The MongolsThe Mongols

After ExamAfter Exam 1. Title Page: “The Mongols” Draw your 1. Title Page: “The Mongols” Draw your

version of the scariest Barbarian you version of the scariest Barbarian you can think of…can think of…

2. Atlas : “The Mongol Empire Spans 2. Atlas : “The Mongol Empire Spans Eurasia”Eurasia”

Read the background essay on the Read the background essay on the Mongols together.Mongols together.

Write:Write: 1. Take turns reading paragraphs to each 1. Take turns reading paragraphs to each

other. other. 2. Write a brief sentence describing the 2. Write a brief sentence describing the

main idea for each paragraph. main idea for each paragraph. 3.Combine to make a 3.Combine to make a oneone paragraph paragraph

summary of the Mongols background summary of the Mongols background essay. essay.

4. Individually, use these sentences to 4. Individually, use these sentences to make an introductory paragraph. Don’t make an introductory paragraph. Don’t forget the thesis statement!forget the thesis statement!

Ch. 12: The Mongols Ch. 12: The Mongols

MongolsMongols

Genghis KhanGenghis Khan

nomadismnomadism

Khubilai Khan Khubilai Khan

Yuan EmpireYuan Empire

Il-khanIl-khan

Golden HordeGolden Horde

Group 1 – Doc. A-BGroup 1 – Doc. A-BGroup 2 – Doc. C-DGroup 2 – Doc. C-DGroup 3 – Doc. E-FGroup 3 – Doc. E-FGroup 4 – Doc. G-HGroup 4 – Doc. G-HGroup 5 – Doc. I-JGroup 5 – Doc. I-J

Group 6- Doc. K-LGroup 6- Doc. K-L

Group 7 – Doc. M-NGroup 7 – Doc. M-N Every Group needs to record information Every Group needs to record information

about the document and decide as a group about the document and decide as a group if it proves that they are barbaric or if it proves that they are barbaric or civilized.civilized.

Document Analysis – answer Document Analysis – answer the following questions for the following questions for

each document. each document. 1. What is the document?1. What is the document?2. What is the source of the 2. What is the source of the

document?document?3. Does the document support 3. Does the document support

the idea that the Mongols were the idea that the Mongols were barbaric or not? Could it be used barbaric or not? Could it be used to support both views?to support both views?

Thesis StatementsThesis Statements

Write 2 different thesis statements:Write 2 different thesis statements:

1. Mongols were barbaric…1. Mongols were barbaric… 2. Mongols were civilized….2. Mongols were civilized….

I. IntroductionI. Introduction a. Thesis statementa. Thesis statement 1.The Mongols were barbarians.1.The Mongols were barbarians. 2. Although they employed brutal 2. Although they employed brutal

tactics; the Mongol Empire was civilized.tactics; the Mongol Empire was civilized. II. Body Paragraph with document facts, cite.II. Body Paragraph with document facts, cite. III. Body Paragraph with document facts, cite.III. Body Paragraph with document facts, cite. IV. Body Paragraph with document facts, IV. Body Paragraph with document facts,

cite.cite. V. Conclusion – summary of essay with V. Conclusion – summary of essay with

mention of a fact or two.mention of a fact or two.

Do Not Use First Person!!!Do Not Use First Person!!! (I think, I (I think, I believe, I will show you …)believe, I will show you …)

Essay StructureEssay Structure(Pretend you are a lawyer in a court (Pretend you are a lawyer in a court

case)case) I. Introduction (includes thesis statement) I. Introduction (includes thesis statement)

This is your opening argument, “they are This is your opening argument, “they are guilty/Innocent”guilty/Innocent”

II. Body paragraph (cite some documents)II. Body paragraph (cite some documents) III. Body paragraph (cite some documents)III. Body paragraph (cite some documents) IV. Body paragraph (cite some documents)IV. Body paragraph (cite some documents) V. Conclusion: must be clear and have few V. Conclusion: must be clear and have few

facts. This is your “closing argument”facts. This is your “closing argument”

Video Notes for MM 13Video Notes for MM 13thth century: The century: The Century of the StirrupCentury of the Stirrup

Create this chart on a separate piece of paper and Create this chart on a separate piece of paper and fill out as you watch:fill out as you watch:

Environment: Describe Environment: Describe the conditions where the conditions where different groups live.different groups live.

Politics: Describe how Politics: Describe how the different communities the different communities are governed. are governed.

Economies: What trade Economies: What trade items are produced, items are produced, sought after, types of sought after, types of currency. How far away currency. How far away do they trade?do they trade?

Migration Patterns: Do Migration Patterns: Do people stay in one people stay in one place? If they move a place? If they move a lot, why and where do lot, why and where do they go?they go?

Graphic Novel “Divine Wind”:Graphic Novel “Divine Wind”: Surmise what might have happened if a Surmise what might have happened if a

typhoon had not struck when it did. typhoon had not struck when it did. Would the Japanese have been able to Would the Japanese have been able to

protect their island from the invaders protect their island from the invaders without the Divine Wind?without the Divine Wind?

Rewrite and illustrate the end Rewrite and illustrate the end of this graphic novel to reflect of this graphic novel to reflect your opinions. (Comic book your opinions. (Comic book ending).ending).

1212

Mongols Mongols

Nomadic Empires and Eurasian IntegrationNomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration

1313

Nomadic Economy and Nomadic Economy and SocietySociety

Rainfall in central Asia too little to support large-scale Rainfall in central Asia too little to support large-scale agricultureagriculture

Grazing animals thrive, central Asians turn to animal Grazing animals thrive, central Asians turn to animal herdingherding– Food Food – ClothingClothing– Shelter (yurts)Shelter (yurts)

Migratory patterns to follow pasturelandMigratory patterns to follow pastureland Small-scale farming, rudimentary artisanrySmall-scale farming, rudimentary artisanry

1414

Nomads in TurkmenistanNomads in Turkmenistan

1515

Nomadic Economy Nomadic Economy

Trade links between nomadic and sedentary Trade links between nomadic and sedentary peoplespeoples

Nomads engage in long-distance travelNomads engage in long-distance travel– Caravan routesCaravan routes

1616

Nomadic SocietyNomadic Society

Governance basically clan-basedGovernance basically clan-based Charismatic individuals become nobles, occasionally Charismatic individuals become nobles, occasionally

assert authorityassert authority Unusually fluid status for nobilityUnusually fluid status for nobility

– Hereditary, but could be lost through incompetenceHereditary, but could be lost through incompetence

– Advancement for meritorious non-noblesAdvancement for meritorious non-nobles

1717

Nomadic ReligionNomadic Religion

Shamans center of pagan worshipShamans center of pagan worship Appeal of Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Islam, Appeal of Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Islam,

Manichaeism from 6Manichaeism from 6thth century CE century CE Turkish script developed, partially to record religious Turkish script developed, partially to record religious

teachingsteachings Conversion to Islam in 10Conversion to Islam in 10thth century due to Abbasid century due to Abbasid

influenceinfluence

1818

Military OrganizationMilitary Organization

Large confederations under a Large confederations under a khankhan Authority extended through tribal eldersAuthority extended through tribal elders Exceptionally strong cavalriesExceptionally strong cavalries

– MobilityMobility– SpeedSpeed

1919

Chinggis Khan (1167-1227) and Chinggis Khan (1167-1227) and the Making of the Mongol Empirethe Making of the Mongol Empire Temüjin, b. 1167Temüjin, b. 1167 Father prominent warrior, poisoned c. 1177, forced into Father prominent warrior, poisoned c. 1177, forced into

povertypoverty Mastered steppe diplomacy, elimination of enemiesMastered steppe diplomacy, elimination of enemies Brought all Mongol tribes into one confederationBrought all Mongol tribes into one confederation 1206 proclaimed Chinggis Khan (Genghis – same guy, 1206 proclaimed Chinggis Khan (Genghis – same guy,

different spelling based on translations): “Universal different spelling based on translations): “Universal Ruler”Ruler”

2020

Mongol Political Mongol Political OrganizationOrganization

Broke up tribal organizationBroke up tribal organization Formed military units from men of different Formed military units from men of different

tribestribes Promoted officials on basis of merit and Promoted officials on basis of merit and

loyaltyloyalty Established distinctly non-nomadic capital at Established distinctly non-nomadic capital at

KarakorumKarakorum

2121

Mongol ArmsMongol Arms

Mongol population only 1 million (less than Mongol population only 1 million (less than 1% of Chinese population)1% of Chinese population)– Army c. 100-125,000Army c. 100-125,000

Strengths:Strengths:– CavalryCavalry– Short bowsShort bows– Rewarded enemies who surrender, cruel to Rewarded enemies who surrender, cruel to

enemies who fightenemies who fight

2222

Mongol ConquestsMongol Conquests

Conquest of China by 1220Conquest of China by 1220 Conquest of Afghanistan, PersiaConquest of Afghanistan, Persia

– emissaries murdered, following year Chinggis emissaries murdered, following year Chinggis Khan destroys rulerKhan destroys ruler

Ravaged lands to prevent future rebellionsRavaged lands to prevent future rebellions– Large-scale, long-term devastationLarge-scale, long-term devastation

2323

The Mongol Empires after The Mongol Empires after Chinggis KhanChinggis Khan

2424

Khubilai Khan (r. 1264-Khubilai Khan (r. 1264-1294)1294)

Grandson of Chinggis KhanGrandson of Chinggis Khan Rule of ChinaRule of China Ruthless warrior, but religiously tolerantRuthless warrior, but religiously tolerant

– Hosted Marco PoloHosted Marco Polo Established Yuan dynasty (to 1368)Established Yuan dynasty (to 1368) Unsuccessful forays into Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma, Unsuccessful forays into Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma,

JavaJava Two attempted invasions of Japan (1274, 1281) turned Two attempted invasions of Japan (1274, 1281) turned

back by typhoons (back by typhoons (kamikaze: kamikaze: “divine winds”)“divine winds”)

2525

The Golden HordeThe Golden Horde

Conquest of Russia, 1237-1241Conquest of Russia, 1237-1241– Established tributary relationship to 15Established tributary relationship to 15 thth century century– Rule over Crimea to late 18Rule over Crimea to late 18thth century century

Raids into Poland, Hungary, GermanyRaids into Poland, Hungary, Germany

2626

The Ilkhanate of PersiaThe Ilkhanate of Persia

Abbasid empire toppledAbbasid empire toppled Baghdad sacked, 1258Baghdad sacked, 1258

– 200,000 massacred200,000 massacred

Expansion into Syria checked by Egyptian Expansion into Syria checked by Egyptian forcesforces

2727

Mongol Rule in PersiaMongol Rule in Persia Nomadic conquerors had to learn to rule sedentary Nomadic conquerors had to learn to rule sedentary

societiessocieties– Inexperienced, Lost control of most lands within a centuryInexperienced, Lost control of most lands within a century

Persia: dependence on existing administration to deliver Persia: dependence on existing administration to deliver tax revenuestax revenues– Left matters of governance to bureaucracyLeft matters of governance to bureaucracy

Eventually assimilated into Islamic lifestyleEventually assimilated into Islamic lifestyle

2828

Mongol Rule in ChinaMongol Rule in China

Strove to maintain strict separation from Strove to maintain strict separation from ChineseChinese– Intermarriage forbiddenIntermarriage forbidden– Chinese forbidden to study Mongol languageChinese forbidden to study Mongol language

Imported administrators from other areas (esp. Imported administrators from other areas (esp. Arabs, Persians)Arabs, Persians)

Yet tolerated religious freedomsYet tolerated religious freedoms

2929

The Mongols and BuddhismThe Mongols and Buddhism

Shamanism remains popularShamanism remains popular Lamaist school of Buddhism (Tibet) gains Lamaist school of Buddhism (Tibet) gains

strength among Mongolsstrength among Mongols– Large element of magic, similar to shamanismLarge element of magic, similar to shamanism– Ingratiating attitude to Mongols: khans as Ingratiating attitude to Mongols: khans as

incarnations of Buddhaincarnations of Buddha

3030

The Mongols and Western The Mongols and Western IntegrationIntegration

Experience with long-distance tradeExperience with long-distance trade– Protection of traveling merchantsProtection of traveling merchants– Volume of trade across central Asia increasesVolume of trade across central Asia increases

Diplomatic missions protectedDiplomatic missions protected Missionary activity increasesMissionary activity increases Mongol resettlement policiesMongol resettlement policies

3131

Decline of the Mongol Empire in Decline of the Mongol Empire in PersiaPersia

Overspending, poor tax returns from overburdened Overspending, poor tax returns from overburdened peasantrypeasantry

Ilkhan attempts to replace precious metal currency with Ilkhan attempts to replace precious metal currency with paper in 1290spaper in 1290s– Failure, forced to rescindFailure, forced to rescind

Factional fightingFactional fighting Last Ilkhan dies without heir in 1335, Mongol rule Last Ilkhan dies without heir in 1335, Mongol rule

collapsescollapses

3232

Decline of the Yuan Dynasty Decline of the Yuan Dynasty in Chinain China

Mongols spend bullion that supported paper currencyMongols spend bullion that supported paper currency Public loses confidence in paper money, prices risePublic loses confidence in paper money, prices rise From 1320s, major power strugglesFrom 1320s, major power struggles Bubonic plague spreads 1330-1340sBubonic plague spreads 1330-1340s 1368 Mongols flee peasant rebellion1368 Mongols flee peasant rebellion

3333

Surviving Mongol KhanatesSurviving Mongol Khanates

Khanate of Chaghatai in central AsiaKhanate of Chaghatai in central Asia– Continued threat to ChinaContinued threat to China

Golden Horde in Caucasus and steppes to mid-Golden Horde in Caucasus and steppes to mid-1616thth century century– Continued threat to RussiaContinued threat to Russia

3434

Tamerlane the Conquerer (c. Tamerlane the Conquerer (c. 1336-1405)1336-1405)

Turkish conqueror TimurTurkish conqueror Timur– Timur the Lame: TamerlaneTimur the Lame: Tamerlane

United Turkish nomads in Khanate of United Turkish nomads in Khanate of ChaghataiChaghatai

Major military campaignsMajor military campaigns– Built capital in SamarkandBuilt capital in Samarkand– Tamerlane defeats Ottoman forces in 1402, but Tamerlane defeats Ottoman forces in 1402, but

Ottomans recover by 1440sOttomans recover by 1440s

3535

Tamerlane's empire about Tamerlane's empire about 1405 C.E.1405 C.E.

3636

Tamerlane’s HeirsTamerlane’s Heirs

Poor organization of governing structurePoor organization of governing structure Power struggles divide empire into fourPower struggles divide empire into four Yet heavily influenced several empires:Yet heavily influenced several empires:

– MughalMughal– SafavidSafavid– OttomanOttoman