The MongolsBackground and effects

Background• 1206-1227 Reign of Chinggis Khan

• 1211-1234 Conquest of northern China

• 1219-1221 Conquest of Persia

• 1237-1241 Conquest of Russia

• 1258 Capture of Baghdad

• 1264-1279 Conquest of southern China

Chronology of the

Mongol Empire

Mongolian ConquestsFirst Period - 1206

Mongolian ConquestsSecond Period 1206 - 1219

Mongolian ConquestsThird Period 1219 - 1223

Mongolian ConquestsFourth Period 1223 – 1227

Death of Chinggis Khan

Mongolian ConquestsFifth Period 1227 - 1237

Mongolian ConquestsSixth Period 1237 - 1259

The Mongols and the Eurasian Empire

• Built ??? Stretching from ??? To ???• 13.8 million square miles• ??? People under Mongol rule

The Mongol Empire at its height

Who were the Mongols?

•From ???•Nomadic peoples•United

under ???? (or Chinggis Khan)

•“Courage Culture” – WHAT IS THIS?

SteppeInner Eurasia

Outer Eurasia

The Steppe

How would you characterize this

region?

Temujin• Born ???• Fatherless• Master of ????

• Courage in battle, making ???, threats of ???, deception, trickery, and clan ???

Temujin•Warlike and merciless

•Fighting wasn’t enough – only winning was important

•1206 CE – made “Chinggis Khan” or ???

“Man’s greatest joy is in victory: to conquer one’s

enemies, to pursue them, to deprive

them of their possessions, to make their beloved weep,

to ride on their horses, and to

embrace their wives and daughters…”

Mongol Art of War•Large, mobile ???

•Expert ???•Use of ???•All soldiers ???

•Battle tactics – used ???A “ger” or

“yurt”

Mongol Art of War•“Cutting Edge Weapons”

•Accurate and powerful ???•Highly protective ???•Use of ???

Psychological Warfare• Mongols would slaughter the inhabitants

of a few cities. WHY???

Historian John Fairbank:

“By putting cities to the sword, they let terror run ahead of them.”

A Persian Observer from the 13th century:“In one stroke, a world which billowed with fertility was laid desolate, and the regions thereof became a desert, and the greater part of the living and their skin and bones crumbling in the dust; and the mighty were humbled and immersed in the calamities of perdition…”

Background• After the death of Chinggis Khan,

problems with??? Led to ???

Effects of Mongol Rule• Effects on Eurasia

• Pax Mongolia – under the Mongols there was:1. Unprecedented ???2. Widespread exchange of ???3. Widespread ??? Mongols were ???4. Stable government based on ??5. Establishment of ??? (Yasa)6. Religious ???

Mongol Effects on Eurasia

•Black Plague•Mongols used ??? As ??? At the Battle of Kalla

•Spread disease to Western Europe •How???

BUT the Mongols did not produce:

1. Any technological breakthroughs2. A new religion3. Many written books4. Any permanent structures (other than

bridges)5. Any architectural achievements

Mongol Effects on Europe•Western Europe

•Mongols turned away from ??? Which means ???

•W.E. gains due to ???•Strong relationship between ??? Led

to???•Increased trade (Where?) led to

spread of ???

Mongol Effects on Europe

•Eastern Europe1. Mongols

defeated ??? Because ???

2. Eastern Europe was ??? So…???

Mongol Effects on Europe•Russia

1. Mongol defeat of ??? In 1224 puts Russian people under Mongol rule

2. Most cities ???, rest had to ???

3. Local Russian rulers were ???• Few ??? In Russia. WHY???

Mongol Effects on Europe• Rise of Muscovy (Moscow)

• Mongol destruction of ??? Leads to ???

• Moscow becomes ???• Ivan III defeats the Mongols in 1480,

Mongol rule over Russia ends• Mongol rule limited ??? Leads to:

1. ???2. ???

Mongol Effects on Japan and Korea• Mongols fail to conquer

Japan• Tried to ??? • Mongol rule – little to

no effect on Japan

• Korea – Mongols defeated the Koryo dynasty

• Economy and ??? Suffered. WHY??

• Ruling family ??? But Mongols ???

Mongol Effects on SE Asia

• Mongols conquered ??? And Laos but ???

• Failed to conquer Vietnam – WHY???

• Mongols encouraged Chinese merchants to ??? – WHY???

Vietnam defeats Mongols

Mongol Effects on SW Asia

• Muslim societies of SW Asia had ???• Baghdad ?? And Abbasid Empire ???• Mongols controlled Islamic world

from ??? To ??? • What ISLAMIC areas remained outside

of Mongol control?• Mongol rule allowed ??? Culture after ???

Mongol Effects on China• Mongols defeat ??? And establish the

Yuan Dynasty• Abolished ??? WHY???

• But continued ???• Promoted trade and commerce – Led

to ???• Encouraged the movement of ???• Supported ??? How??

• But….????

Cultural Effects of the Yuan Dynasty• Protected Mongol

identity1. Forbidding Mongols

to ???2. Chinese were

forbidden ???3. Mongols did not

accept ???4. Opted instead to ???

– Led to??• Religious toleration

encouraged

Social Effects of the Yuan Dynasty

• New Social Hierarchy – based on ???, put ??? At the bottom

• Han Chinese were ???• But….???

• Women – were expected to ???, rejected ???

• But….???

Kublai Khan• Grandson of ???• Well-educated• Preferred ??? – Not ???• Extends ??? To Beijing• Wanted to appear more ???• Chinese and foreign advisors –

like ???• In private ???

How does this look sinicized?

Marco Polo en route to China

Fall of the Yuan Dynasty• Shortest-lived of the major Chinese

Dynasties (1264CE to 1368 CE)• Decline caused by:

1. Series of weak rulers2. Lack of cohesion due to ???3. Chinese never ???4. High ???5. ???

Fall of the Yuan Dynasty

•Overthrown by Zhu Yuanzhang (When???)•Buddhist monk•Establishes ???