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The Mongol Moment AN AGE OF ACCELERATING CONNECTIONS (600 – 1450)

The Mongol Moment - WordPress.com · 2015-11-06 · • Unlike other khanates, the Mongols never occupied or even migrated into Russia, as a result Mongols did not assimilate into

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Page 1: The Mongol Moment - WordPress.com · 2015-11-06 · • Unlike other khanates, the Mongols never occupied or even migrated into Russia, as a result Mongols did not assimilate into

The Mongol MomentAN AGE OF ACCELERATING CONNECTIONS (600 – 1450)

Page 2: The Mongol Moment - WordPress.com · 2015-11-06 · • Unlike other khanates, the Mongols never occupied or even migrated into Russia, as a result Mongols did not assimilate into

• The Mongols came from the steppes.  They were pastoralists and looked down upon farming.

• Family clans formed political federations; Genghis Khan rose as a leader and by 1206 became the supreme ruler of all of the Mongols.   

Page 3: The Mongol Moment - WordPress.com · 2015-11-06 · • Unlike other khanates, the Mongols never occupied or even migrated into Russia, as a result Mongols did not assimilate into

• Over the next two decades his armies expanded their lands into a large empire through superior military force and through collecting tribute.   

Page 4: The Mongol Moment - WordPress.com · 2015-11-06 · • Unlike other khanates, the Mongols never occupied or even migrated into Russia, as a result Mongols did not assimilate into

• In the mid 1200s, the notion of a single unified Mongolian Empire came to an end.

• The empire was divided into four khanates: ‐ Golden Horde (Russia)     ‐ Yuan / Great Khanate (China)‐ Chagatai (Afghanistan)     ‐ Il Khan (Persia)  

Similar to Alexander the Great before him, Genghis Khan was a brilliant military commander, but was followed by inadequate administrators who could not keep a large empire together as one.   

Page 5: The Mongol Moment - WordPress.com · 2015-11-06 · • Unlike other khanates, the Mongols never occupied or even migrated into Russia, as a result Mongols did not assimilate into

The Mongols in Afghanistan• It is often said that no country has ever successfully invaded and controlled Afghanistan (ex: U.S.S.R. during the Cold War, U.S. following 9/11 & now).  However, the Mongols did.

• Local Afghans who had escaped to the highlands during the initial invasion did regroup to give the Mongols a crushing defeat in one battle – even killing one of Genghis Khan’s grandsons. However, they were beaten back and under the orders of Genghis Khan “no person” of this resistance was to be spared.   

• They invaded villages, collected tribute, etc. • Politically, the Chagatai khanate became fragmented after Genghis Khan’s death; local chiefs established quasi‐independent principalities who simply recognized the Mongols as symbolic overseers.   

Page 6: The Mongol Moment - WordPress.com · 2015-11-06 · • Unlike other khanates, the Mongols never occupied or even migrated into Russia, as a result Mongols did not assimilate into

The Mongols in the Middle East• In 1258 the Abbasid Caliphate ended with a very destructive Mongolian invasion – the Ilkhanate is created. – More than 200,000 people were massacred– Agricultural lands were turned to pasture– The use of tax collecting                                                        contracts hurt the lower                                                        classes who were driven                                                        off their lands

– Irrigation systems were                                                          neglected

Page 7: The Mongol Moment - WordPress.com · 2015-11-06 · • Unlike other khanates, the Mongols never occupied or even migrated into Russia, as a result Mongols did not assimilate into

• However, trade between the Middle East and China did intensify under Mongol rule.  As a result, connections across Eurasia strengthened.   

• Perhaps more than in any other domain, the Mongols incorporated the locals . . .– They used Persians to run the bureaucracy– Some Mongols would later on convert to Islam (Despite 

having quarrels with other Muslim groups, the Mongols had no desire to destroy the Islamic faith, if anything it was Muslims who found Mongolian ways repulsive).   

– Some Mongols learned the native tongue, and even took up agriculture.  

Page 8: The Mongol Moment - WordPress.com · 2015-11-06 · • Unlike other khanates, the Mongols never occupied or even migrated into Russia, as a result Mongols did not assimilate into

The Mongols in Russia• Russia under Alexander Nevskygave in / surrendered to                                                    Mongol rule in order to avoid                                              complete annihilation (Russia was                                                          still more or less a number of independent                                          principalities, which couldn’t quite unite against the Mongolian threat. Nevsky tried to put up a resistance, but understood it was futile.  Furthermore, he wanted to save his own power and likely thought the Mongols were less of a long‐term threat than the Latins/Catholics in western Europe).

• Russia was integrated into the Mongol Empire as the “Kipchak Khanate” or as the Russians called it, “the Golden Horde.”  This period of subjection is often referred to as the Mongol yoke.     

Page 9: The Mongol Moment - WordPress.com · 2015-11-06 · • Unlike other khanates, the Mongols never occupied or even migrated into Russia, as a result Mongols did not assimilate into

• Cities were still destroyed and widespread slaughter took place.  

• Also similar to other conquered regions heavy taxes were levied and tribute was collected.  (Moscow became Russia’s most important city because it was the primary tribute collector for the Mongols). 

• Like Islam, the Orthodox Christian faith was never threatened by Mongol rule.   

Page 10: The Mongol Moment - WordPress.com · 2015-11-06 · • Unlike other khanates, the Mongols never occupied or even migrated into Russia, as a result Mongols did not assimilate into

• Unlike other khanates, the Mongols never occupied or even migrated into Russia, as a result Mongols did not assimilate into the local culture. 

• Furthermore, local princes were granted much more authority over their lands than conquered elites in Persia or in China.  

• The Mongols also shifted Russian connections more toward the east and away from Europe; as a result the Russians will experience a degree of cultural isolation and miss out on the revival and renaissance that come to western Europe.

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The Mongols in China • The Mongols greatly contrasted with the Song.

– pastoralism vs. agriculture– illiterate herders vs. people in cities reading books– 3 million vs. 100 million– one responsible for spreading the plague vs. one knew about inoculation 

• They took the dynastic name of the “Yuan” and built a new capital city – Beijing.

• They suspended the civil service exams.– They distrusted Confucian scholars‘ in part because they believed in a different path for China; the Mongols wanted to put a greater emphasis on commerce. 

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• The Mongols did not know how to govern an agricultural society and as a result they brought in foreigners (Persians, Turks, etc.) to work as bureaucrats.

• Mongol law discriminated against the Chinese people.

• The implemented tax system (similar to the one in the Il‐Khanate) was oppressive and caused farmers to become homeless.

• Mongol rule was viewed by the Chinese as harsh, exploitative, foreign, and deadly – for China’s population may have shrunk by 40% due to warfare and plague. 

Page 13: The Mongol Moment - WordPress.com · 2015-11-06 · • Unlike other khanates, the Mongols never occupied or even migrated into Russia, as a result Mongols did not assimilate into

• Conversely, the Yuan secured the important trade routes of the Silk Roads and opened China up even further to foreign markets. 

• Over time even Mongol khans in China slowly blended some Chinese practices (i.e. Kublai Khan took Confucian ideas into consideration and had ancestral temples built for the sake of ancestor worship) with their own Mongolian heritage; furthermore they patronized the theatre and the arts.   

• Even as Mongol rule collapsed in Asia, and many Mongols were forced out, some remained behind and assimilated into Chinese culture.   

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What should the Mongolian legacy be?

• Grand protectors of the Silk Roads (i.e. they created passports, made travel safe, facilitated trade, and promoted cultural exchanges)

• The administrators of a cultural flowering of science, history, and math in their domains

• Tolerant of different faiths

• Bullies who collected tribute

• Savages who decimated villages and towns

• Those responsible for spreading the bubonic plague across Asia into Europe

Nothing but 

barbarians!

Oh c’mon! Nomads are usually illiterate, so we don’t always get to 

hear their perspective.

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So when does the “Mongol Moment” come to an end?

• In Russia, in the late 1400s, Ivan III was able to get rid of remaining Mongolian control. 

• In the fragmented Jagadai rose Timur a man who went on his own ambitious military campaigns, even taking over parts of the Middle East.        

• In Persia, many Mongols simply assimilated into the local culture by the 1330s – they weren’t driven out.  Since the once terrifying Mongols no longer seemed to exist, the Turks took advantage of the situation to expand their own domains, in 1453 they captured Constantinople.   

It ends at different times for the 

different places and people that lived under them.

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• In China, power struggles from within the Mongol ruling class coincided with farmer rebellions, which led to a new dynasty– the Ming in 1368.

• Under Hongwu the Ming Dynasty became inward‐looking and rejected Mongolian influences. – The capital was moved from Beijing to Nanjing

– Confucianism was heavily relied on– The examination system was reinstated – Relations with Central Asia and the Middle East were halted

The Ming Dynasty

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• The opening decades of the Ming Dynasty look a lot like the opening decades of Communist rule in China.  Leaders didn’t trust anyone in their efforts to restore a complex agricultural system that laid in ruins.  They used ruthless authority to carryout their plans.  Hongwu had civil servants beaten to death with bamboo clubs.  

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• The emperor Yongle reversed this trend.  He moved the capital back to Beijing and restored contact with lands in the West. 

• The Ming also sought out maritime trade routes.  The sea expeditions of Zheng He (a Chinese Muslim explorer) from 1405 – 1433 exhibit this new interest.     

Page 19: The Mongol Moment - WordPress.com · 2015-11-06 · • Unlike other khanates, the Mongols never occupied or even migrated into Russia, as a result Mongols did not assimilate into

• Zheng He sailed from China to the Persian Gulf, down the eastern coast of Africa, around India, and throughout Southeast Asia. 

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• The Chinese were far more advanced than where their European counterparts were or would even be by the end of the 1400s.   

• For example, Chinese ships were much larger.  In 1405, a Chinese fleet of 62 ships and 30,000 men went to India.  The Portuguese wouldn’t get their with their smaller ships for another 90 years.  

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• Therefore, even after the “Mongol Moment” where the Chinese population greatly suffered, they were still able to recover and be comparatively better situated than the Europeans.  

• Even as Europe comes out of the Middle Ages, China still looks better . . . 

The year is 1421

Henry V of England is married.  He has 600 guests whom he feeds salted cod fish.  The fish is served on stale bread.  He had the power to put 5,000 soldiers to battle – armed with longbows and pikes.  

The Ming inaugurate the “Forbidden City.”  There are 26,000 guests whom are served a 10 course meal on porcelain.