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The Mine Water Project in Heerlen the Netherlands: development of a geothermal mine water pilot towards a full
scale hybrid low exergy infrastructure
Peter Op ‘t Veld, Bert GilissenHuygen Engineers & Consultants
Maastricht, the Netherlands
Content
• Mine Water Project as a pilot (1.0)• Boundary conditions buildings• Transitition to a versatile exergy based energy
infrastructure (2.0)• Further developments and research• Conclusions
Distribution:Low temperature (‘lowex’) H&C
distribution systemthe primary grid
mine water 1.0 – started as a pilot in 2005
2 Warm Wells
2 Cold Wells
H C R
Buildings Heerlerheide Centre
HP HP
280C
35…400C 170C 20…240C
Intermediate Well
Energy station Heerlerheide Centre
16…180C
Heerlerheide
Heerlen CBS - APG - ARCUS
Option: Regeneration of wells(by HP’s in buildings)
Energy stations buildings
Energy stations buildingsEnergy
stations buildings
From a schematic approach to a LT H&C grid in practiceLength 7 km
Some decision parameters:
• Length op the grid• (Type of) paving• Drillings (road crossings)• Existing infrastructures• Impact on wells• Flow directions• Ecology• Archaeology• Soil (pollution)• Permits• Costs
Demand side: the buildings
current connections to the grid
Heerlen location – Heerlerheide Centre(2005 – 2012)
Location Heerlerheide Centre• 312 apartments• 3800 m2 commercial buildings• 2500 m2 public and cultural
buildings• 11500 m2 health care buildings• 2200 m2 educational buildings• Energy station
CBS building: new office, 21.000m2Completed and connected 2009
ABP building: retrofitting, office 40.000m2Retrofitting completed, connected 2013
Arcus College: new school, 25.000m2Completed and connected 2014
Heerlen Centre
Boundary conditions: What is “extra” needed to make a building minewater proof/lowex (NL)?
See also IEA EBC Annex 49: www.annex49.info
Building Reg’s NL
Thermal insulation Envelope U = 0.37Glazing U = 3.0VentilationNo system requirementsAir tightnessn50 = 3Emission systemNo requirementsHVAC system/efficiencyNo requirements (but in EPR)
Energy Performance (EPC) dwellings0.6
Practice 2014 NL
Thermal insulation Envelope U = 0.26Glazing U = 1,2 – 1,5Ventilation50% ME/50% MVHRAir tightnessn50 < 2 Emission systemRadiatorsHVAC system/efficiencyCondensing boilersη = 95%No coolingEPC dwellings0.6
Mine water Lowex
Thermal insulation Envelope U < 0.25Glazing U < 1.2VentilationMVHR η = 95%Air tightnessn50 <1Emission systemFloor heating and coolingHVAC system/efficiencyMine water with heat pumps (boiler back up)Sustainable coolingEPC dwellings< 0.5
Building services:
Temperature minewater:
10°C
water from shallow layershigh-temperature cooling by thermally activated building parts
20°C Indoor air temperature (exergy zero-level)
30°Cwater from deeper layers
40°Clow-temperature heating by thermally activated building parts
50°C
LowEx direct heating and cooling
Indirect heating and coolingBuilding services:
Temperature minewater:
10°Clow-temperature cooling by air-conditiong
water from shallow layers
20°C Indoor air temperature (exergy zero-level)
30°Cwater from deeper layers
40°C
medium-temperature heating by heated air
50°C
Additional heating energy (heat pumps etc.)
Additional cooling energy (heat pumps etc.)
Optimization by using Load Duration Curves
• Dynamical buildings simulations (by TRNSYS)• Temperature levels for heating, cooling and DHW• Ratio RES (and HP) and conventional• Balancing H and C storage• Optimization transmission and ventilation losses and
seasonal operation• Enlarging the ‘dead-zone’ = period without H or C demand
> conflict with energy exploitation and economical feasibility! (decrease of energy demand = decrease of profits)
Optimizing ratio RES/conventional by using a LD curve (location Heerlerheide)
Load Duration Curve Heerlerheide Centre (buildings)
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
Jaar [uren]
Ve
rmo
ge
n e
ne
rgie
ce
ntr
ale
[k
W]
optelling vermogens ruimteverwarming [watt]
Vermogens WP's
verwarmen
koelen
heat supply in peaks by boilers
heat supply by minewater i.c.w. heat pumps
cold supply by minwwater i.c..w. heat pumps
8760
dead band
Towards Mine Water 2.0: Long term maximum use of geothermal underground
for sustainable heating and cooling of buildings• Energy exchange instead of energy supply:
Between buildings by cluster grids Between clusters by the mine water grid Using Exergy Principles
• Energy storage and regeneration of mine water reservoirs instead of depletion
• Enlargement hydraulic and thermal capacity mine water system
• Fully automatic control and demand driven: heat and cold supply at any time
• Addition of poly generation like Bio CHP, reuse of waste heat (data center; industry), closed greenhouse, cooling towers etc.
• > The mine water energy supply is the backbone for this
HLN2
HLN1HLN3
HH1
HH2
Towards Mine Water 2.0
June 2013
CLUSTER BCBS-Maankwartier
CLUSTER DComponenta-Otterveurdt
CLUSTER AArcus-APG
CLUSTER CWeller HHC
Return well HLN3 out of orderHot to Hot (HH2)Cold to Cold (HLN2)Thot supply 28˚CTcold supply 16˚CThot return 28˚CTcold return 16˚C
Injection wells HH2 and HLN2 bidirectional
Cluster grids
Example ‘Cluster D’CLUSTER DComponenta-Otterveurdt
Cluster D (north west Heerlen)• Connections:
– Iron foundry (industrial waste heat supply)– Swimming pool– Retail store– Community building/school
• ‘Hoovering grid’: grid with flexible temperatures– Heat: 29 – 500C– Cold: 15 – 200C
• Local storage at user level– Reduction capacity heat pumps in buildings– Reducing connected power, allowing more customers on the
grid– Dealing with daily fluctations H&C demand (day T amplitude)
Scheme for standardized solution in cluster grids
Mine water energy station Building energy station End user
Storage for day amplitudeDHW
Clustergrid
Heat pump(s)Heat exchangers
Further R&D towards general application in lowex infrastructures (TKI LowEx OLEC and IEA Annex 64)
Theme State of Art S&T Deadlocks Innopvations to make in LowEx OLEC
1. Utilization of low exergy heat and cold at district level
Only sub-optimal utilization at building level, occasionally at project level, not at district level Storage only in Heat/Cold storage (aquifers) at one temperature level with simple grids
Development of technologies tailor-made per project with only one specific energy source. System selection is considered per project as complex tailor-fit engineering. Limited or no application of underground storage at different or higher temperatures. No view at combination with other low exergy flows by combination with energy flows from (other) buildings en building functions or environmental functions like ground, ground water
1.a Tool for planning and scenario analyses for energy infrastructure for lowex DH&C 1.b Elaboration of a number of configurations at technical and economic level for different sources, storage possibilities and temperature levels 1.c Development of underground storage at differentiated and/or higher temperatures. 1.d Possibilities for dynamical extension of hydraulic and thermal capacity of distribution grid 1.e combination with soil decontamination
2. Flexibility and up-scaling
Projects with local storage and distribution are normally designed once as a fixed configuration
Modifications, extensions, change of sources, customers and storage and up-scaling often not possible
2.a By standardization of configurations repetition potential is possible 2.b Modular solutions and configurations to scale size and type of buildings and lowex sources
3. System controls
Current DH&C grids are simple and don’t have advanced control systems, aimed for energy efficiency and sustainability
No advanced control systems available at district level. Inertia of infrastructure, sources and storage systems is an unknown factor.
Design of a Central Management System (CMS) to link buildings, sources and storage to a ‘virtual’ energy station
Further R&D towards general application in lowex infrastructures
Theme State of Art S&T Deadlocks Innopvations to make in LowEx OLEC 4. Planning of total system (source, storage, distribution, user)
No consideration of energy infrastructure as a Total system for energy 0 community planning Technologies and components are being designed and dimensioned and assessed separately and fragmented
No vision in potential and costs modification of energy infrastructures Dynamic thermal tool and dynamic hydraulic model available but not linked yet and not user friendly And applicable for planning, not user friendly yet
Linking thermal and hydraulic model and making it user friendly as tool for energy planning and scenario analyses, including cost review for financial exploitation.
5. Performance and performance guarantees
Performances are guarded only on component and building level (if commissioning takes place) Professionals (at all levels, blue and white collar) have only limited skills and knowledge
No clear vision of performance guarantees at system level Knowledge supply is present (Annex 49, REMINING-lowex en IDES-EDU ) but not matched with current skill gaps
5.a Combination of comprehensive favourable technical configurations, design tool and a CMS will lead to better control of performances of the total system. 5.b Framework for system of integral performance guarantees 5.c Framework for training and CPD and end-terms for required skills
6. Financing and exploitation
Financial assessments and considerations are being made on project level; supply driven market with monopoly position of suppliers (utilities). Not clear who is the ‘owner’ of a storage system
No ‘owners’ for exploitation of storage and energy supply, no view on economic opportunities and challenges of local exploitation of local energy and storage infrastructures
6.a Financial exploitation model addressing the financial value of storage in combination with renewable and low-valued energy sources. Model should clearly underpin the value for exploitation 6.b Involvement of innovative ESCO’s for offering total financing and exploitation models
Conclusions The Mine Water project in Heerlen upgraded from a pilot system to
a smart grid in heating and cooling with full scale hybrid sustainable energy structure (Mine Water 2.0)
Cluster grids are a profound exergy based solution to provide energy exchange between buildings and use of waste heat
By poly generation and the application of cluster grids the capacity of the mine water grid can be strongly increased
Cluster grid applications are used in combination with low temperature geothermal sources (mine water) and can be applied in general with other sustainable heat and cold energy sources (e.g. waste heat from data centres and closed greenhouses)
Mine Water 2.0 proves that heat pump operation with low-ex heat sources can be commercial feasible
The technologies are general applicable for all types of exergy based energy infrastructure systems
It is the Quality of Energy and its Management that counts!