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The Mechanism to Settle Administrative Complaints in Vietnam Challenges and Solutions SUMMARY REPORT August 2009

The Mechanism to Settle Administrative Complaints in Vietnam · Vietnam has gained important socio-economic achievements. The country has carried out quite successfully a number of

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Page 1: The Mechanism to Settle Administrative Complaints in Vietnam · Vietnam has gained important socio-economic achievements. The country has carried out quite successfully a number of

The Mechanism to Settle Administrative Complaints in Vietnam

Challenges and Solutions

SUMMARY REPORT

August 2009

Page 2: The Mechanism to Settle Administrative Complaints in Vietnam · Vietnam has gained important socio-economic achievements. The country has carried out quite successfully a number of

The Mechanism to Settle Administrative Complaints in Vietnam

Challenges and Solutions

SUMMARY REPORT

August 2009

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This document provides a summary of key findings of a research project aimed at abetter understanding of the nature of administrative complaints in Vietnam, theexisting structure resolving those complaints, and how such a mechanism can beimproved. The research was carried out by the Policy, Law and DevelopmentInstitute under the guidance of Dr. Hoang Ngoc Giao with funding support from TheAsia Foundation.

The research was carried out by a team of researchers which include:

Hoang Ngoc Giao, Ph. D. (Lead author and editor)Tran Van Son, Ph D.Nguyen Thi Thu Van, Ph.D.Dinh Van Minh, M.ANguyen Van Kim, M.ANguyen Thi Hanh, M.A.

The summary report includes the following sections:

1. Background of the mechanism for settlement of the administrative complaints:Objectives and scope of the research;

2. Vietnamese laws on administrative complaints settlement;3. Citizens’ right to complaint;4. Present institutions for settlement of the administrative complaints in Vietnam;5. Conclusions and recommendations

Finally, it should be noted that the report is the result of the research team’sindependent research and does not reflect the view of The Asia Foundation, thePolicy, Law and Development Institute, or any other related organizations. Theresearch team welcomes all feedbacks and comments.

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1. Background of the mechanism for settlement of the administrativecomplaints: Objectives and scope of the researh

After more than 20 years of implementation of the !"i m#i (renovation) policy,Vietnam has gained important socio-economic achievements. The country has carriedout quite successfully a number of reforms in the economic sector; and other socialreforms have contributed to substantial hunger and poverty alleviation.

Since the beginning of the current decade, in addition to socio-economic reform, theState of Vietnam has also initiated institutional reform in the administrative, legal andjudicial arenas. The comprehensive Public Administration Reform Master Progamme2000 – 2010 was appoved covering four fundamental areas and 7 action plans. One ofthe key areas of the public administration reform programme is to improve institutionsrelated to the organization and operation of the public administrative system,including those which “regulate the relationship between the State and its citizens.”The mechanism for the settlement of citizens’ complaints is one of the essentialinstitutions in the relationship between the state and society. The improvement of thismechanism will contribute to enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of publicadministrative practices, and simultaneously promoting the implementation ofcitizens’ civil and political rights.

Citizen’s right to complain about the state’s administrative practices is recognized andprotected by law. The 1992 Constitution of Vietnam (amended and supplemented in2001) reads: “Citizens have the right to lodge with any competent State authority acomplaint or denunciation regarding transgressions of the law by any State body,economic or social organization, people’s armed forces unit or any individual.”(Paragraph 1, Article 74)

Although the legal framework on resolving complaints has been amended manytimes, the actual settlement of complaints by state administrative organs has exposedmore and more difficulties and shortcomings. At the same time, there has been anincreasing number of citizens’ complaint letters on decisions and actions of stateorgans at all levels and in all fields of life (land, environment, health, transportation,construction, business, import-export transactions, etc.). The nature of the complaintsis getting more and more complicated and diversified, calling for an urgent need toeffectively and quickly settle citizens’ complaints.

According to the figures provided by responsible agencies, in 1999government authorities at all levels have received 280,000 visits fromcitizens to lodge their complaints or denunciations; 230,000 such visitsin 2000; 280,000 such visits in 2001, with the actual number ofpetitions lodged around 180,000 to 190,000 cases each year.1

The number of complaints and denunciations going directly to thecentral level without going through the lower levels is a growing trend,with 41,750 cases of citizens and 939 cases of groups doing so. In2006 alone, there were 554 groups of citizens, an increase of 31% over

1 The mechanism for supervision, audit and inspection in Vietnam, Hanoi: Judicial Publishing House,2004, p. 128.

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2005; in the nine months of 2007, there were 385 groups of citizensfrom 52 provinces/ centrally-managed cities.Nature of complaints: mainly relates to land management (accountedfor approximately 80% of all administrative complaints) focusing onissues like: asking for compensation at market prices when the Stateappropriates land from citizens; asking for land previously given overto production collective, state’s agroforestry enterprises, or donated tothe State’s use for social welfare purposes; complaints of thesettlement of land disputes by religious or social organizations, etc.Apart from those, there were complaints about getting back houses/properties from which the owners were absent, or houses/propertiesbelonging to the re-educated groups previously under the State’smanagement; complaints about the implementation of the socialpolicies (applied to war invalids, dead soldiers, people who havecontributed to the revolution, retired people…); complaints about theenvironment, about officials’ disciplines happening in manylocalities.2

The Vietnam Communist Party and the State of Vietnam are greatly concerned aboutthe increasing number of citizens’ complaints about the administrative activities of thestate’s organs. In 2002, The Central Secretariat of the Communist Party of Vietnam(Session IX) issued Directive 09-CT/TW on some urgent matters that need carryingout in resolving complaints. In 2007, the Government started to draft the new Law onComplaints. In 2008, The XIIth National Assembly conducted an assessment of thesettlement of citizens' complaints. In October 2008, The Standing Committee of theNational Assembly discussed and rendered their ideas on the National Assembly'sassessment report of the complaint settlement.

Most scholars and officials have offered two main reasons to account for the increasein citizens’ complaints about the administrative activities of the state's organs. First,the legal system of Vietnam is still inadequate in many regards, overlapping, andcontradictory in content. Some laws were issued by the organ without power over thematter; and there is a lack of compatibility and consistency between sub laws,administrative documents, laws, and the Constitution. As such, the implementation oflaws produces many contradictions, damaging the rights and interests of citizens, andtherefore, generating complaints. Secondly, the current mechanism to resolvecomplaints is still inadequate. Not only is it not an effective tool in assisting stateadministrative organs to settle citizens’ complaints, but the mechanism itself hasbecome a factor stimulating the increase of complaints and making those complaintseven more complicated and long lasting.

Citizens are hard pressed to find administrative justice, while state organs areoverloaded with the demanding task of settling the growing number of complaintsfrom citizens. Institutionally, what need be done to improve the situation?

In such a context, with support from The Asia Foundation and in line with theobjectives of the Research Institute for Policy, Law and Development (PLD), the

2 “Summary report on the result of settlement of complaints and denunciations from the year 2006 upto now, and the solutions in the new circumstance,” presented at the Summary Conference ofInspection Work in 2007 and the Deployment of the Task in 2008, Hanoi, 11 January 2008.

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research on current mechanism for resolving administrative complaints in Vietnamwas carried out between 1 December 2006 and 30 September 2008. The objective ofthe research is to assess the actual situation and the effectiveness of the mechanismfor settling citizens’ complaints about decisions and actions of state administrativebodies that may have directly affected and/or damaged the rights and interests ofcitizens and enterprises. Based on the research findings, practical and informedrecommendations can be made to help renovate and enhance the effectiveness of thepresent mechanism and methods for resolving complaints, as well as to improve thelaw on administrative complaints. This will support Vietnam’s ongoing internationalintegration and reform process leading to the achievement of the goal “prosperouspeople, strong nation, and just, democratic and civilized society.”

To carry out the research, PLD formed a specialized research group consisting oflegal researchers, experts in state administrative bodies, individuals having practicalexperiences in resolving administrative complaints, and policy makers fromcompetent government agencies.

The research was conducted by different means such as questionnaires, in-depthinterviews with target groups related to different stages of the complaint settlementprocedure, and seminars with the participation of researchers and practitionersdirectly dealing with complaints. The research project attracted strong interest of andfeedback from legal experts from various line-ministries, as well as from local stateagencies.

The research group studied and assessed the present legal framework on complaintsettlement and also researched specific topics related to each stage of the complaintsettlement procedure. Together with the desk research, various seminars andworkshops were organized, namely the seminar “Discussion on the Mechanisms forthe Settlement of Administrative Complaints” on 29 December 2006; the workshopon “Issues Related to the Mechanism for the Settlement of AdministrativeComplaints” on 8 September 2007; and the workshop on “The Mechanism to SettleAdministrative Complaints with the Improvement of the Law on Complaints” on 30September 2008.

One of the important activities within the framework of this project was fact finding.Each expert in charge of a topic in the research group was responsible for identifyingthe assessment need, developing the questionnaire, and establishing the in-depthinterview structure. The PLD research group defined the following target groups to besurveyed: a) those who are empowered to meet with citizens and settle administrativecomplaints; b) those who are empowered to supervise the settlement of administrativecomplaints; c) the complainants (citizens, entrepreneurs).

Members of the PLD research group conducted surveys in 6 cities and provinces in allthree regions of the country, namely Hanoi, Thai Binh, Khanh Hoa, Da Nang, Ho ChiMinh City, and Dong Thap. The PLD research group surveyed and met with: 24organs empowered to meet with citizens and deal with complaints; 12 bodiesempowered to supervise the settlement of administrative complaints; 9 economicorganizations (the Vietnam’s Chamber of Commerce and Industry (VCCI),representatives of VCCI in Danang, and 7 enterprises); and met with a number ofcomplainants. Specifically, in each surveyed locality, the research group met with

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bodies and organizations such as: Office to Receive Citizens of the ProvincialPeople’s Committee; Inspectorate of the province; Department of Planning andInvestment, Department of Civil Construction; Department of Natural Resources andEnvironment, the Fatherland Front, etc.

During direct surveys at the localities, members of the PLD research group focused onissues such as: the situation of administrative complaints; cases of complaints withgroups of complainants involved; complicated complaints; long-lasting complaints;reasons for administrative complaints; ways in which citizens are being received bystate agencies; the task of receiving and dealing with administrative complaints; thetask of reviewing and verifying complaint content; the execution of enforceabledecisions in settling administrative complaints; shortcomings in the present Law onComplaints and Denunciations and the settlement of complaints; recommendations bysurveyed bodies and organizations on what and how to renovate the mechanism forthe settlement of administrative complaints, etc.

2. Vietnamese law on the settlement of administrative complaints

First, it is notable that up to now, citizen complaints are placed in the same legalframework as citizen denunciation in Vietnam. The 1992 Constitution of Vietnam(amended in 2001), as well as other related laws, often provide regulations over theright to complain and the right to denounce in the same normative legal documents.The combination of the two actions of complaining and denouncing in the same legalframework has created confusion and difficulties in providing relevant legalprocedures to deal with each action.

Article 2, Law on Complaints and Denunciations dated 2 December 2008 regulatesthe actions of "complaint" and "denunciation" as follows:

“To complain” means that citizens, agencies, organizations or publicemployees, according to the procedures prescribed by this law,propose competent agencies, organizations and/or individuals toreview administrative decisions, administrative acts or disciplinarydecisions against public employees when having grounds to believethat such decisions or acts contravene laws and infringe upon theirlegitimate rights and interests.

“To denounce” means that citizens, according to the proceduresprescribed by this law, report to competent agencies, organizationsand/or individuals on illegal acts of any agencies, organizations and/orindividuals, which cause damage or threaten to cause damage to theinterests of the State and/or the legitimate rights and interests ofcitizens, agencies and/or organizations.

Although there are some points of intersection between complaints and denunciations,the motives and nature of the two actions are different. Recently, the NationalAssembly has begun to develop two separate laws: the Law on Complaints and theSettlement of Complaints and the Law on Denunciations and the Settlement ofDenunciations.

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The mechanism to settle administrative complaints currently operates under theprovisions of the following legal documents: the 1998 Law on Complaints andDenunciations; the 2004 and 2005 Laws on Amending and Supplementing SomeArticles of the Law on Complaints and Denunciations; and ResolutionNo.136/2006/ND-CP dated November 14th 2006 of the Government providingguidance on the implementation of those laws on complaints and denunciations.

The laws provide procedures to settle a complaint as follows: 1) Arisingadministrative dispute - first-time complaint; 2) First-time settlement of theadministrative dispute; 3) Second-time settlement of the administrative dispute; 4)Initiate law suit in the Administrative Tribunal/Court.

In the present structure to settle administrative complaints, the Law on Complaintsand Denunciations is considered to be the “general law,” the common legalframework which serves as the foundation for the complaint settlement mechanism.Meanwhile, in every part of life which the State exerts its power of publicadministration, there are issues and disputes arising daily between citizens and publicagencies and officials as the latter carry out their duties. As such, laws in specificsectors also have the function to deal with administrative disputes or complaints intheir relevant areas. For instance, the 2003 Land Law, the 2005 Intellectual PropertyLaw, the 2008 Law on the Enforcement of Civil Judgments, the 2005 EnvironmentProtection Law, the 2004 Bankruptcy Law, and the 2006 Securities Law all haveprovisions on the settlement of specific complaints arising in their respective sectors.Formally, the overall legal framework that shapes the mechanism to deal withadministrative complaints seems to be scientific and unified. In practice, however, thepresent legal system on complaint settlement still has many contradictions, overlaps,and redundancies.

The lack of consistency and compatibility between the provisions on administrativecomplaint settlement in the general law and the sectoral laws is one of manydifficulties constraining the resolution of administrative disputes. For example, someprovisions of the Law on Complaints and Denunciations, the Land Law, and theOrdinance on the Procedure for the Settlement of Administrative Cases areinconsistent with one another, making it difficult to guide and explain to citizens orleading to the situation of avoidance, or passing the responsibility of resolvingcomplaints to others.

Based on the Law on Complaints and Denunciations as well as other sectoral lawsmentioned above, the jurisdiction to resolve administrative complaints is defined inaccordance with the organizing and operating principles of Vietnam’s administrativesystem, namely administrative management based on both line ministries andterritorial division. This principle of dual subordination is referred to in Vietnameseas song trùng tr$c thu%c. In accordance with the territoriality principle, anadministrative complaint has to first be addressed at the point where the government(communal, district, provincial levels) issued the administrative decision orcommitted the administrative action being questioned. In the cases where thejurisdiction has not been assigned to local governments, citizens may submitadministrative complaints to relevant agencies in specific sectors such as finance, tax,land, construction, or planning and investment. Ministers or heads of sectors have the

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final decisions in those cases3. The question to be considered: whether theadministrative structure based on dual subordination, together with unclear division ofresponsibility between local and central administrative authorities, and between localauthorities and ministries, is an institutional reason for the shortcomings in the currentmechanism for the settlement of administrative complaints in our country?

3. Citizens’ right to complaint

In the 1959 Constitution, the 1980 Constitution, as well as the 1992 Constitution,citizens’ right to complaint is prescribed as a constitutional right. However, for manyyears, it has not been easy for citizens to exercise this right.

People have no right to complain about normative documents issued by the state'sorgans.

There are many documents issued by the state's bodies at different levels, from centralto local, that directly impact people’s rights and interests. Many normative documentsissued by local governments are against the law and the Constitution,4 but theybecame the basis for specific administrative decisions which set off complaints fromcitizens whose rights and interests are negatively affected. However, according to theLaw on Complaints and Denunciations, the complainant may only complain about anadministrative decision or action but not a normative document of the state's body.5

This can be considered as the biggest limitation to the right to complain of citizens.

In fact, in the Vietnamese legal system there is no mechanisms to evaluate thelegitimacy of normative legal documents, aside from a very general principleprovided in the Law on the Promulgation of Legal Normative Documents released in1996 (amended, supplemented in 2002) which states: “normative legal documentsissued by the lower authority shall be compliant with those issued by the higherauthority.” (Article 2)

The current mechanism to check, supervise, and evaluate the legitimate andconstitutional nature of legal normative documents mainly relies on this principle: theissuing authority shall be responsible for checking and reviewing the legitimacy of itsown documents. According to the Law on Promulgation of Legal NormativeDocuments in 2008,

3 See Nguyen Van Liem, “Practical matters in settlement of administrative complaints in Vietnam,” inConference Proceedings: Vietnam - United States of America Bilateral Trade Agreement and theMechanism for the Settlement of Administrative Complaints in Vietnam, Hanoi: Judicial PublishingHouse, 2004, page. 30.4 According to Mr. Le Hong Son, the Director General of the Department of Normative LegalDocuments Review of Ministry of Justice, “Any time that a provincial-level organ, no matter whether itis the people’s council or the people’s committee, issued a document regulating actions and levels offine, it is against the law. The majority of documents (against laws) are issued by people's committeesof city or province, some issued by the people's councils, few by departments.” (13/01/2006,http:www.hanoi.com.vn/vn/10/72779/)5 Even the court is not empowered to review normative administrative documents! The AdministrativeCourt has jurisdiction to review “individualized administrative decision which directly affected therights and interests of citizens, creating disputes between citizen and state, and that must be the firstdecision.” (Articles 2, 4 and 12 of the 1996 Ordinance on the Procedure for the Settlement ofAdministrative Cases (amended, supplemented in 1998, 2006)

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! The Standing Committee of the National Assembly has the power to interpret lawsand ordinances (Article 85);

! The National Assembly, the Standing Committee of the National Assembly, theCouncil for Ethnic Affairs, and National Assembly Committees shall, inaccordance with the provisions in the Law on Supervision Function of theNational Assembly, supervise and take action against normative legal documentsthat may be against the law (Article 89);

! The Government shall have the power to review and take action normative legaldocuments that are against the law issued by ministries and ministerial-levelagencies;

! The Prime Minister shall review and decide to abrogate or suspend theimplementation of a part or whole legal normative document issued by Ministersor Heads of ministerial-level agencies that are against the Constitution, laws andnormative legal documents promulgated by higher authorities;

! The Ministry of Justice executes its state management function in reviewingnormative legal documents, assisting the Prime Minister in reviewing and takingaction against normative legal documents that are against the law (Article 90);

! Ministers and heads of ministerial-level agencies have the power to examine andtake action against their own normative legal documents that are against the lawand those issued by other ministries and ministerial-level agencies on issues undertheir management. (Article 91).6

It should be noted, however, that the present structure outlined above for reviewinglegal documents has not brought about expected results. In the mechanism forassessing the legitimate and constitutional nature of legal normative documents, thereis no provision allowing for citizen the right to ask for a review or an assessment ofthe legality of normative legal documents. Simultaneously, in this structure, the Court,as a professional adjudication body with deep expertise, is not assigned the power tointerpret, review, and evaluate the legitimate and constitutional nature of normativelegal documents. It is highly recommended for us to study the practices andexperiences of many countries in empowering the courts to construe, review, andprovide decisions on the legitimate and constitutional natures of legal normativedocuments.

It is difficult for citizens to exercise their right to complain about actions ofadministrative officials.

The current reality is that for executive agencies tasked with resolving administrativecomplaints, addressing such administrative actions as inaction, passing on or avoidingresponsibility is still a very foreign matter. This issue has not been sufficiently andclearly addressed in the Law on Complaints and Denunciations as well as other legaldocuments guiding the implementation of this Law. This is one of the main reasonswhy it is virtually impossible for citizens to complain about state officials’administrative actions, rendering moot their right to complain.

Complainant must complain to “the right agency with the power to settle the case”.

6 See the 2008 Law on the Issuance of Normative Legal Documents, Article 85, 89, 90.

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The first obligation of complainants as legally determined is to submit complaints tothe right authority with the power to settle the case. Formally speaking, this provisionseems reasonable, so that citizens can submit complaints to the right body withsettlement authorization, making the process less time consuming.

It is, however, not easy at all to fulfill this obligation given the reality of statemanagement practice in Vietnam. The constant changes of functions, mandates, andpower of state management organs (typically merging and splitting administrativebodies based on territory and management organs based on sectors and fields) haveled to extreme difficulty in determining the authority of state agencies in receivingand resolving complaints.

Vietnam’s state administrative organs, whether defined by sector or by territory, oftenhave overlapping functions and mandates. Institutions related to inspectionmanagement in state administrative organs and local governments are not clearlydefined and separated, making it very confusing for citizens to be able to identify theappropriate agency with the power to resolve their complaints.

Can citizens find justice at the agency which issued the administrative decisionagainst their interest in the first place?

The law provides that complainants should first raise their complaint to the bodywhich issued the problematic administrative decision or committed the complainedadministrative actions since this is considered to be the “first-level complaintsettlement.”

In reality, almost no dispute has been resolved at the “first-level complaintsettlement.” Officials and state organs that have committed the questionable actions orissued the problematic decisions seldom recognize and correct their mistakes.Complainants cannot count the sense of justice and objectivity of officials andagencies which have previously issued the unfavorable decisions toward them.Almost all decisions by the “first-level complaint settlement” are not accepted bycomplainants. Citizens then have to seek justice from higher administrative levels.

The provision that “the first-level complaint settlement is the level being complainedagainst” can be explained as a way to create the opportunity for the parties inadministrative disputes to review the ground for issuance of administrative decisionsand the motivations of administrative actions. However, in all cases seeking justice,including administrative justice, the supreme operational principle of justiceinstitutions is to be objective and independent. As such, in order to ensureadministrative justice, the state organ assigned to resolve citizens’ complaints shouldbe an institution independent from those exercising administrative power. Legalexperts have asserted that adjudicative administration must be independent frommanagement administration.

Do citizens or the state bear the burden of proof in administrative complaint cases?

The law on complaints does not provide clearly who should take the burden of proofin complaints cases. Is it the responsibility of the complainants or officials or stateorgans?

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The reality is that complainants always have to search, collect facts and figures anddocuments to establish grounds for their complaints. Meanwhile, the complaintsettlement bodies generally do not seem to pay much attention to requesting the stateorgans which issued the problematic administrative decisions to explain and clarifytheir rationale and the basis for their decisions.

In the current context of Vietnam’s administrative and legal institutional structure,complainants encounter many difficulties. More specifically, a) Vietnamese citizens’understanding of the law and the state administrative system in general is still limited;there is attention paid to legal aid for citizens but it is still too limited in comparisonwith demand; b) the closed nature of the administrative system makes it difficult forcitizens to look for information and evidence as the basis for their requests; c) manypolicies and laws are not consistent and not unified; a significant number of sub lawswere issued at different levels to implement laws, of which many are actually illegalin terms of content, procedure, or proper authorization. Given these shortcomings andchallenges, the requirement that citizens must prove the legal basis for theircomplaints is very difficult for citizens.

The meaning of administrative complaint settlement (including administrativepetitions in court) is to review and assess the legitimacy of the administrativedecisions being questioned. It is hard for normal citizens when lodging complaints toknow all the legal, policy, and administrative procedural basis of the administrativedecisions which they considered unfavorable toward them. Citizens usually practicetheir right to complaint when facing losses of rights and interests that affected theirlives. Therefore, it is necessary to clearly provide the obligation for officials or stateorgans to prove and explain the rationale and the legal basis for their administrativeactions and decisions.7 Such a provision would make Vietnam’s public administrativesystem truly a state administrative system for the people.

What is the role of lawyers in administrative complaints settlement?

The provision on lawyers’ participation is a breakthrough in the complaints settlementmechanism, and noted in the 2005 Law Amending and Supplementing Some Articlesof the Law on Complaints Denunciations. Lawyers’ participation, however, is limitedto giving advice and support in the complaint settlement process. Lawyers are notauthorized to speak on their clients’ behalf and cannot interact directly with stateauthorities and agencies.8 Citizens are on their own in putting together their cases andsubmitting the administrative petitions. In some cases, citizens can only authorizetheir relatives or representatives specifically provided by the law to complain on theirbehalf. The Law on Complaints and Denunciations does not state that: citizens mayauthorize the lawyer to make complaint.9

7 For the Chinese experience, see Ming Gao, “The Judge of the People's Supreme Court of China,” inAdministrative Procedure in China, Etude et Document francaise numero 42, 1990.8 Meanwhile, paragraph 2 Article 6 of the 1996 Ordinance on the Procedure for the Settlement ofAdministrative Cases (amended and supplemented in 1998, 2006), provides that: "The party mayauthorize in written form the lawyer or another to represent him/her to participate in the procedure. Theparty may by himself/herself or asking lawyer or another to protect his/her legitimate rights andinterests."9 1998 Law on Complaints and Denunciations (amended, supplemented in 2004, 2005). Article 1,Resolution 136/2006/ND-CP.

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Exercising such a modest role (as consultants or assistants) in the process of resolvingcomplaints, lawyers are not facilitated with necessary favorable legal workingconditions. The 1998 Law on Complaints and Denunciations (amended andsupplemented in 2004, 2005), as well as the Decree 136/2006/ND-CP dated 14th

November 2006 of the Government which provide more information and guide theimplementation of some articles of the Law, are actually too detailed in prescribingwhat lawyers may do along with a broad warning of what they are not allowed to do.

Complying with Article 3 of Decree 136/2006/ND-CP means that lawyers arechallenged by administrative procedures in supporting their clients to pursueadministrative complaint cases.10 At the same time, lawyers are also impactedpolitically and psychologically since they can easily find themselves in situations thatwould be considered in violation of the law, if they are deemed to “incite, force, bribe,and/or entice complainants to complain about untruthful incidents or abuse the right tocomplain to distort, slander, and/or violate public order, creating damages to theinterests of organs, organizations and individuals.” Such qualitative “warnings” caneasily be interpreted arbitrarily and as such, may make lawyers feel reluctant toreceive administrative complaint cases. This provision also discourages even legal aidorganizations.

Since the Law on Complaints and Denunciations was amended and supplemented in2005 up to now with lawyers being allowed to participate in the process ofadministrative complaint settlement, the number of cases with lawyers’ participationas consultants remains very small in comparison with the total number of complaints.

On August 22nd 2008, the Standing Committee of the NationalAssembly listened to the inspection report and discussed theimplementation results of the Law on Complaints and Denunciations.According to statistics in the report, out of nearly 41000 complaintscases, lawyers participate in only 158 cases, mainly through providingconsultation service or assisting complainants to write complaintletters.11

Can more than one person be complainants in a complaint (collective complaint)?

10 Clause 2, Clause 3 of resolution 136/2006/NDD-CP provide that:2. When assisting the complainant, lawyers bear the obligation to act precisely as thecontent of the request for help made by the complainant in accordance with law;lawyers must not incite, force, buy off, seduce the complainant to complaint againstthe truth or abuse the right to complain to distort, slander, violate the public orderdamaging the interest of organs, organizations, individuals.3. When participating in the complaint settlement procedure to support thecomplainant on law, a lawyer must submit the following documents:a) Lawyer card;b) Paper asking for assistance on law of the complainant; andc) The introduction paper of the professional organization of lawyers for the lawyerwho practices in that organization or the introduction paper of the bar association ofwhich the lawyer is a member in the situation that he practices as an individual.

11 Le Kien, in Ho Chi Minh City Law Newspaper, 22-8-2008 - http://www.phapluatttp.vn/news/chinh-tri/

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As provided by the Law on Complaints and Denunciations, citizens can only exercisehis/her right to complain directly. In cases where more than one person share the sameground for their complaints (for example, they all were moved from their home tomake way for an industrial park, or suffered from environmental pollution from thesame source, etc.), each complainant must write a separate complaint letter.12 As such,the law does not recognize collective complaints while ensuring the individual right tocomplain.

In reality, however, complaints involved more than one person continue to occur,causing confusion among relevant state agencies when addressing complaints with thesame content and demands. As such, specific provisions on procedures should besupplemented to guarantee the right to collective complaint, of communitiesnegatively impacted by administration acts and decisions by government authorities.Only then can state organs have the basis to settle complaints involved multiplecomplainants, ensuring citizens’ right to collective complaint and simultaneouslyreducing its negative effects.

4. The current institutions for administrative complaint settlement in Vietnam.

It is extremely difficult to assess all the participants in the process of administrativecomplaint settlement in Vietnam given the particular nature of the Vietnamese stateapparatus, the unclear division of power and functions among state administrativeagencies, limited transparency and public participation in the making andimplementation of policies, and the disorderly influence of informal institutions uponthe legal and administrative adjudication system.

This research only examines the administrative complaint settlement mechanismwithin the jurisdiction and responsibilities of the state administrative organs, meaningthe executive agencies (including the role and responsibilities of state inspectorateorganizations), but not those of the courts. In addition, the research does not accountfor the important roles of the Communist Party, the Fatherland Front, elective organs,etc.

In other words, the mechanism to resolve administrative complaints can beunderstood as a way to organize and operate the state apparatus (and more broadly,the whole political system) in receiving and resolving administrative complaints inorder to ensure the right to complain of citizens and organizations.

A procedural map for administrative complaints

12 Article 5, Resolution 136/2006/ND-CP provides that: " State organs when receiving complaint shallact as follows: 1.... in the case that the complaint letter is signed by many people, then the organ isresponsible for guiding the complainants to write separate complaint letter in order to complain."

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Whose responsibility to settle administrative complaints? Is it heads of stateadministrative organs, or heads of sector inspectorate at all levels?

Up to now, the shortcomings and difficulties related to the relationship between theheads of administrative organs and the heads of inspectorate in different sectors atdifferent levels in settling administrative complaints have not been resolved. Theinspectorate bodies are in charge of the issue, yet they only play the role as“assistants” to the heads of state administrative organs. Meanwhile, the heads of stateadministrative organs are empowered to render decisions to settle complaints but arenot the direct agents in the process of reviewing, inspecting and concluding cases.

Institutionally, the difficulties and shortcomings in the relationship between the headsof administrative organs and the heads of inspectorate in different sectors at differentlevels can be viewed as a critical factor in the mechanism for settlement ofadministrative complaints. This matter could only be resolved when the mechanismfor administrative complaints settlement is fundamentally reformed.

Shortcomings and challenges arise from the competence and responsibility ofagents in the administrative complaints settlement procedure.

The responsibility to investigate and verify is an important but controversial issue;how it is practiced in reality is different from place to place. The law providesrelatively clearly responsibility and power of inspectorate agencies, but increasinglythis responsibility is no longer exclusive to inspectorate agencies. In reality, in manycases the heads of state administrative organs have assigned the responsibility toinvestigate and verify to other professional bodies.

Inspectorate

Technical organ

Head of stateadministrative

organ

Head of stateadministrative organ

at upper level

Sector's inspectorate

Complainant Sector's inspectorate

Inspectorate

Technical organ

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In terms of effectiveness, there are still concerns about the division of responsibility ininvestigation and verification. If the responsibility is assigned to the inspectoratebody, does this body possess necessary understanding of the matter that they need toinvestigate and verify? At the same time, if it is assigned to the technical agency,would the agency have enough investigation skills to carry out the task? Furthermore,such an ambiguous provision (the responsibility to investigate and verify can beassigned either to the inspectorate or to the technical agency) is one of the reasonscausing delays and complexities in resolving complaints. The actual results are:

! The agencies try to avoid the advisory responsibility, passing responsibility toeach other, or

! Advisory agencies have different views on the same case.

Meeting and discussing with complainants have legal and political meanings. In fact,direct dialogues are useful for the administrative complaint settlement process.However, not all heads of state administrative organs are willing to spend time andenergy for dialogues to resolve complaints, which are always complicated andstressful. Therefore, it is the inspectorate and other related bodies that more oftentake charge of those dialogues, thus limiting their effectiveness. Meanwhile there isno legal provision requiring heads of state administrative organs to carry out thisresponsibility. Particularly for officials having power to settle complaint at the secondlevel (appeal level) onward, the law only provides that they should meet and talk(with complainants) “when it is considered necessary.”

The first constraint in the issuance of decision to settle complaint: the person whosigns the decision (the head of the state administrative organ) and the investigator(from the inspectorate or professional agency) are two different individuals. Thus,before signing the decision to resolve the complaint, the head (who may sign thedecision) always considers carefully the results of investigation and verification madeby the consulting body. In other words, heads of the state administrative organs mustbe extremely prudent, because only when they are asked to signed do they know ofthe case. They must study carefully the files of the case and the results of theinvestigation and verification, which prolongs the time for complaint settlement.

Another constraint in the process is that heads of the state administrative organs (whomust sign the decision on complaint settlement) for some reasons do not want to signa decision specifying concrete solutions. The avoidance of responsibility is reflectedin the fact that the head of the administrative organ will indicate that he agrees (ordisagrees) with the recommendations of the advisory body (whether the inspectorateor the professional agency) but does not offer details of how such recommendationswould be carried out. As such, the resulting notice issued by the state administrativeorgan to the complainant does not lead to full resolution of the complaint.

Given such constraints, there is a big issue for consideration: how to separate the stateadministrative management and the settlement of administrative complaints so theydo not overlap and affect each other. There is a view arguing that it is necessary todistinguish management administration from jurisdiction administration function.There is a need to professionalize the dispute resolution process through a body withjurisdiction and responsibility specifically assigned to settle administrative complaintswithin the state administrative system.

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Shortcomings and constraints arise from the relationship between heads of the stateadministrative organs and heads of directly higher level organs in resolvingadministrative complaints.

Although there have been many changes, in general the settlement of administrativecomplaints is executed on hierarchy basis, with the first and subsequent times ofcomplaint settlement respectively falling under the jurisdiction of heads ofadministrative organs from lower to upper levels.

The simple logic that has been legalized is this: higher organs are responsible forresolving complaint cases under lower organs’ jurisdiction but were not settled timelyby the lower organs! With this logic, whenever lower organs for whatever reasons donot settle the complaints, then the higher-level state administrative organs (chairmenof the provincial people’s committees/centrally-managed cities, ministers, and headsof ministerial-level agencies) should settle the complaints that would have been underthe lower organs’ jurisdiction. This explains the current spreading situation of“surpassing complaints” with many cases going over the level at which they should beresolved to administrative levels above in order to find resolution. In fact, the presentsettlement process via multiple state administrative levels is one of the bigshortcomings of the present administrative complaints settlement mechanism inVietnam.

Shortcomings and constraints arise from the relationship between inspectorateagencies and professional bodies in settlement of administrative complaints.

A relatively complicated issue in the relationship among inspectorate agencies comesfrom the fact that there is no absolute clear distinction in function and task betweenadministrative inspectorate and sector inspectorate. This fact could be seen mostclearly in one locality through the relationship between the provincial inspectoratebody and inspectorate divisions of departments/sectors. Theoretically, if a complaintoccurs in a province, then the jurisdiction to settle that complaint belongs to chairmanof the people’s committee of that province; the provincial inspectorate (administrativeinspectorate) may assist the President in considering the case. There are also caseswhen the chairman of the provincial people’s committee assigns the task to a specificdepartment or sector to help him investigate the case (as mentioned above). In suchcases, the actual responsibility is passed on to the inspectorate division of the assigneddepartment or sector. How do provincial inspectorate agencies cooperate withinspectorate divisions of departments and sectors? How would the chairman of theprovincial people’s committee decide if there are different opinions between theprovincial administrative inspectorate agency and the sector inspectorate agencies incomplaint settlement? Those are big issues which remain unresolved.

The particularly important role of the Party in administrative complaints settlement.

The leading role of the Party’s committees is manifested in enhancing awareness andresponsibility of state organs in resolving administrative complaints, especially inmobilizing the power of the whole political system at the grassroots to increase theeffectiveness of the complaint resolution process. This can be seen more clearly whencomplicated, critical, and prolonged cases occur, forming the “hot spots” that maystrongly affect the socio-economic situation in the localities. The Party’s committees

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at different levels not only lead the government in complaints settlement, but moreimportantly through this work, they can assess the capacity and quality of officials aswell as the implementation of policies and laws in the localities to develop solutionsto strengthen local governments at different levels and their effectiveness, therebylimiting the occurrence of complaints and denunciations.

In practice, the direct leadership (or to be more precise, the direct instruction) of theParty’s organizations has created negative effects upon the settlement of complaintsby state’s organs. The most easily recognizable effect is that it reduces the stateorgans’ activeness and sense of responsibility. In some places, administrative organsrely on and even wait for instructions/opinions of the Party’s committees. This can beseen clearly through reality on the ground at the grassroots level in differentlocalities.

Opinions provided by Party’s organizations are not official and are not binding fromthe legal point of view. Therefore, there can be no mechanism compellingresponsibility toward these opinions. These informal opinions, however, often havethe decisive effect on complaint settlement. Heads of state administrative organs areusually Party members, so politically they must follow the Party’s opinion in line withthe democratic centralism principle. Their professional career and promotion dependon the Party’s organizations, thus they have to comply with the directives given by theParty’s committee or by its representatives, even at times verbal opinions, inimplementation of all tasks, including complaint settlement.13

Informal as they are, the Party’s opinions are not disclosed in principle, which affectsthe effort to make transparent management activities as well as the complaintsettlement process. When state organs are not truly allowed to exercise their powerproperly nor bear the responsibility for exercising that power, it is impossible toensure their effectiveness. In its resolutions, the Party always warns of the Party’scommittees overwhelming the work of the state and push for a renovation in Party’sleadership method in relation to the state apparatus, ensuring that the state organs canrun their functions and tasks as prescribed by laws. However, practices in thelocalities show that there is still a gap between them and the spirit of the resolutions.

Given the current circumstance when it is not yet possible to clarify the degree andscope of the Party’ direction over specific mandates of the government, such as thesettlement of administrative complaints, the initiative to merge the Party’s positionswith the Government’s positions is worth studying and discussing extensively amongthe academia and politicians. The merging of the two positions, one in the Party andone in the government, into one individual is expected to contribute to enhancing theresponsibility of the individual official in execution of his/her public duties.

13 Article 14 of the 1998 Ordinance on Officials and Public Servants (amended, supplemented in 2000,2003) provides that the work of officials, public servants are under the leadership of the Communistparty of Vietnam. Article 5 of the 2008 Law on Officials and Public Servants establishes the principlesto manage officials and public servants as: to ensure the leadership of the Party and the managementof the State.

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5. Conclusions and recommendations

It can be said in general that, there are too many organs participating in settlement ofthe same complaints, but no organ takes the main responsibility.

In terms of functions, the task of receiving and resolving citizens’ complaints is only aminor one for each and every related agency in comparison to all the administrativemanagement duties assigned to them by the administrative system or as required intheir technical fields. It is, therefore, unfair to demand professionalism from stateadministrative organs in the settlement of administrative complaints.

State inspectorates, which are considered to play an essential role in this task, do nothave much power from the legal perspective. Inspectorate organizations are notcomplaint settlement organs, just complaint settlement consulting bodies. Directlyreviewing the case, inspectorate bodies are only empowered to provide conclusionsand propose solutions for settlement of the case. The power to decide on theresolution of cases of administrative complaint rests with heads of state administrativeorgans. This constructs a vague mechanism for settling complaints since it is unclearwhether that decision-making power rests with the individual or with the agency heheads, but in either case does not fully understand the details of the cases beingconsidered.

For inspectors in state inspectorate organs, advising heads of the state administrativebodies on meeting citizens and complaints settlement is just one among many othertasks that they have to do. Psychologically speaking, inspectors are not so enthusiasticabout the task of resolving administrative complaints. In addition, not all officialsworking on complaint settlement are equipped with the necessary legal knowledge.

Given the limited capacity and qualifications of the People’s Courts in resolvingadministrative complaints after ten years of exercising their jurisdiction in this area,the settlement of citizens’ complaints right from the initial stage under the jurisdictionof the executive organs needs an improved resolution mechanism throughadministrative means.

The research group recognizes that there are two approaches to improve themechanism of administrative complaint settlement.

The first approach, is to develop, amend, and supplement some fundamentalinstitutions of the proposed Law on Complaint Settlement toward the followingdirection: for the right to complain of citizens, for the transparency and fairness of theadministrative complaint settlement process; clearly determine the administrativejurisdiction, responsibility and discipline in complaint settlement.

With such an approach, it would seem unnecessary to impact too much the relatedinstitutions in the present mechanism for administrative complaint settlement.Changes would focus on adjusting and improving some institutions, procedures, andjurisdiction of the mechanism for administrative complaint settlement. This approach,therefore, would likely to be accepted and implemented more easily as it would nottouch upon the way in which the state machinery is organized. However suchchanges would only be partial and lacks consistency, which may help to improve the

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mechanism for complaint settlement one step further but will unlikely to achieve cleareffectiveness overall.

Developing, amending, and supplementing the proposed Law on ComplaintSettlement should start from determining the main guiding principles as thefoundation for the construction of specific provisions of the Law. Such principlesshould include:

! Being objective and independent throughout the process of administrativecomplaint settlement;

! Ensuring the independence and professionalism of the agencies tasked withcomplaint settlement;

! Equality in relations between complainant and individuals/organs beingcomplained;

! Making the process for administrative complaint settlement transparent byconsulting procedure between the parties;

! The right of lawyers to participate in and to represent complainants in thesettlement process;

! The obligation of administrative organs to prove and to counter the complaints;! The obligation of complainants to cooperate with complaint settlement organs in

providing necessary evidence and documents;! Discipline of public services and responsibility of public servants in the settlement

of administrative complaints; and! Ensuring the strict implementation of decisions on settlement of administrative

complaints.

The second approach is to reform the overall current mechanism for administrativecomplaint settlement.

The mechanism for complaint settlement needs to be reformed comprehensively, fromthe fundamental philosophy of the mechanism for complaint settlement, the mainoperational principles, related socio-administrative institutions and bodies, to therelevant procedures and related criteria. In this case, it is necessary to develop acomprehensive project on reforming the mechanism for administrative complaintsettlement. It would be inconsistent to only develop the Law on AdministrativeComplaints.

Rather than considering more changes and amendments as a reactive response to thedevelopment of complaints in the recent period, which have shown to have littleimpact, it is time to fundamentally reform the work to resolve complaints byadministrative agencies.

Having learned from the experiences of some countries, and originating from thereality of Vietnam, it is possible to propose two main methods to organize specializedstate administrative agencies in administrative complaints settlement, each having itsown challenges and advantages.

The model of sector complaint settlement organ:

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The specialized organ for administrative complaint settlement is independently set upwithin sectors and fields of state management.

Presently, the Department of Intellectual Property already has an institution forcomplaint settlement following the sector-focus model, which is the ComplaintSettlement Council at the Department of Intellectual Property. Complaints are sent tothe Director General of the Department of Intellectual property, but in fact thejurisdiction to resolve administrative complaints belongs to the Council. The Councilis led by a Deputy Director General of the Department of Intellectual Property andconsists of some members. Should this model be set up in some ministries and sectorswhich are likely to receive a high number of complaints, such as the Ministry ofNatural Resources and Environment, the Ministry of Industry and Commerce, etc.?

The model of central organ for complaint settlement:

Organizationally, the specialized body for administrative complaint settlement shouldbe separated from the present system of management agencies (ministries, people’scommittees of all levels and other management agencies). The Prime Minister directsthis system of agencies but does not directly interfere in the settlement of specificcomplaints.

This body should first be set up at two levels: at the central level and in appropriatelocalities with courts of various levels being reorganized as directed by the PartyResolution on Justice Reformation Strategy.

With regards to the title, in order to avoid unnecessary debates, the organs can benamed “the central organ for administrative complaint settlement”, “the organ foradministrative complaint settlement in region X”, etc., with clearly determinedjurisdiction. It is also possible to use the new title “The Administrative tribunals” asbeing used in a current project being prepared by the Government Inspectorate.

The procedure to review administrative decisions and administrative acts at thecomplained agencies should still be maintained for a short duration, but that shouldnot be considered a settlement level but only a compulsory procedure (with a sense ofconciliation), before the case is submitted to the specialized organ for complaintsettlement (the administrative tribunals).

In terms of functions and tasks, the specialized organ for complaint settlement has themandate to receive and resolve citizens’ complaints about the operations ofadministrative organs as well as of the officials and staff of these organs.Simultaneously, through the actual work to resolve administrative complaints, thisorgan is also tasked to summarize the emerging issues and the shortcomings in thepolicies and laws on the management and the operational modes of the administrativeapparatus, management content and the working modes of the administrative organs.Consequently, the specialized agency can make informed recommendations for timelyadjustments that would minimize the occurrence of administrative complaints.

Regarding personnel, public servants in these organs should be carefully selected andmust have the necessary professional qualifications. Those directly resolve thecomplaints must have at least five years of working experience in state management

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area and legal knowledge. For the moment, it is possible to select from officials doingcomplaints and denunciation settlement work in state inspectorate agencies.

Simultaneously, in order to ensure the operational effectiveness of the stateadministrative organs, it is necessary to develop provisions to avoid directinterventions from other organs and organizations, including the Party's organizationsof the same level, in receiving and settling specific cases. This certainly does notcontradict the principle of Party’s leadership over the state and society, and is in linewith the present Party’s policy to renovate the ways in which the Party provides suchleadership over the state apparatus in particular and the political system in general.

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Cơ chế Giải quyết Khiếu nại Hành chính ở Việt Nam:

Vấn đề và Giải pháp

BÁO CÁO TÓM TẮT

Tháng 8 năm 2009

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1

Báo cáo này tóm t"t nh#ng k$t qu% quan tr&ng c'a d( án nghiên c)u nh*m hi+u rõ h,nb%n ch-t c'a khi$u n.i hành chính / Vi0t Nam, c, c-u gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hành chínhhi0n th1i, và cách th)c c%i thi0n c, c-u 2ó. D( án nghiên c)u 234c ti$n hành b/i Vi0nNghiên c)u Chính sách, Pháp lu5t, và Phát tri+n (PLD) d36i s( ch7 2.o h36ng d8n c'aTi$n s9 Hoàng Ng&c Giao và s( h: tr4 c'a Qu; Châu Á.

Nhóm tác gi%:

TS. Hoàng Ng&c Giao (Ch' biên)TS. Tr<n V!n S,nTS. Nguy=n Th> Thu VânThS. ?inh V!n MinhThS. Nguy=n V!n KimThS. Nguy=n Th> H.nh

Báo cáo tóm t"t bao g@m nh#ng ph<n sau:

1. BAi c%nh c, ch$ gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hành chính: MBc tiêu và ph.m vi nghiên c)u;

2. Pháp lu5t Vi0t Nam vC gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hành chính;3. QuyCn khi$u n.i c'a công dân;

4. Thi$t ch$ gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hành chính / Vi0t Nam hi0n nay;5. K$t lu5n và ki$n ngh>.

CuAi cùng, báo cáo này là ! ki$n 2Dc l5p c'a nhóm tác gi% trình bày có tính ch-t h&cthu5t và không ph%n ánh quan 2i+m c'a Qu; Châu Á, Vi0n Nghiên c)u Chính sách, Pháplu5t, và Phát tri+n, cEng nh3 các tF ch)c có liên quan. Nhóm tác gi% sGn sàng ti$p nh5n vàc%m ,n các ! ki$n ph%n h@i và nh5n xét tH phía 2Dc gi%.

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1. B)i c*nh c+ ch, gi*i quy,t khi,u n-i hành chính: M.c tiêu và ph-m vi nghiênc/u

Vi0t Nam, sau h,n 20 n!m th(c hi0n chính sách “?Fi m6i”, 2ã 2.t 234c nhiCu thành t(uvC kinh t$, xã hDi. Vi0t Nam 2ã và 2ang ti$n hành t3,ng 2Ai thành công mDt sA c%i cáchtrong khu v(c kinh t$; mDt sA c%i cách trong l9nh v(c xã hDi 2ã giúp gi%m tình tr.ng 2óinghèo mDt cách 2áng k+.

Cùng v6i nh#ng c%i cách trong l9nh v(c kinh t$ - xã hDi, tH 2<u nh#ng n!m 2000, Nhàn36c Vi0t Nam 2ã b"t 2<u quan tâm t6i nh#ng c%i cách vC th+ ch$, nh3 c%i cách hànhchính, c%i cách pháp lu5t, c%i cách t3 pháp. Ch3,ng trình tFng th+ c%i cách hành chính2000 – 2010 2ã 234c thông qua, v6i bAn nDi dung c, b%n và 7 ch3,ng trình hành 2Dng.MDt trong nh#ng nDi dung quan tr&ng c'a Ch3,ng trình c%i cách hành chính là hoàn thi0ncác th+ ch$ vC tF ch)c và ho.t 2Dng c'a h0 thAng hành chính công, trong 2ó bao g@m c%th+ ch$ hành chính “2iCu ti$t mAi quan h0 gi#a Nhà n36c và nhân dân”. C, ch$ gi%i quy$tkhi$u n.i c'a ng31i dân chính là mDt trong nh#ng th+ ch$ r-t quan tr&ng thuDc l9nh v(c“quan h0 gi#a Nhà n36c và nhân dân”. Hoàn thi0n c, ch$ này sI góp ph<n nâng cao hi0ul(c, hi0u qu% c'a ho.t 2Dng hành chính công, 2@ng th1i t!ng c31ng vi0c th(c thi cácquyCn dân s(, chính tr> c'a ng31i dân.

QuyCn khi$u n.i c'a ng31i dân 2Ai v6i ho.t 2Dng hành chính c'a Nhà n36c 234c pháplu5t công nh5n và b%o hD. Hi$n pháp Vi0t Nam n!m 1992 (234c sJa 2Fi, bF sung n!m2001) quy 2>nh: “Công dân có quyCn khi$u n.i, quyCn tA cáo v6i c, quan Nhà n36c cóthKm quyCn vC nh#ng vi0c làm trái pháp lu5t c'a c, quan Nhà n36c, tF ch)c kinh t$, tFch)c xã hDi, 2,n v> vE trang nhân dân hoLc b-t c) cá nhân nào.” (?o.n 1 ?iCu 74).

MLc dù khuôn khF pháp lu5t vC gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i 2ã 234c ch7nh sJa, hoàn thi0n nhiCul<n, nh3ng th(c ti=n cho th-y, công tác gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i c'a các c, quan hành chínhnhà n36c ngày càng bDc lD nhiCu khó kh!n và b-t c5p. ?@ng th1i, ngày càng gia t!ng sAl34ng các 2,n th3 khi$u n.i c'a nhân dân vC các quy$t 2>nh, hành vi c'a các c, quanNhà n36c / t-t c% các c-p chính quyCn và trên h<u h$t các l9nh v(c dân sinh (2-t 2ai, môitr31ng, y t$, giao thông, xây d(ng, kinh doanh, xu-t-nh5p khKu, v.v.); tính ch-t và nDidung khi$u ki0n ngày càng ph)c t.p 2a d.ng. Tình hình này 2ang 2Lt ra mDt nhu c<u c-pbách trong vi0c gi%i quy$t mDt cách hi0u qu% và nhanh chóng các khi$u n.i c'a nhân dân.

Theo sA li0u c'a các c, quan có trách nhi0m, n!m 1999 có g<n 280.000l34t ng31i; n!m 2000 – 230.000 l34t ng31i, n!m 2001 – 280.000 l34tng31i tr(c ti$p 2$n các c, quan chính quyCn các c-p 2+ khi$u ki0n, v6i sAvB vi0c khi$u n.i kho%ng 180.000 – 190.000 vB m:i n!m.1Khi$u n.i, tA cáo v34t c-p lên Trung 3,ng nhiCu và có chiCu h36ng giat!ng, v6i 41.750 l34t ng31i và 939 l34t 2oàn 2ông ng31i, riêng n!m 2006,có 554 2oàn 2ông ng31i t!ng 31% so v6i n!m 2005; 9 tháng c'a n!m2007, có 385 l34t 2oàn 2ông ng31i c'a 52 t7nh, thành phA tr(c thuDcTrung 3,ng.

1 C! ch" giám sát, ki#m toán và thanh tra $ Vi%t Nam, Nxb.T3 pháp, Hà NDi, 2004, tr.128.

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NDi dung khi$u n.i: ch' y$u liên quan 2$n l9nh v(c qu%n l! 2-t 2ai (chi$mkho%ng 80% tFng sA khi$u n.i hành chính), trong 2ó, t5p trung vào mDt sAv-n 2C: 2òi 2Cn bù theo giá th> tr31ng khi Nhà n36c thu h@i 2-t; 2òi l.i 2-tcE tr36c 2ây 23a vào t5p 2oàn s%n xu-t, nông lâm tr31ng quAc doanh hoLc2ã hi$n tLng cho Nhà n36c 2+ sJ dBng vào các mBc 2ích phúc l4i, xã hDi;khi$u n.i vi0c gi%i quy$t tranh ch-p 2-t 2ai c'a tF ch)c tôn giáo, tF ch)cxã hDi, v.v. Ngoài ra, khi$u n.i 2òi l.i nhà cJa, tài s%n thuDc di0n v"ngch', di0n c%i t.o do Nhà n36c qu%n l! tr36c 2ây, khi$u n.i liên quan 2$nvi0c th(c hi0n chính sách xã hDi (th3,ng binh, li0t s;, ng31i có công v6icách m.ng, h3u trí…), khi$u n.i vC môi tr31ng, khi$u n.i vC kM lu5t cánbD, công ch)c cEng x%y ra / nhiCu 2>a ph3,ng.2

Tình hình gia t!ng khi$u n.i c'a nhân dân vC ho.t 2Dng hành chính c'a các c, quan nhàn36c 2ã và 2ang thu hút s( quan tâm và n: l(c c'a ?%ng CDng s%n và Nhà n36c Vi0tNam. N!m 2002, Ban Bí th3 Trung 3,ng ?%ng CDng s%n Vi0t Nam (Khoá IX) 2ã banhành Ch7 th> 09-CT/TW vC mDt sA v-n 2C c-p bách c<n th(c hi0n trong gi%i quy$t khi$un.i. N!m 2007, Chính ph' b"t 2<u biên so.n d( th%o Lu5t khi$u n.i m6i. N!m 2008,QuAc hDi Khoá XII ti$n hành ho.t 2Dng giám sát công tác gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i c'a nhândân. Tháng 10-2008, Ny ban th31ng vB QuAc hDi 2ã th%o lu5n và cho ! ki$n vC báo cáogiám sát c'a QuAc hDi vC công tác gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i.

?ánh giá vC tình hình gia t!ng khi$u n.i c'a nhân dân 2Ai v6i ho.t 2Dng hành chính c'ac, quan nhà n36c, h<u h$t các h&c gi%, chính tr> gia 2Cu chia sO nh5n 2>nh chung vC hainguyên nhân ch' y$u c'a tình hình: Th) nh-t, h0 thAng lu5t pháp c'a Vi0t Nam trên cácl9nh v(c còn r-t nhiCu b-t c5p, ch@ng chéo, mâu thu8n vC nDi dung, ban hành không 2úngthKm quyCn, thi$u s( t3,ng thích, nh-t quán gi#a các v!n b%n d36i lu5t, các v!n b%n hànhchính v6i lu5t và Hi$n pháp. ?iCu này d8n t6i mDt th(c tr.ng làm cho vi0c áp dBng lu5tphát sinh nhiCu mâu thu8n gây thi0t h.i t6i quyCn và l4i ích c'a ng31i dân, phát sinhkhi$u ki0n. Th) hai, c, ch$ gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hi0n nay có nhiCu v-n 2C b-t c5p, khôngnh#ng ch3a 2áp )ng 234c yêu c<u là mDt công cB h#u hi0u giúp c, quan hành chính nhàn36c gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i c'a dân, mà còn là mDt y$u tA làm cho tình hình khi$u ki0n giat!ng và càng thêm ph)c t.p, kéo dài.

Ng31i dân thì ch.y ng34c, ch.y xuôi 2+ tìm ki$m công l! hành chính, c, quan nhà n36cthì ngày càng nLng gánh v6i vi0c ph%i gi%i quy$t nh#ng yêu sách, khi$u n.i ngày càngt!ng tH phía ng31i dân. VC mLt th+ ch$, c<n làm gì 2+ c%i thi0n tình hình?

Trong bAi c%nh 2ó, v6i s( giúp 2P c'a Qu; Châu Á, phù h4p v6i mBc tiêu ho.t 2Dng c'aVi0n Nghiên c)u Chính sách, Pháp lu5t và Phát tri+n - Vi0n PLD, 2C án nghiên c)u vCC, ch$ gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hành chính hi0n nay / Vi0t Nam 2ã 234c tri+n khai tH 01-12-2006 2$n 30-09-2008. MBc tiêu nghiên c)u c'a 2C án này là nh*m góp ph<n 2ánh giáth(c tr.ng và hi0u qu% c'a c, ch$ gi%i quy$t các khi$u n.i c'a công dân 2Ai v6i các quy$t2>nh và hành vi c'a c, quan hành chính nhà n36c tác 2Dng tr(c ti$p và gây thi0t h.i 2$n

2 Báo cáo tóm t&t tình hình, k"t qu' gi'i quy"t khi"u n(i, t) cáo t* n+m 2006 ,"n nay, và gi'i pháp trongtình hình m-i t.i HDi ngh> tFng k$t công tác Thanh tra n!m 2007 và tri+n khai nhi0m vB n!m 2008, Hà NDi,ngày 11-01-2008.

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quyCn và l4i ích c'a ng31i dân, c'a doanh nghi0p. Trên c, s/ 2ó, 23a ra nh#ng 2C xu-tcó c!n c) th(c ti=n và l! lu5n, nh*m 2Fi m6i c, ch$ và ph3,ng th)c gi%i quy$t khi$u n.ihi0n hành, góp ph<n hoàn thi0n pháp lu5t vC khi$u n.i hành chính, nâng cao hi0u qu% c'ac, ch$ gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hành chính, 2áp )ng yêu c<u c'a quá trình hDi nh5p quAc t$và c%i cách v6i mBc tiêu “dân giàu n36c m.nh, xã hDi công b*ng, dân ch', v!n minh” màVi0t Nam 2ang theo 2uFi.

Vi0n PLD 2ã thành l5p nhóm nghiên c)u chuyên 2C, v6i s( tham gia c'a các nhà nghiênc)u lu5t pháp, các chuyên gia hi0n 2ang công tác trong các c, quan hành chính nhà n36c,nh#ng ng31i có kinh nghi0m th(c ti=n trong công tác gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hành chính,các nhà ho.ch 2>nh chính sách trong các c, quan có trách nhi0m c'a Chính ph'.

Vi0c nghiên c)u 234c ti$n hành b*ng nhiCu ph3,ng th)c khác nhau, nh3 phi$u 2iCu tra,phQng v-n sâu các nhóm 2Ai t34ng liên quan 2$n các giai 2o.n c'a quá trình gi%i quy$tkhi$u n.i, tF ch)c các buFi t&a 2àm v6i s( tham gia c'a các nhà nghiên c)u, nh#ng ng31ilàm công tác th(c ti=n gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i. ?C tài nghiên c)u 2ã thu hút 234c s( thamgia, 2óng góp ! ki$n c'a nhiCu chuyên gia pháp lu5t công tác t.i mDt sA c, quan bD,ngành; thu hút 234c ! ki$n 2óng góp c'a nhiCu cán bD công tác t.i các c, quan nhà n36c/ 2>a ph3,ng.

Nhóm nghiên c)u 2ã ti$n hành nghiên c)u, 2ánh giá khuôn khF pháp lu5t hi0n hành vCgi%i quy$t khi$u n.i; 2ã ti$n hành nghiên c)u chuyên 2C cB th+ c'a tHng giai 2o.n trongquá trình gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i. Cùng v6i nh#ng ho.t 2Dng nghiên c)u, nhiCu cuDc to.2àm, hDi th%o chuyên 2C 2ã 234c tF ch)c, ví dB nh3 cuDc t&a 2àm “Bàn vC c, ch$ gi%iquy$t khi$u n.i hành chính” (ngày 29-12-2006); cuDc hDi th%o vC “Nh#ng v-n 2C c'a c,ch$ gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hành chính” (ngày 08-9-2007); cuDc hDi th%o ngày 30-9-2008 vC“C, ch$ gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hành chính - v6i vi0c hoàn thi0n Lu5t khi$u n.i”.

MDt trong nh#ng ho.t 2Dng quan tr&ng trong khuôn khF c'a 2C án nghiên c)u này là ho.t2Dng kh%o sát th(c t$. M:i chuyên gia phB trách chuyên 2C trong nhóm nghiên c)u theochuyên 2C phB trách ch>u trách nhi0m xác 2>nh nhu c<u kh%o sát, xây d(ng b%ng hQi vàch3,ng trình phQng v-n sâu cho chuyên 2C mình phB trách. Nhóm nghiên c)u c'a Vi0nPLD xác 2>nh nh#ng nhóm 2Ai t34ng kh%o sát nh3 sau: a) ?Ai t34ng có thKm quyCn, ch>utrách nhi0m ti$p công dân, xét gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hành chính; b) ?Ai t34ng có thKmquyCn th(c hi0n ho.t 2Dng giám sát công tác gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hành chính; c) ?Ait34ng 2i khi$u n.i (ng31i dân, doanh nghi0p).

Các thành viên c'a nhóm nghiên c)u PLD 2ã ti$n hành kh%o sát t.i 6 t7nh, thành phA l6ntrên c% ba miCn B"c, Trung, Nam c'a 2-t n36c (Hà NDi, Thái Bình, Khánh Hoà, ?àNGng, Thành phA H@ Chí Minh, ?@ng Tháp). Trong quá trình kh%o sát, nhóm nghiên c)uPLD 2ã ti$n hành kh%o sát, làm vi0c v6i: 24 c, quan ti$p dân, xJ l! 2,n th3; 12 c, quangiám sát công tác gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i; 9 tF ch)c kinh t$ (Phòng Th3,ng m.i và Côngnghi0p Vi0t Nam VCCI, 2.i di0n VCCI t.i ?à NGng, và 7 doanh nghi0p); ti$p xúc v6imDt sA ng31i dân khi$u n.i. CB th+, t.i m:i 2>a ph3,ng kh%o sát, nhóm nghiên c)u 2ãlàm vi0c v6i nh#ng c, quan, tF ch)c nh3: TrB s/ ti$p dân c'a UM ban nhân dân t7nh,

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Thanh tra t7nh, S/ K$ ho.ch và ?<u t3, S/ Xây d(ng, S/ Tài nguyên và Môi tr31ng, MLttr5n TF quAc, v.v.Qua các cuDc kh%o sát tr(c ti$p t.i c, s/, các thành viên c'a nhóm nghiên c)u PLD t5ptrung vào vi0c tìm hi+u nh#ng nDi dung nh3 sau: tình hình khi$u n.i hành chính trên 2>abàn; các vB khi$u n.i 2ông ng31i, ph)c t.p, khi$u n.i dai dRng kéo dài; nguyên nhân c'atình hình khi$u n.i hành chính; tình hình tF ch)c ti$p công dân, công tác ti$p nh5n và xJl! 2,n th3 khi$u n.i hành chính; vi0c xem xét, xác minh nDi dung khi$u n.i; tình hình thihành các quy$t 2>nh gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hành chính 2ã có hi0u l(c pháp lu5t; nh#ng [email protected] và b-t c5p trong các quy 2>nh c'a Lu5t khi$u n.i tA cáo và gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hi0nnay; nh#ng ki$n ngh> c'a các c, quan, 2,n v> 234c kh%o sát vC 2Fi m6i c, ch$ gi%i quy$tkhi$u n.i hành chính; v.v.

2. Pháp lu0t Vi1t Nam v2 gi*i quy,t khi,u n-i hành chính

Tr36c h$t, 2i+m 2áng chú ! là cho t6i nay pháp lu5t Vi0t Nam liên quan t6i hành vi khi$un.i c'a ng31i dân luôn luôn 234c 2Lt trong cùng mDt khuôn khF pháp lu5t v6i hành vi tAcáo c'a ng31i dân. Hi$n pháp1992 (234c sJa 2Fi, bF sung n!m 2001), cEng nh3 các lu5tliên quan luôn g"n liCn quyCn khi$u n.i, và quyCn tA cáo c'a ng31i dân cùng trong mDtv!n b%n quy ph.m pháp lu5t. S( ghép liCn hai hành vi khi$u n.i và tA cáo trong cùng mDtkhuôn khF pháp lu5t 2ang gây nên s( l8n lDn không ch7 trong vi0c 2ánh giá, nh5n 2>nhtình hình, mà còn gây khó kh!n và l8n lDn trong vi0c 2>nh ra các quy trình pháp l! liênquan 2+n xJ l!m:i lo.i hành vi này.

?iCu 2, Lu5t Khi$u n.i, TA cáo, ngày 2/12/1998 quy 2>nh vC hành vi ‘khi$u n.i’ và ‘tAcáo’ nh3 sau:

"Khi$u n.i" là vi0c công dân, c, quan, tF ch)c hoLc cán bD, công ch)ctheo th' tBc do Lu5t này quy 2>nh 2C ngh> c, quan, tF ch)c, cá nhân cóthKm quyCn xem xét l.i quy$t 2>nh hành chính, hành vi hành chính hoLcquy$t 2>nh kM lu5t cán bD, công ch)c khi có c!n c) cho r*ng quy$t 2>nhhoLc hành vi 2ó là trái pháp lu5t, xâm ph.m quyCn, l4i ích h4p pháp c'amình."TA cáo" là vi0c công dân theo th' tBc do Lu5t này quy 2>nh báo cho c,quan, tF ch)c, cá nhân có thKm quyCn bi$t vC hành vi vi ph.m pháp lu5tc'a b-t c) c, quan, tF ch)c, cá nhân nào gây thi0t h.i hoLc 2e do. gâythi0t h.i l4i ích c'a Nhà n36c, quyCn, l4i ích h4p pháp c'a công dân, c,quan, tF ch)c.

MLc dù, gi#a hai hành vi khi$u n.i và tA cáo có nh#ng 2i+m giao thoa nh3ng 2ây là v-n2C khác nhau vC tính ch-t, 2Dng c, c'a hành vi. VHa qua, QuAc hDi 2ã có ch3,ng trìnhxây d(ng hai 2.o lu5t riêng rI: Lu5t khi$u n.i và gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i và Lu5t tA cáo vàgi%i quy$t tA cáo.

Hi0n nay, c, ch$ gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i v5n hành theo quy 2>nh c'a các v!n b%n pháp lu5tnh3 sau: Lu5t khi$u n.i, tA cáo n!m 1998; Lu5t sJa 2Fi, bF sung mDt sA 2iCu c'a Lu5tkhi$u n.i, tA cáo n!m 2004; Lu5t sJa 2Fi, bF sung mDt sA 2iCu c'a Lu5t khi$u n.i, tA cáo

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n!m 2005; Ngh> 2>nh sA 136/2006/N?-CP ngày 14-11-2006 c'a Chính ph' h36ng d8n thihành Lu5t khi$u n.i, tA cáo và các Lu5t sJa 2Fi, bF sung Lu5t khi$u n.i, tA cáo.

Lu5t quy 2>nh các b36c gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i nh3 sau: 1) Phát sinh tranh ch-p hành chính– khi$u n.i l<n th) nh-t; 2) Gi%i quy$t l<n th) nh-t tranh ch-p hành chính; 3) Gi%i quy$tl<n hai tranh ch-p hành chính; 4) Kh/i ki0n ra Tòa hành chính.

Trong c, ch$ gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hi0n hành, Lu5t khi$u n.i, tA cáo 234c coi là Lu5t“chung” – khuôn khF pháp l! chung, làm nCn t%ng cho c, ch$ gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i. ?@ngth1i, trên m:i l9nh v(c c'a 21i sAng mà Nhà n36c th(c hi0n ho.t 2Dng hành chính công,hàng ngày luôn phát sinh các v-n 2C, tranh ch-p gi#a ng31i dân v6i c, quan công quyCn,công ch)c thHa hành nhi0m vB. Do 2ó, pháp lu5t chuyên ngành cEng có ch)c n!ng gi%iquy$t tranh ch-p, khi$u n.i hành chính thuDc l9nh v(c liên quan. Ví dB, Lu5t 2-t 2ai n!m2003, Lu5t s/ h#u trí tu0 n!m 2005, Lu5t thi hành án dân s( n!m 2008, Lu5t b%o v0 môitr31ng n!m 2005, Lu5t phá s%n n!m 2004, Lu5t ch)ng khoán n!m 2006, v.v. 2Cu cónh#ng quy 2>nh vC gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i phát sinh trong m:i l9nh v(c chuyên ngành. VChình th)c, khuôn khF pháp l! tFng th+ hình thành nên c, ch$ gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hànhchính d31ng nh3 có vO khoa h&c và thAng nh-t. Tuy nhiên th(c t$ cho th-y, h0 thAngpháp lu5t vC gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hiên nay còn có nhiCu mâu thu8n, ch@ng l"p, r31m rà.

S( thi$u 2@ng bD, không t3,ng thích gi#a các quy 2>nh vC gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hànhchính gi#a Lu5t “chung” và Lu5t “chuyên ngành” 2ang là mDt trong nhiCu khó kh!n gâyb-t c5p trong vi0c gi%i quy$t các khi$u n.i hành chính. Ví dB, mDt sA quy 2>nh c'a Lu5tkhi$u n.i, tA cáo, Lu5t 2-t 2ai, và Pháp l0nh th' tBc gi%i quy$t các vB án hành chính có2i+m ch3a thAng nh-t nên th(c t$ r-t khó kh!n trong vi0c h36ng d8n, gi%i thích cho côngdân hoLc d8n 2$n tình tr.ng né tránh, 2ùn 2Ky trách nhi0m gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i.

Trên c, s/ c'a Lu5t khi$u n.i, tA cáo, cEng nh3 các lu5t chuyên ngành (Lu5t 2-t 2ai, Lu5txây d(ng, Lu5t b%o v0 môi tr31ng, Lu5t doanh nghi0p, Lu5t s/ h#u trí tu0, v.v.), thKmquyCn gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hành chính 234c xác 2>nh theo nguyên t"c tF ch)c và ho.t2Dng c'a nCn hành chính Vi0t Nam, ngh9a là qu%n l! hành chính theo ngành và theo lãnhthF (nguyên t"c song trùng tr(c thuDc). ?iCu này có ngh9a là, mDt khi$u n.i hành chínhtr36c h$t ph%i 234c gi%i quy$t theo 2>a bàn lãnh thF n,i chính quyCn 2>a ph3,ng (c-p xã,huy0n, t7nh) 2ã ban hành quy$t 2>nh hành chính hoLc có hành vi hành chính b> khi$u n.i.?Ai v6i nh#ng l9nh v(c, vB vi0c không phân c-p thKm quyCn cho 2>a ph3,ng, công dâncó th+ khi$u ki0n vC hành vi hành chính, quy$t 2>nh hành chính theo ngành, hoLc l9nh v(ccB th+ (tài chính, thu$; 2-t 2ai; xây d(ng hoLc k$ ho.ch-2<u t3; v.v.). BD tr3/ng, th'tr3/ng ngành là c-p gi%i quy$t cuAi cùng.3 Nh3 v5y, v-n 2C c<n 2Lt ra ngay tH 2<u là:ph%i ch!ng, chính nguyên t"c tF ch)c quyCn l(c hành chính theo nguyên l! song trùngtr(c thuDc cùng v6i vi0c phân c-p ch3a 234c rõ ràng gi#a các c-p hành chính 2>a ph3,ngvà Trung 3,ng, 2>a ph3,ng và các bD, ngành là mDt nguyên nhân có tính ch-t th+ ch$ c'anh#ng b-t c5p trong c, ch$ gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hành chính / n36c ta hi0n nay.

3 Xem Nguy=n V!n Liêm, M.t s) v/n ,0 th1c ti2n trong công tác gi'i quy"t khi"u ki%n hành chính $ Vi%tNam. KM y$u HDi th%o: Hi%p ,3nh th4!ng m(i song ph4!ng Vi%t Nam – Hoa K5 và c! ch" gi'i quy"t khi"uki%n hành chính $ Vi%t Nam, Nxb. T3 pháp, Hà NDi, 2004, tr.30

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7

3. Quy2n khi,u n-i c3a công dân

K+ tH Hi$n pháp n!m 1959, Hi$n pháp n!m 1980, cEng nh3 Hi$n pháp n!m 1992, quyCnkhi$u n.i c'a công dân 234c quy 2>nh nh3 mDt quyCn Hi$n 2>nh. Tuy nhiên, trong nhiCun!m qua, ng31i dân có d= dàng th(c hi0n quyCn này hay không?

Ng!"i dân không #!$c khi%u n&i v' v(n b)n quy ph&m c*a c+ quan Nhà n!,c.

Có không ít v!n b%n c'a c, quan nhà n36c các c-p, tH Trung 3,ng 2$n 2>a ph3,ng, 2Bngch.m tr(c ti$p 2$n quyCn và l4i ích c'a ng31i dân. Không ít tr31ng h4p có nh#ng v!nb%n quy ph.m 234c 2>a ph3,ng ban hành trái lu5t, trái Hi$n pháp,4 gây thi0t h.i t6i quyCnvà l4i ích c'a công dân, l.i chính là c!n c) 2+ ban hành nh#ng quy$t 2>nh hành chính cábi0t gây khi$u n.i tH phía 2Ai t34ng ch>u tác 2Dng. Tuy nhiên, theo quy 2>nh c'a Lu5tkhi$u n.i, tA cáo, “ng31i khi$u n.i ch7 có th+ khi$u n.i mDt quy$t 2>nh hành chính hoLchành vi hành chính mà không có quyCn 234c khi$u n.i mDt v!n b%n có tính ch-t quyph.m c'a c, quan nhà n36c.”5 ?ây có th+ coi là mDt h.n ch$ l6n nh-t 2Ai v6i quyCnkhi$u n.i c'a công dân.

Th(c t$ cho th-y, trong h0 thAng pháp lu5t c'a Vi0t Nam ch3a có mDt c, ch$ 2+ 2ánh giátính h4p pháp c'a các v!n b%n quy ph.m pháp lu5t, ngoài mDt nguyên t"c r-t chung 234cquy 2>nh trong Lu5t ban hành v!n b%n quy ph.m pháp lu5t n!m 1996 (sJa 2Fi, bF sungn!m 2002) r*ng: “v!n b%n quy ph.m pháp lu5t do c-p d36i ban hành ph%i phù h4p v6iv!n b%n quy ph.m pháp lu5t do c-p trên ban hành.” (?iCu 2)

C, ch$ ki+m tra, thKm 2>nh, 2ánh giá tính h4p pháp, h4p hi$n c'a các v!n b%n quy ph.mpháp lu5t hi0n nay ch' y$u v8n d(a theo nguyên t"c: c-p nào ban hành v!n b%n thì c-p 2óki+m tra, thKm 2>nh, 2ánh giá tính h4p pháp c'a v!n b%n. Theo quy 2>nh c'a Lu5t banhành v!n b%n quy ph.m pháp lu5t n!m 2008:

! UM ban th31ng vB QuAc hDi là c, quan có thKm quyCn gi%i thích Lu5t, Pháp l0nh(?iCu 85);

! QuAc hDi, UM ban th31ng vB QuAc hDi, HDi 2@ng Dân tDc, các UM ban c'a QuAc hDigiám sát, xJ l! v!n b%n quy ph.m pháp lu5t có d-u hi0u trái pháp lu5t 234c th(c hi0ntheo quy 2>nh c'a Lu5t ho.t 2Dng giám sát c'a QuAc hDi (?iCu 89);

4 Ông Lê H@ng S,n, CBc tr3/ng CBc Ki+m tra v!n b%n quy ph.m pháp lu5t, BD T3 pháp, cho bi$t: H= c)c-p t7nh, dù là H?ND hay UBND ban hành v!n b%n qui 2>nh hành vi và m)c ph.t là sai r@i. ?a sA v!n b%n(trái pháp lu5t) do UBND t7nh, thành ban hành, mDt sA là do H?ND, cá bi0t có tr31ng h4p là c-p s/.13/01/2006, http://www.hanoimoi.com.vn/vn/10/72779/5 Ngay c% Tòa án cEng không 234c trao thKm quyCn xem xét các v!n b%n hành chính có tính pháp quy! Tòahành chính ch7 có thKm quyCn xem xét quy$t 2>nh hành chính mang tính cá bi0t, tác 2Dng tr(c ti$p 2$nquyCn và l4i ích c'a công dân, gây tranh ch-p gi#a công dân v6i nhà n36c, và là quy$t 2>nh l<n 2<u. (Các?iCu 2, 4 và 12 Pháp l0nh th' tBc gi%i quy$t các vB án hành chính n!m 1996 (sJa 2Fi, bF sung n!m 1998,2006)).

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! Chính ph' có thKm quyCn ki+m tra, xJ l! v!n b%n, quy ph.m pháp lu5t có d-u hi0utrái pháp lu5t do các bD, c, quan ngang bD ban hành;

! Th' t36ng Chính ph' xem xét, quy$t 2>nh bãi bQ, 2ình ch7 thi hành mDt ph<n hoLctoàn bD v!n b%n quy ph.m pháp lu5t do BD tr3/ng, Th' tr3/ng c, quan ngang bD banhành trái Hi$n pháp, lu5t và v!n b%n quy ph.m pháp lu5t c'a c-p trên;

! BD T3 pháp th(c hi0n qu%n l! nhà n36c vC công tác ki+m tra v!n b%n quy ph.m pháplu5t, giúp Th' t36ng trong vi0c ki+m tra, xJ l! v!n b%n có d-u hi0u trái pháp lu5t(?iCu 90);

! BD tr3/ng, Th' tr3/ng c, quan ngang bD có thKm quyCn ki+m tra, xJ l! v!n b%n, quyph.m pháp lu5t có d-u hi0u trái pháp lu5t c'a mình và c'a bD, c, quan ngang bD vCnh#ng nDi dung có liên quan 2$n ngành, l9nh v(c do mình phB trách (?iCu 91).6

Tuy nhiên, c<n ph%i th-y r*ng, c, ch$ ki+m tra v!n b%n nh3 hi0n nay ch3a mang l.i hi0uqu% nh3 mong muAn. ?iCu 2áng ti$c là trong c, ch$ 2ánh giá tính h4p pháp, h4p hi$n c'acác v!n b%n quy ph.m pháp lu5t, không có nh#ng quy 2>nh vC quyCn c'a ng31i dân 234c2òi hQi xem xét, 2ánh giá vC tính h4p pháp c'a v!n b%n quy ph.m pháp lu5t. ?@ng th1itrong c, ch$ này, Tòa án v6i tính ch-t là c, quan xét xJ chuyên nghi0p, có n!ng l(c nghCnghi0p chuyên sâu, thì l.i không 234c trao thKm quyCn gi%i thích, ki+m tra, 2ánh giá tínhh4p pháp, h4p hi$n c'a v!n b%n quy ph.m pháp lu5t. Th(c ti=n c'a r-t nhiCu quAc gia làtrao quyCn gi%i thích, thKm 2>nh, ra quy$t 2>nh vC tính h4p pháp, h4p hi$n c'a v!n b%nquy ph.m pháp lu5t cho Tòa án, cEng nên 234c chúng ta nghiên c)u.

Ng!"i dân khó có th- th.c hi/n quy'n khi%u n&i v' hành vi c*a quan ch0c hànhchính.

Th(c t$ hi0n nay, 2Ai v6i các c, quan gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hành chính thuDc h0 thAnghành pháp, vi0c xJ l! nh#ng hành vi hành chính “b-t tác vi” – không hành 2Dng, 2ùn 2Ky,né tránh vB vi0c – qu% còn là mDt 2iCu th5t xa l., “xa x7”. V-n 2C này 2ã không 234c Lu5tkhi$u n.i, tA cáo và các v!n b%n h36ng d8n thi hành 2.o lu5t này quy 2>nh 2<y 2' và rõràng. ?ây cEng là mDt nguyên nhân khi$n quyCn khi$u n.i c'a công dân 2Ai v6i các hànhvi hành chính c'a công ch)c nhà n36c h<u nh3 không 234c th(c hi0n, làm cho quyCnkhi$u n.i hành chính c'a công dân m-t tính kh% thi.

Ng!"i #i khi%u n&i ph)i khi%u n&i #%n “#úng c+ quan có th1m quy'n”.

Ngh9a vB 2<u tiên c'a ng31i khi$u n.i 234c pháp lu5t quy 2>nh là ph%i khi$u n.i 2$n2úng c, quan có thKm quyCn gi%i quy$t. VC hình th)c thì có vO nh3 quy 2>nh này là h4pl! v6i mBc 2ích là 2+ công dân cân nh"c 23a 2,n 2$n 2úng n,i có thKm quyCn gi%i quy$t,tránh làm m-t th1i gian vô ích.

Tuy nhiên trong th(c ti=n ho.t 2Dng qu%n l! nhà n36c c'a Vi0t Nam thì vi0c th(c hi0nngh9a vB này là hoàn toàn không d= dàng. Quá trình thay 2Fi liên tBc ch)c n!ng nhi0mvB, quyCn h.n c'a các c, quan qu%n l! nhà n36c (2i+n hình là vi0c tách nh5p các 2,n v>hành chính theo lãnh thF và các c, quan qu%n l! theo ngành và l9nh v(c) 2ã d8n 2$n vi0c

6 Xem thêm Lu5t ban hành v!n b%n quy ph.m pháp lu5t n!m 2008, các 2iCu 85, 89, 90.

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xác 2>nh thKm quyCn c'a c, quan trong vi0c ti$p nh5n và gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i là h$t s)ckhó kh!n.

VC mLt thKm quyCn, các c, quan hành chính nhà n36c c'a Vi0t Nam, theo ngành hoLctheo lãnh thF, v8n trong tình tr.ng ch@ng chéo vC quyCn h.n, nhi0m vB. Các thi$t ch$thanh tra, qu%n l!, 2iCu hành c'a các c, quan hành chính nhà n36c chuyên ngành, c'achính quyCn 2>a ph3,ng không rõ ràng, làm cho ng31i dân h$t s)c lúng túng trong vi0cxác 2>nh 2úng c, quan có thKm quyCn gi%i quy$t vB vi0c c'a mình.

Li/u ng!"i dân có tìm #!$c công l! 2 chính n+i #ã ban hành quy%t #3nh hành chínhb4t l$i cho mình hay không?

Lu5t quy 2>nh ng31i khi$u n.i, tr36c tiên ph%i khi$u n.i 2$n c, quan 2ã có quy$t 2>nhhay hành vi hành chính b> khi$u n.i; trong trình t( th' tBc gi%i quy$t thì c, quan 2ã cóhành vi hoLc quy$t 2>nh b> khi$u n.i - 234c coi là “c-p gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i l<n 2<u”.

Th(c t$ cho th-y, h<u nh3 ch3a bao gi1 tranh ch-p 234c gi%i quy$t 234c ngay / “c-p gi%iquy$t khi$u n.i l<n 2<u”. Công ch)c, c, quan nhà n36c 2ã có hành vi hoLc quy$t 2>nh b>khi$u n.i, r-t ít khi t( thHa nh5n s( sai sót và t( sJa ch#a. Ng31i dân 2i khi$u n.i h<unh3 không th+ hy v&ng vào s( khách quan, công tâm c'a công ch)c, c, quan nhà n36c,tr36c 2ó 2ã ban hành quy$t 2>nh hành chính b-t l4i cho mình. H<u h$t các quy$t 2>nh“gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i l<n 2<u” 2Cu không 234c ng31i khi$u n.i ch-p nh5n. Ng31i dân l.iph%i ti$p tBc 2i tìm công l! / c-p hành chính nhà n36c cao h,n.

Quy 2>nh “c-p gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i l<n 2<u là c-p b> khi$u n.i” có th+ 234c gi%i thích lành*m t.o c, hDi cho các bên trong tranh ch-p hành chính t( xem xét l.i các c!n c) banhành quy$t 2>nh hành chính, 2Dng c, c'a hành vi hành chính c'a mình (c'a cá nhân, c,quan b> khi$u n.i). Tuy nhiên, trong m&i tr31ng h4p, khi tìm ki$m công l!, k+ c% công l!hành chính, nguyên t"c tAi cao trong ho.t 2Dng c'a thi$t ch$ xác 2>nh công l! ph%i làkhách quan, 2Dc l5p. Trong tr31ng h4p này cEng v5y, 2+ b%o 2%m công l! hành chính, c,quan nhà n36c gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i tH nhân dân ph%i là mDt thi$t ch$ 2Dc l5p v6i nh#ngthi$t ch$ th(c thi quyCn l(c hành chính. Nói theo cách các chuyên gia trong l9nh v(c nàylà hành chính tài phán ph%i 2Dc l5p v6i hành chính qu'n l!.

Ng!"i dân hay Nhà n!,c có ngh5a v6 ch0ng minh trong v6 vi/c khi%u n&i hànhchính?

Pháp lu5t vC khi$u n.i không quy 2>nh rõ ngh9a vB ch)ng minh trong vB vi0c khi$u n.ithuDc vC ai. Ng31i khi$u n.i? Hay, công ch)c hoLc c, quan nhà n36c?

Trong th(c t$, ng31i dân 2i khi$u n.i th31ng ph%i s3u t<m, thu th5p s( ki0n và h@ s, làmc!n c) cho 2,n khi$u n.i c'a mình. Trong khi 2ó, các c, quan gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i d31ngnh3 không chú tr&ng t6i vi0c yêu c<u c, quan ban hành quy$t 2>nh b> khi$u n.i ph%i gi%itrình nh#ng l5p lu5n, c!n c) liên quan.

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Trong bAi c%nh vC th+ ch$ hành chính – pháp lu5t nh3 c'a Vi0t Nam hi0n nay, ng31i 2ikhi$u n.i gLp ph%i r-t nhiCu khó kh!n. CB th+ là: a) Hi+u bi$t c'a ng31i dân Vi0t Nam vCpháp lu5t, vC h0 thAng c, quan nhà n36c nhìn chung là h$t s)c h.n ch$. S( tr4 giúp vCpháp l! cho công dân dù 2ã 234c quan tâm nh3ng v8n còn là h$t s)c ít Qi so v6i nhu c<u;b) Tính ch-t khép kín c'a nCn hành chính khi$n ng31i dân r-t khó kh!n trong vi0c tìmki$m thông tin hoLc b*ng ch)ng 2+ làm c!n c) cho các yêu c<u c'a mình; c) NhiCu chínhsách, pháp lu5t vC nDi dung thi$u nh-t quán, không thAng nh-t; mDt khAi l34ng khFng l@các v!n b%n d36i lu5t / nhiCu c-p 234c ban hành 2+ thi hành lu5t, trong sA 2ó, có khôngít v!n b%n 234c ban hành trái pháp lu5t vC nDi dung, th' tBc hoLc thKm quyCn. V6i nh#ngkhó kh!n, b-t c5p này, vi0c yêu c<u ng31i dân 2i khi$u n.i ph%i ch)ng minh vC c!n c)pháp lu5t c'a 2,n th3 khi$u n.i qu% là r-t khó cho ng31i dân.

" ngh9a c'a vi0c gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hành chính (và k+ c% khi$u ki0n hành chính tr36cToà án) là ki+m tra và 2ánh giá tính h4p pháp c'a quy$t 2>nh hành chính b> khi$u ki0n.Ng31i dân bình th31ng khi mang 2,n 2i khi$u n.i khó th+ bi$t h$t 234c các c!n c) vCpháp lu5t, vC chính sách, ch$ 2D, vC th' tBc, v.v. 2+ ban hành v!n b%n hành chính mà h&cho là b-t l4i cho h&. Thông th31ng, ng31i dân th(c hi0n quyCn khi$u n.i c'a mình khih& ph%i 2Ai di0n v6i s( thi0t thòi, m-t mát vC quyCn và l4i ích 2ã, 2ang làm %nh h3/ng t6icuDc sAng c'a h&. Nh3 v5y, v-n 2C 2Lt ra là, c<n ph%i quy 2>nh rõ ngh9a vB c'a công ch)choLc c, quan nhà n36c ph%i ch)ng minh, gi%i thích nh#ng c!n c) vC pháp l!, s( ki0n chonh#ng hành vi, quy$t 2>nh hành chính mà h& 2ã ban hành.7 Quy 2>nh 234c nh3 v5y, sIlàm cho nCn hành chính công c'a chúng ta th(c s( là nCn hành chính nhà n36c vì nhândân.

Vai trò c*a lu7t s! trong c+ ch% gi)i quy%t khi%u n&i hành chính nh! th% nào?

Quy 2>nh vC s( tham gia c'a lu5t s3 2ã là b36c 2Dt phá trong c, ch$ gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i,và 234c ghi nh5n trong Lu5t sJa 2Fi, bF sung mDt sA 2iCu c'a Lu5t khi$u n.i, tA cáo n!m2005. Tuy nhiên, s( tham gia này c'a lu5t s3 ch7 m6i dHng / t3 cách là t3 v-n, giúp 2Ptrong quá trình gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i. Lu5t s3 không có t3 cách 2Dc l5p, 234c 'y quyCn 2+giao d>ch tr(c ti$p v6i c, quan công quyCn.8 Ng31i dân ph%i t( mình th(c hi0n vi0c khi$un.i mDt cách riêng rI. Trong mDt sA tr31ng h4p, ng31i dân ch7 có th+ 'y quyCn khi$u n.icho ng31i có quan h0 gia 2ình, hoLc 2.i di0n theo quy 2>nh cB th+ c'a Lu5t. Lu5t khôngquy 2>nh r*ng: ng31i dân 234c 'y quyCn cho lu5t s3.9

Th(c thi vai trò r-t khiêm tAn (là ng31i t3 v-n, tr4 giúp) trong quá trình gi%i quy$t khi$un.i, nh3ng lu5t s3 không 234c t.o 2iCu ki0n pháp l! thu5n l4i c<n thi$t. Lu5t khi$u n.i, tAcáo n!m 1998 (sJa 2Fi, bF sung n!m 2004, 2005) cEng nh3 Ngh> 2>nh 136/2006/N?-CPngày 14-11-2006 c'a Chính ph' quy 2>nh chi ti$t và h36ng d8n thi hành mDt sA 2iCu c'a

7 Tham kh%o kinh nghi0m Trung QuAc: Ming Gao, ThKm phán Toà án nhân dân tAi cao Trung QuAc, bàivi$t trong “T) t6ng hành chính $ Trung Qu)c”, Etude et Document française numéro 42, 1990.8 Trong khi 2ó, 2o.n 2 ?iCu 6 Pháp l0nh vC th' tBc gi%i quy$t các vB án hành chính n!m 1996 (sJa 2Fi, bFsung n!m 1998, 2006), quy 2>nh: “?3,ng s( có th+ uM quyCn b*ng v!n b%n cho lu5t s3 hoLc ng31i khác 2.idi0n cho mình tham gia tA tBng. ?3,ng s( t( mình hoLc có th+ nh1 lu5t s3 hay ng31i khác b%o v0 quyCn vàl4i ích h4p pháp c'a mình.”9 Lu5t khi$u n.i, tA cáo n!m 1998 (sJa 2Fi, bF sung n!m 2004, 2005). ?iCu 1 Ngh> 2>nh 136/2006/N?-CP.

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Lu5t, 2ã quy 2>nh quá chi ti$t vC nh#ng vi0c lu5t s3 234c làm, 2@ng th1i l.i quy 2>nh r-t2>nh tính, có tính ch-t “c%nh báo” vC nh#ng hành vi mà lu5t s3 không 234c làm.

V6i quy 2>nh / ?iCu 3 Ngh> 2>nh 136/2006/N?-CP,10 lu5t s3 không ch7 gLp ph%i nhiCukhó kh!n vC th' tBc hành chính 2+ giúp thân ch' mình theo 2uFi khi$u n.i hành chính.?@ng th1i, lu5t s3 còn gLp ph%i tr/ ng.i chính tr> và tâm l!, khi ph%i / vào tình tr.ng d=dàng ph.m quy, n$u b> coi là “kích 2Dng, c3Png ép, mua chuDc, dB d: ng31i khi$u n.ikhi$u n.i sai s( th5t hoLc l4i dBng quyCn khi$u n.i 2+ xuyên t.c, vu khAng, xâm ph.mtr5t t( công cDng, gây thi0t h.i 2$n l4i ích c'a c, quan, tF ch)c, cá nhân”. Nh#ng 2iCu“c%nh báo” có tính ch-t 2>nh tính, r-t d= b> tùy ti0n gi%i thích nh3 th$ này không khQi làmcho lu5t s3 e ng.i, không muAn nh5n các vB vi0c khi$u n.i hành chính. Quy 2>nh nàycEng gây nên e ng.i cho c% các tF ch)c tr4 giúp pháp lu5t mi=n phí.

Th(c t$ cho th-y, tH khi Lu5t khi$u n.i, tA cáo 234c sJa 2Fi, bF sung vào n!m 2005 t6inay, cho phép lu5t s3 tham gia vào quá trình gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hành chính, sA l34ng vBvi0c lu5t s3 tham gia t3 v-n gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i r-t ít so v6i tFng sA vB vi0c khi$u n.i.

Ngày 22-8-2008, Ny ban th31ng vB QuAc hDi (UBTQH) nghe báo cáo giámsát và th%o lu5n k$t qu% thi hành pháp lu5t khi$u n.i, tA cáo (KNTC). TheosA li0u thAng kê trong báo cáo, trong tFng sA g<n 41.000 vB vi0c khi$u n.i234c thAng kê thì ch7 có 158 vB có lu5t s3 tham gia, ch' y$u ch7 là t3 v-n vàvi$t 2,n giúp ng31i khi$u n.i.11

Nhi'u ng!"i có th- cùng #0ng tên trong m8t v6 khi%u n&i (khi%u n&i t7p th-) haykhông?

Theo Lu5t khi$u n.i, tA cáo, ng31i dân ch7 có th+ th(c hi0n quyCn khi$u n.i mDt cáchtr(c ti$p. Trong tr31ng h4p, nhiCu ng31i có cùng mDt nDi dung làm c!n c) khi$u n.i (vídB, cùng b> di d1i khQi n,i sinh sAng do b> gi%i tQa 2+ làm khu công nghi0p, cùng ch>uthi0t h.i do ô nhi=m môi tr31ng tH cùng mDt ngu@n, v.v.), m:i cá nhân ph%i vi$t riêng

10 Các kho%n 2, 3 ?iCu 3 Ngh> 2>nh 136/2006/N?-CP quy 2>nh:2. Khi giúp 2P ng31i khi$u n.i vC pháp lu5t, lu5t s3 có ngh9a vB th(c hi0n theo 2úng nDidung yêu c<u giúp 2P c'a ng31i khi$u n.i phù h4p v6i quy 2>nh c'a pháp lu5t; không234c kích 2Dng, c3Png ép, mua chuDc, dB d: ng31i khi$u n.i khi$u n.i sai s( th5t hoLcl4i dBng quyCn khi$u n.i 2+ xuyên t.c, vu khAng, xâm ph.m tr5t t( công cDng, gây thi0th.i 2$n l4i ích c'a c, quan, tF ch)c, cá nhân..3. Khi tham gia quá trình gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i 2+ giúp 2P ng31i khi$u n.i vC pháp lu5t,lu5t s3 ph%i xu-t trình các gi-y t1 sau 2ây:a) ThO lu5t s3;b) Gi-y yêu c<u giúp 2P vC pháp lu5t c'a ng31i khi$u n.i;c) Gi-y gi6i thi0u c'a tF ch)c hành nghC lu5t s3 2Ai v6i tr31ng h4p lu5t s3 hành nghCtrong tF ch)c hành nghC lu5t s3 hoLc gi-y gi6i thi0u c'a ?oàn lu5t s3 n,i lu5t s3 2ó làthành viên 2Ai v6i tr31ng h4p lu5t s3 hành nghC v6i t3 cách cá nhân.

11 Lê Kiên, báo Pháp lu5t Thành phA H@ Chí Minh, 22-8-2008 - http://www.phapluattp.vn/news/chinh-tri/

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mDt 2,n khi$u n.i.12 Nh3 v5y, pháp lu5t không thHa nh5n khi$u n.i t5p th+, khi$u n.i2ông ng31i, trong khi b%o 2%m quyCn khi$u n.i c'a cá nhân.

Tuy nhiên th(c t$ cho th-y, hi0n t34ng khi$u n.i 2ông ng31i v8n ti$p tBc x%y ra, t.o nêns( lúng túng cho các c, quan liên quan khi ph%i xJ l! nh#ng khi$u n.i có cùng nDi dung,yêu c<u. Vì v5y, c<n ph%i bF sung 2<y 2' các quy 2>nh cB th+ vC th' tBc và nDi dung 2+b%o 2%m quyCn khi$u n.i 2ông ng31i, quyCn khi$u n.i t5p th+ c'a cDng 2@ng c3 dân b>thi0t h.i b/i quy$t 2>nh hành chính, hành vi hành chính c'a c, quan công quyCn. Ch7 cónh3 v5y, các c, quan nhà n36c m6i có c, s/ 2+ gi%i quy$t các vB khi$u n.i 2ông ng31i,vHa b%o 2%m quyCn khi$u n.i t5p th+ c'a ng31i dân vHa gi%m 234c nh#ng %nh h3/ng tiêuc(c và mLt trái c'a nó.

4. Thi,t ch, gi*i quy,t khi,u n-i hành chính 4 Vi1t Nam hi1n nay.

?ánh giá vC các ch' th+ tham gia vào quá trình gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hành chính / Vi0tNam là h$t s)c khó kh!n, do tính ch-t 2Lc thù c'a thi$t ch$ quyCn l(c nhà n36c / Vi0tNam, v6i s( phân công phân nhi0m ch3a th5t s( rõ ràng gi#a các c, quan nhà n36c trongho.t 2Dng qu%n l!, cùng v6i quá trình ho.ch 2>nh và th(c thi chính sách / mDt sA n,i,mDt sA lúc và mDt sA l9nh v(c ch3a th5t s( minh b.ch, thi$u s( tham gia c'a ng31i dântrên mDt sA l9nh v(c c'a 21i sAng xã hDi, cEng nh3 tác 2Dng vô nguyên t"c c'a nh#ngthi$t ch$ không chính th)c vào h0 thAng t3 pháp cEng nh3 tài phán hành chính.

Nghiên c)u này ch7 xem xét c, ch$ gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hành chính trong ph.m vi thKmquyCn, trách nhi0m c'a c, quan hành chính nhà n36c – các c, quan hành pháp (trong 2ócó vai trò và trách nhi0m c'a các tF ch)c Thanh tra nhà n36c); không xem xét thKmquyCn c'a c, quan tòa án. Bên c.nh 2ó, c<n ph%i tính t6i vai trò c'a ?%ng CDng s%n, MLttr5n TF quAc, các c, quan dân cJ, v.v.

Nói cách khác, c, ch$ gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hành chính 234c hi+u nh3 là ph3,ng th)c tFch)c và ho.t 2Dng c'a bD máy nhà n36c (và, rDng h,n n#a là c'a c% h0 thAng chính tr>)trong vi0c ti$p nh5n và gi%i quy$t các khi$u n.i hành chính nh*m b%o 2%m quyCn khi$un.i c'a công dân, tF ch)c.

12 ?iCu 6 Ngh> 2>nh 136/2006/N?-CP quy 2>nh: “C, quan nhà n36c khi nh5n 234c 2,n khi$u n.i thì xJ l!nh3 sau: 1... trong tr31ng h4p 2,n khi$u n.i có ch# k! c'a nhiCu ng31i thì có trách nhi0m h36ng d8n ng31ikhi$u n.i vi$t thành 2,n riêng 2+ th(c hi0n vi0c khi$u n.i.”

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mDt 2,n khi$u n.i.12 Nh3 v5y, pháp lu5t không thHa nh5n khi$u n.i t5p th+, khi$u n.i2ông ng31i, trong khi b%o 2%m quyCn khi$u n.i c'a cá nhân.

Tuy nhiên th(c t$ cho th-y, hi0n t34ng khi$u n.i 2ông ng31i v8n ti$p tBc x%y ra, t.o nêns( lúng túng cho các c, quan liên quan khi ph%i xJ l! nh#ng khi$u n.i có cùng nDi dung,yêu c<u. Vì v5y, c<n ph%i bF sung 2<y 2' các quy 2>nh cB th+ vC th' tBc và nDi dung 2+b%o 2%m quyCn khi$u n.i 2ông ng31i, quyCn khi$u n.i t5p th+ c'a cDng 2@ng c3 dân b>thi0t h.i b/i quy$t 2>nh hành chính, hành vi hành chính c'a c, quan công quyCn. Ch7 cónh3 v5y, các c, quan nhà n36c m6i có c, s/ 2+ gi%i quy$t các vB khi$u n.i 2ông ng31i,vHa b%o 2%m quyCn khi$u n.i t5p th+ c'a ng31i dân vHa gi%m 234c nh#ng %nh h3/ng tiêuc(c và mLt trái c'a nó.

4. Thi,t ch, gi*i quy,t khi,u n-i hành chính 4 Vi1t Nam hi1n nay.

?ánh giá vC các ch' th+ tham gia vào quá trình gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hành chính / Vi0tNam là h$t s)c khó kh!n, do tính ch-t 2Lc thù c'a thi$t ch$ quyCn l(c nhà n36c / Vi0tNam, v6i s( phân công phân nhi0m ch3a th5t s( rõ ràng gi#a các c, quan nhà n36c trongho.t 2Dng qu%n l!, cùng v6i quá trình ho.ch 2>nh và th(c thi chính sách / mDt sA n,i,mDt sA lúc và mDt sA l9nh v(c ch3a th5t s( minh b.ch, thi$u s( tham gia c'a ng31i dântrên mDt sA l9nh v(c c'a 21i sAng xã hDi, cEng nh3 tác 2Dng vô nguyên t"c c'a nh#ngthi$t ch$ không chính th)c vào h0 thAng t3 pháp cEng nh3 tài phán hành chính.

Nghiên c)u này ch7 xem xét c, ch$ gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hành chính trong ph.m vi thKmquyCn, trách nhi0m c'a c, quan hành chính nhà n36c – các c, quan hành pháp (trong 2ócó vai trò và trách nhi0m c'a các tF ch)c Thanh tra nhà n36c); không xem xét thKmquyCn c'a c, quan tòa án. Bên c.nh 2ó, c<n ph%i tính t6i vai trò c'a ?%ng CDng s%n, MLttr5n TF quAc, các c, quan dân cJ, v.v.

Nói cách khác, c, ch$ gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hành chính 234c hi+u nh3 là ph3,ng th)c tFch)c và ho.t 2Dng c'a bD máy nhà n36c (và, rDng h,n n#a là c'a c% h0 thAng chính tr>)trong vi0c ti$p nh5n và gi%i quy$t các khi$u n.i hành chính nh*m b%o 2%m quyCn khi$un.i c'a công dân, tF ch)c.

12 ?iCu 6 Ngh> 2>nh 136/2006/N?-CP quy 2>nh: “C, quan nhà n36c khi nh5n 234c 2,n khi$u n.i thì xJ l!nh3 sau: 1... trong tr31ng h4p 2,n khi$u n.i có ch# k! c'a nhiCu ng31i thì có trách nhi0m h36ng d8n ng31ikhi$u n.i vi$t thành 2,n riêng 2+ th(c hi0n vi0c khi$u n.i.”

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th' tr3/ng c, quan hành chính nhà n36c giao trách nhi0m thKm tra, xác minh vB vi0c chocác c, quan, bD ph5n chuyên môn khác.

Xét d36i góc 2D hi0u qu% công vi0c, v8n còn có nh#ng b!n kho!n vC vi0c phân 2>nhtrách nhi0m thKm tra, xác minh. N$u giao cho c, quan Thanh tra th(c hi0n, thì li0u c,quan Thanh tra có s( am hi+u c<n thi$t vC l9nh v(c chuyên môn c<n thKm tra, xác minh??@ng th1i, n$u giao vi0c thKm tra, xác minh vB vi0c cho c, quan chuyên môn, li0u c,quan chuyên môn có 2' n!ng l(c nghi0p vB vC công tác thanh tra? H,n n#a, vi0c quy2>nh n36c 2ôi nh3 v5y (trách nhi0m thKm tra, xác minh hoLc là giao cho c, quan thanhtra, hoLc là giao cho c, quan chuyên môn) 2ang là mDt trong nh#ng nguyên nhân gây ras( ch5m tr=, ph)c t.p trong vi0c gi%i quy$t các vB vi0c khi$u n.i, d8n t6i tình tr.ng:

! HoLc là các c, quan trAn tránh trách nhi0m tham m3u, 2ùn 2Ky cho nhau;! HoLc là khi các c, quan tham m3u có ! ki$n khác nhau vC cùng mDt vB vi0c.

GLp gP và 2Ai tho.i v6i ng31i khi$u n.i là mDt v-n 2C có ! ngh9a pháp l! và chính tr>.Th(c t$, các cuDc 2Ai tho.i tr(c ti$p là r-t h#u ích cho quá trình gi%i quy$t các khi$u n.ihành chính. Tuy nhiên, không ph%i / n,i nào ng31i 2)ng 2<u c, quan hành chính nhàn36c cEng sGn lòng bQ th1i gian, công s)c cho vi0c 2Ai tho.i 2+ gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i, vAnlà công vi0c ph)c t.p c!ng thRng, nên th31ng thì c, quan Thanh tra và các c, quan h#uquan khác ch' trì các cuDc 2Ai tho.i này nên hi0u qu% còn h.n ch$. Trong khi 2ó, ch3a cóquy 2>nh nào c'a pháp lu5t khi$n cho nh#ng ng31i 2)ng 2<u c, quan hành chính nhàn36c buDc ph%i th(c hi0n trách nhi0m này. Nh-t là 2Ai v6i ng31i có thKm quyCn gi%iquy$t khi$u n.i / c-p th) hai tr/ 2i, pháp lu5t ch7 quy 2>nh h& ph%i th(c hi0n vi0c gLp gP2Ai tho.i “khi th-y c<n thi$t”.

Khó kh!n th) nh-t trong vi0c ban hành quy$t 2>nh gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i: Ng31i k! quy$t2>nh (th' tr3/ng c, quan hành chính nhà n36c) và ng31i ti$n hành thKm tra xác minh (c,quan Thanh tra hoLc c, quan chuyên môn) là hai ng31i khác nhau. Do v5y, tr36c khi k!quy$t 2>nh gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i, ng31i k! th31ng ph%i cân nh"c, xem xét r-t k; k$t qu%thKm tra xác minh c'a c, quan tham m3u. Nói cách khác, Th' tr3/ng c, quan hànhchính nhà n36c r-t th5n tr&ng, vì ch7 khi 234c trình k! m6i bi$t 2$n nDi tình vB vi0c, nênph%i nghiên c)u h@ s, vB vi0c, k$t qu% thKm tra, xác minh, v.v. ?iCu này làm kéo dàithêm th1i gian gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i.

MDt khó kh!n khác gLp ph%i trong vi0c ban hành quy$t 2>nh gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i là th'tr3/ng c, quan hành chính nhà n36c (ng31i k! quy$t 2>nh gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i), vì nhiCul! do, không muAn ban hành mDt quy$t 2>nh gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i v6i nDi dung cB th+ vCgi%i pháp. Thông th31ng, s( “lKn tránh” trách nhi0m 234c th+ hi0n b*ng vi0c “phêduy0t”, t)c là bày tQ s( 2@ng ! (hoLc không 2@ng !) v6i nh#ng ki$n ngh> c'a c, quantham m3u (c, quan Thanh tra, hoLc c, quan chuyên môn) nh3ng không hC nêu chi ti$tvC vi0c c<n gi%i quy$t các ki$n ngh> 2ó ra sao. Do v5y, thông báo k$t qu% mà c, quanhành chính nhà n36c ban hành cho ng31i khi$u n.i không d8n t6i vi0c gi%i quy$t khi$un.i mDt cách tri0t 2+.

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V6i nh#ng b-t c5p, khó kh!n nêu trên, mDt v-n 2C l6n 234c 2Lt ra là: làm th$ nào 2+ côngvi0c qu%n l! hành chính nhà n36c và công vi0c gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hành chính không b>d8m chân, %nh h3/ng t6i nhau. Có ! ki$n cho r*ng, c<n tách b.ch ch)c n!ng “hành chínhqu'n l!” khQi ch)c n!ng “hành chính tài phán”. C<n ph%i chuyên môn hóa, ph%i có mDtc, quan có thKm quyCn và trách nhi0m chuyên gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hành chính trong h0thAng các c, quan hành chính nhà n36c.

B4t c7p, khó kh(n phát sinh t: m;i quan h/ gi<a th* tr!2ng c+ quan hành chính nhàn!,c v,i th* tr!2ng c4p trên tr.c ti%p trong vi/c gi)i quy%t khi%u n&i hành chính.

TH tr36c 2$n nay, mLc dù 2ã có nhiCu s( thay 2Fi nh3ng vC c, b%n thì vi0c gi%i quy$tkhi$u n.i hành chính v8n 234c th(c hi0n theo h0 thAng th) b5c, t3,ng )ng v6i vi0c gi%iquy$t khi$u n.i l<n 2<u và các l<n ti$p theo là thKm quyCn c'a th' tr3/ng c, quan hànhchính tH c-p d36i lên c-p trên.

Lôgíc gi%n 2,n 2ã 234c lu5t hóa là: c, quan c-p trên ph%i có trách nhi0m gi%i quy$tnh#ng vB vi0c khi$u n.i thuDc thKm quyCn c'a c-p d36i do c, quan c-p d36i không gi%iquy$t khi$u n.i 2úng th1i h.n! V6i lôgíc này, ph%i ch!ng c) c-p d36i, vì nhiCu l! do, bQqua không gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i, thì c, quan hành chính nhà n36c c-p trên, nh3 Ch' t>chNy ban nhân dân c-p t7nh, thành phA tr(c thuDc Trung 3,ng và BD tr3/ng, Th' tr3/ng c,quan ngang bD sI ph%i gi%i quy$t ph<n l6n các vB khi$u n.i thuDc thKm quyCn c'a c-pd36i? ?iCu này l! gi%i vì sao hi0n nay, chúng ta 2ang ph%i 2Ai mLt v6i tình tr.ng g&i là“khi$u n.i v34t c-p” tràn lan nh3 v5y. Th(c ra, quá trình gi%i quy$t qua nhiCu c-p hànhchính nhà n36c nh3 hi0n tr.ng là mDt trong nh#ng b-t c5p l6n c'a c, ch$ gi%i quy$tkhi$u n.i hành chính c'a chúng ta hi0n nay.

B4t c7p, khó kh(n phát sinh t: m;i quan h/ gi<a các t= ch0c Thanh tra v,i các c+quan chuyên môn trong gi)i quy%t khi%u n&i hành chính.

V-n 2C n%y sinh khá ph)c t.p trong mAi quan h0 gi#a các tF ch)c Thanh tra hi0n nay xu-tphát tH vi0c ch3a có s( phân 2>nh th5t rõ ràng vC ch)c n!ng nhi0m vB gi#a Thanh trahành chính và Thanh tra chuyên ngành, gi#a Thanh tra c-p hành chính và Thanh tra theongành và l9nh v(c. ?iCu này th-y rõ nh-t trên 2>a bàn mDt 2>a ph3,ng qua mAi quan h0gi#a Thanh tra t7nh và Thanh tra các s/, ngành. VC l! thuy$t thì 2Ai v6i mDt vB vi0c khi$un.i x%y ra t.i 2>a bàn t7nh thì thKm quyCn gi%i quy$t thuDc vC Ch' t>ch Ny ban nhân dânt7nh 2ó và Thanh tra t7nh (Thanh tra hành chính) sI giúp Ch' t>ch xem xét quy$t 2>nh.Nh3ng cEng có tr31ng h4p Ch' t>ch Ny ban nhân dân t7nh giao cho S/, ngành giúp mìnhxác minh vB vi0c (nh3 2ã trình bày / trên) và trong tr31ng h4p nh3 v5y thì trách nhi0mth(c ch-t l.i thuDc vC Thanh tra c'a s/, ngành 2ó (thanh tra chuyên ngành). S( phAi h4pnh3 th$ nào gi#a Thanh tra t7nh v6i Thanh tra c'a s/, ngành? Ch' t>ch Ny ban nhân dânt7nh sI quy$t 2>nh nh3 th$ nào n$u có ! ki$n khác nhau gi#a Thanh tra t7nh và Thanh trachuyên ngành trong vi0c gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i? ?ây là nh#ng v-n 2C l6n, còn 2ang bQ ngQ.

Vai trò #>c bi/t quan tr?ng c*a c4p *y @)ng trong công tác gi)i quy%t khi%u n&i hànhchính.

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Vai trò lãnh 2.o c'a c-p uM ?%ng th+ hi0n / ch: nâng cao nh5n th)c và trách nhi0m c'acác c, quan nhà n36c trong công tác gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hành chính, và nh-t là trongvi0c phát huy s)c m.nh c'a c% h0 thAng chính tr> / c, s/ trong vi0c nâng cao hi0u qu%c'a công tác này. ?iCu này càng th+ hi0n rõ nét khi t.i các 2>a ph3,ng x%y ra nh#ng vBvi0c ph)c t.p gay g"t, kéo dài, nh#ng “2i+m nóng” có %nh h3/ng nhiCu 2$n tình hìnhkinh t$-xã hDi trên 2>a bàn. C-p 'y ?%ng không nh#ng lãnh 2.o chính quyCn trong vi0cgi%i quy$t các vB vi0c khi$u n.i mà 2iCu không kém ph<n quan tr&ng là thông qua côngtác này, các c-p uM ?%ng 2ánh giá 234c n!ng l(c và phKm ch-t c'a 2Di ngE cán bD, 2ánhgiá vi0c th(c hi0n chính sách pháp lu5t t.i 2>a ph3,ng mình 2+ có gi%i pháp c'ng cAchính quyCn các c-p 2+ nâng cao hi0u qu% công tác qu%n l! nh*m h.n ch$ phát sinhkhi$u n.i, tA cáo.

Tuy nhiên, s( lãnh 2.o tr(c ti$p trong th(c t$ (chính xác h,n, là s( ch7 2.o tr(c ti$p) c'acác tF ch)c ?%ng l.i t.o ra nh#ng hi0u )ng tiêu c(c 2Ai v6i công tác gi%i quy$t khi$u n.ic'a các c, quan nhà n36c. ?iCu d= nh5n th-y nh-t là nó làm m-t 2i tính ch' 2Dng vàch>u trách nhi0m c'a các c, quan có thKm quyCn gi%i quy$t. Th5m chí có nh#ng n,i, c,quan hành chính nhà n36c M l.i, trông ch1 hoàn toàn vào ! ki$n c'a c-p uM ?%ng. ?iCunày là r-t rõ qua th(c ti=n / các 2>a ph3,ng, c-p c, s/.

Trong khi 2ó, nh#ng ! ki$n c'a tF ch)c ?%ng l.i không ph%i là nh#ng ! ki$n chính th)cvà xét vC mLt pháp l! nó không có tính ch-t b"t buDc ph%i tuân theo. Do v5y, không th+có c, ch$ ràng buDc trách nhi0m 2Ai v6i nh#ng lo.i ! ki$n này. Nh#ng ! ki$n 2ó, tuykhông chính th)c, nh3ng trong th(c t$ thì l.i th(c s( có tác 2Dng quy$t 2>nh t6i vi0c gi%iquy$t khi$u n.i. B/i lI, nh#ng ng31i 2)ng 2<u các c, quan hành chính nhà n36c, th31nglà 2%ng viên, và do v5y vC mLt chính tr> ph%i ch-p hành ! ki$n c'a ?%ng theo nguyên t"ct5p trung dân ch'. Con 231ng ch)c nghi0p và th!ng ti$n c'a h& hoàn toàn phB thuDc vàotF ch)c ?%ng nên vi0c h& ph%i tuân th' ! ki$n ch7 2.o c'a c-p 'y hoLc cá nhân 2.i di0nc-p 'y, có th+ c% nh#ng ! ki$n truyCn 2.t b*ng l1i, trong vi0c th(c thi m&i công vi0c, k+c% trong công tác gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i.13

CEng vì là không chính th)c cho nên, các ! ki$n c'a tF ch)c ?%ng vC nguyên t"c làkhông 234c công bA. ?iCu 2ó làm %nh h3/ng 2$n nh#ng cA g"ng c'a vi0c minh b.ch hoáho.t 2Dng qu%n l! cEng nh3 minh b.ch hoá quá trình gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i. Khi các c,quan nhà n36c không th(c s( 234c th(c hi0n 2úng quyCn h.n và cEng không th(c s(ph%i ch>u trách nhi0m vC quyCn h.n 2ó thì không th+ nói 2$n vi0c b%o 2%m hi0u qu% ho.t2Dng c'a nó. Trong các ngh> quy$t c'a mình, ?%ng luôn c%nh báo vC s( bao bi0n c'a c-puM ?%ng 2Ai v6i công vi0c c'a Nhà n36c và 2òi hQi ph%i có s( 2Fi m6i ph3,ng th)c lãnh2.o c'a ?%ng 2Ai v6i bD máy nhà n36c, b%o 2%m cho các c, quan nhà n36c th(c hi0ntheo 2úng ch)c n!ng nhi0m vB mà pháp lu5t 2ã quy 2>nh. Tuy nhiên, nh#ng 2iCu di=n ra/ các 2>a ph3,ng cho th-y, v8n còn mDt kho%ng cách gi#a tinh th<n c'a ngh> quy$t vàho.t 2Dng th(c ti=n.

13 ?iCu 4 Pháp l0nh cán bD, công ch)c n!m 1998 (sJa 2Fi, bF sung n!m 2000, 2003) quy 2>nh: Công táccán bD, công ch)c 2Lt d36i s( lãnh 2.o c'a ?%ng CDng s%n Vi0t Nam. ?iCu 5 Lu5t cán bD, công ch)c n!m2008 quy 2>nh các nguyên t"c qu%n l! cán bD, công ch)c là: B%o 2%m s( lãnh 2.o c'a ?%ng, s( qu%n l! c'aNhà n36c.

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Trong bAi c%nh ch3a làm rõ 234c m)c 2D, ph.m vi lãnh 2.o c'a ?%ng 2Ai v6i nh#ngcông vi0c cB th+ c'a chính quyCn, nh3 công tác gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hành chính, thì !t3/ng vC vi0c nh-t th+ hóa các ch)c danh ?%ng v6i ch)c danh Chính quyCn r-t 2áng234c nghiên c)u, trao 2Fi rDng rãi trong gi6i h&c thu5t và các chính tr> gia. Vi0c h4p nh-thai ch)c danh ?%ng và Chính quyCn vào mDt cá nhân 2ang 234c kS v&ng là sI góp ph<nt!ng c31ng trách nhi0m cá nhân công ch)c trong vi0c th(c thi công vB.

5. K,t lu0n và ki,n ngh5.

Có th+ nói mDt cách khái quát r*ng, cùng mDt vB vi0c khi$u n.i, có quá nhiCu c, quan cóth+ tham gia vào vi0c gi%i quy$t nh3ng l.i không có mDt c, quan nào ch>u trách nhi0mchính.

VC mLt ch)c n!ng, nhi0m vB, 2Ai v6i b-t kS mDt c, quan liên quan nào, công vi0c ti$pnh5n, xJ l! và gi%i quy$t các khi$u n.i c'a ng31i dân ch7 là mDt công vi0c, nhi0m vB“phB”, so v6i các công vi0c qu%n l! hành chính mà h& ph%i làm theo c-p chính quyCnhoLc theo l9nh v(c chuyên môn. Nh3 v5y, sI th5t là b-t công n$u chúng ta 2òi hQi tínhchuyên nghi0p, chuyên môn c'a các c, quan hành chính nhà n36c trong vi0c gi%i quy$tkhi$u n.i hành chính!

Các tF ch)c Thanh tra nhà n36c, nh#ng ng31i luôn 234c coi là 2óng vai trò tr&ng y$utrong công tác này thì vC mLt lu5t pháp cEng chRng có quyCn h.n bao nhiêu. Các tF ch)cThanh tra không ph%i là c, quan gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i, ch7 là nh#ng c, quan tham m3ugi%i quy$t khi$u n.i. MLc dù, tr(c ti$p thKm tra, xác minh vB vi0c, nh3ng c, quan Thanhtra ch7 có quyCn ra k$t lu5n và ki$n ngh> h36ng gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i. Trong khi 2ó, thKmquyCn quy$t 2>nh gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i l.i thuDc vC Th' tr3/ng c, quan hành chính nhàn36c – là mDt thi$t ch$ không rõ ràng (cá nhân hay tF ch)c?), không n"m b"t mDt cáchsâu s"c nDi tình c'a vB vi0c.

Trong các c, quan Thanh tra nhà n36c, vi0c tham m3u cho th' tr3/ng các c, quan hànhchính nhà n36c trong công tác ti$p dân, xJ l! 2,n th3 khi$u n.i cEng ch7 là mDt lo.i vi0ctrong nhiCu lo.i công vi0c khác mà các cán bD làm công tác thanh tra ph%i làm. VC mLttâm l!, nh#ng cán bD làm công tác thanh tra không m-y hào h)ng v6i công vi0c gi%iquy$t khi$u n.i hành chính. VC nh#ng ng31i làm công tác gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i, khôngph%i ai cEng 234c trang b> nh#ng ki$n th)c pháp lu5t c<n thi$t.

V6i kh% n!ng và n!ng l(c h.n ch$ hi0n nay c'a Toà án nhân dân trong vi0c gi%i quy$t cáckhi$u ki0n hành chính sau h,n 10 n!m th(c hi0n thKm quyCn xét xJ hành chính, thì côngtác gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i c'a công dân ngay tH giai 2o.n phát sinh thuDc ph.m vi thKmquyCn c'a c, quan hành pháp 2ang th(c s( 2Lt ra s( c<n thi$t hoàn thi0n c, ch$ gi%iquy$t khi$u n.i b*ng ph3,ng th)c hành chính.

Nhóm nghiên c)u th-y r*ng, có th+ có hai cách ti$p c5n 2Ai v6i vi0c hoàn thi0n c, ch$gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hành chính.

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Cách ti,p c0n th/ nh6t, xây d(ng, sJa 2Fi, bF sung mDt sA ch$ 2>nh c, b%n c'a d( ánLu5t gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i theo h36ng vì quyCn khi$u n.i c'a dân; vì s( minh b.ch, côngb*ng c'a quá trình gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hành chính; xác 2>nh rõ thKm quyCn, trách nhi0mvà kM c3,ng hành chính trong công tác gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i.

V6i cách ti$p c5n này, d31ng nh3 không ph%i 2Dng ch.m gì nhiCu t6i nh#ng th+ ch$ liênquan trong c, ch$ gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hành chính hi0n hành. Nh#ng sJa 2Fi ch' y$u t5ptrung vào vi0c sJa 2Fi, hoàn thi0n mDt sA ch$ 2>nh, quy trình, thKm quyCn, th' tBc c'a c,ch$ gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hành chính. Cách ti$p c5n này, do v5y, có l4i th$ d31ng nh3 d=234c ch-p nh5n, và th(c thi có vO thu5n l4i do không ph%i 2Dng ch.m gì nhiCu 2$n v-n2C tF ch)c bD máy các c, quan c'a Chính ph'. Tuy nhiên, s( sJa 2Fi có tính cBc bD,thi$u tính ch-t 2@ng bD sI làm cho c, ch$ gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i có th+ 234c hoàn ch7nhthêm mDt b36c, nh3ng ch3a ch"c 2ã 2.t 234c hi0u qu% rõ r0t vC tFng th+.

Vi0c xây d(ng, sJa 2Fi, bF sung d( án Lu5t gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i c<n ph%i b"t 2<u tH vi0cxác 2>nh nh#ng t3 t3/ng ch7 2.o, làm nCn t%ng phát tri+n các quy 2>nh cB th+ c'a Lu5t.?ó ph%i là nh#ng t3 t3/ng ch7 2.o có tính nguyên t"c nh3 sau:

! Khách quan, 2Dc l5p trong toàn bD quá trình gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hành chính;! ?%m b%o v> trí 2Dc l5p, tính chuyên nghi0p c'a c, quan gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i;! Bình 2Rng vC quan h0 gi#a ng31i khi$u n.i v6i ng31i/tF ch)c b> khi$u n.i;! Minh b.ch quá trình gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hành chính b*ng th' tBc tham v-n gi#a các

bên;! QuyCn tham gia, quyCn 234c 'y quyCn c'a lu5t s3 trong quá trình gi%i quy$t khi$u

n.i;! Ngh9a vB c'a c, quan hành chính ph%i ch)ng minh, ph%n bi0n vC nh#ng khi$u n.i;! Ngh9a vB c'a ng31i khi$u n.i h4p tác v6i c, quan gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i, cung c-p

ch)ng c), h@ s, c<n thi$t;! KM lu5t công vB, trách nhi0m công ch)c trong công tác gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hành

chính;! ?%m b%o th(c thi mDt cách nghiêm kh"c quy$t 2>nh gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hành chính.

Cách ti,p c0n th/ hai, c%i cách mDt cách tFng th+ c, ch$ gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hành chínhhi0n nay c'a chúng ta.

C, ch$ gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i c<n 234c 2Fi m6i mDt cách toàn di0n, tH tri$t l! c, b%n c'ac, ch$ gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i, các nguyên l! v5n hành c, b%n, các ch$ 2>nh, thi$t ch$ hànhchính, xã hDi liên quan, cho t6i các quy trình, th' tBc, tiêu chí liên quan. Trong tr31ngh4p này, c<n ph%i xây d(ng mDt ?C án hoàn ch7nh vC c%i cách c, ch$ gi%i quy$t khi$u n.ihành chính. SI là không 2@ng bD, n$u ch7 dHng l.i / vi0c xây d(ng Lu5t khi$u n.i hànhchính.

?ã 2$n lúc, thay vì nh#ng sJa 2Fi bF sung manh mún mang tính ch-t “2Ai phó” v6i tìnhhình nh3 nh#ng gì 2ã th-y trong th1i gian qua, mà trên th(c t$ h<u nh3 không m-y tácdBng, c<n có s( thay 2Fi mDt cách c!n b%n công tác gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i c'a các c, quanhành chính.

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Tham kh%o kinh nghi0m c'a mDt sA quAc gia, 2@ng th1i xu-t phát tH th(c ti=n c'a Vi0tNam, có th+ d( ki$n hai ph3,ng th)c ch' y$u 2+ tF ch)c C, quan hành chính nhà n36cchuyên trách gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hành chính. M:i mDt ph3,ng th)c này 2Cu có nh#ngthách th)c và thu5n l4i nh-t 2>nh.

Mô hình c, quan gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i chuyên ngành:

C, quan chuyên trách gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hành chính 234c tF ch)c mDt cách 2Dc l5ptrong các ngành, l9nh v(c qu%n l! nhà n36c.

Hi0n nay, t.i CBc S/ h#u Trí tu0 2ã có mDt thi$t ch$ gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i theo mô hìnht5p trung chuyên ngành. ?ó là: HDi 2@ng gi%i quy$t khi$u ki0n t.i CBc S/ h#u Trí tu0.Khi$u n.i 234c gJi cho CBc tr3/ng CBc S/ h#u Trí tu0, nh3ng th(c ch-t thKm quyCn gi%iquy$t khi$u n.i hành chính l.i thuDc vC HDi 2@ng. HDi 2@ng do mDt Phó CBc tr3/ng CBcS/ h#u Trí tu0 2)ng 2<u và mDt sA thành viên. Li0u mô hình này có nên 234c tF ch)c /mDt sA bD, ngành có kh% n!ng phát sinh nhiCu khi$u n.i, nh3 BD Tài nguyên và Môitr31ng, BD Công Th3,ng, v.v.?

Mô hình c, quan gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i t5p trung:

VC mLt tF ch)c, c, quan chuyên trách gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hành chính ph%i tách khQi h0thAng các c, quan qu%n l!, 2iCu hành hi0n nay (các BD, UM ban nhân dân các c-p và cácc, quan qu%n l! khác). Th' t36ng Chính ph' ch7 2.o h0 thAng c, quan này nh3ng khôngcan thi0p tr(c ti$p vào nh#ng vB vi0c khi$u n.i cB th+.

C, quan này tr36c m"t nên tF ch)c / hai c-p: / Trung 3,ng và t.i các khu v(c phù h4pv6i các c-p Toà án 2ang 234c tF ch)c l.i theo tinh th<n c'a Ngh> quy$t c'a ?%ng vCChi$n l34c c%i cách t3 pháp.

VC tên g&i, 2+ không gây ra nh#ng tranh lu5n không c<n thi$t có th+ g&i là “C, quan gi%iquy$t khi$u n.i hành chính Trung 3,ng”, “C, quan gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i hành chính khuv(c X”, v.v. và quy 2>nh rõ thKm quyCn thB l! c'a các c, quan này. CEng có th+ dùng têng&i m6i là “C, quan tài phán hành chính” nh3 ?C án hi0n nay Thanh tra Chính ph' 2angchuKn b>.

Trình t( xem xét l.i các quy$t 2>nh hành chính, hành vi hành chính t.i các c, quan b>khi$u n.i v8n nên duy trì, v6i th1i h.n ng"n, và không nên coi 2ó là mDt c-p gi%i quy$tmà ch7 là mDt th' tBc b"t buDc (có tính ch-t hoà gi%i) tr36c khi khi$u n.i t.i c, quan gi%iquy$t khi$u n.i chuyên trách (c, quan tài phán hành chính).

VC ch)c n!ng nhi0m vB, c, quan chuyên trách gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i có nhi0m vB ti$p nh5nvà gi%i quy$t các khi$u n.i c'a ng31i dân 2Ai v6i ho.t 2Dng c'a các c, quan hành chính,cEng nh3 c'a cán bD, công ch)c trong c, quan này. ?@ng th1i, thông qua công tác gi%iquy$t khi$u n.i hành chính, c, quan này còn có nhi0m vB tFng k$t nh#ng v-n 2C n%ysinh, nh#ng v36ng m"c b-t c5p trong chính sách, pháp lu5t vC nDi dung qu%n l! cEng nh3

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ph3,ng th)c ho.t 2Dng c'a bD máy c, quan hành chính, tH 2ó có ki$n ngh> 2+ sJa 2Fi bFsung k>p th1i, gi%m thi+u s( phát sinh khi$u n.i hành chính.

VC nhân s(, 2Di ngE công ch)c trong các c, quan này ph%i 234c tuy+n ch&n k; càng vàph%i 2' tiêu chuKn vC trình 2D chuyên môn nghi0p vB. Nh#ng ng31i tr(c ti$p làm nhi0mvB gi%i quy$t các vB vi0c khi$u n.i ph%i có ít nh-t 5 n!m kinh nghi0m ho.t 2Dng trongcác l9nh v(c qu%n l! nhà n36c, có hi+u bi$t vC pháp lu5t. Tr36c m"t, có th+ tuy+n ch&n tHsA cán bD làm công tác gi%i quy$t khi$u n.i, tA cáo trong các tF ch)c Thanh tra nhà n36c.

?@ng th1i, 2+ b%o 2%m hi0u qu% ho.t 2Dng cho c, quan hành chính nhà n36c, c<n có quy2>nh 2+ tránh m&i s( tác 2Dng tr(c ti$p c'a các c, quan, tF ch)c khác, k+ c% c'a tF ch)c?%ng cùng c-p trong khi ti$p nh5n và gi%i quy$t các vB vi0c cB th+. ?iCu này hoàn toànkhông mâu thu8n v6i nguyên t"c b%o 2%m s( lãnh 2.o c'a ?%ng 2Ai v6i Nhà n36c và xãhDi. Và, cEng phù h4p v6i ch' tr3,ng hi0n nay c'a ?%ng trong vi0c 2Fi m6i ph3,ng th)clãnh 2.o c'a ?%ng 2Ai v6i bD máy nhà n36c nói riêng và h0 thAng chính tr> nói chung.

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Institute for Research on Policy, Law and Development (PLD) is a non-governmental organization, a member of Vietnam Union of Science and Technology Associations (VUSTA). With an aim to promote good governance, rule of law toward a Vietnam democratic and modern society, PLD conducts researches, consultancy, and assessments of issues related to policies and laws in various areas of economic and social development. Moreover, PLD promotes the development of law clinics at universities in Vietnam .

The Asia Foundation is a non-profit, non-governmental organization committed to the development of a peaceful, prosperous, just, and open Asia-Pacific region. The Foundation supports programs in Asia that help improve governance, law, and civil society; women’s empowerment; economic reform and development; and international relations. Drawing on more than 50 years of experience in Asia , the Foundation collaborates with private and public partners to support leadership and institutional development, exchanges, and policy research.