THE MITTERRAND YEARS

Also by Mairi Maclean

EUROPEANS ON EUROPE: Transnational Visions of a New Continent (edited with J. Howorth)

FRENCH ENTERPRISE AND THE CHALLENGE OF THE BRITISH WATER INDUSTRY Water without Frontiers

The Mitterrand Years Legacy and Evaluation

Edited by

Mairi Maclean Senior Lecturer in European Business Royal Holloway University of London

First published in Great Britain 1998 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG2 1 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN 978-1-349-263974 ISBN 978-1-349-26395-0 (eBook)

DO1 10.10071978-1-349-26395-0

First published in the United States of America 1998 by ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010

ISBN 978-0-312-21082-3

Library of Congress Cataloging-irl-Publication Data The Mittelrand years : legacy and evaluation 1 edited by Mairi Maclean. p. cm. "Origins of this volu~nc lie in the 1996 Annual Conference of the Association for the Study of Modem and Contemporary France . . . held at Royal Holloway, University of London, in September 1996"-Ack. Includes bibliograohical references and index. ISBN 978-0-312-21082-3 (cloth) I . Mitterrand, Franqois, 1916- -Influence-Congresses. 2. France-Politics and government-198 1-1995-Congresses. 3. France-Cultural policy-Congresses. 4. Twenty first century- -Forecasts-Congresses. I. Maclean, Mairi, 1959- . 11. Association for the Study of Modem and Contemporary France (Great Britain). Conference (1996 : University of London) DC423.M.578 1997 944.083'9 '0924~2 1 97-1 3392

CIP

0 M. Maclean 1998 Softcover reprint o f the hardcover 1 st edition 1998

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Contents

List of Tables

Acknowledgements

List of Abbreviations

Notes on the Contributors

Introduction: The Mitterrand Era in Perspective Mairi Maclean

Part 1: Socialism and the State

1 Moins d'Etat or Mieux d'Etat: the French Response to the Neo-Liberal Challenge Jack Hayward

2 A Dirigiste End to Dirigisme? Elie Cohen

3 The Crisis of the Left and the Renaissance of the Republican Model, 1981-1995 Serge Berstein

4 The Parti Socialiste After Mitterrand: a Half-Finished Modernization David Bell

Part 2: Europe and Foreign Affairs

5 EMU and Presidential Leadership under Franqois Mitterrand Kenneth Dyson and Kevin Featherstone

6 Independence and Interdependence: Foreign Policy over Mitterrand's Two Presidential Terms Dominique David

Part 3: Economy and Society

7 Mitterrand's Economic and Social Policy in Perspective Henrik Uterwedde

. . . Vll l

ix

X

... X l l l

1

vi Con tents

8 French Business in the Mitterrand Years: the Continuity of Change Joseph Szarka

9 Industrial Relations in France: Towards a New Social Pact? Susan Milner

10 Women and Political Representation during the Mitterrand Presidency - or the Family Romance of the Fifth Republic Sidn Reynold

11 The Failure of Anti-Racist Movements in France, 1981-1995 Peter Fysh

Part 4: History and Biography

12 Fran~ois Mitterrand Between Vichy and the Resistance Eric Duhamel

13 The Making of a President: Political Culture and Collective Memory in the Morvan Marion Demossier

14 The Political Leader and his Heritage Alistair Cole

Part 5: Culture

15 Mitterrand's Grands Projets: Monuments to a Man or Monuments to an Age? Eric Cahm

16 Socialist Film Policy and the Heritage Film Guy Austin

17 The State and the Broadcasting Media: All Change? Raymond Kuhn

18 The Silence of the Left Intellectuals in Mitterrand's France Martyn Cornick

Contents

Conclusion: The Mitterrand Legacy and the New Millennium Mairi Maclean

vii

314

319

List of Tables

Macroeconomic performance 1976180-1 996 Nationalizations and privatizations of main companies Annual GDP increases France's international trade in goods and services (1972-1992) French trade balances (1 98 1-1995) (in billions of francs) Women parliamentarians as a percentage of the National Assembly in France Women ministers in France since 1936

Acknowledgements

The origins of this volume lie in the 1996 Annual Conference of the Association for the Study of Modern and Contemporary France (ASMCF) on 'The Mitterrand Era in Perspective', held at Royal Hollo- way, University of London, in September 1996. I am grateful to all those who attended and contributed to the conference and helped to make it such a success - first and foremost our guest speakers from France, Serge Berstein, Elie Cohen, Eric Duhamel and Dominique David; and also Douglas Johnson, Honorary Vice-President of ASMCF, who opened and concluded the conference in his inimitable style. I would like to thank the Institut Fran~ais, especially Renk Lacombe, for sup- porting the conference by funding the travel of two of our guest speak- ers. British Airways kindly sponsored wine and sherry receptions at the conference. ASMCF provided a welcome subsidy towards the cost of translating the four chapters by our visiting French speakers. I am grateful to the Research Committee of the Royal Holloway School of Management for financing the remainder. The translation was carried out most elegantly by Janet Fraser of the University of Westminster, and I would like to thank her for working so speedily. Thanks are due to the ASMCF Committee, especially Alec Hargreaves, for their many useful suggestions. Eric Cahm helped to design the jacket cover. Staff at the School of Management are also deserving of thanks, in particular Marianne Bowyer, for her unstinting efforts before and during the conference; June Bottomley made a sterling job of running the Book Display; and Denise Elliott organized nursing care for the late Brian Darling, who gallantly attended the conference despite illness. (The poignant moment, when our late friend and colleague Peter Morris held the microphone for Brian, ASMCF secretary over 15 years, so that he might make a toast to France, will stay in the mind of ASMCF members and conference delegates for many years to come. Both are sadly missed.) Thanks are due to Tim Farmiloe of Macmillan for his kind assistance in the production of this volume. I wish also to thank my husband Charles Harvey, Director of the School of Management, for all his help during the conference, and my children Emily and Alex for their good humour and patience. Finally, a special word is reserved for Rebecca, who, at eight months, attended part of the conference as its youngest delegate.

MAIRI MACLEAN

List of Abbreviations

CNPG CEA CERES CES CFDT CFE CFTC CGC CGT CIR CNCL

CNPF CNR COREPER CSA CSCE CSG ECB EC ECOFIN ECU EMS EMU ENA ERM ESPRIT

ESSEC

EU EUREKA FACEA FAR FEN

Centre National des Prisonniers de Guerre Centres dYEntr'aide [aux Prisonniers de Guerre] Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches Socialistes Contrats Emploi-Solidarite Confederation Fran~aise DCmocratique du Travail ConfCdCration Fran~aise de 1'Encadrement ConfCdCration Frangaise des Travailleurs Chretiens Confkdkration Gentrale des Cadres Confkdkration Gknkrale du Travail Convention des Institutions Republicaines Commission Nationale de la Communication et des Liberths Conseil National du Patronat Fran~ais Conseil National de la RCsistance Committee of Permanent Representatives Conseil superieur de 1'Audiovisuel Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe Contribution Sociale GCnhralishe European Central Bank European Community Council of Economic and Finance Ministers European Currency Unit European Monetary System European Monetary Union Ecole Nationale #Administration Exchange Rate Mechanism European Strategic Programme for Research and Development in Information Technology Ecole Superieure des Sciences Economiques et Com- merciales European Union European Research Co-ordinating Agency Federation Autonome des Centres d'Entre'aide Forces d'Action Rapide FCdCration de 1'Education Nationale

List of Abbreviations xi

FNSEA

FO GATT GPALS GRECE

I3EC IGC IMF INF ISF JALB LICRA

MNPGD

MRAP

MRPGD

MUR NATO NRJ OECD

ORA ORTF OUA PCF PLO PME PS PSU RAI RGR RMI RNPG RPF RPR SDI

FCdCration National des Syndicats des Exploitants Agricoles Force Ouvrikre General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Global Protection Against Limited Strikes Groupe de Recherche et d7Etude pour la Civilisation EuropCenne Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales Intergovernmental Conference International Monetary Fund Intermediate Nuclear Forces ImpBt de Solidaritk sur la Fortune Jeunes Arabes de Lyon et sa Banlieue Ligue Internationale contre le Racisme et 1'Anti-SCmi- tisme Mouvement National des Prisonniers de Guerre et DCportCs Mouvement contre le Racisme et 1'Anti-SBmitisme et pour 17Amiti6 entre les Peuples Mouvement de RBsistance des Prisonniers de Guerre et DCportCs Mouvements Unis de la RCsistance North Atlantic Treaty Organization Nouvelle Radio Jeune Organization for Economic Co-operation and Develop- ment Organisation de la RCsistance de 1'ArmCe Organisation de Radiodiffusion-TCIBvision Frangaise Organisation de ]'Unit6 Africaine Parti Communiste Frangais Palestinian Liberation Organization Petites et Moyennes Entreprises Parti Socialiste Parti Socialiste UnifiC Radiotelevisione Italiana Rassemblement des Gauches RBpublicaines Revenu Minimum d'Insertion Rassemblement National des Prisonniers de Guerre Rassemblement du Peuple Fran~ais Rassemblement pour la Rbpublique Strategic Defence Initiative

List of Abbreviations

SEA SF10 SGCI SME SMIC SNCF TDFl TEU TUC UDF UDSR UN WEU

Single European Act Section Fran~aise de 1'Internationale Ouvribre Secretariat GBnCral du ComitC Interministkriel Small and Medium Enterprise Salaire Minimum Iilterprofessionnel de Croissance SociCtC Nationale des Chemins de Fer TClCdiffusion de France 1 Treaty on European Union Travaux d'Utilit6 Collective Union DBmocratique Frangaise Union DBmocratique et Socialiste de la RCsistance United Nations Western European Union

Notes on the Contributors

Guy Austin is Lecturer in French at the University of Sheffield, where he specializes in French film. His book Contemporary French Cinema: an Introduction has recently been published by MUP.

David Bell is Head of the Department of Politics at the University of Leeds and is author of numerous articles and commentaries on French politics, including (with Byron Criddle) The French Socialist Party (Oxford: OUP, 1994), the third edition of which is to be published in 1998.

Serge Berstein is Professor at the Institut d'Etudes Politiques in Paris. His many books on political parties, political culture and ideas include Le Mod&le ripublicain (PUF, 1992) and La France de I'expansion in two volumes (Seuil, 1989, 1994), the first of which has been translated into English (by Peter Morris) as The Republic of de Gaulle 1958-1969 (CUPIMaison des Sciences de l'Homme, 1993).

Eric Cahm has been Lecturer in Contemporary History at the Uni- versity of Tours since 1991, having previously been Head of the School of Languages and Area Studies and Professor of French Studies at the then Portsmouth Polytechnic and Visiting Professor at Tours. He is Executive Editor of the journal Modern and Contempor- ary France. His publications include The Dreyfus Affair in French Society and Politics (Longrnan, 1996).

Elie Cohen is Director of Research at the Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) in Paris, and author of La ent tat ion hexagonale: la souverainti h I'ipreuve de la mondialisation (Fayard, 1996).

Alistair Cole is in the European Studies Department at the University of Bradford. Recent publications include a second edition of Fran~ois Mitterrand: a Study in Political Leadership (Routledge, 1997) and French Politics and Society (Prentice Hall, 1997).

xiv Notes on the Contributors

Martyn Cornick is Senior Lecturer in the Department of French Studies at Birmingham University, and is an Editor of Modern and Contemporary France. He has published widely on French intellectual history and aspects of Franco-British perceptions.

Dominique David is Special Advisor to the Director of the Institut Fran~ais des Relations Internationales (IFRI) in Paris. He is Professor at the Ecole SpCciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr and Lecturer at the Sorbonne. His publications include various books, in particular Con- flits, puissances et stratigies en Europe (1992).

Marion Demossier is Lecturer in French in the School of European Studies and Modern Languages at the University of Bath. She is the author of L'Homme et le vin, une anthropologie du vignoble bour- guignon (Presses Universitaires de Dijon, 1997).

Eric Duhamel is Lecturer in Contemporary French History at the UniversitC de Paris X - Nanterre and at the Institut des Etudes Politiques in Paris. His various publications, notably on the Union Dkmocratique et Sociale de la RQistance, include (with G. Le BCguec) La Reconstruction du Parti radical, 1944-1948 (L'Harmat- tan, 1993).

Kenneth Dyson is Professor of European Studies at the University of Bradford and co-director of the European Briefing Unit. His most recent publications include Elusive Union: The Process of Economic and Monetary Union in Europe (Longman, 1994) and (with W. Homo- lka) Culture First: Promoting Standards in the Age of New Media (Cassell, 1996).

Kevin Featherstone is Professor of European Political Studies at the University of Bradford and Jean Monnet chair holder. His most recent publications include (with R. Ginsberg) The United States and the European Union in the 1990s (Macmillan, 1994) and (with K. Ifantis), Greece in a Changing Europe (MUP, 1996).

Peter Fysh is Senior Lecturer in French, Nottingham Trent Univer- sity. His publications include chapters and articles on French politics and political thought and he is currently working on a major study of the politics of racism in France.

Notes on the Contributors xv

Jack Hayward is the Director of the Centre for European Politics, Economics and Society and Professorial Fellow of St. Antony's Col- lege Oxford. Recent edited works include Industrial Enterprise and European Integration (OUP, 1995) and Elitism, Populism and Eur- opean Politics (OUP, 1996).

Raymond Kuhn is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Political Stu- dies and Dean of the Faculty of Arts at Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London. He is author of various publications on the French media, including The Media in France (Routledge, 1995).

Mairi Maclean is Senior Lecturer in European Business at Royal Holloway, University of London. She has published widely in the field of French business. Publications include (with J. Howorth) Eur- opeans on Europe: Transnational Visions of a New Continent (Macmil- Ian, 1992). She is currently preparing a book entitled France and National Competitiveness.

Susan Milner is Senior Lecturer in European Studies at the University of Bath. She has published widely on French trade unions and indus- trial relations. Recent publications include (with R. Mouriaux), 'The politics of radical unemployment policies in France', in H. Compston (ed.), The New Politics of Unemployment in Europe (Routledge, 1996).

Siln Reynolds is Professor of French at the University of Stirling. She is also President of the Association for the Study of Modern and Contemporary France. Her most recent book is France between the Wars: Gender and Politics (Routledge, 1996).

Joseph Szarka is Senior Lecturer in French Studies at the University of Bath. His research interests are in economic and environmental policy-making, and electoral politics in France. His publications include Business in France (Pitman, 1992), and 'The winning of the 1995 French presidential election', West European Politics, Vol. 19, No. 1, January 1996.

Henrik Uterwedde is Deputy Director of the Deutsch-Franzosisches Institut in Ludwigsburg, and co-editor of the Frankreich-Jahrbuch. His many books on French economic and social policy include (with R. Lasserre & J. Schild) Frankreich. Politik, Wirkschaft, Gesellshaft (Leske & Budrich, 1997).