The migration territories of Mobile The migration territories of Mobile Indigenous Peoples and other ICCAsIndigenous Peoples and other ICCAs

fromfrom ““oldest secretoldest secret”” to crucial avenue for the conservation of grasslands, to crucial avenue for the conservation of grasslands, forests and other biomesforests and other biomes……

Dr M Taghi Farvar, Secretary General, Dr M Taghi Farvar, Secretary General, WAMIP (World Alliance of Mobile Indigenous Peoples) and CoWAMIP (World Alliance of Mobile Indigenous Peoples) and Co--Chair, IUCN CEESP/TSL (Theme on Sustainable Livelihoods)Chair, IUCN CEESP/TSL (Theme on Sustainable Livelihoods)

Example of the Shahsevan Tribal Example of the Shahsevan Tribal ConfederacyConfederacy–– IranIran

No. of No. of Tribes (32)Tribes (32) South Azerbaijan Caucasus EcoSouth Azerbaijan Caucasus Eco--regionregionAArea of tribal territory 900,000 ha (9,000 kmrea of tribal territory 900,000 ha (9,000 km22))

Moghan Agribusiness

Bozqush Mountains

Mogghan PlainAslandooz

Kaleybar

Ahar

Herris

Pars Abad

Sarab

Shirvan dara

Gandiman Protected Area

Migratory Route No. 1

Shahsavan Territory boundaries (current)

Migratory Route No. 2

Migratory Route No. 3

Pars Kesht Agro-industrial Corporation

Arax River

Agricultural Lands

Qarichgan National Monument

Savalan Peak

Meshkin Shahr

Ardabil

Salavaat

Gara AghajLangan

Barzan d

BourranAnjirli

Bilasavar

Shahsevan territory before land reform

Nir

Shahsevanterritories including migration routes

Participatory handParticipatory hand--drawn map of the migration drawn map of the migration paths of Shahsevan Confederationpaths of Shahsevan Confederation Despite much destruction of the migratory routes, traditional foDespite much destruction of the migratory routes, traditional forms of rms of migration are still practiced, albeit with difficultiesmigration are still practiced, albeit with difficulties

Key conservation valuesoo Wintering, summering grounds and half way Wintering, summering grounds and half way

rangelandsrangelandsoo Woodlands and forestsWoodlands and forestsoo Wildlife habitats, plant & animal genetic resources Wildlife habitats, plant & animal genetic resources oo Mountains, hot springs, mineral watersMountains, hot springs, mineral waters && lakeslakes

Main social characteristicsoo Partnership, and indigenous Partnership, and indigenous knowledgeknowledgeoo A tightlyA tightly--knit social organisation based on tribal structure and knit social organisation based on tribal structure and

lineage/ kinship relations and Community Councils of Elderslineage/ kinship relations and Community Councils of Eldersoo Seasonal nomadic migration designed to fit ecological conditionsSeasonal nomadic migration designed to fit ecological conditions

and conserve nature and its resourcesand conserve nature and its resourcesoo Adaptive management systems that are based on community Adaptive management systems that are based on community

early warning systems, carrying capacity assessment and early warning systems, carrying capacity assessment and resilience in conditions of climatic change including droughtsresilience in conditions of climatic change including droughts

Changes in governance Changes in governance in the past 100 yearsin the past 100 years

The Shahsevan tribes The Shahsevan tribes are now organized and are now organized and have registered their have registered their tribal confederation tribal confederation with the Ministry of with the Ministry of JusticeJusticeThis has led to This has led to government recognitiongovernment recognitionSteps are being taken Steps are being taken to recognize their to recognize their territory as a basis for territory as a basis for participatory planningparticipatory planning

Each tribe has its own Each tribe has its own indigenous bioindigenous bio--culturalculturalconservation territory conservation territory

GovernanceGovernancetypetype

CategoryCategory(manag.(manag.objective)objective)

A. Governance by A. Governance by GovernmentGovernment

B. Shared GovernanceB. Shared Governance C. Private C. Private GovernanceGovernance

D. Governance by D. Governance by Indigenous Peoples & Indigenous Peoples & Local CommunitiesLocal Communities

FederalFederalorornational national ministrministr y or y or agencyagency

Local/ Local/ municipalmunicipalministry ministry or agency or agency in changein change

GovernmeGovernme ntnt--delegateddelegatedmanagemmanagem ent (e.g. to ent (e.g. to an NGO)an NGO)

TransTrans--boundary boundary managememanageme ntnt

Collaborative Collaborative management management (various (various forms of forms of pluralistpluralistinfluence)influence)

JointJointmanagement management (pluralist(pluralistmanagement management board)board)

EstablisheEstablishe d and run d and run bybyindividual individual landland--owner owner

……by nonby non--profitprofitorganisatiorganisati ons (e.g. ons (e.g. NGOs, NGOs,univ. etc.)univ. etc.)

……by for by for profitprofitorganisatiorganisati ons (e.g. ons (e.g. corporate corporate landland--owners )owners )

Indigenous PeoplesIndigenous Peoples’’Territories and Areas, Territories and Areas, established and run by established and run by Indigenous PeoplesIndigenous Peoples

Community Community Conserved Areas, Conserved Areas, established and run established and run by local by local communitiescommunities

II -- Strict Nature Strict Nature Reserve/ Reserve/ Wilderness AreaWilderness Area

IIII –– National National Park (ecosystem Park (ecosystem protection; protection; protection of protection of cultural values)cultural values)

III III –– Natural Natural MonumentMonument

IVIV –– Habitat/ Habitat/ SpeciesSpeciesManagementManagement

VV –– Protected Protected Landscape/ Landscape/ SeascapeSeascape

VIVI –– Managed Managed Resource Resource

IUCNIUCN MatrixMatrix -- PA categories & governance types PA categories & governance types (new Protected Areas Guidelines, 4(new Protected Areas Guidelines, 4thth WCC, Barcelona Oct 2008)WCC, Barcelona Oct 2008)

Indigenous PeoplesIndigenous Peoples’’Territories & Territories & Community Conserved Community Conserved Areas (ICCAs)Areas (ICCAs)“…“…natural and modified natural and modified ecosystems including significant ecosystems including significant biodiversity, ecological services biodiversity, ecological services and cultural values and cultural values voluntarilyvoluntarilyconserved by indigenous conserved by indigenous peoples and local communities peoples and local communities through customary laws or through customary laws or other effective meansother effective means…”…”

Oldest form of conservationOldest form of conservation……at times at times recognised by the state, most often not recognised by the state, most often not recognisedrecognised ……many ICCAs in jeopardy many ICCAs in jeopardy todaytoday………… butbut exciting work on ICCAs is exciting work on ICCAs is happening in many countries and for happening in many countries and for many biomes (e.g. marine, forestsmany biomes (e.g. marine, forests……))

threethree definingdefiningcharacteristics of ICCAscharacteristics of ICCAs

SpecificSpecific indigenousindigenouspeoples or local peoples or local communitiescommunities(sedentary or mobile) (sedentary or mobile) areare closelyclosely ““concernedconcerned””about an area (relatedabout an area (relatedto itto it culturally and/or culturally and/or because of because of livelihoods)livelihoods)……

Such peoples & Such peoples & communitiescommunities holdholdpowerpower de facto de facto –– if not if not de jure de jure –– iin deciding, n deciding, implementing & implementing & enforcing management enforcing management decisionsdecisions……

The voluntary management decisions and efforts of such The voluntary management decisions and efforts of such peoples & communities peoples & communities achieve conservationachieve conservation resultsresults——although their main intention may not be necessarily limited although their main intention may not be necessarily limited to conservation.to conservation.

territories & migration routes of nomadic territories & migration routes of nomadic herders/ mobile indigenous peoplesherders/ mobile indigenous peoples

Wetlands in Qashqai Mobile Indigenous Peoples’ territory, Iran

ICCAs of particular value for ICCAs of particular value for grasslandgrassland ecosystemsecosystems (+ semi arid (+ semi arid and arid systems, tundra and mixed ecosystemsand arid systems, tundra and mixed ecosystems……......

indigenous peoples territories and cultural indigenous peoples territories and cultural landscapes/seascapeslandscapes/seascapes……

Paruku Indigenous PA, Western Australia

Cariboucrossing

site in Inuit territory,Canada

ICCAs of particular value for grassland ecosystems...ICCAs of particular value for grassland ecosystems...

Qashqai Tribal Council, Iran

Ancient CCA, can only cut Festuca grasscollectively every 3-4 years (indispensable for roofing of houses); grazing allowed only as “last resort” in time of severe drought, rest of time severe prohibition of grazing for plant regeneration; grass provides excellent habitats for rodents and thus prey for Ethiopian wolf (Canissimensis) severely endangered species; also for gelada baboons (Theropithecus gelada) and amazing diverse Alpine flora; current governance entirely by communities (Guassa Conservation Council), community voluntary patrolling, etc.…

Example: ICCA of Guassa -- Afro-alpine ecosystem in Central Ethiopia about 3500 m. above sea level

Regional Studies on ICCAs in 2007Regional Studies on ICCAs in 2007--20092009

The richness and complexity of the ICCA phenomenon The richness and complexity of the ICCA phenomenon and the major gaps in recognition and support in many and the major gaps in recognition and support in many countries.countries.Promote a shift in conservation thinking, a shift needed Promote a shift in conservation thinking, a shift needed to help ICCAs deliver their potential for conservation and to help ICCAs deliver their potential for conservation and livelihood security.livelihood security.GenericGeneric ““toptop--downdown”” solutions and imposed institutional solutions and imposed institutional settings risk destroying the cultures and biological settings risk destroying the cultures and biological diversity the ICCAs have maintained. State agencies and diversity the ICCAs have maintained. State agencies and nonnon--governmental organizations need to find ways of governmental organizations need to find ways of embracing the unique governance institutions that embracing the unique governance institutions that maintained ICCAs over time.maintained ICCAs over time.

What is the What is the significance of ICCAs significance of ICCAs

in various ecosystem?in various ecosystem?They conserve the ecosystems, They conserve the ecosystems, their habitats and species, and their habitats and species, and theirtheir servicesservices

Are the Are the basis of livelihoods and basis of livelihoods and cultural identity for tens of cultural identity for tens of thousands of peoplethousands of people, securing , securing theirtheir food, water, fodder and food, water, fodder and energy sources forenergy sources for survival and survival and revenuesrevenues

Are built on Are built on sophisticatedsophisticatedecological knowledge systemsecological knowledge systems,,including sustainable use, which including sustainable use, which have stood the test of timehave stood the test of time

Are managed through Are managed through institutionsinstitutions““tailored to the contexttailored to the context””, usually , usually highly skilled at adaptive highly skilled at adaptive management and capable of management and capable of flexible responses to intervening flexible responses to intervening changechange

Shimshal Community Conserved Area, Pakistan

Setulang river,Indonesia

Traditional (unsurpassed) indigenous management by fire, WalalkaraIndigenous PA, Australia

AnAn effectiveeffective ““systemsystem”” of protected of protected areasareas

isis completecomplete——protects all key protects all key ecosystems and ecosystems and species (gap species (gap analysis)analysis)

conservesconservesbiodiversitybiodiversity andandits associated its associated natural and natural and culturalculturalresourcesresources

isis biologicallybiologicallywell connectedwell connected——if necessary by if necessary by restorationrestorationinitiativesinitiatives

but an effective and equitable systembut an effective and equitable system ofofprotected areas is also...protected areas is also...

socially welcomesocially welcome--merges with and merges with and benefits societybenefits society……

cost effectivecost effective-- asasresources are not resources are not infiniteinfinite……

flexible and secureflexible and secure--as global change is as global change is ubiquitous and ubiquitous and clearly under wayclearly under way……

expand the total expand the total coveragecoverage ofofprotected areas,protected areas,

addressaddress gapsgaps in the systems (e.g. in the systems (e.g. via systematic conservation via systematic conservation planning),planning),

improveimprove connectivityconnectivity atatlandscape and seascape levellandscape and seascape level

combiningcombining aavariety of variety of

categoriescategories andandgovernancegovernance

typestypes in a in a national system of national system of

protected areasprotected areas can help to:can help to:

……& ultimately improve overall & ultimately improve overall PAPAsustainabilitysustainability

and strengthen the and strengthen the ties between ties between people and naturepeople and nature

enhanceenhance public supportpublic support forforconservationconservation

increase the increase the flexibilityflexibility andandresponsivenessresponsiveness of the systemof the system

...for more information:...for more information:www.iccaforum.orgwww.iccaforum.orgwww.wamip.orgwww.wamip.orgwww.tilcepa.orgwww.tilcepa.org

Many thanks Many thanks for your kind for your kind attention!attention!