The Medicinal Properties of Coriander

Coriander* (Coriandrum sativum) [Apiaceae]

(McGuffin 2000)

* In the United States, the leaf of Coridandrum

sativum is commonly called cilantro while the fruit is

commonly called coriander seed. In this article, to

prevent confusion and to use the common parlance,

I refer to cilantro or cilantro leaf as coriander leaf

and coriander fruits as coriander seeds.

Other common names

Ayurvedic: Dhanyaka (seed)

Chinese (Pinyin name): Yuan sui zi (seed)

Italian: Cilantro (leaf), Coriandolo (seed)

French: Coriandre

German: Koriander

Spanish: Cilantro

Unani: Kazbura

United Kingdom and Australia: Coriander leaf,

coriander seed

In many countries of the world, it is also called

Chinese parsley.

Part Used: Seed and leaf

Coriander and History

Coriander has a long history of use. It is mentioned

in the Papyrus of Ebers dating around 1500 BCE.

Coriander is also mentioned in the writings of Cato

the Elder (234 – 149 BCE) as well as Pliny the Elder

(23 – 79 CE). It has also been reported that

coriander seeds were known in England before the

Norman Conquest (around 1066 CE). Pliny the

Elder, a Roman author, naturalist, and natural

philosopher, used the name coriandrum for this

herb. The name is thought to be derived from the

word koros (a bug) in reference to the strong smell

of the fresh leaves (Grieve 1971). Some individuals

have a distinct aversion to the smell and taste of

fresh coriander leaves. When bed bugs are crushed,

the insects emit a smell that is reminiscent of fresh

coriander leaf. That may, in part, explain the origin

of the name coriander.

Coriander’s Constituents

The chemical composition of foods is of interest to

individuals who may want to gain a better

understanding of how herbal constituents may

influence the function of the body. The following are

some of the known constituents found in the seeds

and leaves of coriander.

The leaf has appreciable amounts of vitamins A, B

(including folic acid, and B6), C, and K. The leaf is

also a rich source of dietary fiber and minerals

including calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese,

and potassium (Kirshmann 1996). Fibers and

minerals provide important dietary factors that help

us maintain our health. Dietary fibers are essential

for intestinal regularity and to maintain healthy

cholesterol and blood sugar levels. Potassium is an

important component of cells and body fluids that

help regulate heart rate and blood pressure. Iron is

essential for healthy red blood cell production.

Manganese is used by the body as a co-factor to

manufacture the antioxidant enzyme, superoxide

dismutase. Coriander leaf also contains powerful

antibacterial compounds including α-pinene,

β-phellandrene, cineole, and borneol.

Coriander seed contains between 0.1 to 2.0 percent

of volatile oil depending on the seed variety. The

constituents of the essential oil of coriander seeds

can be broken down into four major groups:

Daniel Gagnon, Medical Herbalist

1. alcohols including linolool (60-80%), geraniol

(1.2-4.6%), terpinen-4-ol (3%), and α-terpineol

(0.5%); 2. hydrocarbons including γ-terpinene

(1-8%), r-cymene (3.5%), limonene (0.5%-4.0%),

camphene (1.4%), and myrcene (0.2%-2.0%); 3.

ketones including camphor (0.9-4.9%); and 4.

esters including geranyl acetate (0.1-4.7%) and

lynalyl acetate (0-2.7%) (Mandal 2015). Since the

seeds are rich in fats (16-28%) and protein

(11-17%), their residues at the end of the distillation

process can be used as animal feed (Evans 1989).

Coriander seed essential oil is pale yellow or

colorless, has the odor of coriander, and has a mild

aromatic taste. The fruit contains malic acid,

tannins, and fatty acids including linoleic acid,

palmitic acid, oleic acid, and stearic acid. Before

starting the distillation process, the seeds are

crushed, this allows more essential oil to be

extracted (Grieve 1971).

One of the major constituents of coriander seed oil

is linalool. When isolated from the oil, linalool is

used for a variety of purposes. It is estimated that

linalool finds its way into 60-80% of all commercial

perfumed hygiene products and cleaning products

including soaps, shampoos, body lotions, and

detergents. It is also used as a chemical intermediate,

leading to the manufacturing of such products as

vitamin E. Additionally, pest management

professionals use linalool as an insecticide against

fleas, fruit flies, and cockroaches (Evans 1996).

Coriander leaf essential oil contains approximately

44 compounds mainly aromatic acids containing

2-decenoic acid (30.8%), E-11-tetradecenoic acid

(13.4%), capric acid (12.7%), undecyl alcohol

(6.4%), tridecanoic acid (5.5%), and undecanoic

acid (7.1%) as major constituents (Bhuiyan 2009).

In the last decade, the essential oil of coriander leaf

has been gaining in popularity as more people use

essential oils in their everyday lives.

Agricultural Production

The primary producers of coriander seeds are

Egypt, India, Morocco, and the United States.

Smaller quantities are also produced in Hungary,

Poland, Czech Republic, Holland, France, Italy,

Turkey, the Balkans, Germany, China, Iran, as well

as some countries of Central and South America

(Teuscher 2005). Two varieties of seeds dominate

the market, Coriandrum sativum var. vulgare which

yields seeds that measure 3 to 5 mm in diameter

while Coriandrum sativum var. microcarpum yields

seeds that measure only 1.3 to 3 mm in diameter

(Teuscher 2005). The seeds from Morocco and

India are primarily of the vulgare variety and are

larger (75 to 100 seeds per gram) while seeds from

Eastern Europe are primarily of the microcarpum

variety and are smaller (> 130 seeds per gram)

(Teuscher 2005). The seeds that come from the

smaller seed varieties contain higher levels of

essential oils (up to 2.0%). The varieties that

produce larger seeds yield less essential oil (0.1 to

0.3%). That explains why growers who produce

seeds destined for the distillation of essential oils

favor small seed production. During the Communist

regime, the U.S.S.R. was the major producer of

coriander seed essential oil and controlled the world

price and supply. Today, Ukraine continues the

legacy and is still one of the primary producers of

coriander seed essential oil (Evans 1996).

Coriander seeds and leaves have significant

medicinal properties and offer substantial health

benefits.to mankind.

The Medicinal Proprieties of Coriander Seeds

There are seven major areas within which the

healing power of coriander seeds can be tapped.

1. Coriander seeds and strong-tasting herbs

For hundreds of years, coriander seeds have been

added to numerous formulations with the goal to

soften the assault of bitter-tasting herbs on the taste

buds (Leclerc 1976).They are excellent at masking

the taste of very strong herbs. They are often added

to laxative-based products that contain such

bitter-tasting herbs as cascara sagrada, buckthorn,

senna, jalap, and aloin latex. They are also added

to formulas that contain barberry, Oregon grape

root, quassia bark, as well as many other bitter or

strong tasting herbs (Van Hellemont 1986). With the

help of coriander seeds, herbal mixtures containing

strong-tasting herbs taste better, much better. Thus,

a greater number of individuals become willing and

able to take their “bad tasting” medicines.

2. Coriander seeds and gastrointestinal gas

Although most people prefer not to talk about this

subject, flatulence can be a serious annoyance and

cause serious embarrassment. Not only is it socially

unacceptable, but it can cause serious gastrointestinal

pain. Coriander seeds offer their considerable

carminative properties to individuals afflicted with

this health annoyance. Carminative herbs help

prevent or stop gas production throughout the entire

digestive system. The seeds can be lifesaving for

individuals who have constant burping or experience

significant amount of flatulence, especially when

they eat certain foods (milk and other dairy

products, onion, garlic, cabbage, cauliflower, green

peppers, Brussels sprouts, beans, lentils, etc.) or

after eating particularly rich meals. Although

coriander seeds may not be as strong as anise

seeds, fennel seeds, or dill seeds, for most individuals,

they offer excellent relief when an episode of

gastrointestinal gas flares up (Van Hellemont 1986).

A tea can be made by mixing whole coriander,

anise, and fennel seeds together and crushing them

just before making the tea. The freshly prepared tea

is a very pleasant addition to the end of a meal.

3. Coriander seeds and stomach tissues

protection

Coriander seeds possess substantial stomach

protective properties. These properties may be

useful when a person experiences digestive cramps

after eating certain foods or when significant stress

manifests as stomach upsets or digestive

disturbances. Coriander seeds decrease or stop

stomach spasms, production of gastrointestinal gas,

as well as excess or insufficient production of

digestive juices. Recently, researchers found that

coriander seeds increase the production of a gastric

compound by the stomach that protects its epithelial

(surface) layer from the harsh digestive juices (Zaidi

2012). It is used in Europe both to increase the

digestive juice secretion when they are low and as

an effective calmative when stomach acids are too

elevated (Van Hellemont 1986).

Individuals who experience considerable stress in

their lives initially see their production of digestive

juices decrease substantially. During stress, the

body protects itself by shunting blood away from the

digestive tract. This results in a decreased

production of digestive juices manifesting as

difficulty digesting meals and increased

fermentation in the digestive system manifesting as

gas. A tea or tincture of coriander seeds taken 20

minutes before meals will increase the secretion of

digestive juice and facilitate digestion (Wichtl 2004).

However, when stress continues over a long period

of time, the opposite may occur. Secretions may

increase but, unfortunately, because of the stress, it

doesn’t occur at meal times. This leads to inflammation

of the stomach lining. Stomach burning, esophageal

reflux, and ulceration may occur. For those types of

digestive discomforts, drink one cup of tea after

meals. Coriander seeds stimulate the digestive

function but do not aggravate the acidity that may

already exist. It actually gets rid of the inflammation

and supports the return to proper digestive function

(Pole 2006).

Another area where coriander seeds may be of useis in Helicobacter pylori infections. It is estimatedthat up to 50% of the world’s population is infectedto a certain degree with H. pylori. Researchers fromPakistan noted that coriander seeds decrease theproduction of inflammatory substances such as IL-8or ROS, factors known to inflame the stomach

(Zaidi 2012). These researchers recommend that coriander seeds be added to the diets of patientsfaced with stomach ulcers. The seeds are bothsoothing to the gastric membranes and calming tothe gastric inflammation.

4. Coriander seeds and stress

As noted above, stress can wreak havoc on the digestive system. Its negative influence can be feltthroughout a person’s life. Some of the symptomsthat accompany stress include sleep disturbances,anxiety, muscle tension and aches, headaches, fatigue, mood swings, edginess, and forgetfulness.Research suggests that one of the ways that coriander seeds can be helpful for stress is that theyseem to exert a muscle-relaxant effect (Rabbani2011). The seeds were nearly equivalent to diazepam as a substance that reduces anxiety (Mahendra 2011). They also exerted numerous positive effects to those afflicted with stress (Koppula2012). Add in the help that coriander seeds offer insleep issues and anxiety (Andalib 2011), and youdiscover an herb that clearly belongs in your medi-cine cabinet.

5. Coriander seeds and diabetes

In many countries around the world, countless diabetics choose to use herbs either as a primarytreatment for, or as an adjunct to, the treatment oftheir diabetes (Otoom 2006, Srinivasan 2005). Oneof the main herbs used for this purpose is corianderseeds. Animal studies have demonstrated that usingthe seeds modifies glucose regulation in a positiveway (Gray 2007). In a human study, a group of 20volunteers each took 2.5 grams of ground coriander

seed twice a day for 60 days. Another 20 volunteersdid not take coriander seeds and served as a controlgroup. At the end of the trial, the treatment grouphad a significant reduction in fasting blood sugar levels. In addition, they also experienced a healthyrise in their beta carotene, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, and glutathione levels. The control groupdid not see any improvements of these parameters(Rajeshwari 2011). As a word of caution, if you are adiabetic and choose to use coriander seeds to supplement your diabetes care plan, be sure to monitor your blood sugar closely and talk with yourdoctor about your usage of coriander seeds for thatpurpose.

6. Coriander seeds, kidneys, and blood pressure

Coriander seeds have been used for centuries as adiuretic, to help the kidneys get rid of excess water(Fournier 1948). Laboratory studies using animalshave confirmed the value of using the seeds for thatpurpose (Aissaoui 2008). Additional research by thesame university group showed that, in animals withhigh blood pressure, the use of coriander seed teahelped lower the blood pressure (Jabeen 2009).What makes coriander seeds attractive is the factthat this herbal medicine spares potassium. Most diuretic drugs not only eliminate sodium but alsopotassium. Proper amounts of potassium are essentialfor healthy cardiac function. When large amounts ofpotassium are eliminated from the human body, thedeficiency of this essential mineral may lead to irregular heart beat (arrhythmia). Since corianderseeds barely increased the elimination of potassium,they are thought to be safer than the diuretic drugsused for that purpose. Some individuals, in order tominimize the side effects experienced with the diureticdrugs supplement their diet with coriander seeds. Asa word of caution, if you have high blood pressureand choose to use coriander seeds to supplementyour hypertension care plan, monitor you blood pressure closely and talk with your doctor about yourusage of coriander seeds for this purpose.

7. Coriander seed essential oil and skin health

Coriander seed essential oil is used as a topicaltreatment for chronic wounds, impetigo, and herpessimplex outbreaks (Abascal 2012). The seed oil isalso used as a liniment for rheumatism and painfuljoints. (Wichtl 2004). The oil reduces the productionof inflammatory compounds both in the skin and inthe joints, and is a safer alternative to NSAIDS (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) (Abascal2012).

The Medicinal Properties of Coriander Leaf

1. Coriander leaf and heavy metal detoxification

Starting in the early 1990s, the use of coriander leaf

has been advocated as a strategy to eliminate heavy

metal accumulations, particularly those of mercury,

from the human body. The putative rationale behind

this use is that coriander leaf constituents are

thought to attach to heavy metals and promote their

excretion out of the body. Much has been written

about this controversial therapy. Proponents are

staunchly adamant that ingestion of coriander leaf

results in a lessening of heavy metal load while

opponents of the therapy argue that there is no

scientific basis for the claims made by those

advocating its use. In 1995 and 1996, Dr. Omura,

MD, published two papers where he introduced the

use of a new bidigital O-ring test claimed to measure

heavy metal levels in the body. He also proposed a

protocol to remove heavy metals from the human

body. In his clinical practice, Dr. Omura observed

mercury blood levels rise after his patients had

mercury dental amalgams removed. He had also

noted that individuals who ate Vietnamese soup

made with coriander leaf experienced increasing

excretion of mercury, lead, and aluminum. From

these two observations, he started to treat patients

exhibiting high heavy metal loads with 100 mg

coriander leaf tablets four times a day He claimed

that levels of heavy metals dropped substantially

(Omura 1995, Omura 1996). In the United States, Dr.

Deitrich Klinghartd, MD., became a proponent of Dr.

Omura’s method and began teaching health

professionals about his own specific protocol for

heavy metals removal. However, no other clinical

papers or human clinical trials have been published

to show the efficacy of using coriander leaf to remove

heavy metals once they are deposited in human

tissues. The lack of published clinical studies lies at

the center of the controversy.

However, keep in mind Dr. Omura’s observation that

eating coriander leaf may reduce the absorption of

heavy metals when it occurs at the same time as the

heavy metal exposure. There is strong evidence in

animal studies that coriander leaf used either prior to

or at the same time as heavy metal or toxin exposure

may protect the liver and other tissues. In an animal

study where mice were fed lead and coriander

leaves, the study showed that ingestion of coriander

leaf reduced the negative effects of lead on liver

enzymes, testosterone levels and sperm density as

well as the concentration of lead in the mice’s

gonads (Sharma 2010). In another animal study,

mice were exposed to lead in their drinking water.

The study concluded that coriander leaf seemed to

contain some type of unidentified chelating agent, an

agent that binds and stimulates the excretion of

another substance. Coriander leaf was shown to

suppress lead deposition in the mice’s bones and

kidneys (Aga 2001). Another animal study showed

that feeding coriander leaf extract to rats prior to

exposing them to liver toxins offered significant liver

protection (Sreelatha 2009).

The long and short of these studies is the implication

that eating coriander leaf with foods that contain

elevated amounts of heavy metals or toxins may

prevent their absorption in our body. For example,

eating coriander leaves with sea foods, tuna, or other

fish that contain significant amounts of heavy metals

may protect you from the heavy metals found in

these foods. Given that high levels of heavy metals

are increasingly found in all types of foods, it is

certainly an excellent idea to incorporate the regular

use of coriander leaf into our everyday diet.

Preparation and Dosage

Internally:

Coriander Seed: Coriander seeds make a good

tasting tea. To make the tea, steep one tablespoon of

crushed coriander seeds in a cup of hot water for 10

to 15 minutes and filter. Take 2 or 3 cups per day. To

use powdered coriander seed: take ½ teaspoon per

dosage mixed well in water or juice, from 2 to 5 times

a day (Van Hellemont 1986).

Coriander Leaf: Take 30 drops of the liquid herbal

extract in warm water 2 or 3 times a day at meal

times. Add approximately 1 tablespoon of the fresh

leaves to your meal when you consume foods that

may have an elevated heavy metal load, such as

sea food, tuna, or other fish located higher on the

food chain.

Externally:

Coriander seed essential oil can be mixed in a

carrier oil such as sweet almond oil. Stir 1 ounce of

coriander seed essential oil into 10 ounces of sweet

almond oil. Mix well. Apply to the skin or joints as

needed (Bartram 1998).

Safety

The Botanical Safety Handbook, 2nd Edition,

classifies coriander seed and leaf as a Class 1 herb,

an herb that can be safely consumed when used

appropriately (Gardner 2013). Other researchers

have also concluded that coriander seeds are very

safe, even when taken in very large doses

(Mahendra 2011).

Contraindications

Coriander seed and leaf have no known

contraindications (Van Hellemont 1986).

Side Effects

A few isolated reports of allergic reactions to

coriander seed and leaf have been reported

(Manzanedo 2004).

Drug Interactions

The Botanical Safety Handbook 2nd Edition has clas-

sified coriander seed and leaf as a Class A herb, an

herb for which no clinically relevant interaction are

expected (Gardner 2013).

Kitchen tips

Do not buy powdered coriander seeds as they will

lose their aroma and essential oils very quickly. Buy

whole seeds and crush or powder them just before

use. By following these recommendations, you

access the full medicinal qualities of the seeds when

you need them.

Whole dried seeds will keep for years when they are

stored in hermetically-sealed glass or metal

containers in an area low in moisture and free of

light (Wichtl 2004).

Coriander leaf will keep for a relatively long time in

the refrigerator when it is placed as a whole plant

with whole washed roots in a vase filled with water.

Cover the plant and the vase with a plastic bag.

Regularly remove the leaves that are turning yellow.

Stored in that way, the plant will stay fresh for many

weeks (Teuscher 2005).

ReferencesAbascal, K. and Yarnell, E. 2012. Cilantro – Culinary herb or

miracle medicinal plant. Alternative and Complementary

Therapies. 18(5): 259-264.

Aga, M., Iwaki, K., Ueda, Y., Ushio, S., Masaki N., Fukuda,

S., Kimoto, T., Ikeda, M. and Kurimoto, M. 2001. Preventive

effect of Coriandrum sativum (Chinese parsley) on localized

lead deposition in ICR mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 77: 203-208.

Aissaoui, A., El-Hilaly, J., Israili, ZH. and Lyoussi, B. 2008.

Acute diuretic effect of continuous intravenous infusion infusion

of an aqueous extract of Coriandrum sativum L. in

anesthesized rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 115(1): 89-95.

Andalib, S., Vaseghi, A., Vaseghi, G. and Motavallian, A. 2011.

Sedative and hypnotic effects of Iranian traditional medicinal

herbs or the treatment of insomnia. EXCLI J. 10: 192-197.

Bartram, T. (1998) Bartram’s Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine.

London, England: Constable and Robinson Ltd.

Bhuiyan, N.I., Begum, J. and Sultana, M. 2009. Chemical

composition of leaf and seed essential oil of Coriandrum

sativum L. from Bangladesh. Bangladesh J Pharmacol 4:

150-153.

Evans, W. 1989. Trease and Evans’ Pharmacognosy,13 ed.

London, England: Bailliere Tindall.

Evans, W. 1996. Trease and Evans’ Pharmacognosy,14 ed.

London, England: WB Saunders Co. Ltd.

Fournier, P. 1948. Le livre des plantes medicinales et

vénéneuses de France. Lechevalier, Paris, France.

Gardner, Z. and McGuffin, M. editors. 2013. Botanical Safety

Handbook, 2 ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Gray, A.M. and Flatt, P.R. 2007. Insulin-releasing and

insulin-like activity of the traditional anti-diabetic plant

Coriandrum sativum (coriander). Br J Nutrit 81(03): 203-209.

Grieve, M. A Modern Herbal. NY, NY, Dover Publications, Inc.:

1971 (reprint of 1931 ed.).

Jabeen, Q., Bashir, S., Lyoussi, B. and Gilani, A.H.

Coriander fruit exhibits gut modulatory, blood pressure lowering

and diuretic activities. 2009 J. Ethnopharmacol. 122(1). 123-130.

Kirshmann J.D. 1996. Nutrition Almanac, 4 ed. New York, NY:

McGraw-Hill.

Koppula, S. and Choi, DK. 2012. Anti-stress and anti-amnesic

effects of Coriandrum sativum Linn (Umbelliferae) extract – an

experimental study in rats. Trop J Pharmaceutical Res.

11: 36-42.

Leclerc, H. 1976. Précis de phytotherapie. Paris, France:

Masson.

Mahendra, P. and Bisht, S. 2011. A daily use spice with great

medicinal effect. Pharmacognosy J. 3:84:88.

Mahendra, P. and Bisht, S. 2011. Anti-anxiety activity of

Coriandrum sativum assessed using different experimental

animal models. Indian J Pharmacol. 43: 574-577.

Mandal, S., and Mandal, M. 2015. Coriander (Coriandrum

sativum L.) essential oil: Chemistry and biological activity.

Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 5(6): 421–428.

Manzanedo, L., Blanco, J., Fuentes, M., Caballero, M.L. and

Moneo, I. 2004. Anaphylactic reaction in a patient sensitized

to coriander seed. Allergy. 59(3): 362-363.

McGuffin, M., Kartesz, J.F., Leung, AY. and Tucker, A.O. 2000.

Herbs of Commerce, 2 ed. Silver Springs, MD: American Herbal

Products Association.

Omura, Y, and Beckman, S.I. 1995. Role of mercury (Hg) in

resistant infections and effective treatment of Chlamydia

trachomatis and Herpes family viral infection (and potential

treatment for cancer) by removing localized Hg deposits with

Chinese parsley and delivering effective antibiotics using various

drug uptake enhancement methods. Acupunct Elecrother Res.

50: 195-229.

Omura, Y., Shimotsuura, Y., Fukuoka, A., Fukuoka, H. and

Nomoro, T. 1996. Significant mercury deposits in internal organs

following the removal of dental amalgam, and development of

pre-cancer on the gingiva and the sides of the tongue and their

represented organs as a result of inadvertent exposure to strong

curing light and effective treatment. Acupunct Electrother Res.

21: 133-160.

Otoom, S.A., Al-Safi, S.A., Kerem, Z.K. and Alkofahi, A. 2006.

The use of medicinal herbs by diabetic Jordanian patients.

J. Herb Pharmacother. 6(2): 31-41.

Pole, S. 2006. Ayurvedic Medicine: The Principles of Traditional

Practice. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier.

Rabbani, M., Vaseghi, G., Sajjadi, S.E. and Amin, B. 2011.

Persian herbal medicines with anxiolytic activity. J Med Plants

39: 7-11.

Rajeshwari, CU. and Andallu, B. 2011. Oxidative stress in

NIDDM patients: Influence of coriander (Coriandrum sativum)

seeds. Res J Pharmaceutical Biol Chem Sci. 2: 31-41.

Rudrappa, Umesh. Cilantro (Coriander Leaves) nutrition facts.

http://www.nutrition-and-you.com/cilantro.html. Accessed

7/23/2016.

Sharma, V., Kansai, L. and Sharma, A. 2010. Prophylactic

efficacy of Coriandrum sativum (coriander) on testis of lead-

exposed mice. Biol Trace Elem Res. 136: 337-354.

Sreelatha, S., Padma, P.R. and Umadevi, M. 2009. Protective

effects of Coriandrum sativum extracts on carbon

tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Food Chem Toxicol.

47: 702-708.

Srinivasan, K. 2005. Plant foods in the management of diabetes

mellitus: Spices as beneficial antidiabetic food adjuncts.

Int J Food Sci Nutr 56(6): 399-414.

Teuscher, E., Anton, R. and Lobstein. A. 2005. Plantes

Aromatiques. Paris, France: Editions Tec et Doc.

United States Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Research

Service. National Nutrient database for Standard Reference

Release 28. 2016. https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/2931

Accessed 7/23/2016.

Van Hellemont, J. 1986. Compendium de Phytotherapie.

Brussels, Belgium: Association Pharmaceutique Belge.

Wichtl, M. (Ed.) 2004. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals.

3 ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Zaidi, S.F., Muhammad, J.S., Shahryar, S. Usmanghani, K. and

Gilani A. 2012. Anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects of

selected Pakistani medicinal plants in Helicobacter pylori-infected

gastric epithelial cells. J. Ethnopharmacol. 141: 403-413.

Biography

Daniel Gagnon, Medical Herbalist, MS, RH (AHG) is a French

Canadian from Ontario who relocated to Santa Fe, NM in 1979.

He has been a practicing Medical Herbalist since 1976. Daniel is

the author of The Practical Guide to Herbal Medicines, a book

designed to provide herbal health care options. He is also the

co-author of Breathe Free, a book on healing the respiratory

system. He regularly teaches herbal therapeutics both nationally

and internationally.

Daniel is the owner of Herbs, Etc., a natural vitamin and supple-

ment retail store and an organic manufacturing facility. For more

information on Herbs, Etc., please go to: www.herbsetc.com.

Daniel can be reached at botandan@aol.com.