................................................xiLIST OF APPENDICES..................................................................................xiii

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTIONA. Background of the Study.............................................................1B. Objectives of the Study ...............................................................3C. Problem Formulation...................................................................3D. Benefits of the Study ...................................................................3E. Definition of Terms .....................................................................4

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATUREA. Review of Related Theories ........................................................6

1. Theory of Psychological Approach .......................................62. Theory of Character and Characterization............................103. Theory of Leadership............................................................124. Theory of Motivation............................................................145. Theory of Conflict ................................................................15

B. Theoretical Framework .............................................................17CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study....................................................................19B. Approach of the Study...............................................................20C. Method of the study...................................................................20D. Context of the Novel .................................................................21

1. Setting of the Novel ..............................................................222. Setting of the Writer .............................................................22

CHAPTER IV. ANALYSISA. The Description of Richard Winters’ Actions...........................24

1. Hard-working........................................................................252. Kind ......................................................................................253. Humble .................................................................................274. Self-Confident.......................................................................28


xii

5. Spiritual.................................................................................296. Wise ......................................................................................307. Caring ...................................................................................318. Decisive ................................................................................33

B. The Meanings of Richard Winters Action.................................341. The Surface Meaning............................................................352. The Deeper Meaning ............................................................39

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS, SUGGESTIONS AND IMPLICATIONSA. Conclusions ...............................................................................45B. Suggestions................................................................................46C. Implications ...............................................................................47

REFERENCES..................................................................................................48APPENDICES ..................................................................................................50


xiii

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1 : Summary of Band of Brothers ................................................50APPENDIX 2 : Biography of Stephen E. Ambrose..........................................52


1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The first chapter consists of five sections. Namely, background of the

study, objectives of the study, problem formulation, benefits of the study and

definition of terms. First, the background of the study explains the justification of

choosing the topic. Second, the objectives of the study states the aims of the

research related to the chosen topic. Further, the problem formulation presents the

formulation of the research problems to answer. The benefits of the study state the

contribution of this thesis for the knowledge development for the students. The

last section is definition of terms which explains what the important terms, used in

this study.

A. Background of the Study

Band of Brothers is a novel written by Stephen E. Ambrose. He is a well-

known author who writes many novels about World War II history. He has written

more than twenty five works of history and most of them were done scientifically

by conducting researches on original documents, or by interviewing people who

experienced World War II.

One of Ambroses’s best seller novels is Band of Brothers, which tells a

paratroopers company from United States. This company’s name is Easy

Company, 506 Regiment, and 101st Airborne that did combat in Europe to against

Germany. At the beginning Easy Company is led by Sobel. By the time of war


2

Richard Winters replaces Sobel’s position to lead Easy Company. The leadership

skill of Winters brings Easy Company to be one of the elite companies in U.S.

The main discussion of this novel is the relationship between the entire members

of Easy Company endured their life during World War II, from the time when

they have the training camp until they got the victory and went to their homeland.

Band Of Brothers is a novel that depicts people lives on the late of 1945.

This novel tells the social world condition during the World War II in Europe.

Abram (1985) states that realistic fiction is written so as to give the effect that

represents the life and the social world as it seems to the common reader (p.174).

In Band of Brothers, there is a soldier that later on became the ranking

officer of E Company who is respected by everyone in Easy Company. He is

Richard Dick Winters. His personality makes the entire members of Easy

Company always have the motivation to finish what has been ordered to them. His

action affected his men during the combat on World War II.

The basic reason the writer chooses this novel is because Band Of

Brothers novel contains many kinds of value such as togetherness, trust, respect,

strong willingness, leadership and motivation. This novel gives a real description

of how a soldier trusted friends during the combat. He believes the men beside

him, because they have undergone the basic training together in Toccoa, which

make them bound together on Easy Company. In addition, the novel conveys

Winters’ leadership skill which successfully affect his soldiers to do a great job.

Therefore, it is interesting to describe the character of Winters and his action

during action the World War II.


3

B. Objective of the Study

The objective of the study is to find the meaning of Winters’ actions

during his military service in World War II, as seen in Stephen E. Ambrose’s

Band of Brothers.

C. Problem Formulation

There are two problems in this study that can be formulated as follows:

1. How is Richard Dick Winters described in the novel?

2. What are the meanings of Richard Dick Winters’ actions during his

military service?

D. Benefits of the Study

This study expects that the reader can understand the benefits of literary

work, as seen by another perspective. The research findings can be used as a

consideration in designing the material for literature course. In addition, this study

can improve the knowledge of history. Therefore, this research can serve as a

reference for future researchers who conduct the study in a similar field.

The writer analyzes the meanings and some positives character of Winters,

the character of Band Of Brothers, the writer expects that the study will not only

shares some ideas, but also give some values of life. In this study, the writer also

gives some action meanings of Winters, which can be used for the reader to learn

about leadership, motivation and conflict.


4

E. Definition of Terms

There are some key words that appear in this study. The writer clarifies

and gives some key words that are important to be explained.

1. Leadership

According to Ciulla (2003), leadership is a particular type of relationship,

the hallmarks of which are power and/or influence, obligation and responsibility

(p. xi). In this study, leadership is related to Richard Winters’ character. The

writer defines leadership as Richard Winters’ way in handling his platoon or

battalion during his military action on World War II. His leadership gives an

influence to the rest of Easy Company members, like when he takes the Germany

battery.

2. Military Service

According to Quick (1973), military service is the military establishment

as a whole or a branch of military establishment, such as army, navy or air force.

The meaning of service in this novel is how people put themselves in a great

danger. People are willing to become volunteers for World War II and they give

their lives to join military for service their country. In this study, Richard Winters

serves the military, that is endured his life in Europe for the great danger.

3. Motivation

According to Beck (1978), motivation is the contemporary determinants of

choice (direction), persistence, and vigor of goal-directed behavior. So,

motivation itself has a relation with human behavior. Behavior could happen


5

when a person has a specified goal (p. 24). This goal enables humans to perform a

specific behavior that leads them to achieve their goal.

The meaning of motivation in this study is the factor which encourages

people to do an action of combat. This motivation also encourages people to set a

goal. In the novel, Richard Winters’ motivation is to serve his country, which his

country is being attacked by Germany.

4. Action

According to Quick (1973), an action is a combat in war such as

engagement on both land and water. In this study, the word ‘action’ refers to the

action conducted by Richard Winters during the battle in World War II, for

example the action in the attack to take the German cannon battery, the action to

solve a personal conflict among his men and the action in making a decision for

replace the leader of Easy Company.


6

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The second chapter of this thesis consists of two sections. There are

review of related theories and theoretical framework. The review of related

theories discusses the theories and approach employed in the study. This part

consists of theory of psychological approach, theory of character and

characterization, theory of motivation, theory of leadership and theory of conflict.

The next section discusses the theoretical framework which explains the

contribution of the theories and reviews in solving the problem of the study.

A. Review of Related Theories

This section will discuss some theories that are going to be used to find the

characterization and the meanings of Winters’ action in this study. The writer

employs some experts theories to define several terms related to the study and to

help the writer answer the problem formulation in chapter one. There are multiple

theories that are used in this study, namely psychological approach theory,

character and characterization theory, motivation theory, leadership theory and

conflict theory.

1. Theory of Psychological Approach

The approach that will be used to analyze the meanings of the character’s

action on the novel is critical approach. According to Rohrberger & Wood (1971),

critical approach makes the study has its nature, function and positive values

(p.3). It means that the reader must know how to read and how to judge the novel.


7

In this study, the writer uses psychological approach to discuss the questions

formulated in the problem formulation. According to Jung (as quoted by Baynes,

1948), art is a psychological activity, and, in this case, it actually requires a

psychological consideration (p. 225). Further, psychology has only a modest

contribution to make towards the better and deeper understanding of the

phenomena of the life (p. 242).

Literary works, including novel can also be seen from a psychological

aspect. Psychological novel has a specific purpose. Henkle (1977), “psychological

novel is to enable us to understand the formation of feeling and attitude in the

individual” (p. 32). This study will discuss the surface and the deeper meaning of

the character or the personality of Winters. Hjelle (1981) describes personality as

a process of development from birth to death which integrates and directs the

person’s behavior (p. 156).

Worchel & Shebilske (1989) define the personality as the unique of

behaviors (including thoughts and emotions) and enduring qualities that influence

the way a person adjusts to him or her or her environment (p. 461). Further,

Worchel and Shebilske (1989) describe the Freud’s psychological theory of the

structure of personality as follows:

Freud believes that the individual’s personality is like the scene of neverending battle: On one hand wants to unacceptable drives striving forexpression, on the other hand wants to try to deny or disguise impulses.Freud not only view the personality as the battlefield, but he also identifiedthe participants in this battle: the id, the ego, and the superego (p.471)

Freud (as quoted by Worchel & Shebilske, 1989) states these three

structures of personality. The first structure of personality is the id. The second


8

structure is known as the ego and the last one is known as the superego. These

structure of personality are working together to create human behavior (p. 472).

a. The Id

The id refers to unconscious level of human personality, and it has the

savage quality at the root of humans’ personality. People are born with two

instinctual drives that serve as the basic motivation for all behavior. The first drive

is Eros and the second one is Thanatos.

Eros is the drive for survival. The activities that are included in Eros are

eating and drinking that engages with sexual activity. The energy force that

propels the person to satisfy these drives is called as libido

Thonatos is a destructive drive. The aim of this drive is to destroy others,

but there is also a self-destructive aspect to it. In fact, Freud took the grim position

that “the aim of all life is death”. This self-destructive impulse is seen not only in

suicide, but in the harmful excesses in which so many people engage, such as

smoking. It is the unconscious desire for self-destruction that leads us to drive

smoke cigarettes. The id, like the savages, leads human beings to satisfy these

primitive drives in the most direct and immediate way. It is not concerned with

reality, logic, or manners. It functions on the pleasure principle, which dictates the

immediate satisfaction of drives.

b. The Ego

Each of us may have primitive desires. It is clear that we could not

function long in our social world if we gave free expressions to the savage within

ourselves. The ego works on the reality principle. In other words the ego is the


9

person’s view of physical and social reality. It tries to satisfy the id impulses by

taking into account the possibilities of reward and punishment that exist in a

situation. For example, you are very thirsty and you see a nice cold beer sitting on

the table in a restaurant. Your id impulses would tell you to grab the beer and

drink it. However, the ego would calculate the possible results on this action and

the worst thing that may happen. Therefore, the ego would drive you to order and

pay for the beer.

c. The Superego

We can view the id as an operator of the signal “I want it now.” The ego

answers this demand by saying, “Let’s be realistic and get it in a way that won’t

cause trouble.” These two forces, however must also deal with the superego,

which says, “Think. Is it right to want it?”. The superego represents our

conscience. It includes the moral values of right or wrong that are largely instilled

in us by our parents. The superego makes us feel guilty when we have done the

wrong thing.

Freud (as cited in Hjelle, 1981) divided the superego into two subsystems,

the conscience and ego-ideal. The conscience is acquired through the use of

punishment by the parents. It is concerned about what parents say as “naughty”

behaviour. The ego-ideal is derived from whatever the parents approve and

reward. It leads the individual to set up goals and aspirations and, if it is achieved,

generate a sense of self-esteem and pride (p. 36)

In addition, psychological approach will also be used to define the theory

of motivation, leadership and conflicts. Those three theories will be used to


10

analyze the second problem that is formulated in the previous chapter, how the

character of Richard Winters did the action during his military service.

2. Theory of Character and Characterization

The first problem formulation in this study deals with the description of

the character of Winters. The theory of character and characterization are used as

a tool to find the meanings of Winters. So, the author uses the theory of character

and characterization to analyze it.

Abram (1985) states that character is the person presented in a dramatic or

narrative work, who are interpreted by the readers as being endowed with moral,

disposional and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say (dialogue)

and what they do (the action) (p. 23). Since the author will analyze the action of

the character, this theory can support the analysis. Additionally, Henkle (1977)

divided characters into two; there are major character and secondary character.

Major character, are those people whom we observe most often in the novel,

whose appearances are frequent, and in the level of pre-eminence as major

characters (p. 90) Further in his book, he states that major character in a novel

performs a key structural function, upon them we build expectations and desires

(p. 92).

Characterization is also used to analyze the description of the character.

Henkle (1977), states that characterization is a way to communicate their human

qualities which guide us to an understanding of the human themes of the novel

(p.87). Further, Murphy (1972) states that there are nine ways that author try to

make his character understandable for the readers (pp.161-173)


11

a. Personal Description

The anlysiss of the character in the novel can be generated by seeing his

appearance. As stated by Murphy (1972) the author can describe a person’s

appearance and clothes (p.161).

b. Character as Seen by another

In addition to analyze a character by referring to his or her appearance, a

character can also be seen by referring to other characters’ opinion. The eyes and

opinions of another character can describe the character of the novel (p.162).

c. Speech

The character in the novel can be seen by what the character says,

whenever he has a conversation with another and whenever he gives an

opinion(p.164).

d. Past Life

The reader can learn something about characters’ past life. The past life

can shape a person’s character. It is usually reflected in the comment by the author

and person’s thought (p.166).

e. Conversation of Others

The author can also describe character through the conversation of other

people and the things they say about him (p.167).

f. Reactions

The character can also be described by knowing the character reactions to

various situations and events (p.168).


12

g. Direct Comments

Direct comments of the person can also describe the character in the novel,

Murphy (1972) states that the author can describe or comment on a person’s

character directly (p.170).

h. Thoughts

Besides direct comment, the way of thinking of a person in the novel can

also be used to describe one’s character. The author can give us direct knowledge

of what a person is thinking (p.171).

i. Mannerisms

The last is about the habit of the character, Murphy (1972) states that the

author can describe a person’s mannerism (p.173).

3. Theory of Leadership

Leadership is one of the main parts of the military service, because there is

always a rank between a soldier and an officer. The leadership skill is important to

a leader when lead a company. In this study, leadership is also used to find out the

meaning of the characters action during his military service.

According to Tannebaum, Weschler and Mussarick (1951), leadership is

interpersonal influence, exercised in situation and directed through the

communication process toward the attainment of a specified goal or goals.

Leadership concept focuses on how the leader can achieve a goal. It depends on

the influence and the situational of the process. Furthermore, leadership is not

always thinking about leader itself, but also about the follower. Tannebaum,


13

Weschler and Mussarick (1951) also states that a leader must deal with followers

within a cultural, social, and physical context.

According to their definition of leadership, they define the components of

leadership as follows (pp.25-29):

a. Interpersonal Influence

The leader has an attempt to affect the behaviour of the follower through

communication. Here, the main focus is to affect the follower through behaviour.

b. Exercised in Situation

The leader can engage in a group situation by knowing the characteristics,

interpersonal relationship, goal or needs and cultural context.

c. The Communication Process

The leader concerns only about interpersonal influence which is exercised

through a communication process. In this context, the leader is a communicator

that has a goal to convey the meaning or ideas without distortion.

d. Directed Toward The Attainment of a Specified Goal or Goals

A leader wants to achieve a goal and uses his influence to achieve the

desired goal, but this goal-oriented is too complex. Sometimes the attainment of a

goal can make the satisfaction for both the leader and the follower. There are four

categories of attainment of goal as follows:

1) Organizational Goals

A leader and the follower have the same attainment to achieve a goal.

Further the task of a leader is to give stimulation to achieve the goal.


14

2) Group Goals

This category emphasizes that the follower knows “what the group wants

to do”. The leader is a person who uses his or her influence to facilitate the

follower’s attainment.

3) Personal Goals of the Follower

The leader uses their influence to assist the follower in attaining his own

personal goals. It will create a good atmosphere around the group.

4) Personal Goals Of The Leader

The leader uses their influence primarily to achieve his own needs. It used

to happen unconsciously by the leader.

4. Theory of Motivation

This thesis discusses Winters’ action meaning during World War II. There

is always a motivation beyond the action he takes. There are different motivations

for each soldier to join a war. However, in this case the writer wants to know

Winters’ motivation. To make it clear, the author uses experts’ theory to define

motivation.

According to Beck (1978), motivation is the contemporary determinants of

choice (direction), persistence, and vigor of goal-directed behavior (p. 24). So,

motivation itself has a relation with human behavior. Behavior could emerge

when a person has a specific goal. This goal encourages human to do a specific

behavior that leads them in achieving their goal. Jung (1978) also says that in

general, when we speak of motives we are referring to the causes or reasons that

underlie a given behavior (p. 4).


15

Huffman, Vernoy and Vernoy (2000) states that motivation is related to

factors within an individual (such as needs, desires, and interests) that activate,

maintain and direct behavior toward a goal (p. 392). It means that a goal motivates

someone to do or achieve something. In addition, Huffman (2000) also states that

there are two forms of motivation that affect achievement namely intrinsic

motivation and extrinsic motivation (p.401).

a. Intrinsic Motivation

Intrinsic motivation refers to motivation that comes from the desire to

perform an act for its own sake. It means that someone wants to achieve

something for their pleasure, but he or she does not expect to get a reward.

b. Extrinsic Motivation

Intrinsic motivation refers to motivation that comes from the desire to

perform an act because of external rewards or avoidance of punishment. It means

that someone wants to achieve something because they want or expect a reward.

5. Theory of Conflict

According to Hocker and Wilmot (as quoted by Isenhart and Spangle

2000), “conflict is an expressed struggle between at least two interdependent

parties who perceive incompatible goals, scarce resources and interference from

the other party in achieving their goals” (p. 23).

Miller (1959) as quoted by Beck (1978) believes that there is always

motivation or goals behind the conflict. Regarding to motivation and conflict,

Miller (1959) defines four types of conflicts below (pp. 258-260):


16

a. Approach-Approach Conflict

This type of conflict consists of two positive goals, but an individual can

only choose one of them. For example, an individual has a choice between watch

two good movies at the same time and this conflict can be easily to be resolved.

b. Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

This conflict consists of two uninterested goals and the only way to solve

this conflict is an individual must escape from that situation. If they cannot, it is

difficult to be solved. For example, a child faces two situations, he must do his

homework or wash the dishes.

c. Approach-Avoidance Conflict

This conflict consists of one goal, but it has a positive and a negative

features. An Individual wants to achieve the goal, but then he or she also wants to

escape from it. For example, an individual wants to go to a movie, but he does not

want to spend his money. It will make him be trapped in the difficult situation.

d. Double Approach-Avoidance Conflict

This type of conflict has two goals, but each of it has a positive and a

negative features. For example, an individual wants to buy prestigious mobile

phone that is expensive. He might choose to buy a cheaper mobile phone, but it is

less prestigious.


17

B. Theoretical Framework

In order to answer the problem formulation that is stated in Chapter One,

the writer uses some theories to analyze it. Since the problem formulation is going

to analyze the description of Richard Winters’ character and the meanings of

Richard Winters’ action, the writer uses psychological approach proposed by

Freud (1923), Hjelle (1981), Worchel & Shebilske (1989), Jung (1948), Henkle

(1977), Rohrberger & Woods (1971) to analyze it. For deeper analysis, the writer

uses the theory of character and characterization by Abram (1985), Murphy

(1972) and Henkle (1977) to analyze the description of Richard Winters’

character. Those theories provide suitable definition to analyze the character of

Richard Winters.

The second problem formulation deals with the meanings of Richard

Winters’ action during his military service in World War II. The writer employs

the theories of leadership, motivation and conflict. Those theories use to find the

meanings of Winters’ action.

The leadership theory is dealing with how the character handles and leads

his platoon, even further a whole battalion. The writer employs the theory of

leadership proposed by Tannebaum, Weschler & Mussarick (1961). All of the

leadership components above is used to analyze the character.

The writer uses motivation theory to analyze why Richard Winters had a

motivation to do an action combating during the World War II. In this study, the

writer uses intrinsic motivation to analyze the character. The motivation theory is

important because it gives the explanation about Winters’ reason to join the army


18

and how Winters spent his time in army. This theory is proposed by Beck (1978),

Huffman, Vernoy & Vernoy (2000) and Jung (1978).

The last theory in this study is the theory of conflict that is proposed by

Hocker & Wilmot, Isenhart & Spangle (2000), Beck (1978) and Miller (1959).

This study uses the theory of conflict because there is always a conflict when

Richard Winters does an action combating in the war. It could be a conflict with

him or other persons. In this study, the writer uses the approach-avoidance

conflict theory to analyze the conflict among the characters. The theories above

are appropriate to analyze the meanings of Winters’ action.


19

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

The third chapter consists of four sections. The first section is about the

object of the study. This part deals with the novel of Band of Brothers and the

physical description of the literary work studied. The next section is about

approach of the study. This section is deals with the approach that is used to

analyze this study. The third section is about the method used in this study, it

deals with the procedures of analyzing the work. The last section is about the

context of the novel that includes the discussion of the setting of the novel and the

setting of the writer.

A. Object of the Study

The object of the study is a novel entitled Band of Brothers which was

written by Stephen Edward Ambrose. He was born on January 10, 1936 at Illinois,

USA. He is well-known as an author for military history. He wrote Band of

Brothers in 1992, and then the novel was published by Simon and Schuster

Paperbacks with 333 pages long. It is one of the bestseller books by Stephen. The

setting of the novel was in Europe during the World War II between ally (USA)

and Germany. This novel its readers the Easy Company who did action combat

there. This novel was made by interviewing the member of Easy Company one by

one. It is an interesting book, because the author had to combine the experience of

the soldier become one whole book. This book was also adapted into HBO

miniseries event on 2001. Stephen E. Ambrose wrote more than twenty-five


20

works of history. He was also the founder of the Eisenhower Center and the

recipient of a National Humanities Award in 1999 as well as the Distinguished

Civilan Sevice Medal from the Department of Defense in 2000. He passed away

on October 13, 2002 in Bay St. Louis Mississippi.

In this novel, Stephen describes some major characters. One of them is

Richard Dick Winters, who gave influences to Easy Company. He was one of the

leaders who affected the company. There were also some supporting characters

who could give a description on how Winters led them.

B. Approach of the Study

In analyzing this book, the author uses psychological approach, because it

is suitable to analyze the book based on the problem formulation. Psychological

approach can analyze the theories that have been used, such as theory of

motivation, leadership, conflict, even character and characterization. The theories

above will help the writer explain the description of Winters and the meaning of

Winters’ action, which the main focus of this study.

C. Method of the Study

This study belongs to a library research because the sources and also the

object taken from literary work and written work. There were several methods or

steps to do in this study. The first one was reading Band Of Brothers book. The

writer reads it for several times and focused on Winters’ character, that becomes


21

the main subject of this study. The writer made the notes of Winters, how his

action was, how his way of speaking, his behaviour, reaction and thought.

The second step, the writer found the theories of psychological approach

and theories of literature which were taken from the library or online sources. The

writer chose the suitable theories to analyze this study.

The third step was analysing the Winters’ character by using the theory of

psychological, and the theory of character and characterization. The writer made a

limitation for the character that is related to the meaning later.

The fourth step was analysing the meanings of Winters action. Theory of

motivation was used to analyze why he did a combat and the influence on the

company. Then, theory of leadership presents how Winters did action to lead his

company and the last is theory of conflict that was used to analyze what happened

when he led his company.

The last step was drawing the conclusions of this study and giving

suggestions for future researchers, and for teachers who want to use this book

Band Of Brother, especially for teaching reading class.

D. Context of the Novel

In further analysis of the topic related to the novel entitled Band of

Brothers, the writer makes effort to find the social and political condition on the

setting of the story. Those conditions provide more explanation that may help the

reader understand the story of the novel.


22

1. Setting of the Novel

The story of the novel took place in Europe, when the World War II

happened in 1944-1945. This war was considered as the biggest war ever for

human life and for the world. This war gave a big influence for the development

of people’s life. In this novel, there were four countries that became the main

combat field for Easy Company, which are France, Holland, Belgium and

Germany. It was the war between Ally, United States and Germany.

The end of the World War I triggers some countries to adopt of the idea of

fascism. This idea implanted into some countries, mostly in East Europe, through

occupation. On the other hand, some countries adopt the idea of liberalism. This

difference made some countries got involved into the war. Most of the soldiers of

this war were volunteers, including the soldiers in Easy Company. They believed

that their country was being attacked by enemy, so they wanted to serve their

country.

2. Setting of the Writer

Band of Brothers is a true story which is written by Stephen Edward

Ambrose. He is the America’s foremost historian. He likes conducting original

research of war and telling the inspiring stories of American heroes in print and in

the lecture’s podium. His first biography book, Halleck, was sold fewer than 1000

copies. Because of his success in writing first biography, he was asked to write the

biography of the former President Dwight Eisenhower, who became the supreme

commander for ally at Worlds War II. The opportunity to met Eisenhower

regularly and had a full access to presidential papers. It made him free to write a


23

book of the World War II. The full access attracts his interest to create the book of

World War. He thought that there were many books told about the general or the

high ranking soldier. So, he decided to write a heroic soldier heroes story, which

did combat on the front line for their country.


24

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

This chapter elaborates the answers of the problem formulated in chapter

one. The analysis is divided into two parts. The first part discusses about Richard

Winters’ characteristic. The second part discusses about the meanings of Richard

Dick Winters’ actions during his military service.

A. The Description of Richard Winters’ Characteristic

Character and characterization are some of the important parts of the novel.

Based on the theory of Abram (1985), the character is a person who seen in the

book that is takes action and dialogue. After that, according to Henkle (1977)

theory, the writer inferred in Band of Brothers Richard Dick Winters is the major

character who had an important role, and the readers build and expect him to lead

his men well during the war. Winters become the main character, although the

novel does not mainly focus on him, but in each chapter his roles appeared.

Some theories are used in this study to understand and help the writer in

going deeper analyze the character of Richard Winters. One of the theories

employed is characterization theory to elaborate. As explained in the chapter two

before, Murphy (1972) believes that there are nine ways for showing the

characters of the novel. Richard Winters has many characteristics; namely hard-

working, kind, humble, self-confident, spiritual, wise, caring and decisive. Based

on the book, basically Richard Winters is a good person. The kindness has been

reinforced by the conflict between Winters and his ranking officer. The conflict


25

makes Winters to be more independent and affects Winters to be a good leader

and know better how to solve conflicts.

1. Hard-working

Richard Dick Winters is a hard-working soldier, although he is only a

volunteer for the army in World War II. He has a great his willingness to serve his

country. He joins the army in order to gain the positive experiences on it. So, he

joins the Easy Company during in World War II as a paratrooper. Luckily, Easy

Company is handled by a strict commander, who forces Winters to give his

maximum ability during the basic training. This condition enables Winters get to a

great experiences.

Each man in his own way had gone through what Richard Wintersexperienced: a realization that doing his best was a better way of gettingthrough the army than hanging around with the sad excuses for soldiersthey met in the recruiting depots or basic training. They wanted to maketheir army time positive, learning and maturing and challenging experience(p. 16).

The text above shows that he is hardworking a soldier. He joins the army

without compulsion. During his career in the army, he does his best as he could.

This character is analyzed based on Murphy’s (1972) theory of characterization. It

is derived from the speech (p.164).

2. Kind

One of the interesting points of Winters’ character is his kindness. Kind, in

this context, does not mean that he is a weak person. However, it refers to the way

he handles himself, who at the time has a conflict with his ranking officer. The

conflict between Winters and his company commander, Capt. Sobel, makes the

condition of Easy Company unstable.


26

The N.C.O.s then thought further about what they were doing and decidedto consult with Winters. He was invited to the orderly room, where onarrival Ranney told him what the group had done“Don’t,” said Winters.”Don’t even think about it. This is mutiny” (p. 52).

The dialogue between Winters and Ranney above shows Winters’

kindness. During the conflict, his enlisted men ask Winters why he is transferred

to battalion mess officer. They predict it is because of Capt. Sobel’s decision since

he has conflict with Winters. However, Winters does not think that way. Instead,

he believes that his new position is about mutiny. It is analyzed based on

Murphy’s (1972) theory of characterization. It is derived from the character’s

reactions (p.168).

There is mumbling among the men about the conflict between Capt. Sobel

and Richard Dick Winters. Most of the men in the company believe that Capt.

Sobel is to be one who should be transferred out, not Winters. The men believe

that the main problem is Sobel lack of judgement. He just envies Winters’

leadership, which brings him to get a rapid fit promotion from his higher officer.

Furthermore, there is an expert who also comments on Sobel’s lack of judgement.

He gives a comment that Sobel is Chickenshit.

Paul Fussel wrote, “Chickenshit can be recognized instantly because itnever has anything to do with winning the war.” Winters disagreed. Hebelieved that at least some of what Sobel was doing---if not the way he wasdoing it----was necessary. If Easy ran farther and faster than the othercompanies, if it stayed on the parade ground longer, if its bayonet drillswere punctuated by “The japs are going to get you!” and otherexhortations, why, then, it would be a better company than the others(p. 25).

Again, the fact above shows that Winters is a kind person. He does not

believe that Sobel is not as bad as that. He believes that the leadership of Sobel


27

still gives influence for the whole company, which later on becomes the bond of

the company. It is analyzed based on Murphy’s (1972) theory of characterization.

It is derived from the direct comments (p. 170).

3. Humble

Winters is a humble and a simple person. He does not smoke and drunk. He

is the person who never wants to show himself off. He is a respected officer,

especially among the Easy Company soldiers. The previous conflict with his

commander makes Winters does not want to be another person or pretended to be

a good leader in order to get the fit promotion. The conflict and his basic character

make him becomes a humble soldier.

Winters was none of these, nor was humorous or obstinate. “Nor at anytime did Dick Winters pretend to be God, nor at any time did he act otherthan man!”, according to Rader. He was an officer who got the men toperform because he expected best, and “you liked him so much you justhated to let him down.” He was, and is, all but worshiped by the men of ECompany (p. 23).

The text above shows that Winters is a humble person. He does not want to

be another person and he is always respected by other men in the company all the

time. It is analyzed based on Murphy’s (1972) theory of characterization. It is

derived from the conversation of others (p. 167).

During the combat, there is a moment when Winters leads Easy Company

to take the battery of Germany. The limited numbers of the members from Easy

Company encourage Winters to consider the tactic. The combat is successful and

it is because the solid tactic of Richard Winters, and later on he is called to

Regimental HQ to explain it.


28

A month or so later, Winters was called into regimental HQ. Sink, Strayer,and the staff were sitting in the tent. At the head of a table was S. L. A.Marshall, the Army’s combat historian. The atmosphere around the tablewas “electric,” Winters remembered. “Those West Pointers would have‘killed’ to have the opportunity I had to be sitting in the chair across fromMarshall.”“O.K., Lieutenant,” Marshall said, “tell what you did out there on D-Day.You took that battery of 105s didn’t you?”“yes, sir, that’s right.”“Tell me how you did it.”“Well, sir, I put down a base of fire, we moved in under the base of fire,and we took the first gun. And then we put down another base of fire andwe moved to the second gun and the third gun and the fourth gun.”“No, sir, that’s basically it”. As a junior officer facing all that brass,Winters figured he had better not lay it on too thick. So he made it soundlike a routine training problem (p. 85).

The dialogue between Winters and Marshall above shows that Winters is

really humble. After the combat of taking the battery of German, Winters is called

to Regimental Headquarter to tell what happened during the combat. It can be the

opportunity for Winters to accentuate himself, but he does not do it. He says that

everything that happened during the combat is just like a routine training problem.

It is analyzed based on Murphy’s (1972) theory of characterization. It is derived

from the speech (p.164).

4. Self-confident

As a leader, Winters also has self-confident. His confidence is useful to

give the motivation for the men in the Easy Company. It is conducted by Winters,

because everybody needs motivation to face the first jump as a paratrooper at his

first combat in Europe. Basically, he is also scared to jump from from the plane.

However, his experiences teach him to handle the situation, control him, and to be

confident.


29

“With that done,” Winters wrote in his diary, “we went to work harnessingup. It’s here that a good jumpmaster can do the most for his men. Gettingall that equipment on, tied down, make it comfortable and safe, thenparachute over top, calls for a lot ingenuity and sales talk to satisfy the menthat all’s well” (p. 65).

The text above talks about his diary and shows that what he writes all is

well. He believes that all of the equipment is well-prepared. It means that he is

ready for the jump. It is analyzed based on Murphy’s (1972) theory of

characterization. It is derived from the thoughts (p. 171).

Winters also believes that he and the enlisted men can win the war. He has

the optimism that they can win it. There was a famous quotation from General

Taylor, ranking Officer for the U.S army, that makes Winters is confident to win

the war. This self-confident comes to Winters because he knows well about the

men. He knows the ability, how to lead them and how to solve the conflict among

them.

General Taylor circulated among the men. He told them, “Give me threedays and nights of hard fighting, then you will be relieved.” That soundedgood. Three days and nights, Winters thought to himself I can take that.(p.64).

The text above shows that Winters is motivated by the statement of his

General which make him more confident. He believes that he can take that and

win the war. It is analyzed based on Murphy’s (1972) theory of characterization.

It is derived from the thoughts (p. 171).

5. Spiritual

Richard Winters is a spiritual person, although the book does not directly

state that he goes to church and there is not any statement about religion. There

are some statements showing that Winters is spiritual. When he is in the plane, by


30

the time before his jump in Normandy, he is praying and hoping that he will be

able to pass the war and will not fail through the war.

Winters prayed the whole way over, prayed to live through it, and prayedthat he wouldn’t fail (p. 67).

The text above shows that Winters is a spiritual person. He thinks that by

praying, he could pass the war and does not fail during the war indeed. It is

analyzed based on Murphy’s (1972) theory of characterization. It is derived from

the thoughts (p. 171).

The day after D-day, he hopes that he can go through the war successfully.

Just after the D-day, he wants God to help him during the war and on the D-day

plus one. He prayed to God, in order to pass the war and help him went back to

his country.

Before lying down , Winters later wrote in his diary, “I did not forget to geton my knees and thank God for helping to live through this day and ask forhis help on D plus one” (p. 88).

The text above shows that Winters express his gratitude because of God’s

help during the first day. Further he asks for His help after that day. It is analyzed

based on Murphy’s (1972) theory of characterization. It is derived from the

thoughts (p. 171).

6. Wise

Winters is a respected officer, and a wise person. When there is complain

about Sobel’s leadership in Easy Company, Richard Winters could see the case

from another point of view. He does not want to blame somebody for a certain

mistake. He believes that it must be seen by another point of view.


31

That feeling helped bring the company together. “No doubt about it,”Winters said. “It was feeling everybody shared. Juniors officers, noncoms,enlisted men, we all felt exactly the same way.” But, he added, “It broughtus together. We had to survive Sobel.” (p. 26).

The text above shows that Winters is able to see a problem about the lack

of judgement of Sobel, there is a point that can make Easy Company bound

together. It is analyzed based on Murphy’s (1972) theory of characterization. It is

derived from the direct comments (p. 170).

After Winters is promoted into Battalion regiment, which is higher than the

Company, there are some replacements officers to lead for Easy Company. One

day, there was an attack at Bastogne, Belgium which is led by Dike.

Unfortunately, he could not lead the company well. After the end of the combat,

winters joins a meeting at the regimental HQ.

That evening, Colonel Sink called for a meeting at regimental HQ for allthe principal parties involved in the attack. Sink opened with a question forWinters:”What are you going to do about E Company?”“Relieve Lieutenant Dike and put Lieutenant Speirs in command,” Wintersreplied (p. 212).

The text above shows that Winters is giving the decision to replace the

leader for Easy Company. It is the best and the wisest way to avoid his men the

failure of to win the combat. He does not want his men to go to a great danger

because of the leadership system of the Company leader. It is analyzed based on

Murphy’s (1972) theory of characterization. It is derived from the conversation of

others (p. 167).

7. Caring

The member of Easy Company is close to each other. Officer, enlisted

men, noncoms soldier respected togetherness. Richard Winters is very caring


32

with his men. One moment, there is a person who is wounded in Holland, but he

rejoins up his men in Belgium. Winters thinks that he does not need to rejoin if he

is still wounded.

As Peacock left, Father John Maloney brought Joe Toye back from the aidstation in Bastogne in his jeep. He dropped Toye off by the road. Toyestarted walking across the field toward the front line. Winters saw him, hisarm in a sling, heading back toward the front.“Where are you going?”Winters asked. “You don’t have to go back to theline.“I want to go back with the fellows,” Toye replied, and kept walking (p.200).

The text above shows that Winters is giving attention to his men. Joe Toye

come with his arm in a sling and has conversation with Winters. He tells Joe, that

he does not need to go back to the line, but Joe just acts as if there is nothing

happened because his arm is recovered. It is analyzed based on Murphy’s (1972)

theory of characterization. It is derived from the conversation of others (p. 167).

The war is almost over and Winters is asked by his ranking officer to take a

patrol. He asked the men had a patrol. The patrol succeed to take the prisoner, but

one man is killed. The next day, his officer asks Winters to take another patrol. He

thinks that another patrol does not mean anything with one men killed, it is the

same as suicidal.

Colonel Sink was so delighted with the successful patrol, he orderedanother one for the next night. In the meantime, however, it had snowed,then turned colder. The snow was frozen on top, crunchy, noisy. The coldair had cleared out the sky and the moon was shining. Winters thought apatrol under such circumstances was suicidal, so he decided to disobeyorders.Sink and a couple of staff officers came to 2d Battalion CP to observe.They had a bottle of whiskey with them. Winters said he was going downto the river bank to supervise the patrol. When he got to the outpost, he toldthe men to just stay still. With the whiskey working on him, sink would


33

soon be ready for bed. The patrol could report in the morning that it hadgotten across the river and into German lines but had been unable to get alive prisoner (p. 234).

The text above shows Winters cares about his men. Looking the situation at

the current time, the war is almost over and both, Germany and ally do not do a

frontal attack. It does not worth to take patrol that can probably kill his men. It is

analyzed based on Murphy’s (1972) theory of characterization. It is derived from

the thought (p. 171).

8. Decisive

Winters is a decisive person. He could give a suitable decision for his

Company during the combat. Taking Carentan, there is a moment when Easy

Company stuck in the ditch and the men would not move out to the road. It is a

crucial moment for him. He takes cover from the fire or asks the men to move out

and to counter the attack.

By this time, Winters furious. It had taken all night for regiment to get themen in position. Stop, move out, stop, move out, so many times that themen were worn out. “It shouldn’t have been,” Winters said. “It wasn’t thatdifficult. We had screwed away the night, just getting into the position.”There was no time for a reconnaissance; Easy had no idea what lay ahead.There was no artillery preparation, or air strikes (p. 94).

The text above shows that Winters has to take a good decision for the men

in order to move out and achieve the objective. He was yelling to the men to move

out from the ditch and grab the target. It is analyzed based on Murphy’s (1972)

theory of characterization. It is derived from the reactions (p. 168).

Being the Executive Officer for regimental, Winters cannot directly control

and lead Easy Company during the combat. Attacking Bastogne, Belgium, Easy

Company faces a lot of Germany soldier. This attack is led by dike, but he could


34

not organize his men well. Those problems make Easy Company into difficult

situation.

Winters grabbed an M-1 and started to run across the field, headed for thestationary company and its pinned down 1st platoon. He intended to takecommand, get those men moving. But as he ran down, he thought, Geeze, ican’t do this. I’m running this battalion. I can’t commit myself. He turnedand raced back.“And as I was coming up, there was Speirs standing right in front ofme’Speirs! Take over that company and relieve dike and take that attackon in.’”(p. 209)

The text above shows how Winters take a decision for the company. He can

no longer handle Easy Company and lead them. So, he called Speirs, an officer

from D Company to take the leader position, and replaces Dike. It is analyzed

based on Murphy’s (1972) theory of characterization. It is derived from the

reactions (p. 168).

The findings of the character and characterization above show that Winters

is described as a hard-working, kind, humble, self-confident, spiritual, caring and

decisive person. The writer’s reason only shows positive characters because the

writer wants to show the real description of a real soldier. What the writer means

as a soldier is the soldier who fights the enemy in the front line of the war.

Therefore, in this novel, Winters is not the soldier who becomes ranking officer

who works behind of the desk during the war.

B. The Meaning of Richard Dick Winters’ Actions During His Military

Service

This section discusses the meaning of Richard Dick Winters’ action during

his military service. The meaning of his action is discussed in terms of a surface


35

and a deeper meaning. The surface meaning can be found and analyzed in the text

of the book, by reviewing Winters experiences during his military service. Then,

the deeper meaning can be found after reading the whole text of the book and be

analyzed by using psychological approach and it is not written in the book. The

analysis of the surface and the deeper meaning of Richard Dick Winters action

during his military service were provided in the discussion below.

1. Surface Meaning of Richard Dick Winters’ Actions During His MilitaryService

The most important thing in this study is about Richard Winters action in

the war. The surface meaning is to serve his country in positive time, so he does

action combat seriously, without any sad excuses. Richard Winters is a ranking

officer of Easy Company. On D-day at Normandy, he has to be the commander of

Easy Company since their Commander Lt. Meehan, has been shot on the plane

before he jumped. His first action combat was when he leads the company to take

the four-gun battery of German 105 mm cannon.

Winters is told by the intelligence that there is a German battery cannon

firing Utah beach, a place for Ally infantry landed. Winters and his company are

ordered to take that battery. For the combat, Easy Company only consists of no

more than 15 people. It means that requiring the good leadership of Richard

Winters is needed in order to be able to capture the German cannon.

The 2nd Battalion was less than 100 men strong at that point. LieutenantColonel Strayer had responsibilities in all four directions from Le Grand-Chemin. He was trying to build his battalion up to somewhere near its fullstrength of 600 men, and to defend from counterattacks. He could onlyafford to send one company to attack the German battery. Hester toldWinters to take care of that battery. (p .22)


36

Richard Winters usees the solid tactic to take the German battery. He

places machine guns as covering fire, and then put two teams for the attack from

flanks, left and right. Winters becomes the main assault team with his men. After

getting the first attack, he orders his men as soon as possible to put TNT or

grenade blowing the first gun, as soon as possible and continued for the next guns.

The attack successfully destroyes the German battery, with little

reinforcements from D company; however the main tactic is by Richard Winters.

This action makes Utah beach opened which can be comfortable landed for Ally

infantry. Furthermore, the action raises moral for all of the ally to win the war,

especially for Winters and Easy Company, it really affects them.

He did give a full account of the capture of at battery at Holdy, nearcauseway No. 1, by the 1st Battalion, 506th. Marshall wrote that thebattalion had 195 men lined up to take the battery. Winters commented,“With that many E Co. Men, I could have taken Berlin!”. (p. 86)

From the action combat above, there are some characteristics of Winters

that appeared, such as decisive, self-confidence and hardworking. Decisive

characteristic can be seen from Winters’ action meaning when he could decide

suitable tactic for the combat and be confidence with the rest of the men that he

had. Hardworking characteristics were proved when he could take the battery.

In addition to the action during the combat, there is also a moment when

Winters gives a treatment for his men. Being a company commander makes

Winters should know the recent situation or the moral condition of his men.

Whenever a conflict among the soldier raises, Winters should know how to solve

it.


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At Carentan, France there is a wounded soldier named Private Blithe. As

the commander, he also checks the mental condition of his soldiers. Winters asks

Blithe calmly and he says that he could not see anything. He thinks that

everything is dark, spooky and scary. As a soldier, it is a common feeling that

appears when the war is coming and feels scary for each soldier. However, as a

commander, he has to know it and has to help him to overcome it. Winters then

talks to him and makes him relax. He thinks that what Blithe needs is just

somebody to talk and to make him calm. After the conversation, Blithe can see

everything and better is not scared. Blithe then rejoins up his friends.

Winters circulated among the wounded. One of them was Pvt. AlbertBlithe.“How’re you doing, Blithe? What’s the matter?”“I can’t see, sir. I can’t see”.“Take it easy, relax. You’ve got a ticket out of here, we’ll get you out ofhere in a hurry. You’ll be going back to England. You’ll be O.K. Relax,“Winters said, and started to move on.Blithe began to get up. “Take it easy,” Winters told him. “Stay still.”I can see, I can see, sir! I can see you.Blithe got up and rejoined the company. “Never saw anything like it,”Winters said. “He was that scared he blacked out. Spooky. This kid justcompletely could not see, and all he needed was somebody to talk him fora minute and calm him down. (p. 98)

The action above was not related to gun or ammunition, but it is about the

soldier morality. Winters are caring, wise and kind. He gives his attention to the

wounded soldier, Blithe. He is also wise and kind by saying to the wounded

soldier. Basically, for the wounded soldier is able to go home. In this moment

Blithe decides does not go to home.

Because of his good leadership at the combat, Winters fits the promotion

into battalion regiment. As a result, he can no longer become the commander of


38

Easy Company. Getting the promotion could only show his action behind the

desk. However he still has a chance to control and give advice for E Company. He

has to know who would be suitable to be the next leader for Easy Company.

Further, he has to order and discuss the tactic of this company for combat.

The commander of Belgium Easy company commander Lt. Dike, and

Winters just stays back at the Headquarters. Basically, as the officer in the

battalion, he does not need to deal with the soldier in the field. However, there

was a mumbling among the soldiers that his commander is lack of judgement. He

seldom appears for the soldier and he just stays in his foxhole. Furthermore,

during the combat, as company commander, he asks another soldier to organize

the men and he goes for help or in other word escape from the combat. This

rumour is heard by Winters. However, he could not give a quick solution, because

he needs to analyze the situation and consider his position as a junior officer.

His 1st sergeant wanted to talk. Lipton asked for private conversation.Winters said to meet him in the woods behind battalion CP that night.they met, and Lipton expressed his concern about the companycommander. He described Dike’s action, or lack of them, with damningdetail. He ended by saying, “Lieutenant Dike is going to get a lot of ecompany men killed.”Winters listened intently, asked a few questions, kept his own counsel.(p. 204)

The next action combat is attacking Foy. Easy Company leads the assault

with Lt. Dike who is in charge as the commander. In the middle of the combat,

Dike could not lead and organize the tactic well. It makes Easy stop moving and

being shot from every direction. Knowing the situation, Winters has to make a

quick decision. He asks Speirs, a company commander of Dog company, to take


39

over E Company and relieve Dike. Few days later, he decided to relieve Dike

from Easy Company and put Lt. Speirs to be the commander of Easy Company.

”what are you going to do about Company E?”“Relieve Lieutenant Dike and put Lieutenant Speirs in command,” Wintersreplied. (p. 212)

The most important action from Winters is replacing the leadership for

Easy Company. Lt. Speirs is a good and a suitable person for E Company. Since

then, Winters action only dealt with the order and administration, while in the

field he has Speirs.

Winters’ action in Foy, when he becomes the junior officer, shows the

characteristics of Winters, such as decisive, caring, wise and humble. As an

officer, he is not authoritative. He gives a chance to another ranking officer to take

a decision it. Then, when he knows that the situation in the field does not go well,

he replaces the leader for the company and relieves the previous leader. So, the

meanings of Winters’ action to serve the country in positive time by taking the

German Battery, to solve the conflict among the men and to replace the leader of

Easy Company.

2. Deeper Meaning of Richard Dick Winters’ Actions During his MilitaryService

Richard Winters does action and combat in World War II at Europe. The

novel explains how Winters and his company act for the war. The surface

meanings analyze the action that is written on the book. On the other hand, the

deeper meaning analyze the unwritten meaning of the book.


40

Winters is a paratrooper soldier. Paratrooper is a new military concept for

ally to win the war. Winters has the motivation to join military, especially as a

paratrooper. He wants to help his country, but he does not want to join it as a sad

excuses. He wants his positive time by joining military. So, he decides to be a

paratrooper. It affects him with a good action combat. Further, it enables him to

lead the men, to decide important decision or solve the conflict among the

soldiers.

Winters’ motivation to join military, is to achieve the glory for his country,

especially in positive time. Becoming a paratrooper at Easy Company is a

pleasure for him because he feels this company gives the best for their country.

He does not expect to get a reward although army always gives a promotion

reward for excellent soldiers. However, the promotion is not the main reason for

Winters.

Winters did action combat at Normandy. He and his company are ordered

take German battery, which fires ally in Utah beach. Easy Company, with less

than 15 people has to take the German battery. He knows his men well and could

put the men in the right position. He uses an effective tactic by surrounding the

German soldier and destroying the cannon after taking the first cannon. His attack

is successful. As a result, their friends in Utah beach could land the infantry.

Leadership becomes the main factor for Easy Company destroys the

German battery successfully. Tannebaum states that leadership is going to be

good when somebody has some components, such as interpersonal influence,

exercised in situation, communication process and has specified a goal. In this


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case, Winters has all of the components. As a leader, he can share his positive

influence for his men. Additionally, he knows the situation of the German battery,

has clear communication in his company and has the specified goal. These four

components enable Winters to lead and take the battery successfully.

The true meaning here, Richard Winters did not want to be killed in the

first combat. He has spent few years on the basic training and does not want to

waste it in the first day of the war. He wants only to pass the war without being

killed and later to spend life peacefully.

Miller said that there is always motivation or goals behind the conflict. To

achieve the goal, to win the war and to be back home safely, sometimes Winters

must face a conflict with his soldier. Here, the conflict tends to be a personal. In

addition, Winters should know the conflict and solve the conflict as the company

commander. Private Blithe who is wounded in France has a personal conflict,

which is an approach-avoidance conflict. He wants to win the war, but he feels

that he cannot see anything. Winters know it, and he says that everything is going

to be alright. The simple action from Winters gives a meaningful influence for

Blithe in particular and for all of the Easy Company soldiers in general.

The true meaning of solving the conflict of Blithe is to avoid the

widespread feeling of lack of confidence. He scared that the moral of the rest of

the soldiers would be affected by Private Blithe. After that, as a leader, Richard

Winters will be underestimated by another officer if he could not solve a simple

conflict among the soldiers.


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When Winters fits the promotion to battalion regiment and does not lead

the Easy Company, he find a conflict among the soldiers. The way they look at

the new leader is different from the way they look at him. Furthermore, the new

leader has lack of judgement for the men. The combat at Belgium becomes the

important action for E company. While ranking soldier in E Company tells to

Winters about the conflict, he could not take a good decision. He just listens to

him keenly. However, when taking Foy, E company could not do anything at the

beginning of the combat. Knowing the situation, Winters takes decision and asks

another lieutenant lead the attack. Few days later, Winters decides to replace the

leader in E Company, and the decision to replace the leader become an important

action for him. He can decide the good decision for the Company.

The true meaning here, Richard Winters wants to lead Easy Company

again. He feels that Easy Company was successful, when he leads the company

previously. On the other hand he realizes that the men could be killed because of

the lack of leadership from Easy’s new commander. He wants to lead the attack

and finish the war earlier with his company.

Easy Company had done a lot of major and minor actions in Europe.

Sacrificing himself and being wounded become the part of the war. Sometimes,

the soldiers ask why they are here. This moment happened also to Winters. Battle

at Normandy, Carentan, Holland and Belgium had been experienced by him.

At German, Buchloe, Easy Company find a camp and it is like a place to

produce war goods. However that is a horrible camp, people inside the camp are

wearing striped pyjamas and three –quarters of them starved and there are corpses


43

lie everywhere. Winters, as a battalion officer asks the regiment to describe the

situation and asks for the help. Later, the camp is known as concentration camp

that is used to put Jewish into one place and to control them.

“The memory of starved, dazed men,” Winters wrote, “who dropped theireyes and heads when we looked at them through the chain-link fence, inthe same manner that a beaten, mistreated dog would cringe, leavesfeelings that cannot be described and will never be forgotten. The impactof seeing those people behind that fence left me saying, only to myself,‘Now I know why I am here!’ ”

The text above shows the real and deeper meaning of Winters’ action. In

the beginning of the war, his motivation was to serve his country. However, after

looked the camp, Winters realizes the true meaning of this war. He understands

why he and his men sacrifice the lives, being wounded and being far from their

home.

Winters knows that this war is only to serve his country by joining the

army and spend it in positive time, not in a sad excuse. Further, some actions such

as taking the Germany battery, solving the problem among his men and replacing

the leadership of Easy Company, being wounded in Carentan, killing more than

one hundred SS soldier at Holland, being promoted to battalion, being surrounded

in Foy and finding a concentration camp do not make sense when he saw the

Jewish concentration camp. In his thought, all the actions in Europe evidently for

helping people, especially for people who are treated like animals, even worse

than animals. They are gathered in one place, being killed and having no power to

do anything. The German soldiers treatment for Jewish is known as Holocaust and

is considered as genocide.


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The meaning of Winters’ action is to find a conclusion at the end of the

war. Later, after finding the camp, ally celebrates V.E day or Victory in Europe.

The victory becomes the reason and the conclusion why the entire soldier,

including Winters did an action combat. The victory itself could not be reached

without Winters characteristics. There were some supporting characteristics that

enable him to lead the platoon or company, and even the battalion well. He was

hardworking, self-confidence and decisive soldier when did combat in the field.

He was also wise, humble, kind and caring when he solves the conflict among the

soldier. Beck states that motivation has a relation with behaviour. After Winters

experienced the war and saw many cruel things, he promised he would find an

isolated farm and to spend his life peacefully and quietly.


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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS, SUGGESTIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

The last chapter consists of three parts. The first part is the conclusion of

the study, the second part is the implications of the study and the last one is about

suggestions. The first part shows the major findings of the study. The suggestions

part shows the recommendation for the future researcher.

A. Conclusions

This part discusses the conclusions of the analysis on chapter four. There

are two conclusions based on the problem formulations in chapter one. The first

conclusion is about the characteristics of Richard Winters. Then, the second

conclusion is about the meanings of Richard Dick Winters’ action during his

military service.

First, by using the theory of Henkle (1977), the writer analyzes that

Richard Winters is a major character who has an important role as the key

structural function of the story because the readers build and expect desire upon

him. Further, he frequently appears in the story. He can lead his men well, solve

the conflict during the war and motivate himself in positive time. There are some

characteristics appears from Winters. By using the theory of characterization

proposed by Murphy (1972), it can be found that Richard Winters is: a hard

working, kind, humble, self- confidence, spiritual, wise, caring and decisive

soldier.


46

The second conclusion deals with the meanings of Richard Dick Winters’

action during his military service. There are two meanings in this study, the first

one is surface meaning and the second one is deeper meaning. The surface

meaning can be analyzed from the written part of the book. It is clearly written

that Winters’ action meanings are to take the Germany battery, solve the conflict

among his men and to replace the leader of Easy Company. The deeper meaning

shows that the meaning of Richard Winters’ action are he does not want to be

killed in the first day, he refuses to be underestimated by his men and he wants to

lead Easy Company once more. Furthermore he helps the Jewish people who are

placed in concentration camp and are killed by German soldier. It was known as

Holocaust that is considered as genocide.

B. Suggestions

There are several suggestions the writer propose for future researchers and

for English teachers. This study only focuses on the characteristics of Richard

Winters and the meanings of his action. The writer suggests that future

researchers may analyze the meaning of the people around Winters. It could be

the closest friend of Winters, Nixon, or Sobel, his ex company commander who

does not like Winters’ fit promotion. Moreover, in terms of company, the future

researchers may conduct a research to search for the whole meaning of Easy

Company. The next suggestion is addressed to English teachers. This novel can be

used as a teaching material to teach in the class, especially in reading class. There

are many topics to be discussed from the novel, such as plot, character, or the


47

moral value of the book. Besides, it could improve the knowledge of history and

improve the vocabularies.

C. Implications

Literature is one of the suitable subject to be taught in the class, especially

for university level. There are some kinds of literature such as poem, novel, song,

and play performance. From a novel as a part of literary works, student can learn

the language and the motivation from the novel. Reading and analyzing literary

works could be new strategies for learning, since students are sometimes bored

with general book in the class.

A Novel could improve students’ vocabulary, because novel contains

many kinds of words. Besides, a novel also provides moral values that are useful

for students’ lives life. For example the moral the value of Band of Brothers are

leadership, motivation and the way to handle a conflict. Moreover, Band of

brothers could give historic knowledge for the students. Since a novel always

conveys a meaning, it could improve the students’ creativity and ability to

interpret a novel in various ways based on their knowledge.


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REFERENCES

Abrams, M. H. (1985). A glossary of literary terms (6th ed.). San Diego: HarcourtBrace Jovanovich.

Ambrose, S. E. (2001). Band of brothers. New York: Simon and SchusterPaperbacks.

Beck, R. (1978). Motivation theory and principles. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice Hall.

Ciulla, J. B. (2003). The ethics of leadership. Belmont: Wadsworth.

Henkle, R. B. (1977). Reading the novel: An introduction to techniques ofinterpreting fiction. New York: Harper & Row, Publ.

Hornby, A. (1995). Oxford advanced learners dictionary (5th ed.). New York:Oxford University Press.

Hjelle, L. A., & Ziegler, D. (1981). Personality theories: Basic assumptions,research, and applications (2nd ed.). London: McGraw-Hill InternationalBook.

Huffman, K., Vernoy, M., & Vernoy, J. (2000). Psychology in action. (5th ed.).New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Isenhart, M. W. & Spangle, M. (2000). Collaborative approaches to resolvingconflict. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

Jung, C. G. (1948). Contribution to analytical psychology. London: Routledge &Kegan Paul.

Jung, J. (1978). Understanding human motivation: A cognitive approach. NewYork: Macmillan Publ.

Murphy, M. J. (1972). Understanding unseens: An introduction to English poetryand the English novel for overseas students. London: George Allen &Unwin Ltd.

Quick, J. (1973). Dictionary of weapons and military terms. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Comp.

Rohrberger, M., & Woods, S. H. (1971). Reading and writing about literature.New York: Random House.

Tannebaum, R., Weschler, I. R., & Massarick, F. (1961). Leadership andorganization: A behavioral science approach. New York: McGraw-Hill.


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Worchel, S & Shebilske, W. (1989). Psychology: Principles and applications (3rd

ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.


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Appendix 1

Summary of Band of Brothers

Band of Brothers is a non-fictional historical novel of the U.S Army’s

Easy Company during World War II on Europe. It was an elite 101st Airborne

Division, Easy Company participated in the Normandy D-day invasion and was

the first group of ally who reach Hitler’s Eagle’s Nest.

Easy Company was formed by volunteer soldiers, from different part of

U.S with varying backgrounds and education levels. Most of the men did not have

military experience and never travelled outside of the U.S. the first basic training

for Easy Company began at Toccoa, Georgia. The original commanding officer of

this Company was Capt. Herbert Sobel. He trained the men harder than the other

company, but he was also arrogant and unlikable.

The men of Easy Company began to bond under Sobel’s tyrannical

command. The soldiers looked up to second lieutenant, Richard Dick Winters. He

was humble, fair and likable. Unlike Sobel, Winters demonstrated excellent

leadership potential. Sobel continued to infuriate the men during the training due

to Sobel lack of judgement; even he struggled to read the map correctly.

Eventually, Sobel was replaced as Easy’s Company commander officer after a

group of non-commissioned officers threatened mutiny.

Easy began campaigning the war at Europe into Normandy, known as D-

Day. In France, easy flourished under Winters’ leadership. He led a successful

attack again German battery with only less than 15 men. then, Winters inspired

his men move into Carentan while under enemy machine gunfire and usurp the


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occupying German troops.. due to Winters’ excellence on the battlefield, he was

quickly promoted to captain.

Easy Company continued entering Holland for Operation Market Garden.

The operation was unsuccessful and endured many casualties. Then, the men

continued in Bastogne, surrounded by German soldiers. For twelve days, they

slept in foxholes and suffering in the extreme weather. Eventually, the U.S army

broke through the lines to rescue easy, but the men insisted that no rescue was

necessary. Easy gained elite status in the American public as heroes for the siege

which was heavily promoted to media.

Easy Company continued to fight on the France, then finally entered

German. The war was nearing the end, but easy remained cautiously optimistic.

As the men travelled into Germany, the men encountered scores of surrendering

German troops. The men encountered their first concentration in the foothills of

the Alps. Then, trekked to Berchtesgaden, where Hitler luxurious mountaintop

retreats. As the first Company at Hitler’s Eagle’s Nest, Easy took liberty of

looting Hitler’s old refuge and nearby Nazi homes.

After the war ended, the men lived luxury in Austria. However, the soldier

became bored and frustration with the way the Army handled choosing who

would be discharged. Accidents and altercations occurred due to drunk driving

and public drunkenness, Easy Company was slowly broken up as men were

discharged. Nearly three years after its inception, easy Company was officially

inactivated.

(Adapted from: http://www.bookrags.com/studyguide-band-of-brothers/#gsc.tab=0 accesed on December 15th,, 2014 at 22:51 PM)


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Appendix 2

The Biography of Stephen E. Ambrose

Stephen Edward Ambrose was born on January 10, 1936 in Lovington,

Illinois, where his father was the town doctor. With the outbreak of World War II,

Dr. Ambrose joined the Navy, and the family travelled with him to various

postings in the United States until he went overseas. The patriotic atmosphere of

the war years has remained part of Stephen Ambrose's life and work ever since.

At war's end the family settled in Whitewater, Wisconsin. Stephen entered the

University of Wisconsin as a pre-med student, planning to follow in his father's

footsteps, but his first college-level class in American history permanently

changed his direction in life. He discovered a passion for original research, and

for telling the inspiring stories of American heroes in print and at the lecturer's

podium.

A chance visit to New Orleans during spring break further determined the

course of his life. He "fell in love with that old bag of bones of a city," he says,

and after completing a doctorate in history, he began a30-year teaching career at

the University of New Orleans. His first book Halleck, was published in 1962. It

sold under 1,000 copies in its first printing, but caught the eye of one of

Ambrose's heroes. The 28 year-old professor was amazed to receive a phone call

from former President Dwight Eisenhower, who invited him to write his

authorized biography.


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For five years, Ambrose met regularly with the former President at

Eisenhower's farm in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. He enjoyed the cooperation of

Eisenhower's friends and associates, and full access to his presidential papers. The

two-volume biography that resulted remains the definitive work on the 34th

President, and established Stephen Ambrose as one of America's foremost

historians.

Ambrose briefly interrupted his career at New Orleans to accept an

appointment at the University of Kansas, but the outspoken professor and his new

employers gratefully parted company after Ambrose and his wife were criticized

for heckling President Nixon during his visit to the Kansas campus. Ironically,

one of Ambrose's most ambitious works in later years was a three-volume life of

Nixon, in which the author found much to admire in the administration of a

President he had deeply disliked at the time.

Ambrose's work attained unprecedented heights of popularity with his

masterful account of the Lewis and Clark expedition, Undaunted Courage. This

volume still sat atop the best-seller lists when it was joined by another work from

Ambrose, Citizen Soldiers, the GI's view of World War II in Europe from D-Day

to the surrender of Germany. His book on Lewis and Clark has stimulated

renewed public interest in the history of the Missouri territory. Publication of

Citizen Soldiers accompanied a massive renewal of public interest in the Second

World War and the Americans who fought it; Ambrose served as historical

consultant for Steven Spielberg's film about D-Day, Saving Private


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Ryan. Spielberg and Tom Hanks later produced a television miniseries based on

Ambrose's Band of Brothers.

After retiring from his chair as Boyd Professor of History at the

University of New Orleans, Dr. Ambrose served as the Director Emeritus of the

Eisenhower Center, and the founder and President of the National D-Day Museum

in New Orleans. He was a contributing editor for the Quarterly Journal of

Military History, a member of the board of directors for American Rivers, and a

member of the Lewis and Clark Bicentennial Council Board. Stephen Ambrose

and his wife Moira made their homes in Bay St. Louis, Mississippi and Helena,

Montana. In all, Ambrose wrote more than 30 books including Crazy Horse and

Custer, Nothing Like It in the World, D-Day - June 6, 1944 and Wild Blue: The

Men and Boys Who Flew the B-24's Over Germany.

(Adapted from: http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/amb0bio-1 accessed

on December 15th, 2014 at 23.26 PM)


Documents

THE MEANINGS OF RICHARD DICK W INTERS’ ACTION … fileTHE MEANINGS OF RICHARD DICK W INTERS’ ACTION DURING HIS MILITARY SERVICE AS SEEN IN STEPHEN E. AMBROSE’S BAND OF BROTHERS