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The Mind-Body Problem
Monism Materialism: Everything is Physical
Idealism: Everything is Mental
Dualism Interactionism: Mind & Body Influence Each Other
Epiphenomenalism: Mental Events are By-Products of Physical Experience
Psychophysical Parallelism: Outside Event causes Mental & Physical Responses, but They are Independent of Each Other
Double Aspectism: Person cannot be divided; Mind & Body do not interact but they cannot be separated
Preestablished Harmony: Mind & Body are different, but are coordinated and synchronized by some external agent (God?)
Occasionalism: Intervening Agent (God) changes one realm following changes in the other
Dominant Views of Mind-Body Problem in Psychology
Experimental Psychology– Epiphenomenalism– Materialistic Monism
Humanistic-Existential Psychology– Interactionism
The Architecture of the Human Mind
Perspectives on the “Mind”
*The mind is what the brain does.
*The mind is not one thing, but rather a collection of things.
*The mind has been shaped by the process of natural selection, just as other organs have.
*“Consciousness” is a by-product of brain activity, and it is not essential to most functions of the mind.
Two Current Views of the Mind
vs.
Standard Social Science Model of the Mind
The Mind is a content-free, general-purpose learning mechanism.
The “Specialized Mentality” Model of the Mind
The mind consists of multiple, content-rich, Domain-specific mental modules
Narrow slices of environmental information areprocessed by specific modules, & modules dealwith specific adaptive problems.
Evolution favored a highly specialized mind to Meet the challenges presented by the physical &Social world.
The mind is an organ that has been shaped by natural selection.
Survival was too precious to be trusted to “Consciousness” and trial-and-error general learning!
Domains of the Mind* General-Purpose learning
* Language
* Social Intelligence
* Technical Intelligence
* Natural History Intelligence
Specific Psychological Mechanisms that are Modules of the Mind
Expression of Emotion through Facial Expressions
Mechanisms for “Reading” Facial Expressions of Emotion
A Predisposition to Learn to Fear Things that Posed Danger in the Ancestral Environment such as Heights, Snakes, Spiders, & Deep Water
Language Acquisition Mechanisms
Mate Preference Modules
Sexual Jealousy Mechanisms
Kin-Recognition Mechanisms
Modules for Forming Social Contracts with Others
Specific Psychological Mechanisms that are Modules of the Mind
Modules for Categorizing Plants, Animals, and Other People
Innate Conceptions of Space, Time, and Motion
Modules for Orienting and Navigating through the Environment
Module for Forming Moral Beliefs
Mechanisms for Detecting Deception and Betrayal
Modules for Processing Numerical Information and Music
Incest Avoidance Modules
Hemispheres of the Brain
Hemispheres of the Brain
Evolution of “Consciousness”
Evolution of Consciousness*There is evidence for a sudden new “cognitive fluidity” in humans about 60,000 years ago.
*This new “consciousness” allowed information from one domain to be utilized by mechanisms from other domains.
*This new organization of the mind allowed for self-reflection, anthropomorphic thinking, and other abilities that may have been responsible for the beginnings of culture, art, religion, and an unprecedented explosion of technology.
*Hence, it may have been possible that other primates and early humans may not have been conscious in the modern sense of the word; their separate domains of intelligence operated completely independently of each other.
Some Psychological Disorders Due to Brain
Damage
Aphasia - Language Problems
Broca’s Aphasia (Speaking) Wernicke’s Aphasia (Comprehension)
Alexia (Reading)
Agraphia (Writing)
Anomia (Naming)
Acalculia (Math Operations)
Agnosia - Recognition Problems
Object Agnosia Amusia (Tones) Prosopagnosia (Faces)
Movement Agnosia Astereognosia (Touch)
Neglect Syndrome
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome Hypersexuality Lack of Emotion Compulsive Oral
Exploration Psychic Blindness
Milner’s Syndrome & Korsakov’s Syndrome
A Complete Inability to transfer New Information into Long-Term Memory
CONCLUSIONS:
*The mind is what the brain does.
*The human mind is collection of mechanisms, not a single entity.
*The mind is a biological organ that has evolved to meet survival/reproductive problems.
*“Consciousness” is a by-product of brain activity, and it is not essential to most functions of the mind.