The Mineral Industry of Floridaufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/.../44/00006/UF00093544_00006.pdfTHE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF FLORIDA 5tons of superphosphoric acid. Forty thou- to complete and

The Mineral Industry of Florida

This chapter has been prepared under a cooperative agreement between the Bureau ofMines, U.S. Department of the Interior, and the Florida Bureau of Geology.

By John W. Sweeney and Charles W. Hendry, Jr.2

The value of mineral production in Flor- titanium concentrate production and fifth,ida decreased from $1.7 billion in 1975 to in the value of peat production. Staurolite$1.6 billion in 1976; the decrease was prin- and zircon concentrate were produced onlycipally caused by decreases in the value of in Florida. Florida and North Carolinaphosphate rock. supplied 84% of the domestic phosphate

Of the 49.2 million tons of phosphate rock market and most of the exports from

rock produced in the United States, Florida the United States. Phosphate rock was ex-

and North Carolina produced 41.5 million ported from the ports of Tampa, Boca

tons. Of this total, Florida was the pre- Grande, and Jacksonville. The principal re-

dominant producer and, for the 83d con. cipients were Canada, Japan, and France.

sccutive year, supplied more than any State Liaison Officer, Bureau of Mines,other State. The State ranked first in the Tallahassee, Fla.

a Chief, Bureau of Geology, Florida Depart-value of phosphate rock, fuller's earth and m of Naturalu of Geolgy, Florida DepartResources.

Table 1.-Mineral production in Florida

1975 1976Mineral QValue Value

Quantity (thouSands) Quantity (thousands)

Cement, portland ---..... thousand short tons-- 1,721 $62,525 1,949 $67,882Clays -----...... ------------------ do--.... 712 17,063 680 20,672Lime ------------------------------ do...... 199 7,708 179 7,798Natural gas ....--------.. million cubic feet-. 44,888 48,185 43,165 42,888Peat -- --.....----. --- thousand short tons-. 82 1,087 79 1,287Petroleum (crude).thousand 42-gallon barrels.. 41,877 490,258 44,460 499,578Sand and gravel --... thousand short tons.. 18,237 20,199 13,204 19,164Stone a ------------------------------ do-..- 39,071 73,372 38,606 74,412Value of items that cannot be disclosed:

Cement (masonry), magnesium compounds,natural gas liquids, phosphate rock, rare-earth minerals (monarite), concentrate,staurolte, stone (dimension), titaniumconcentrate (ihmenite and rutile), andzircon concentrate -.-------------- XX 1,060.153 XX 919,106

Total -- - -- --- XX 1,775,500 XX 1,652,232Total 1967 constant dollars --------- XX 702,565 XX P 593,977

P Preliminary. XX Not applicable.SProduction as measured by mine shipments, sales, or marketable production (including con-

sumption by producers).* Excludes dimension stone; value included with "Value of items that cannot be disclosed."

1

2 MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1976

Table 2.-Value of mineral production in Florida, by county(Thousands)

County 1975 1976 Minerals produced in 1976 in order of value

Alachua .......-----.-----. $2,404 $1,629 Stone.Bay -------------- ---- 474 470 Sand and gravel.Bradford ...---------. . . . W W Natural gas liquids,Brevard ---------------- W 1,821 Stone, sand and gravel.Broward --------------- 11,093 8,711 Do.Calhoun ------------------ -- W Sand and gravel.Charlotte -......--------- -.. W Sand and gravel, stone.Citrus ------------------- 1.881 2,700 Stone, phosphate rock.Clay .....---------. -----.. 30,556 81,672 Zircon, Ilmenite, rutile, staurolite, sand and

gravel, clays, monasite.Collier -------------------- 2,884 14,920 Petroleum, stone, natural gas.Dade ---------------------. 66,148 W Cement, stone, and and gravel.Dixie -------------------... W W Stone.Escambia -------- -- 169 86,081 Petroleum, natural gae, sand and gravel.Gadsden -- ----- W W Clays, sand and gravel.Glads -------------------- W W Sand and gravel.Gulf -------------- W W Magneeium compounds, lime.Hamilton ---------------- W W Phosphate rock.Hendry ------------------. W 86,555 Petroleum, sand and gravel, natural gas,

stone.Hernando ----------------- W W Stone, cement, lime, clays.Highlands .---...--------. . 858 356 Peat.Hillsborough -------- W W Cement, stone, sand and gravel, peat.Jackson .----------------- W W Stone, sand and gravel.Lake ---------------------- 2,925 2,278 Sand and gravel.Lee --------------------- W 18,267 Petroleum, stone, natural gas.Leon -------------------- W W Sand and gravel.Levy -------- -------- 290 877 Stone.Manatee ------- ---- W W Cement, stone.Marion ------- 6,092 6,682 Stone, clays, sand and gravel, phosphate rock.Monroe ------------- 881 W Stone.Namsau ----------------- W W Titanium, zircon, monazite.Okaloosa ------------------ W W Sand and gravel.Okeechobee ---------------- WOrange ----------------- W W Peat.Osceola -------------.---- 144 Stone.Palm Beach --------------- W 120 Do.Pasco ------------- 848 999 Do.Pinellas ----------------- WPolk ---------------------- W W Phosphate rock, sand and gravel, stone.Putnam ----------------- 2,079 W Clays, sand and gravel, peat.St. Lucie -----------. ----. . W 295 Sand and gravel.Santa Rosa -------------- W 450,881 Petroleum, natural gas liquids, natural gas,

sand and gravel.Sarasota -- --------- W 1,827 Sand and gravel.Sumter ------------------ W W Stone, lime, peat.Suwannee ---- ------ 2,648 W Stone.Taylor -------------------- 578 W Do.Wakulla ---------------- W Sand and gravel.Walton ----------- 269 W Do.Undistributed ------------ 1,644.841 992,806

Total ------------ 1,7765,600 1,652,282

W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data; included with "Undistributed."'The following counties are not listed because no production was reported: Baker, Columbia,

De Soto, Duval. Flagler, Franklin, Gilchrist, Hardee, Holmes, Indian River, Jefferson, Lafayette.Liberty. Mad!son. Martin, St. Johns, Seminole, Union, Volusia, and Washington.

2 Includes values of counties indicated by symbol W.3 Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

QE

.A 53

THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF FLORIDA 3

Table 3.-Indicators of Florida business activity

1975 1976 P Change,percent

Employment and labor force, annual average:Total clviliwn labor force . .----------.--...- thousands.. 8,472.0 3,476.0 +0.1Unemployment .-----------.----------------- do--.... 870.0 814.0 -15.1

Employment (nonagricultural) :Mining --------------------....-- --------- do.... 9.6 9.2 -4.2Manufacturing ----.............--------------- d... 886.5 848.1 +2.0Contract construction -- -------- -- do--.. 181.4 167.0 -7.9Transportation and public utilities -..-----.- do-... 182.7 180.6 -1.1Wholeeate and retail trade ...--..------ -- do--- 716.4 727.1 +1.5Finance, insurance, real estate ---.--------..... d-- 187.9 188.0 +.1Services ..............--------------------. do.... 588.2 615.8 +4.7Government ..- .........---.-----.----------- do-... 547.4 552.0 4.8

Total nonagricultural employment ------- do--- 2,760.1 2,782.8 +1.2Personal income:

Total --......-----. ..............----... ... millions.- $46,820 $50,690 +9.4Per capita ...----.....----............--------------. $5,696 $6,020 +7.6

Construction activity:Number of private and public residential units

authorized -------------------------------------- 47,989 66,691 +39.0Value of nonresidential construction .------.. millions-- $802.3 $879.5 +9.6Value of State road contract awards -- -----.- d--. $268.7 $280.0 +4.2Shipments of portland' and masonry cement to and

within the State .---... ----. thousand short tonse. 8,404 8,569 +4,8Mineral production value:

Total crude mineral value --........------------ millions.. $1,775.5 $1,652.2 -6.9Value per capita, resident population --- - - - $214 $196 -8.4Value per square mile ----..-------------------------- $80,246 $28,214 -6.7

P Preliminary.

Sources: U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Department of Labor, Highway and Heavy Con-struction Magazine, U.S. Bureau of Mines.

The Federal Energy Administration Florida Power Corp.'s 825-megawatt nu-(FEA) ordered Tampa Electric Co. to clear plant at Crystal River was near corn-convert four of its Gannon Station genera- pletion and expected to go onstream intors back to coal and install pollution early 1977.abatement equipment. The company has Cape Canaveral has been selected as thepreviously optioned to burn oil to meet air American headquarters of the Internationalquality standards. Tampa Electric also an- Solar Energy Society.nounced plans to construct a coal-fired, 850- Belcher Oil Co. proposed building a smallmegawatt powerplant in southwest Hills- refinery at Port Manatee. The small crudeborough County. Construction is anticipated splitter would process about 15,000 barrelsto begin in 1980, with a projected plant of crude oil per day and cost about $2.5opening in 1985. to $3 million and would employ 10 to 20

Florida Power Corp. announced it ex- persons.pects to start burning coal in powerplants Exxon Corp., Texaco, Inc., and Gulf Oilhaving 877,000 kilowatts of generating ca- Corp. are the only petroleum companies re-pacity that are currently burning oil. turning leases in the eastern Gulf of Mex-

Florida Mining & Materials Corp. con- ico. The reclaimed leases are in the Destinverted its new cement mill near Brooksville anticline where only dry holes have thusto a coal-burning plant. The cost of the far been drilled.conversion was approximately $1.5 million. The first stratigraphic test well was

Florida Power & Light Co.'s third nuclear scheduled in the southeast Atlantic waterspowerplant came onstream. The St. Lucie in an area known as the Georgia Embay-Unit No. 1 at Hutchinson Island has a ca- ment. The 16,000-foot test well to be drilledpacity of 802,000 kilowatts and was con- 74 miles east of Jacksonville will be tostructed at a cost of $480 million. Another gather geological data prior to Outer Con-unit, St. Lucie No. 2, is being constructed tinental Shelf (OCS) leasing.adjacent to the first and is scheduled for A partnership of Mobile Oil Corp. andcompletion in the early 1980's. Amerada-Hess Corp. purchased four OCS


1,800

1,600

1,400 -

1,200-

TOTAL- 1,000 -

O0Z 800-

1 600 - .

0

SPetroleum

400 -

II

200 -

Stone ......... ,,,............... . . .** * *.*........ .

0I I I 2614612 ,I I

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980

Figure I.--Value of petroleum, stone, and total value of mineral production in Florida.

tracts off the central Florida coast for $4 operation would process about 200,000 tonsmillion. The four tracts are about 100 miles of sulfur annually.west of the Bradenton-Sarasota area. Two contracts have been let on deepen-

The Florida Cabinet approved oil com- ing the Tampa harbor from 34 feet to 43pany requests to drill 15 exploratory wells feet with funds authorized by Congress inin the Big Cypress Swamp. To win ap- 1974. The revised cost of the 48-foot chan-proval. the oil companies had to agree to ncl is now $120 million.remove the drilling pads, water wells, and The Jacksonville Port Authority will is-access roads at the conclusion of the sue up to $50 million in tax-free bonds foroperation. Occidental Chemical Co. to build loading

Dolimc Minerals announced it was con- facilities at the Port of Jacksonville. Occi-sidering constructing a sulfur facility at dental previously announced the deal underPort Manatee. Dolime plans on importing which it will sell the U.S.S.R. 1 million tonssulfur from Canada, melting it at the Port per year of superphosphoric acid for 20Manatee facility, and shipping it molten years in return for ammonia. The newto the Polk County fertilizer users. The facilities will have a capacity to store 90,000


tons of superphosphoric acid. Forty thou- to complete and will provide economic andsand tons of dry fertilizer and 30,000 tons social analyses of the potential impacts onof ammonia arc to be received from the the region of the phosphate industry. TexasU.S.S.R. in the purchase-trade agreement. Instruments, Inc., was awarded a contract

Florida Steel Corp. announced plans to to develop the information necessary for theincrease its capacity by 185,000 tons by draft central Florida phosphate industry1980." EIS. Upon completion of the draft EIS,

Legislation and Government Pro- public hearings will be held before thegramslathon and Governmentpre a- final EIS is prepared. The Federal Bureau

vrams-The Flrda Hose of Rpreseh n of Mines cooperated with the contractortis passed SB 950 which provides that no and furnished information on reserves andState pollution control standard which ismore stringent than a comparable Federal resources of phosphate rock and forecaststandard can be enforced by the Depart production plans to the year 2000 in the

lc by r , Depart. central Florida area.ment of Environmental Regulation unlessapproved by the Cabinet. A moratorium due to the EIS prepara-

tion was not established. All existing op-The State of Florida paved the way for a tionwas not establshed. Al existi g op

bigger involvement in international com- rations continued. No Federal permits forbigger involvement in international com-merce by signing into law a bill to establish ew operations will be let until the studyfree trade zones in the State. The bill em- has been completed.powers corporations or Government agen- The EPA released EPA-520/4-76-018 "A

cies, such as cities or counties or other Preliminary Evaluation of the Control of

Government entities, to apply to the Fed- Indoor Radon Daughter Levels in Neweral Government to set up a free trade Structures." The report states that construc-zone. In the trade zone, companies could tion modification can reduce radiationimport goods, store them there or assemble levels to acceptable limits in homes con-or process them, and export again to for- structed on reclaimed phosphate landseign nations with no U.S. or State tariff where radiation levels are above that al-requirements. The goods or products must lowed by the Surgeon General.never leave the trade zone, however. The EPA also released EPA-520/5-76-014

A U.S. District Court judge ruled that "Radon Dose Estimates to Phosphate In-the Interior Department should imme- dustry Personnel" which concluded that "alldiately issue preferential rights leases to measured direct gamma exposures, even as-Kerr-McGee Chemical Corp. for its applica- suming continuous occupancy, are belowtions on land in the Osceola National the current Radiation Protection Guides ofForest. The order brought protests from 0.5 rem per year for individual membersU.S. Senator Richard Stone and Florida's of the population."Attorney General Robert Shevin. Each The U.S. Geological Survey in coopera-urged the Interior Department to appeal tion with the Southwest Florida Waterthe circuit court decision and postpone the Management District, Suwannee Riverletting of the leases until the ongoing De- Water Management District, and the Flor-partmental study on the effect that mining ida State Department of Environmentalwould have on water quality and wildlife Regulation released a report assessingis completed. Radium-226 in Florida waters.'

The Council on Environment Quality rec- The Florida Resource Recovery Councilommended that the Environmental Protec- conducted a statewide energy recovery fea-tion Agency (EPA) prepare an environ- sibility study evaluating the potential formental impact statement (EIS) on the producing fuels via solid waste conversioncurrent and projected development of the systems for use in utility powerplants andcentral Florida phosphate industry. It was in industrial and institutional boilers.determined that the proposed new phos-phate expansions requiring Federal permits , Engineering and Mining Journal. Iron andwill have a potentially significant effect on Steel Demand Off in '76; Moderate Recovery-will have a potentially significant effect on Projected for '76. V. 177, No. 8, March 1976.the quality of human environment. The Irwin, G. A., and C. B. Hutchinson. Recon-

naissance Water Sampling for Radium-22.6 instudy to be conducted by EPA's Atlanta Central and Northern Florida, December 1974-regional office, is expected to take 18 months March 1976. U.S. Geological Survey WRI 76-regional office, is expected to take 18 months 108, October 1976, 16 pp.


Several reports and articles were also Research Center. During the year, researchpublished.3 on the effects of reagents on dewatering

In 1976, the Florida State Energy Office slimes, filtration behavior as related towas awarded a grant by the FEA to write slime composition, dewatering phosphatean energy conservation plan for Florida as slimes by static filtration and gel methods,required by the Energy Policy and Conser- and scanning electron microscope studiesvation Act of 1975. was carried out. Research grants at Auburn

Two advisory groups to the State Energy University to promote channeling in a con-Office were established: Ten Regional Ac- tinuous gravity sedimentation process andtion Committees (REAC's) and the State at the Florida State University to investigateEnergy Advisory Council (SEAC). The flocculation and settling in phosphate slimesEnergy Office published a statistical reprit using.-scanning electron microscope tech-detailing energy use in Florida.0 niques were funded through the project.

Governor Askew formed a Governor's task Several field tests evaluating sand slimeforce to recommend to the Legislature the layering techniques and flocculation wereorganization structure to qualify Florida for evaluated during the year.Federal funds to implement a Coastal Zone The Bureau's Albany Metallurgy Re-Management Program. search Center, Albany, Oreg., continued for

The Florida House of Representatives the third year its program on direct acidula-passed (H4014) which requires the issuance tion of Florida phosphate matrix. Prelim-of permits by the Department of Environ- inary data indicate that 92% to 96% of themental Regulation before developers could '11), content of the matrix is recoverabledredge or till Florida's coastal marshes. and the PaO concentration in the product

The Florida Legislature amended Florida acid ranged from 21% to 30%. The wasteStatutes 17-3.04(2) (a) 2.a Effluent Stand- filter cake appears suitable for use in landards for Phosphate Rock Subpart R-Phos- reclamation.phate Rock Subcategory Florida Adminis- Characterization and beneficiation studiestrative Code for the purpose of establishing on the phosphate-bearing Hawthorne For-effluent guidelines and standards for mining mation were also conducted at the Bureau'sand processing phosphate rock. Tuscaloosa Metallurgy Research Center.

The Florida Department of Environmen- The project, a cooperative program withtal Regulation promulgated regulations on the Florida Bureau of Geology, is to deter-the discharge of effluents from phosphate mine if the phosphorite in the Hawthornesettling areas into State streams and other Formation is amiable to beneficiation.bodies of waters. The regulation limits the The Bureau of Mines was awarded U.S.

particulate matter that these discharges patent 4,000,067 for a process that enhancescontain.

The Federal Bureau of Mines awarded a r Everett, K. J. Transfer Stations in Florida.o te Forida Bureu f G y t State of Florida Resource Recovery Council,grant to the Florida Bureau of Geology to Res. Recovery/Solid Waste Tech. Assistance

inientory and categorize mined central ser., Rept. No. 1, May 1976, 61 pp.Florida phosphate lands to determine the So "What'es n ithe Garbage " MunciplSolid Waste Compostiton in Florida. State ofrelationship between mined lands, re- Florida Resource Recovery Council, Res. Recov-

eiy/Solid Waste Tech. Assistance Ser., Rept. No.claimed lands. and waste disposal areas and , September 197 . tance Ser Rept Noelevated radiation levels attributed to these Everett, K. J., and J. W. Roy. Solid Wasteareas. The stud wll be correlated with an mpling Developing a Post Colecton/Pre-areas. The study will be correlated with an Processing Methodology. State of Florida Re-ongoing EPA program studying radiation source Recovery Council, Res. Recovery/Solidlevels in structures built on "reclaimed" WsTech. Assistance Ser., Rept. No. 2, April

levels in structures built on "reclaimed" 1976, 19 pp.phosphate lands. Florida Environmental and Urban Issues. Re-

A cooperative research project to develop ure ee A Choice for Florida? M1a-methods of dewatering phosphatic clay- Journal, Florida Engineering Society. Shouldslimes continued through 1976. The phos- All Our Waste Go To Waste? April 1976, p. 24.

lims continued through 1976. TheResource Recovery Counl. Energy Recoveryphatic clays research project was jointly From Solid Waste: A Resource Recovery Solu-

tion for Florida. March 1976, 178 pp.funded by the Federal Bureau of Mines Roy J. W. Integrated Waste tility Sytem.and the Florida Phosphate Council, repre- Res. Recovery/Solid Waste Tech. Assistance

Ser., Rept. No. 5. 1976, 9 pp.senting 10 phosphate rock mining com- eState Ergy Of ce, Department of Admin-panics. The Bureau of Mines programs were istration. Statistics of the Florida Electricconducted at the Tuscaloosa Metallurgy Utility Industry 1960 Through 197 September

1976, 258 pp.


the rate of settling of fine particles in phos- an experimental facility to convert urbanphate rods slime by adding optimum solid waste into methane gas. This new fa-proportions of various fluorine compounds. cility is expected to cost $2.5 million and

The Florida Bureau of Geology, Depart- will be constructed on the site of the com-ment of Natural Resources, continued pany's existing waste shredding facility instudies of mineral resources and hydrology Pompano Beach. The plant is expected tothroughout the State during the year. process up to 100 tons of garbage per day,

Waste Management, Inc., and tle Federal producing gas through a bacterial digestionEnergy Research and Development Admin- and fermentation process. Construction isistration (ERDA) signed an agreement for expected to begin in early 1977.the design, construction, and operation of

REVIEW BY MINERAL COMMODITIES

NONMETALS processed imported and domestic clinker forsale in the State. Maule Industries, Inc.,

Nonmetals accounted for 62%; fuels, also processed imported clinker. Almost 30036%; and metals, 2% of the State's total million kilowatt-hours of electrical energymineral production value in 1976. The prin- were consumed in the manufacture of ce-cipal nonmetals produced, listed in descend- ment; 100% of the power was purchased.ing order of value, were phosphate rock, Florida Mining & Materials Corp. con-stone, cement, clays, and sand and gravel. verted its new cement plant near Brooksville

Cement.-Portland cement shipments from oil to coal.7

increased 13% from 1975 levels. Portland Clays.-Total clay output decreased al-cement shipments were 1.9 million tons most 5% while the value increased 21%.valued at $67.8 million, an 8% increase in Florida fuller's earth production rankedvalue from that of 1975. Masonry cement first in the Nation. Fuller's earth output in-shipments decreased 1% while value increased 7% and the value increased 20%.creased 2% over that of 1975. Two producers were active in Gadsden

Types I and II (general-use and mod- County and one producer in Marioncrate-heat) Type III (high-carly-strength) , County. The unit value of fuller's earthand Type V (high-sulfur-resistant) cements was $46.03 per ton. Fuller's earth was usedwere produced. Most of the shipments of for fertilizer fillers, pet waste absorbents,both portland and masonry cements were pesticides, drilling mud, paper coating, andused within the State. other uses.

Portland cement shipments mainly in Kaolin output increased about 10% andbulk form were made by truck (88%) and the value increased 21% over that of 1975.by rail (12%). Principal consumers were The unit value for kaolin was $42.06 perready-mix concrete companies (55%), con- ton. Kaolin was produced by one companycrete products manufacturers (20%), build- in Putnam County; principal uses were ining materials dealers (10%), highway con- electrical porcelain, whiteware, and walltractors (8%), and the reihainder for mis- tile.cellaneous uses. Miscellaneous clay output decreased about

Raw materials used in the manufacture 21% but the value increased 38% aboveof cement were mined principally within that of 1975. The unit value for miscel-the State and included limestone, clay, sand, laneous clay was $2.60 per ton. Clays used

and staurolite. Oolitic aragonite imported in the manufacture of cement contributedfrom the Bahamas was used exclusively by to the decline in output, while the clayone company while another used lesser used in the manufacture of lightweightamounts. Small amounts of gypsum and aggregate remained the same. The claysblast furnace slag were obtained from out- were used primarily for the manufacture ofof-State sources. cement and lightweight aggregate. No corn-

Eleven rotary kilns were operated at five mercial brick was manufactured in the

plants. Ten plants used the wet process State during 1976. The one producer in

and one, the dry process. The National Escambia County closed down because of

Portland Cement Co. plant in Port Manatee 7 The Tampa Tribune. Oct. 27, 1976.


natural gas curtailments to its kilns. Other Florida's 1976 production data are com-clay mines were operated in Clay and Her- bined with that of North Carolina to con-nando Counties in 1976. ceal the latter's output because there is

Fluorine.-Fluorine in -the form of fluo- only one producing company in Northsilicic acid was recovered at six plants as a Carolina. Marketable production sold orbyproduct of wet-process phosphoric acid used totaled 37.4 million tons valued atmanufacture. Fluosilicic acid was used to $775.1 million, a 1% decrease from theproduce cryolite, aluminum fluoride, so- 38 million tons in 1975. Agricultural usesdium silica fluoride. and for water fluorida- accounted for 73%; industrial uses, 1%; andtion. The value of fluorine byproducts is exports, 26%. Exports from the two Statesnot included in the State's mineral produc- were valued at $255 million. Agriculturaltion value, uses were for normal superphosphate.

Gypsum.-Imported crude gypsum was triple superphosphate, wet-process phos-calcined by three companies for use in the phoric acid, direct application to the soil,manufacture of gypsum building products, and defluorinated phosphate rock. Indus-United States Gypsum Co. and Celotex trial uses included the manufacture of ele-Corp. operated plants near Jacksonville, mental phosphorus.Duval County; and National Gypsum Co. Mine production of crude dry ore inoperated a plant near Tampa, Hillsborough Florida and North Carolina was 158 mil-County. The three plants used calcining lion tons with a PO.-, content of 17.8 mil-kettles, one rotary kiln, and one holoflite in lion tons.processing gypsum and manufacturing of Land-pebble phosphate was produced atgypsum products. A total of 378,000 short 20 mines by 11 companies in 3 counties.tons of calcined gypsum was produced, an Two companies processed tailings from oldincrease of 10% over that of 1975. wastes.

Lime.-Basic Magnesia, Inc., in Gulf Soft-rock phosphate was produced by fourCounty; Chemical Lime, Inc., in Hernando companies operating six mines in two coun-County; and Dixie Lime & Stone Co. in ties. Total mine production was-29,320 tonsSumter County produced 179,000 tons of with a POn, content of 5,971 tons, valuedlime valued at $8 million for magnesia. at $542,000. The soft-rock phosphate waswater treatment, sewage disposal, and other used for direct application to the soil.uses. Output was 10% below that of 1975. Marketable phosphate rock was producedThe lime was all used in Florida. from Florida land-pebble phosphate mines

Magnesia.-Basic Magnesia, Inc., Port by Agrico Chemical Co.; Borden, Inc.;St. Joe. Gulf County, produced caustic Brewster Phosphates; Florida Agglite Corp.;calcined magnesia and refractory-grade Gardinier. Inc.; W. R. Grace & Co.; Inter-magnesia from seawater. Shipments and national Minerals & Chemical Corp.value increased 10% and 19%. respectively, (IMC); Mobil Oil Corp.; Poseidon Mines,over that of 1975. Inc.; Occidental Petroleum Corp.; Swift

Perlite.-Four companies produced ex- Chemical Co.; T. A. Minerals Corp.; andpanded perlite from crude ore shipped into U.S.S. Agri-Chemicals, Inc.the State. The quantity sold or used in- Agrico Chemical Co.'s Fort Green minecreased to 23.611 short tons from 21,344 went on-stream in midyear and, after corn-short tons in 1975. The value of the quan- pleting its shakedown, operated at designtity sold or used was $1,551,927, an increase capacity. Agrico announced it had agreedof 8% over that of 1975. Production from to acquire 40% of Compagnie Francaise delplants in Broward. Duval, Escambia, and 'Azote (COFAZ), France's second largestIndian River Counties was used for horti- fertilizer company, along with a 40% stakecultural uses, construction, formed products, in a joint phosphate mining venture to beand insulation uses. The value of expanded set up in Florida to supply COFAZ. A de-perlitc is not included in the State's min- finitive article on Agrico's Fort Green mineeral value, was published."

Phosphate Rock.-Marketable produc- Beker Industries Corp. received approvaltion of phosphate rock increased 2% in from the Manatee County Commissionersquantity, but the value declined 17% re-flecting a price softening trend that began f Pit & Quarry. Agrico Chemical Company's

n 1975 New Florida Phosphate Washer. V. 69, No. 2,in 1975. August 1976.


Lo apply for building permits for its pro- Florida with 80 years of phosphate reserves"osod mining operation in Manatee County, which include both primary and secondaryThe company continued to follow the deposits. The company continued its planscritical path for permitting in anticipation for development of its Four Corners mineof going onstream with its Manatee County and continued to develop data for the re-mine in 1980. quired permits."

Borden Chemical division of Borden, Inc., Gardinier, Inc., purchased 178 acres inreceived approval from both the Hills- fee and another 135 acres of mineral rightsborough County Commissioners and the adjacent to its lands in Hardee County.Planning Commission to develop its 4,864- IMC announced plans to construct a $36acre Big Four mine in southeastern Hills- million animal feed ingredients plant ad-borough County. Site clearing and construc- jacent to its New Wales complex. The newtion were underway at midyear. The Big plant will have a production capacity ofFour mine is planned to produce 1.25 mil- 435,000 tons per year. Construction is ex-lion tons per year of product to be used pected to begin in late 1977."2internally in fertilizer manufacture. IMC also has taken an option on 21,000

Brewster Phosphates began mining at its acres in Brevard County known as theLonesome mine in Hillsborough County. Deseret Ranches, Inc. A company spokes-The design capacity of the operation is 2.8 man stated that any operations in this areamillion tons per year and costs over $75 would be 10 to 15 years away and wouldmillion. Overburden on the Lonesome prop- follow other anticipated Florida operationserty averages 25.5 feet, and matrix, 11.5 now underway.1 0

feet. The phosphate product is expected to Mississippi Chemical Co. purchased orgrade about 70% to 71% bone phosphate has options on 20,000 acres in western Har-of lime (BPL) . dee County and reiterated its intentions to

C. F. Industries Inc. submitted its Devel- mine in 1980. Plans call for permit applica-opment of Regional Impact Study (DRI) to tions in 1976. Detailed engineering is to bethe Central Florida Regional Planning completed in 1977 and construction of theCouncil to mine its 19,555 acres in Hardee washer-beneficiation plant is to begin inCounty. The mining plan shows that an 1978. The phosphate rock products will beaverage of 574 acres will be mined annually shipped to Mississippi to be converted intofor 25 years producing over 94 million tons fertilizer."of phosphate rock. The initial phase calls Noranda Phosphate, Inc., purchased 320for a 2-million-ton-per-year mine and Noranda Phosphate, Inc., purchased 320washer. When the mine goes onstream in acrs of phosphate reserve land in Hardee1978, a 400,000-ton-per-year phosphoric acid County expanding its holdngs to about

chemical plant will be constructed with 10,000 acres "

plans to go onstream in 1979. The last Occidental Chemical Co. (Oxy) signed

phase will be to expand the mine from 2 to the first chemical purchase contract under

4 million tons per year in 1981.10 its long-term fertilizer agreement with the

First Mississippi Corp. purchased 2,000 U.S.S.R. The contract calls for Oxy to buy

acres of phosphate reserve lands in south- an average of 350,000 tons per year of am-

eastern Hillsborough County. According to monia for a 10-year period beginning in

the company, the lands contain 7.5 million 1978. In addition, Oxy will sell 1 million

tons of high-grade phosphate reserve." tons per year of superphosphoric acid to

Freeport Chemical Co. announced that it the U.S.S.R. and buy back 1.5 million

had leased 6,000 acres of phosphate lands tons per year of ammonia, an equal amount

in southwestern Hardee County and has op-tions to. buy another 7,700 acres in the Engineering and Mining Journal. Phosphatescounty. Mining of these deposits is esti- Are Vital to Agriculture-and Florida Mines for

mated to begin in 1981One-Third the World. V. 177, No. 5, May 1976,mated to begin in 1981? p. 85.

Farmland Industries purchased 721 acres O1 The Wachula Herald-Advocate. July 8, 1976.I Saraeota Herald-Tribune. July 28, 1976.

of phosphate reserve lands in De Soto a The Lakeland Ledger. Nov. 26, 1976.County. No immediate development plans " Arcadian. Feb. 6, 1976.1

, The Lakeland Ledger. Oct. 15, 1976.were announced.1 o is The Tampa Tribune. Nov. 5, 1976.

W. R. Grace & Co. announced that it has 10 The Tampa Tribune. Oct. 26, 1976.17 Wachula Herald-Advocate. Jan. 15, 1976.

holdings of almost 80,000 acres in central is Wachula Herald-Advocate. July 8, 1976.


of urea. and 1 million tons per year of technical advances and innovations in thepotash." central Florida phosphate areas.2

The Jacksonville Port Authority agreed Sand and Gravel.-Sand and gravel out.to issue up to $50 million in tax-free bonds put totaled 13 million tons valued at $19to Hooker Chemical Co. to build loading million. Production and value decreasedfacilities in the port of Jacksonville with 2% and 5%, respectively, from that of 1975.capacities of 90,000 tons of superphosphoric These slight decreases in sand and gravelacid. 40,000 tons of dry fertilizer, plus fa- output in 1976 indicate a stabilization incilities of 30,000 tons capacity for storing the construction industry in Florida andSoviet ammonia." along with other indicators, reflect the be.

Phillips Petroleum Co.'s development of ginning of a more stable economy.a regional impact statement to mine phos- Lake, Polk, and Broward Counties werephare in De Soto and Manatee Counties the leading producing counties accountingwas approved by the county commissioners for 47% of the output. Polk, Broward, and

of both counties. The company continued Lake Counties led in the value of sandthe critical path for permitting in anticipa- produced and accounted for 41% of the

tion of developing its Manatee-De Soto value.properties in 1978. During the year, 50 companies operated

Swift Chemical Co.'s plans for developing 63 mines in 24 counties. Nearly all the sand

its Manatee County properties will be dc- produced was by commercial operators. Ofthe 63 sand and gravel operations, 7 pro-layed because of Manatee County's morato- ued between and l opation, 7 po

rium on processing mining applications. produced between 100,000 and 1,000,000 tons,24 produced between 100,000 and 500,0001

T&A Minerals Corp.'s Polk County facil- tons, and 32 produced less than 100,000ities came onstream during the year. The tons. Virtually all of the sand and gravelplant is designed to produce one-half mil- was transported by truck with minorlion tons of phosphate rock annually. T&A amounts by rail and water. The sand andis operating two mines: One which proc- gravel was mainly used for constructionesses debris, mining it with a 14-inch by purposes with a small amount going into12-inch cutterhead dredge; the second op- industrial uses.eration mines virgin land using conven-tional Florida phosphate mining practices. 1 Chemical Week. Dec. 1, 1976.

The processing plant has been designed to Sarasota Herald-Tribune July 80, 1976.The processing plant has been designed to The Bradenton Herald, May 6, 1976.be flexible in processing ores from the ad- Engineering 1and Mining Journal. V. 177,

No. 8, March 1976.jacent property or ores shipped to the plant - Phosphates Are Vital to Agriculture-by truck from the Citrus County mine. and Florida Mines for One-Third the World.

Several articles were published describing v. 177, No. l, May 1976, p .79-89.--. V. 177, No. 9. September 1976.

Table 4.-Florida: Construction and industrial sand and gravel sold or usedby producers

1976

Use Quantitye thousan Value Valueshort tons) (thousands) per ton

Construction:Sand ----- ------------ 10,829 $12,958 $1.25Gravel ------- 2,585 4,792 1.85

Total -- -- 12,914 17,750 1.87Industrial sand ----------------- -------------------- 290 1,414 4.88

Grand total .-----... ------ -----------.............. 18,204 19,164 1.45


Table 5.-Florida: Construction sand and gravel sold or used, by major use category

1976

Use Quantity Va l ue Vlue

shot tons) (thousands) per ton

,oncrete aggregate (residential, nonresidential, highways,bridges, dams, waterworks, airports, etc.) -------- 4,355 $6,210 $1.48

)oncrete products (cement blocks, bricks, pipe, etc.) -- - ,686 5,398 1.46Asphaltic concrete aggregates and other bituminous mixtures- 674 1,355 2.01Roadbase and coverings ..--.......- --------.--- . 1,698 2,498 1.47Fill ...------............................. 2,842 2,084 .89ther uses .------------.--- -----.--------------------. 168 205 1.80

Total -----------...........--- --------..-------- 12,914 17,750 1.87

2 Data do not add to total shown because of independent rounding.

Staurolite.-Stauroli'te was .recovered as and dense-graded roadbase, 36% and 27%,i byproduct of ilmenite production at the respectively. Four companies processedHighland and Trail Ridge plants of E. I. oyster shells for roadbase material.du Pont de Nemours & Co., in Clay County. The American Stone Co. quarried dimen-Production and value increased. Staurolite sion limestone in Manatee County for cutwas mainly used in sandblasting with minor stone, rough construction, and dressedaniounts for cement. Florida is the only flagging.State with a recorded production of Sulfur.--Recovered sulfur from petro-staurolite. leum production at Exxon's desulfurization

Stone.-Florida stone (all limestone) is plants in Santa Rosa and Escambia Coun-divided into two types-hard rock and soft ties increased from 284,833 long tons in

rock. Each type has a different end use and 1975 to 306,721 long tons in 1976. The valuevalue. Hard rock is used as concrete, bitu- of byproduct sulfur is not included in theininous and macadam aggregates, and State's mineral production value.

ranges in value from $1.50 to $3.99 per Vermiculite.-Exfoliated vermiculite waslon. Soft rock limestone is used as dense- produced by two operators at four plantsigraded roadbase material, surface treatment in Broward, Duval, and Hillsborough Coun-

aggregate, and in the manufacture of lime; ties from crude ore shipped into the State.it ranges in value from $0.80 to over $2.00 The exfoliated vermiculite was used forper ton. lightweight concrete aggregate, plaster ag-

Crushed limestone output was 38.0 mil- gregate, insulation, and other uses. The

lion tons valued at $73.3 million, a decrease value of vermiculite is not included in the

of 1% in tonnage while the value increased State's mineral value.

1% above that of 1975. These statistics in- METALSdicate a stabilizing of the construction ac-tivity in the State. Output came from 65 Metals accounted for only 2% of thecompanies operating 122 quarries in 24 State's total mineral production value.counties compared with 69 companies op- Rare-Earth Minerals.-Humphrey's Min-erating 119 quarries in 21 counties in 1975. ing Co., Nassau County, and Titanium En-The three leading producing counties were terprises, Clay County, produced monazite!Dade, Hernando, and Broward, which sup- concentrate as a coproduct from their heavyplied 68% of the State's total tonnage and mineral operations. Output and value de-57% of the value. Eight companies pro- creased from that of 1975.duced over 1 million tons from 18 quarries Titanium Concentrate.-E. I. du Pontand accounted for over 50% of the crushed de Nemours & Co., and Titanium Enter-stone output and 65% of the value. Of the prises produced ilmenite and rutile concen-total crushed limestone sold or used, agri- trates from their plants in Clay Countycultural stone accounted for 3% of the and Humphrey's Mining Co. producedquantity and 5% of the value; concrete ag- ilmenite concentrate from its mine in Nas-gregate, 30% and 35%, respectively; bitu- sau County. Overall production and valueminous aggregate, 7% and 7%, respectively; increased.


Zircon Concentrate.-Production of zir- a 4% decrease in quantity and a 24% in-con concentrate from E. I. du Pont de crease in value. Twelve companies producedNemours Sc Co.'s Trail Ridge plant and moss, reed-sedge, and humus peat. Ship.Titanium Enterprises' Green Cove Springs ments totaled 78,800 tons and consisted ofplant, both in Clay County, decreased 7% 92% moss, 7% reedsedge, and 1% humus.in quantity and 21% in value from that of Most of the peat was shipped in bulk andi1975. used to pack flowers, plants, and shrubs;

for general soil improvement; and in pot-MINERAL FUELS ting soils.

Mineral fuels produced were natural gas, Petroleum.-Total oil production innatural gas liquids, crude petroleum, and Florida was 44.5 million barrels in 1976.peat- The 6% increase was primarily attributed

Natural Gas.-Total marketed produc- to increased production in the Jay andtion of natural gas in Florida in 1976 was Blackjack Creek fields. Jay field yielded 25%about 43.2 billion cubic feet. The difference of .the total crude oil production in thebetween the marketed volume and the 46.5 State. The wellhead value of northwestbillion cubic feet measured at the wellhead Florida crude oil and associated gas aver-was due to a 12.3% content of H2S, CO,, aged $12.30 per barrel in January 1976."and N,. plus plant losses and in-plant con- Petroleum production in the Jay field issumption for fuel. All of the gas sold was now over 90,000 barrels of oil per day. Thefrom the Blackjack Creek and Jay fields, Jay field is expected to produce an esti-except a small quantity that was produced mated 345 million barrels of oil before it isfrom the nearby Mount Carmel field. Gas depleted in the 1990's.production at the Jay field currently ex- South of Jay, the Blackjack Creek fieldceeds 100 million cubic feet per day, and is now producing 15,000 barrels of oil permore than 300 billion cubic feet are ex- day. The field began production in Januar,pected to be produced during the lifetime 1975. A new waterflood plant began opera.of the field. Production of butane, propane, tion in the Blackjack Creek field in 1976and ethane began at Jay in 1975 when a The plant injects more than 25,000 barrels,new gas liquids plant began operation. The of water into the underground oil reservoir'facility strips approximately 20,000 barrels per day to help maintain pressure and in-of gas liquids per day from the natural gas crease the ultimate recovery of oil to ap-produced in the field. proximately 40 million barrels, about twice

The Five Flags Pipeline Co. sold natural the amount which would be possible with-gas and ethane produced therefrom to in- out the secondary recovery program.dustrial customers in the Pensacola area. Crude petroleum production from southCommercial and residential customers pur- Florida was derived entirely from the Lowerchased the remaining methane from the Cretaceous Age Sunniland Limestone For-Florida Gas Co. mation. The average depth of a develop-

Prior to distribution to the Florida Gas ment well in the Sunniland trend is aboutTransmission Pipeline Co., a subsidiary of 11,500 feet. There are 74 producing wellsFlorida Gas Co., the gas was stripped of in 8 fields in this trend.natural gas liquids at a plant in Jay field, Approximately 4.85 million barrels ofnorthern Santa Rosa County. The Btu value crude oil ranging from 250 API to 32* APIof the gas was reduced from 1,450 to 1,040 gravity, representing 10.9% of Florida'sBtu per cubic foot before distribution total production, were produced from souththrough the interstate pipeline of Florida Florida fields. Wellhead prices rangedGas Co. from $5.15 per barrel in January to $11.40

Peat-Peat production decreased from per barrel in December 1976 for old and'82,000 tons in 1975 to 78,800 tons in 1976 new oil combined.while the value increased from $1,037,000

in 1975 $1,287,000 in 1976, s Baaed on 56% gros production tea reportedin 1975 to $1287,000 in 1976, representing to Florida Department of Revenue.


Table 6.-Florida: Oil and gas well drilling completions in 1976, by county

Proved field wells 1 Exploratory wells Total

CountyOil Gas Dry Oil Gas Dry Wells Footage

,ollier ------------------- 8 - 2 -- . 4 9 99,967De Soto ------------------ -- - - -- 1 1 11,662

escambia ------------ 1 - - - - 1 2 16,211Pranklin ------------- - - - 1 1 11,950Sulf ------------------------ - - - - - 1 1 18,606Flendry ---.----------- . 2 - -- .. - 2 28,182Lee -----------------------. 4 -- 2 -- - 1 7 82,5053anta Rosa -------------- 1 - 1 -- - 8 5 79,278Walton ------------------- . . . 2 2 4,894

Total ------------ 11 -- 5 -. 14 80 843,255

1Development wells as defined by American Petroleum Institute.

Source: American Petroleum Institute.

Table 7.--Principal producers

Commodity and company Address Type of activity County

Cement:Florida Mining & Materials Box 28965 Plant ----------- Hernando.

Corp. Tampa, Fla. 88622General Portland, Inc --... 4400 Republic National Plants --------- Dade and

Bank Tower, Box 824 Hills-Dallas, Tex. 75221 borough.

Maule Industries, Inc .. Box 2085 PVS Plant --- ---- Dade.Hialeah, Fla. 88012

Southeastern Materials, Box 2684 --.. do ------------ Do.Inc. Hialeah, Fla. 88012

Clays:Engelhard Minerals & Menlo Park Open pit mines --- Gadsden.

Chemicals Corp. Edison, N.J. 08817Mid-Florida Mining .----. - Box 68-F -- do ------------ Marion.

Lowell, Fla. 82668Pennsylvania Glass Sand Berkeley Springs, W. Va. -- do ----------- Gadsden.

Corp. 25411Gypsum (calcined) :

Celotex Corp .---..----... 1500 North Dale Mabry Plant --------- Duval.Tampa, Fla. 88607

National Gypsum Co . .---- 325 Delaware Ave. --.. do --- --- Hillsborough.Buffalo, N.Y. 14202

United. States Gypsum Co - 101 South Wacker Dr. ---- do ----------- Duval.Chicago, Ill. 60606

Lime:Chemical Lime, Inc --.--. . Box 250 ---- do ----------- Hernando.

Ocala, Fla. 82670Dixie Lime & Stone Co.' -_ Drawer 217 ---- do ----------- Sumter.

Ocala, Fla. 82670Magnesium compounds:

Basic Magnesia, Inc. ...- Box 160 ---- do ----------- Gulf.Port St. Joe, Fla. 82456

Peat:Delta Peat --------------- Box 155 Bog ------.-----. Hillsborough.

Mango, Fla. 83550Oxford Peat Co ----------- Box 154 Bog ---...------. Sumter.

Oxford, Fla. 32684Superior Peat & Soil .---.. Box 1688 Bog -------------- Highlands.

Sebring, Fla. 88870'erlite (expanded) :

Airlite Processing Corp. Route 2, Box 740 Plant ------------ Indian River.of Florida. Vero Beach, Fla. 82960

Armstrong Cork Co ---.. Box 1991 ...- do ------------ Escambia.Pensacola, Fla. 82589

Chemrock Corp ----------- End of Osage St. do ------------ Duval.Nashville, Tenn. 87208

W. R. Grace & Co ..3 - - -

. . 62 Whittemore Ave. ---- do ----------- Broward.Cambridge, Mass. 02140

?etroleum (crude) :Exxon Co., U.S.A -------- Box 2024 Wells ----- - Santa Rosa.

Houston, Tex. 77001Sun Oil Co ------ _- Box 2880 --... do ------ Collier and

Dallas, Tex. 75221 Hendry.

See footnotes at end of table.


Table 7.-Principal producers-Continued

Commodity and company Address Type of activity County

Petroleum (refined) :Seminole Asphalt Refining, Box 128 Refinery -------- Wakulla.

Inc. St. Marks, Fla. 32355Phosphate rock:

Agrico Chemical Co Box 3166 Open pit mines and Polk.Tulsa, Okla. 74101 plants.

Borden, Inc ------------- Box 790 Open pit mine and Do.Plant City, Fla. 33566 plant.

Brewster Phosphates ----- Bradley. Fla. 33835 ------ ---- do ------------ Do.Gardinier, Inc ------------ Box 3269 --- do ------------ Do.

Tampa, Fla. 33601International Minerals & Box 867 Open pit mines --- Do.

Chemical Corp. Bartow, Fla. 33830Mobil Oil Corp.' ----. Box 311 --- do ----------- Do.

Nichols, Fla. 33863Occidental Petroleum Corp- White Springs, Fla. 32096 - Open pit mine --. Hamilton.Swift Chemical Co -------- Box 208 Open pit mines --- Polk.

Bartow, Fla. 33830U-.S.S. Agri-Chemicals, Inc- Box 867 Open pit mine --- Do.

Fort Meade, Fla. 33841W. R. Grace & Co -------- Box 471 Open pit mine and Do.

Bartow, Fla. 33830 plant.Sand, and gravel:

Florida Rock Industries, Box 4667 Pits -------------- Clay, Dade,Inc. Jacksonville, Fla. 32201 Glades,

Lake.E. R- Jahna Industries, First & East Tillman --. do --------- Lake and

Inc. Lake Wales. Fla. 33853 Polk.Ortona Sand Co -------- First & East Tillrman Dredge ----------- Hendry.

Lake Wales, Fla. 33853L. W. Rozzo, Inc ----- 4435 SW. 26th St. Pit ------------ Broward.

Fort Lauderdale, Fla. 33314Warren Bros. Co --------- Fairfield, Maine 04937 ---- Pit ------------- Sarasota.

Staurolite:E. I. du Pont de Nemours DuPont Bldg. D-10084 Plant ---------- Clay.

& Co.3

Wilmington. Del. 19898Stone:

Florida Crushed Stone Co_- Box 668 Quarries ---------- Hernando andOcala, Fla. 32670 Sumter.

Florida Mining and Box 59351 Quarry-------- Hernando.Materials Corp. Miami. Fla. 33159

Florida Rock Industries, Box 4667 Quarries ---------- Collier, Lee,Inc.

6 Jacksonville, Fla. 32201 Sumter,

Suwannee.Maule Industries. Inc ---- Box 2601 -- do ------------ Dade.

Hialeah, Fla. 33012Southeastern Materials, Box 2634 -- do ------------ Do.

Inc. Hialeah, Fla. 33012Titanium concentrate:

Titanium Enterprises __ Green Cove Springs, Fla. Mine and plant -- Clay.32043

SAlso stone.'Also lime.

Also phosphate rock and exfoliated vermiculite.Also elemental phosphorus.Also titanium and zircon concentrates.Also sand and gravel.Also zircon concentrate and rare-earth oxides and thorium oxide in monazite concentrate.

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