The Mobility of Population and the Residential Structure

in an Area with less employment opportunity in China:

A Case Study of Fushun City, Liaoning Province

ABE Yasuhisa (Hiroshima Kokusai Gakuin University), ZHENG Nan (Chubu Gakuin University)

The motive of the studyThe motive of the study

・・・・・・ The first author had been The first author had been studied in northeast of China.studied in northeast of China.

　　 The northeast of ChinaThe northeast of China

　 　 ①　①　 Has Has many state-owned compamany state-owned companiesnies. . 　 ②　　 ②　 Since the latter half of 1990s Since the latter half of 1990s these companies have had financial dithese companies have had financial difficultiesfficulties → → 　　 Many people working foMany people working for these companies have been laid off r these companies have been laid off or dismissed. or dismissed.

As a result → Most of them have As a result → Most of them have become “become “the unemployedthe unemployed” or “” or “the the underemployedunderemployed” (part-time or ” (part-time or temporary workers)temporary workers)

→ → 　　 So,we call this area “the area with So,we call this area “the area with underprivileged working conditions”underprivileged working conditions”

or “or “the area with less employment opportunities””

Northeast of China and its periphery

So, At first, we supposedSo, At first, we supposed ・・・・・・ a lot of people living in the citya lot of people living in the city out-migrated to other cities in the coastal reout-migrated to other cities in the coastal regions and they sent remittances to their famgions and they sent remittances to their families.ilies.

　　→　→　 ButBut ，， this hypothesis was not rigthis hypothesis was not rightht..

In reality,In reality, over 90over 90 ％ ％ of people living of people living in the study area did not send their fain the study area did not send their family members to other cities in the coamily members to other cities in the coastal regions.stal regions.

→ → 　　 We had interest in this reason.We had interest in this reason.

The purpose of this report is ・・・

① 　 To clarify the residential mobility of a local city in the northeast of China.

② 　 To clarify the residential structure in that city 　（ In this paper, the residential structure means how close people in the city live with their relatives and how people get support from them ） .

　　　　Study areaStudy area　　・・・　　　・・・　 Fushun City, local city of Fushun City, local city of Liaoning Liaoning

Province in the northeast of ChinaProvince in the northeast of China

The 　 Central Area of Fushun City

Dismissed workers changed job into service sector

DismissedDismissed workers changed workers changed job into service sector (2)job into service sector (2)

The heavy and chemical industries in Fushun

The method 　

　→　 Carried out questionnaires survey in the wards of the Fushun city .

　①　 Chose 30 social communities in the way of probability proportionate sampling. 　②　 Chose 45 inhabitants born in the 1940s and 1950s and collected data. 　③　 The number of available answers was 1,002, 74.2 ％ , out of 1,350 delivered questionnaires ．　④　 The outline of the result is as follows ．

Table1 Age and sex of Table1 Age and sex of people surveyedpeople surveyed

　　Born in Born in former half former half of 1940sof 1940s

Born in Born in latter half of latter half of 1940s1940s

Born in Born in former half former half of 1950sof 1950s

Born in Born in latter half of latter half of 1950s1950s

TotalTotal（（ NN））

　　 MaleMale FemFemaleale MaleMale FemaFema

leleMaleMale FemFem

aleale MaleMale FemFemaleale 　　

Full-Full-timerstimers

2(0.82(0.8%)%)

4(1.64(1.6%)%)

12(4.12(4.8%)8%)

9(3.69(3.6%)%)

45(145(17.9%7.9%

))

20(820(8.0%).0%)

97(3897(38.6%).6%)

62(262(24.7%4.7%

))251251

RetireeRetireess

47(17.47(17.5%)5%)

32(132(11.9%1.9%

))

49(149(18.3%8.3%

))

44(144(16.4%6.4%

))

11(4.11(4.1%)1%)

54(254(20.10.1%)%)

3(1.13(1.1%)%)

28(128(10.4%0.4%

))268268

UnempUnemployed loyed

2(0.42(0.4%)%)

8(1.78(1.7%)%)

27(5.27(5.7%)7%)

7(1.57(1.5%)%)

65(165(13.8%3.8%

))

23(423(4.9%).9%)

136(2136(28.9%)8.9%)

203(203(43.143.1%)%)

471471

TotalTotal 51(5.251(5.2%)%)

44(4.44(4.4%)4%)

88(8.88(8.9%)9%)

60(6.60(6.1%)1%)

121(121(12.212.2%)%)

97(997(9.8%).8%)

236(2236(23.8%)3.8%)

293(293(29.629.6%)%)

990990

Table 2 The number and percentage Table 2 The number and percentage of the unemployedof the unemployed 　　 in a family in in a family in

each groupeach group

　　More More

than than 33

33 22 11 00 TotalTotal

Full-Full-timertimerss

00 11 3535 8282 129129 247(N)247(N)

0.0%0.0% 0.4%0.4% 14.2%14.2% 33.2%33.2% 52.2%52.2% 100%100%

RetireesRetirees55 77 4848 8181 120120 261(N)261(N)

1.9%1.9% 2.7%2.7% 18.4%18.4% 31.0%31.0% 46.0%46.0% 100%100%

UnemplUnemployedoyed

1212 4040 190190 166166 6060 468(N)468(N)

2.6%2.6% 8.5%8.5% 40.6%40.6% 35.5%35.5% 12.8%12.8% 100%100%

TotalTotal1717 4848 273273 329329 309309 976(N)976(N)

1.7%1.7% 4.9%4.9% 28.0%28.0% 33.7%33.7% 31.7%31.7% 100%100%

Table 3Table 3 　　 Monthly income of people surveyed in each groupMonthly income of people surveyed in each group

　　

Under Under 500500yuayuann

500 to 500 to 1,001,000yu0yuanan

1,000 1,000 to to 2,002,000yu0yuanan

2,000 2,000 to to 3,03,000y00yuanuan

3,000 3,000 to to 5,05,000y00yuanuan

TotalTotal

Full-timersFull-timers4444 9898 102102 77 00

251(N251(N))

17.5%17.5% 39.0%39.0% 40.6%40.6% 2.8%2.8% 0.0%0.0% 100%100%

RetireesRetirees118118 116116 3232 33 00

269(N269(N))

43.9%43.9% 43.1%43.1% 11.9%11.9% 1.1%1.1% 0.0%0.0% 100%100%

UnemployeUnemployedd

363363 6060 1111 33 11438(N438(N

))

82.9%82.9% 13.7%13.7% 2.5%2.5% 0.7%0.7% 0.2%0.2% 100%100%

TotalTotal525525 274274 145145 1313 11

958(N958(N))

54.8%54.8% 28.6%28.6% 15.1%15.1% 1.4%1.4% 0.1%0.1% 100%100%

Table 4Table 4 　　 Monthly family income in each groupMonthly family income in each group

　　

Under Under 1,01,000y00yuanuan

1,000 1,000 to to 2,002,000yu0yuanan

2,000 2,000 to to 3,003,000yu0yuanan

3,000 3,000 to to 5,05,000y00yuanuan

5,000 5,000 to to 7,07,000y00yuanuan

TotalTotal

Full-timersFull-timers6565 106106 5959 2020 11

251(N251(N))

25.925.9%%

42.2%42.2% 23.5%23.5% 8.0%8.0% 0.4%0.4% 100%100%

RetireesRetirees9696 130130 3131 1111 11

269(N269(N))

35.735.7%%

48.3%48.3% 11.5%11.5% 4.1%4.1% 0.4%0.4% 100%100%

UnemployedUnemployed371371 8383 77 44 00

465(N465(N))

79.879.8%%

17.8%17.8% 1.5%1.5% 0.9%0.9% 0.0%0.0% 100%100%

TotalTotal532532 319319 9797 3535 22

985(N985(N))

54.054.0%%

32.4%32.4% 9.8%9.8% 3.6%3.6% 0.2%0.2% 100%100%

Table 5 Annual income in each city of Liaoning provinceTable 5 Annual income in each city of Liaoning province

　　

The The number of number of workers(thworkers(thousand)ousand)

The The number of number of the laid-off the laid-off of the of the workers(thworkers(thousand)ousand)

The The percentagpercentage of the e of the laid-off laid-off

The The average average annual annual income of income of the the workersworkers

The The average average annual annual income of income of the the workers of workers of full-timersfull-timers

The The average average annual annual income of income of the the workers of workers of laid-offlaid-off

DalianDalian 939939 6565 6.9%6.9% 18,60818,608 19,60519,605 6,7956,795

ShenyangShenyang 1,1851,185 250250 21.1%21.1% 13,63013,630 17,34217,342 1,8951,895

PanjinPanjin 457457 2727 5.9%5.9% 11,63811,638 12,12912,129 4,4814,481

LiaoyangLiaoyang 235235 5353 22.6%22.6% 11,40311,403 13,91113,911 2,9112,911

AnshanAnshan 609609 205205 33.7%33.7% 11,03711,037 15,39615,396 2,6062,606

YingkouYingkou 213213 4646 21.6%21.6% 10,18010,180 12,58712,587 1,7921,792

BenxiBenxi 382382 137137 35.9%35.9% 10,14710,147 14,63414,634 2,2742,274

HuludaoHuludao 284284 4949 17.3%17.3% 10,02410,024 11,59011,590 2,9032,903

DandongDandong 251251 6363 25.1%25.1% 9,5449,544 12,23712,237 1,3751,375

JinzhouJinzhou 360360 9898 27.2%27.2% 9,2349,234 12,20012,200 1,4631,463

ChaoyangChaoyang 255255 3737 14.5%14.5% 9,2179,217 10,40010,400 1,7371,737

TielingTieling 310310 8282 26.5%26.5% 8,7638,763 11,43411,434 1,5661,566

FushunFushun 535535 233233 43.6%43.6% 8,2808,280 13,91513,915 1,1981,198

FuxinFuxin 274274 9393 33.9%33.9% 7,6627,662 11,29311,293 843843

TotalTotal 6,4836,483 1,4571,457 22.5%22.5% 11,91111,911 14,92114,921 2,1992,199

Table 6 　 Resources of family income in each group (Excluding wage and pension

income)

　Unemployment insurance

Social security benefit

Financial aid from parents

Financial aid from children

Financial aid from siblings

None of the previous choices

Total

Full-timers2 2 14 0 3 7 251

0.8% 0.8% 5.6% 0.0% 1.2% 2.8%

Retirees2 2 0 5 1 0 269

0.7% 0.7% 0.0% 1.9% 0.4% 0.0%

Unemployed

15 52 30 5 9 12 472

3.2%11.0

%6.4% 1.1% 1.9% 2.5%

Total19 56 44 10 13 19 992

1.9% 5.6% 4.4% 1.0% 1.3% 1.9%

Table 7Table 7 　　 Join of each insurance in each groupJoin of each insurance in each group

　　Pension Pension insurancinsurancee

Medical Medical insurancinsurancee

UnemploUnemployment yment insurancinsurancee

Work Work injury injury insuranceinsurance

Life Life insurancinsurancee

TotalTotal

Full-Full-timerstimers

208208 132132 2727 77 1818 251(N251(N))

82.9%82.9% 52.6%52.6% 10.8%10.8% 2.8%2.8% 7.2%7.2% 100%100%

RetireesRetirees192192 132132 1818 33 44

269(N269(N))

71.4%71.4% 49.1%49.1% 6.7%6.7% 1.1%1.1% 1.5%1.5% 100%100%

UnemploUnemployedyed

269269 8888 3636 22 1313 472(N472(N))

57.0%57.0% 18.6%18.6% 7.6%7.6% 0.4%0.4% 2.8%2.8% 100%100%

TotalTotal669669 352352 7575 1212 3535 992(N992(N

))

67.4%67.4% 35.5%35.5% 8.2%8.2% 1.2%1.2% 3.5%3.5% 100%100%

Table 8 → shows residence of their parents, Table 8 → shows residence of their parents, children and the closest siblings of each group. children and the closest siblings of each group.

Table 9 → shows frequency counts of Table 9 → shows frequency counts of seeing their parents, children and the closest seeing their parents, children and the closest

siblings of each group.siblings of each group.

Table 10Table 10 　　 Resources of financial aid in Resources of financial aid in each groupeach group

　　 PareParentsnts

ChilChildredrenn

SibliSiblingsngs

RelaRelativetivess

FrieFriendsnds

NeigNeighborhborss

OnOne e witwith h popowewerr

DaDanwnweiei

SheSheququ

NonNonee

TotaTotall

Full-Full-timerstimers

47.47.0%0%

5.65.6%%

33.33.5%5%

10.10.0%0%

7.7.22

%%

0.00.0%%

0.0.44

%%

13.13.1%1%

2.82.8%%

6.46.4%%

251251

RetireeRetireess

20.20.1%1%

19.19.0%0%

24.24.2%2%

17.17.8%8%

5.5.66

%%

1.11.1%%

0.0.00

%%

11.11.9%9%

4.54.5%%

7.87.8%%

269269

UnemplUnemployedoyed

40.40.9%9%

4.44.4%%

31.31.1%1%

13.13.6%6%

5.5.77

%%

0.80.8%%

0.0.22

%%

4.44.4%%

14.14.4%4%

5.55.5%%

472472

TotalTotal 36.36.8%8%

8.78.7%%

29.29.8%8%

13.13.8%8%

6.6.00

%%

0.70.7%%

0.0.22

%%

8.78.7%%

8.88.8%%

6.46.4%%

992992

Table 11 Out-migration for working in the family member of each group

　 Not having Having Total

Full-timers

225(90.7％ )

23 （ 9.3％） 248

Retirees

242 （ 91.3％）

23 （ 8.7％） 265

Unemployed

428 （ 91.6％）

39 （ 8.4％） 467

Total 895 （ 91.3％）

85 （ 8.7％） 980

Table 12 The areas of out-migration for working in the family member of each group

　

ShenyangLiaoning province

excluding Shenyang

The mainland of China excluding

Liaoning province

Other countries,

Hong Kong, Aomen and

Taiwan

Total 　 　

Full-timers4 （ 21.1

％）5 （ 26.3

％）8 （ 42.1

％）2 （ 10.5

％） 19 　 　

Retirees3 （ 20.0

％）7 （ 46.7

％）4 （ 26.7

％）1 （ 6.7

％） 15

Unemployed

8 （ 26.7％）

5 （ 16.7％）

15 （ 50.0％）

2 （ 6.7％） 30

Total 15 （ 23.4％）

17 （ 26.6％）

27 （ 42.2％）

5 （ 7.8％） 64

Table13 　 The reasons for out-migration in each group

　

Having difficulty getting employed

in Fushun city

Seeking better

employment conditions

None of the previous choices

Total

Full-timers 8 （ 42.1% ） 8 （ 42.1%）

3 （ 15.8%） 19

Retirees 7 （ 46.7% ） 6 （ 40% ） 2 （ 13.3%） 15

Unemployed 18 （ 54.5% ） 9 （ 27.3%）

6 （ 18.2%） 33

Total33 （ 49.3% ） 23 （ 34.3%

）11 （ 16.4%

） 67

Table14 Means of seeking jobs in each group

　

Employed with the

connection of their

relatives or acquaintance

s

passed the formal

procedure for

employment

Employed with the

recommendation of schools

None of the previous choices

Total

Full-timers

6 （ 31.6% ）

8 （ 42.1% ）

1 （ 5.3% ）

4 （ 21.1% ） 19

Retirees6 （ 35.3

% ）3 （ 17.6% ）

1 （ 5.9% ）

7 （ 41.2% ） 17

Unemployed

24 （ 70.6% ）

4 （ 11.8% ）

1 （ 2.9% ）

5 （ 14.7% ） 34

Total 19 （ 51.4% ）

15 （ 21.4% ）

3 （ 4.3% ）

16 （ 22.9% ） 70

Table15 Condition of sending remittances from the migrating family members in each group 　

　 Sending Not sending Total

Full-timers

17 （ 81%） 4 （ 19% ） 21

Retirees14 （ 63.6%

） 8 （ 36.4% ） 22

Unemployed

19 （ 52.8%）

17 （ 47.2%） 36

Total 50 （ 63.3%）

29 （ 36.7%） 79

The result of this report

□ Less than 10 ％ of all the surveyed families have their members working outside of the city. □ Moreover, Even in the families of “the unemployed and the underemployed” only less than 10 ％ of them have sent their family members for out-migration.

□The reason for the above ①The restriction of family register system

②Little information, funds nor connection to work in big cities in China or other countries are available to workers.

□ So many of them live with their parents or relatives, or live in their neighborhood, getting some support from them to make their living.

□ Even the families that have their members working out of the city have less possibility to get remittances from them → 　 because they can be only engaged in informal sectors 　 and get lower income.

　□ There is concern that the vicious circleof yielding unemployment ending up in 　 chronic poverty passed on generation to generation may be brought about.

　□ It could be said → some measuresshould be taken to develop social benefits 　 such as unemployment insurance.

Thank you!