THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL INDIA'S SUCCESS STORY · the montreal protocol india's success story ozone cell ministry of environment, forest and climate change government of india new delhi,

THE MONTREAL PROTOCOLINDIA'S SUCCESS STORY

OZONE CELLMINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE

GOVERNMENT OF INDIANEW DELHI, INDIA

2019

“3

2 y

ea

rs a

nd

he

ali

ng

”

1ST PRIZEPrabhjeet Singh Nanra

Ryan International School, C-8 , Vasant Kunj, Delhi

PAINTING COMPETITION

2ND PRIZEM. Anto Moses Alexander

St. Columba's School, Ashok Place, New Delhi

3RD PRIZEKuntak Saha

St. Columba's School, Ashok Place, New Delhi

THE MONTREAL PROTOCOLINDIA'S SUCCESS STORY

32 years and healing

OZONE CELLMINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE

GOVERNMENT OF INDIANEW DELHI, INDIA

2019

FOREWORD

Both the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Montreal Protocol on substancesthat deplete the Ozone Layer are recognized as the most successful international environmental treaties. As a resultof the implementation of the Protocol the abundance of Ozone Depleting Substances (ODSs) in the atmosphere isdeclining and a recent study has indicated that the ozone hole is recovering. The phase out of ODSs has had a verysignificant impact in mitigation of climate change. It is estimated that more than 135 billion tonnes of carbondioxide equivalent emission into the atmosphere has been averted by the phasing out of ODSs under the MontrealProtocol.

India has been successfully implementing the phase-out program for ODSs in the country. Presently,Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) Phase-out Management Plan (HPMP) Stage II is under implementation. HCFCs aremainly used in refrigeration, air-conditioning and foam sectors.

An important compliance step under the Montreal Protocol is approaching on 1.1.2020, wherein, HCFC-141b,a chemical used by foam manufacturing enterprises will be completely phased out. Towards meeting this compliancetarget, the Ozone Cell of the Ministry is providing technical and financial assistance to foam manufacturingenterprises for conversion to HCFC-141b free alternative technologies with low global warming potential. The OzoneCell has signed a Memorandum of Agreement with the Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology,Department of Chemicals & Petrochemicals, Govt. of India for providing Competency Enhancement of System Housesand Micro, Small and Medium enterprises (MSMEs) in foam manufacturing sector for ensuring smooth andsustainable phase out of HCFC-141b.

Recently, India became one of first countries in the world with the launch a comprehensive Cooling Actionplan which has a long term vision to address the cooling requirement across sectors such as residential andcommercial buildings, cold-chain, refrigeration, transport and industries. The cooling demand is expected to growin the country following the growth trajectory of the economy. The India Cooling Action Plan (ICAP) lists out actionswhich can help reduce the cooling demand, which will also help in reducing both direct and indirect emissions.

The ICAP recommends synergies with ongoing government programmes and schemes such as Housing for All,the Smart Cities Mission, Doubling Farmers Income and Skill India Mission, in order to maximize socio-economicco-benefits. The following benefits would accrue to the society over and above the environmental benefits by theimplementation of ICAP (i) Thermal comfort for all, (ii) Sustainable cooling, (iii) Doubling Farmers Income, (iv)Skilled workforce for better livelihoods and environmental protection, (v) Make in India and (vi) Robust R&D onalternative cooling technologies.

The World Ozone Day 2019 is being celebrated globally with the theme "32 Years and Healing". The themesignifies over three decades of remarkable international cooperation to protect the ozone layer and also the climatesystem under the Montreal Protocol. It reminds us that we must keep up the momentum for ensuring the continuedprotection of the stratospheric ozone layer. On the occasion of the 25th World Ozone Day, India reiterates itscommitment to protect the Ozone layer.

Date: 13.09.2019 (Prakash Javadekar)

Prakash Javadekar GOVERNMENT OF INDIAMINISTER FOR ENVIRONMENT, FOREST &

CLIMATE CHANGE

Paryavaran Bhawan, Jor Bagh Road, New Delhi-110 003Tel.: 011-24695136, 24695132, Fax: 011-24695329

CONTENTS

1. Ozone Layer ............................................................................................................... 1

Concentration of Ozone in the atmosphere .............................................................. 1

Good and Bad Ozone ............................................................................................ 2

Measurement of Ozone in the atmosphere ............................................................... 3

Ozone Measurement over India .............................................................................. 4

What is UV Radiation? .......................................................................................... 4

Ozone Depletion .................................................................................................. 5

Beginning of Threat to Ozone Layer ....................................................................... 6

The Antarctic Ozone Hole ...................................................................................... 7

Environmental Effects of Ozone Depletion ............................................................... 9

The Real Alarm .................................................................................................. 10

International Action ........................................................................................... 10

Evolution of the Montreal Protocol ....................................................................... 10

Recovery of Ozone Layer ..................................................................................... 11

Status of Ratification of Vienna Convention, Montreal Protocol and Amendments ....... 12

Multilateral Fund ............................................................................................... 12

Alternatives to Currently Used Ozone Depleting Substances ..................................... 12

2. India's Commitment to the Montreal Protocol .............................................................. 15

Status of ODS Phase-out in India ......................................................................... 15

Sector-wise Approved Projects .............................................................................. 16

Sector Phase-out Plans ....................................................................................... 16

CFC Production Sector Phase-out Project in India ................................................... 16

Accelerated Phase-out of CFCs ............................................................................. 16

Halon Production and Consumption Phase-out in India ........................................... 17

CFC Phase-out in Foam Manufacturing Sector ........................................................ 18

CFC Phase-out in RAC Sector ............................................................................... 20

National CFC Consumption Phase-out Plan (NCCoPP) ............................................... 20

Strategy for Solvent Sector to Phase-out ODSs in MSMEs in India ............................ 21

National CTC Phase-out Plan ................................................................................ 22

CFC Phase-out in Aerosol Sector........................................................................... 23

National Strategy for Transition to non-CFC MDIs and Plan for Phase-outof CFCs in Manufacturing of Pharmaceutical MDIs................................................... 24

Accelerated Phase-out of HCFCs ........................................................................... 25

India's HPMP .................................................................................................... 26

HPMP Stage-I .................................................................................................... 26

HPMP Stage-II ................................................................................................... 31

Fiscal Measures .................................................................................................. 34

Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 ........................... 34

Important Provisions of the Ozone Depleting Substances(Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 ................................................................... 35

Amendments ..................................................................................................... 35

Kigali Amendment to Montreal Protocol ................................................................ 36

New Initiatives .................................................................................................. 40

India Cooling Action Plan ................................................................................... 40

Training & Certification of Refrigeration & Airconditioning Service Techniciansunder Skill India Mission .................................................................................... 41

Competency Enhancement of System Houses and Micro, Small and Mediumenterprises (MSMEs) in foam manufacturing sector ................................................ 42

Participation in Montreal Protocol Meetings .......................................................... 43

Awareness Generation......................................................................................... 44

World Ozone Day ............................................................................................... 45

Newsletter ........................................................................................................ 45

Meetings........................................................................................................... 45

Workshops ........................................................................................................ 46

Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Servicing Sector Society ..................................... 46

Website ............................................................................................................ 47

MIS for ODS Phase-Out Activities ......................................................................... 47

Monitoring System in India ................................................................................. 47

Awards and Recognitions .................................................................................... 47

Other Activities .................................................................................................. 47

Key to Success .................................................................................................. 47

3. India's Achievements to Date of the Montreal Protocol Regime....................................... 49

4. How can you help to Protect the Ozone Layer? ............................................................. 58

Actions that an individual can take to protect the ozone layer ................................ 58

5. Ozone in our Atmosphere .......................................................................................... 60

Twenty Questions and Answers about the Ozone Layer ............................................ 60

Highlights Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2018 ................................................... 65

Key findings of Technology and Economic Assessment Panel (TEAP)-2018 ............................... 67

Highlights of Environmental Effects Assessment Panel Assessment Report, 2018 ...................... 73

1


The small blue and green planet we call homeis a very special and unique place. We live onthe only planet in our solar system and possiblyin the galaxy, where life is known to exist. Alllife exists within thin film of air, water, andsoil. This spherical shell of life is known as thebiosphere. The biosphere can be divided intothree layers; the atmosphere (air), thehydrosphere (water), and the lithosphere (rockand soil). It is the unique attribute of theEarth's atmosphere that allows it to be ahabitable place for humans, animals, microbesand plants, as we know them.

The atmosphere is a mixture of gases andparticles that surround our planet. When seenfrom space, the atmosphere appears as a thinseam of dark blue light on a curved horizon.

The Earth's atmosphere is divided into severallayers. The lowest region, the troposphere,extends from the Earth's surface up to about10 to 15 kilometres (km) in altitude. Theheight of the Mount Everest is only about 9km. Virtually, most of the human activitiesaffects the troposphere. The next layer, thestratosphere, continues from 10 km to about50 km.

Earth's Atmospheric Layers

1. OZONE LAYER

Concentration of Ozone in the Atmosphere

Ozone is a tri-atomic molecule of oxygen insteadof normal two. It is formed from oxygennaturally in the upper levels of the Earth'satmosphere by high-energy ultraviolet (UV)radiation from the Sun. The radiation breaksdown oxygen molecules, releasing free atoms,some of which bond with other oxygenmolecules to form ozone.

Stratospheric Ozone Production

About 90 per cent of all ozone formed in thisway lies between 10 km and 50 km above theEarth's surface - this part of the atmosphere iscalled the stratosphere. Hence, this is knownas the 'Ozone Layer'. Even in the ozone layer,ozone is present in very small quantities; itsmaximum concentration, at a height of about17-25 km, is only ten parts per million. Theozone layer was discovered in 1913 by theFrench physicists Charles Fabry and HenriBuisson.

Since solar radiation is the strongest over thetropics, the global ozone is formed in tropics.However, strong solar radiation also causesrise of air to high altitudes and ozone istransported away from the equator towards thepoles where it accumulates in the cold sub

2


polar regions. At the equatorial regionformation and photochemical depletion ofozone take place simultaneously and ozonecannot accumulate in this region. In the polarregion there is accumulation of ozone becausephotochemical depletion is low and due totransport of ozone from equator. Therefore, inwinter the highest ozone values are observedover the Polar regions as long as there is noother disturbing influence.

Total ozone at any point from Earth's surfaceto Stratosphere is quantified in Dobson Units(DU). One hundred DU equals the quantity ofozone that would form a layer of 1mm thick atsea level if compressed at Standard Temperatureand Pressure (STP).

Typical distribution of ozone is about 240 DUnear the equator with a maximum of 440 DUduring early spring at high latitudes in theArctic and 360 DU in the Antarctic. When theconcentration of ozone, over any area, fallsbelow 220 DU, we call it Ozone Hole.

Ozone is an unstable molecule. High-energyradiation from the Sun not only creates ozone,but also breaks it to oxygen, recreatingmolecular oxygen and free oxygen atoms. Theconcentration of ozone in the atmospheredepends on a dynamic balance between creationand destruction of ozone.

Concentration of Ozone in Atmosphere

What is the Ozone Layer?

The ozone layer is a term used to describe thepresence of ozone molecule in the stratosphere.The layer stretches around the entire globe ofthe Earth like a bubble and acts as a filter forthe harmful ultraviolet radiation (UV-B). UV-Bradiation is a highly energetic light thatoriginates from the sun and which has severeimpacts on human health and the environment.

Good and Bad Ozone

"Good" ozone is produced naturally in theStratosphere and is good because it blocksharmful UV radiations from reaching the Earth'ssurface.

Ozone is also present in the lower levels of theatmosphere (i.e. the troposphere), but in verylower concentrations than in the stratosphere.Close to the Earth's surface, most of the Sun'shigh-energy UV radiation has already beenfiltered out by the stratospheric ozone layer andtherefore the main natural mechanism for ozoneformation does not take place in the troposphere.

However, elevated concentrations of ozone atground level are found in some regions, mainlyas a result of pollution. Burning of fossil fuelsand biomass releases compounds such asnitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds,usually found in car exhausts, which react withsunlight to form peroxy intermediates, whichcatalyses to form ozone. This is "bad" ozone.Bad ozone is an air pollutant and is badbecause it is harmful to breathe and can damagecrops, trees, other vegetation, plastics, rubbersetc.. Ground level ozone is a main componentof urban smog.

There is little connection between ground levelozone and the stratospheric ozone layer.Whereas the stratospheric ozone shields theEarth from the Sun's harmful rays, the groundlevel ozone is a pollutant. Ozone, formed dueto pollution at the Earth's surface, cannotreplenish the ozone layer. In addition, thoughground level ozone absorbs some UV radiation,the effect is negligible.

3


Why is the ozone layer so important?

The ozone layer is vital to life on the planet'ssurface. It acts as a filter and prevents theharmful UV-B from reaching the Earth.

If ozone molecules are depleted faster thanthey can be replaced by new ozone moleculethat nature produces, the result is what couldbe called an ozone deflict. The depletion of theozone layer will lead to a reduction of itsshielding capacity and thus an increasedexposure to UV-B radiation.

Measurement of Ozone in the Atmosphere

Ozone is spread from the surface of Earth uptothe top of stratosphere, 50 km as a very thinlayer. The question often asked is how is theconcentration of ozone in this thin layeris measured and quantified with a reasonableaccuracy.

Atmospheric ozone is measured both by remotesensing and by in-situ techniques.

Generally, the following three characteristics ofatmospheric ozone are routinely measured byvarious monitoring systems:

(a) Surface Ozone (b) Total Ozone over an areaand (c) The vertical profile of Ozone.

Surface ozone is generally measured by in-situtechniques using optical, chemical or electrochemical methods. The most convenient method

is the optical method which depends upon thestrong absorption of UV light at 254 nanometer(nm). The absorption is measured in a UV cellat 254 nm against another cell containing airfree from ozone. By comparing the twoirradiation signals, it is possible to determinethe concentration of ozone from 1 to 1000parts per trillion (ppt) by volume.

Total ozone is measured by remote sensingmethods using ground based instruments,measuring the intensity of absorption spectrumof ozone between 300 and 340 nm using directsun or direct full moon light and satellite basedinstruments, measuring the solar UV radiationscattered back to space by the Earth'satmosphere. The most commonly ground basedinstruments used by World MeteorologicalOrganization (WMO) global ozone network arethe Dobson and Brewer Spectrophotometers.

The most accurate and the best defined methodfor determining total ozone is to measuredirect solar radiation from ground at UV wavebands between 305 and 340 nm.

Dobson instrument measures spectral intensitiesat three wave length pairs and the Brewerspectrophotometer at f ive operationalwavelengths. Moon light as a source of UVradiation can also be used, but the accuracy isreduced due to lower intensity of light. Foraccuracy and comparison, all spectrometers arecalibrated regularly at National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration (NOAA) subtropicalhigh altitude observatory at Mauna Loa, Hawaiiwhere other interfering air pollutants like Sulfurdioxide (SO2), Nitrous Oxide (NOx), aerosolsetc. are absent.

Vertical profile of ozone is measured with (a)Ozonesondes (b) Ground-based Dobson andBrewer Spectrophotometers using light fromzenith sky during twilight using the Umkherinversion method and (c) laser radars (LightDetection and Ranging (LIDAR)).

Ozonesondes measure the concentration ofozone as a function of height by a wet chemicalmethod (ozone liberating iodine when bubbled

UV Protection by the Ozone Layer

4


A - Undisturbed Ozone LayerB - Disturbed Ozone Layer

through potassium iodide solution andmeasured electro chemically) during its balloonborne ascent to an altitude of about 35 km (midstratosphere). They operate regularly in allclimatic regions and have been the backbone ofozone profiling since 1960.

Ozone Data Centre, Canada.

What is UV Radiation?

The Sun emits radiations of varying wavelengthsin the form of electromagnetic spectrum. TheUV radiation is one form of radiant energycoming out from the Sun. The various forms ofenergy, or radiations, are classified accordingto wavelength measured in nm. The shorter thewavelength, the radiation are more energetic.In order of decreasing energy, the principalforms of radiation are gamma rays, X-rays, UVrays, visible light, infrared rays, microwaves,and radio waves. The UV radiation, which isinvisible, is so named because of its wavelengthsare less than those of visible violet radiations.

Of these, UV-B and UV-C being highly energetic,are harmful to life on Earth. UV-A radiationbeing less energetic is relatively less harmful.Fortunately, UV-C radiation is absorbed stronglyby oxygen and also by ozone in the upperatmosphere. UV-B radiation is absorbed only bythe stratospheric ozone (ozone layer) and thusonly 2-3% of it reaches the Earth's surface. Theozone layer, therefore, is essential for protectionof life on the Earth by filtering out the dangerouspart of Sun's radiation and allowing only thebeneficial part to reach Earth. Any disturbanceor depletion of this layer would result in anincrease of UV-B and UV-C radiation reachingthe Ear th's surface leading to dangerousconsequences for the life on Earth. The ozonelayer, therefore, acts as Earth's sunscreen.

Range of Wavelengths of UV Radiations

The latest method of vertical profiling of ozoneis the LIDAR system in which a short laser pulseat a wave length in the UV ozone absorptionspectrum is sent towards the zenith. Backscattered radiation is measured as a function oftime which gives the height and its intensitygives the concentration of ozone. Two wave-lengths are used, one of which is absorbed byozone, and the other is not which serves as areference. The concentration of ozone measuredat different heights thus gives the vertical profile.

Ozone Measurement over India

Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) is thenodal agency to measure the ozone levels inIndia. IMD has established a National OzoneCentre. The centre maintains and control anetwork of Ozone Monitoring Stations locatedat New Delhi, Ranichauri, Guwahati, Nagpur,Pune, Kodaikanal, Thiruvananthapuram,Vanarasi, Port Blair and Maitri (Antarctica). Theozone data measured is regularly sent to World

5


Ozone Depletion

At any given time, ozone molecules areconstantly formed and destroyed in thestratosphere. The total amount, however,remains relatively stable. The dynamicequilibrium between creating and breakingdown ozone molecules depends on temperature,pressure, energetic conditions and moleculeconcentrations. The concentration of the ozonelayer can be thought of as a stream's depthat a particular location. Although, water isconstantly flowing in and out, the depthremains constant.

Natural Formation and destruction of Ozone

the ozone molecules, and thereby destroyingthem. If this destruction process is fast and thecreation of new molecules is too slow to replacethe destroyed ozone molecules, the equilibriumwill get out of balance. As a result, theconcentration of ozone molecules will bereduced. An upset in this balance can haveserious consequences for life on Earth, andscientists are finding evidence of the changedbalance. As a result, the concentration of ozonewithin the protective ozone shield is decreasing.

Reaction of Chlorine with Ozone

The concentrations of ozone vary naturally withsunspots, seasons, and latitudes. The processesof variation of ozone are well understood andpredictable. Scientists have established recordsfor several decades which show distribution ofozone during the natural cycles. It has beenobserved that each natural reduction in ozonelevels has been followed by a recovery cycle.However, convincing scientific evidences haveshown that the ozone layer is being depletedwell beyond changes due to natural processes.

Ozone depletion occurs when the natural balancebetween the production and destruction ofstratospher ic ozone is shif ted towardsdestruction. The equilibrium can be disturbedfor instance by other molecules which react with

When very stable man-made chemicalscontaining chlorine and bromine enter into theatmosphere, and reach the stratosphere, thesechemicals are broken down by the high energysolar UV radiation and release extremely reactivechlorine and bromine atoms. These undergo acomplex series of catalytic reactions leading todestruction of ozone.

Process of destruction of ozone

6


Large fires, certain types of marine life andvolcanic eruptions also produce chlorinemolecules. These are chemically active but mostof it gets converted into water soluble inorganiccompounds which gets washed down by rainand only traces reach the stratosphere. However,United States Environment Protection Agency(USEPA) exper iments have shown thatChlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other widelyused chemicals produce roughly 85% of thechlorine in the stratosphere.

It was also believed that large volcanic eruptionscan have an indirect effect on ozone levels.Although, Mt. Pinatubo's 1991 volcanic eruptiondid not increase stratospher ic chlor ineconcentrations, it did produce large amount oftiny particles called aerosols. These aerosolsincrease chlorine's effectiveness in destroyingozone.

The aerosols only increase depletion because ofthe presence of CFC- based chlorine. In effect,the aerosols increase the efficiency of the CFCsiphon, lowering ozone levels even more thanthat would have otherwise occurred. Unlike long-term ozone depletion, this effect is howevershort-lived. The aerosols from Mt. Pinatubo havealready disappeared, but satellite, ground based,and balloon data still show ozone depletionoccurring closer to the historic trend.

Beginning of Threat to Ozone Layer

For over fifty years, CFCs were thought of asmiracle substances. CFCs were first created in1928 as non-toxic, non-flammable refrigerants,and were first produced commercially in the1930's by DuPont. The first Chlorofluorocarbonwas CFC-12, a single carbon with two chlorinesand two Fluorines attached to it.

These have been used in many ways since theywere first synthesized in 1928. They are stable,inert, non-flammable, low in toxicity, andinexpensive to produce. Over the period, CFCshave been used as aerosols, refrigerants,solvents and foam blowing agents in othersmaller applications. Other chlorine andbromine-containing compounds include methyl

chloroform, a solvent, Carbontetrachloride(CTC), an industrial chemical, halons, extremelyef fective f ire extinguishing agents,Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) mainly usedas a refrigerant and foam blowing agent andmethyl bromide, an effective fumigant used inagriculture and grain storage.

All of these compounds have very longatmospheric life which allow them to betransported by winds into the stratosphere.

During the past 5 decades, Ozone DepletingSubstances (ODSs) including CFCs have beenemitted into the atmosphere in large quantitywhich has resulted in depletion of the ozonelayer resulting increased UV-B radiations onthe Earth surface.

UV Radiations on Earth Surface

The largest losses of stratospheric ozone occurregularly over the Antarctica every spring,leading to substantial increase in UV levels over

Status of Global Stratospheric Ozone :September, 2017

7


the region. A similar, though weaker, effect hasbeen observed over the Arctic. There was enoughevidence that ozone levels decrease by severalpercent in the spring and summer in bothhemispheres at middle and high latitudes.

There is also fall in ozone levels during thewinter at these latitudes in the southernhemisphere. The higher levels of loss of ozonehave been noticed since late 1970s.

In the early 1970s, researchers began toinvestigate the effect of various chemicals onthe ozone layer, particularly CFCs, which containchlorine. They also examined the potentialimpacts of other chlorine sources like chlorinefrom chlorination of water, industrial plants,sea salt and volcanoes etc. The chlorine releasedfrom such applications and from other sourcesreadily combines with water and other chemicalsand form compounds which do not reach thestratosphere. In contrast, CFCs are very stableand do not dissolve in rain. Thus, there are nonatural processes that remove the CFCs fromthe lower atmosphere. Over a period of time,the CFCs diffuse into the stratosphere wherethese interact with UV rays of short wavelength which breaks them.

The CFCs are so stable that only exposure tostrong UV radiation breaks them. When thathappens, the CFC molecule releases atomicchlorine. It has been estimated that onechlorine atom can destroy over 100,000 ozonemolecules. The net effect is the destruction ofozone, faster than its natural creation. Toreturn to the analogy comparing ozone levelsto a stream's depth, CFCs act as a siphon,removing water faster than normal and reducingthe depth of the stream.

No one could imagine that these miraclechemicals could one day turn out to be harmfulsubstance to life on Earth. It all began when atthe f irst United Nations on the HumanEnvironment Conference at Stockholm in 1972,questions were asked about the effect of jet

aircrafts on upper atmosphere. It was knownthat the high temperature jet exhausts containan appreciable amount of nitrous oxide and itwas also known that this substance cancatalytically decompose ozone. The conferenceauthor ized United Nations EnvironmentProgramme (UNEP) to address this issue andfocus on the possible damage to the ozonelayer by hundreds of supersonic aircrafts thatwere expected to be in operation by the late1980s. They were also entrusted with the taskof finding out the effect of release of nitrousoxide from fertilizer manufacturing units onthe ozone layer.

These investigations did not make muchheadway and were dismissed as false alarms.

The Antarctic Ozone Hole

The term "ozone hole" refers to a large andrapid decrease in the concentration of ozonemolecules in the ozone layer. "When theconcentration of ozone over any area fallsbelow 220 DU, it is called ozone hole". TheAntarctic "Ozone Hole" occurs during thesouthern spring between September andNovember each year. The British Antarctic surveyteam first reported the hole in May 1985. Theteam found that for the period betweenSeptember and mid November, ozoneconcentration over Halley Bay, Antarctic, haddeclined by 40% from levels during the 1960s.Severe depletion has been occurring since late1970s.

The problem is worst in this part of the globedue to extremely cold atmosphere and thepresence of polar stratospheric clouds. Theland under the ozone depleted atmosphereincreased steadily to more than 20 million sqkm in the early 1990s and in the Antarcticspring of 1998, the area of the ozone holeexceeded 26 million sq km and also coveredsome populated areas of the southernhemisphere. The total ozone dropped to about97 DU on 1 October, 1998.

8


9 September, 2019

The Antarctic ozone hole grew to 28.4 millionsq. km in 2000. In the year 2002, a peculiareffect was seen, the ozone hole split into twobut the total coverage was only 15 million sq.km. In the year 2005, the size of ozone holeagain increased to 27.0 million sq. km. Theozone hole further grew to an extraordinarysize, 29.3 million sq. km in 2006. The size ofozone hole slightly started declining and in2008 became equivalent to the size of NorthAmerica and NOAA reported that ozone holereached to 26.5 million sq. km. in September,2008. It was also observed that the total columnof ozone dropped to its lowest count of 100 DUin September, 2008. The size of Antarctic ozonehole in September, 2009, September, 2010,September, 2011, September, 2012, September,2013 and September, 2014 were reported to be24 million sq. km., 22.2 million sq. km., 25million sq. km., 18.5 million sq. km., 21 millionsq. km. and 24.3 million sq. km. respectively.

This indicates that the Montreal Protocol isworking effectively and there is a gradualrecovery of ozone layer.

The decline of ozone layer over North Pole hasalso been reported. The effect has been ascribedto solar flares and record frigid temperaturesworking with manmade chemicals.

In addition, research has shown that ozonedepletion occurs over the latitudes that includeNorth America, Europe, Asia, and much ofAfrica, Australia and South America. Thus,ozone depletion is a global issue and not justa problem at the South Pole. It was alsoreported that some ozone depletion also occursin the Arctic during the Northern Hemispherespring (March-May). Wintertime temperaturesin the Arctic stratosphere are not persistentlylow for many weeks and these results in lessozone depletion.

Recent observations and several studies haveshown that the size of annual ozone hole hasstabilized and the level of ODSs has decreased

Changes in Ozone concentration over Antarctica(1970-2013)

Evolution of the Antarctic Ozone hole(1979 - 1987 October)

The latest false-color view of total ozoneover the Antarctic pole. The purple and bluecolors are where there is the least ozone, andthe yellows and reds are where there is moreozone.

9


by 4 percent since 2001. But chlorine andbromine compounds have long atmospheric life.Recovery of stratospheric ozone is not likely tobe noticeable until 2020 or little later.

Environmental Effects of Ozone Depletion

As explained earlier, ozone acts as a shield toprotect the Earth's surface by absorbing harmfulUV-B and UV-C radiation. If this ozone isdepleted, then more UV rays will reach theearth surface. Exposure to higher doses of UV-B radiations will have effects on human healthand impact on flora and fauna of terrestrial aswell as aquatic eco-systems.

Human health effects:

Sunburns, premature ageing of the skin.

UV radiation can damage several parts ofthe eye, including the lens, cornea, retinaand conjunctiva.

As per World Health Organization (WHO),2002 report, a 10% decrease instratospher ic ozone could cause anadditional 300,000 non-melanoma and4500 melanoma skin cancers in the world.

More cataracts leading to damage to theeye vision resulting in blindness. Cataracts(a clouding of the lens) are the majorcause of blindness in the world. Ten percentthinning of the ozone layer could cause

1.6 to 1.75 million more cases of cataractsworldwide every year (WHO, 2002).

Early findings suggest that exposure to UVradiation results in suppression of thehuman immune system, which may causenon-melanoma and skin cancer.

Adverse impact on agriculture, forestryand natural ecosystems:Several of the world's major crop speciesare particularly vulnerable to increasedUV radiation, resulting in reduced growth,photosynthesis and flower ing. Foodproduction may reduce by about 1% forevery 1% increase of UV-B radiation.

The effect of ozone depletion on theagricultural sector could be significant.Many agricultural crops sensitive to theUV-B radiation of the Sun are rice, wheat,soybean, corn, sweet corn, barley, oats,cowpeas, peas, carrots, cauliflower,tomato, cucumber, broccoli etc.

A few commercially important trees havebeen tested for UV-B radiation sensitivity.Results indicate that plant growth,especially in seedlings, is more vulnerableto intense UV radiation.

Damage to marine life:Planktons are the first vital step in aquaticfood chains. In particular, plankton (tinyorganisms on the surface layer of oceans)is threatened by increased UV-B radiation.

Decreases in plankton could disrupt thefresh and saltwater food chains, and leadto species shift.

Marine fauna like fish lings, juvenile stagesof shrimp and crab have been threatenedin recent years by increasing UV-Bradiation under the Antarctic region. Lossof biodiversity in oceans, rivers and lakescould impact on aquaculture prospects.

Materials:Wood, plastic, rubber, fabrics and manyconstruction materials are degraded byUV-B radiation.

10


The economic impact of replacing and/orprotecting materials could be significant.

The Real Alarm

In 1974, two United States (US) scientists MarioMolina and F. Sherwood Rowland at the Universityof California were struck by the observation of aBritish scientist, James Lovelock that CFCs werepresent in the atmosphere all over the worldmore or less evenly distributed by appreciableconcentrations. They suggested that these stableCFC molecules could drift slowly up to thestratosphere where they may breakdown intochlorine atoms by energetic UV-B and UV- Cradiations of the Sun. The chlorine radicals thusproduced can undergo complex chemical reactionproducing chlorine monoxide, which can attackan ozone molecule converting it into oxygen andin the process regenerating the chlorine atomagain. Thus, the ozone-destroying effect iscatalytic and a small amount of CFCs would bedestroying large number of ozone molecules.Their basic theory was put to test by the NationalAeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)scientists and found to be valid, ringing alarmbells in many countries and laying the foundationfor international action.

International Action

The first international action to focus attentionon the dangers of ozone depletion in thestratosphere and its dangerous consequencesin the long run on life on earth was initiatedin 1977. A meeting of 32 countr ies in

Washington D.C., USA initiated a Work Plan onaction on protection of ozone layer with UNEPas the coordinator.

As experts began their investigation, data piledup and in 1985, in an article published in theprestigious science journal, "Nature" by Dr.Farman, pointed out that although, there isoverall depletion of the ozone layer all over theworld, the most severe depletion had takenplace over the Antarctic. His findings wereconfirmed by Satellite observations and offeredthe first proof of severe depletion of ozonelayer. These findings stirred the scientificcommunity to take urgent remedial actions. Aframework for such actions was designed andagreed in an international convention held inVienna on 22nd March, 1985.

This, subsequently, resulted in an internationalagreement on 16th September, 1987 on specificmeasures to be taken in the form of aninternational treaty known as the MontrealProtocol on Substances that Deplete the OzoneLayer. Under this Protocol, the first concretestep to save the ozone layer was taken byimmediately agreeing to completely phase outthe production and consumption of CFCs, halons,CTC and methyl chloroform as per the agreedschedule by the Parties to the Montreal Protocol.

Evolution of the Montreal Protocol

The urgency of controlling the ODSs, particularlyCFCs was slow to pick up. The CFCs were so usefulthat the society and the industry, all over theworld, were reluctant to give up the use of CFCs.However, even as the nations adopted theMontreal Protocol in 1987, new scientific findingsindicated that the Protocol's control measureswere inadequate to restore the ozone layer. Inaddition, the developing countries had a specialsituation, as they needed the technical andfinancial assistance to enable these countries tochange over to non-ODS technologies.

In response to the prospect of increasing ozonedepletion, the governments of the world craftedthe 1987 United Nations Montreal Protocol as aninternational means to address this global issue.

11


As a result of the broad compliance with theProtocol and its Amendments and adjustmentsand, of great signif icance, industry'sdevelopment of "ozone-friendly" substitutes forthe now-controlled chemicals, the total globalaccumulation of ODSs has slowed and begun todecrease. In response, global ozone depletion isno longer increasing, and initial signs of recoveryof the ozone layer have been identified. Withcontinued compliance, we can expect substantialrecovery of the ozone layer by the middle of the21st century. The day the Montreal Protocol wasagreed upon, 16 September, is now celebratedas the International Day for the Preservation ofthe Ozone Layer.

Meanwhile, the repor t of the Scientif icAssessment Panel (SAP) of the Montreal Protocol,entrusted with the task of finding the extent ofozone depletion, showed that the actual harm tothe ozone layer was much more than predictedby theoretical models and the control measuresenvisaged by the Protocol in 1987 would not besufficient to arrest the depletion of ozone layer.More urgent action was, therefore, necessary.Therefore, at the 2nd Meeting of the Parties(MOP) to the Montreal Protocol, in London, in1990, 54 Parties as well as 42 non-Party countriesagreed on a package of measures satisfactory toall. It was agreed in this meeting that the widelyused and having high Ozone Depleting Potential(ODP) of 5 CFCs and 3 halons would be phasedout by the year 2000 and other minor CFCs andCTC would be controlled and eventually phasedout. A special provision was made to providefinancial and technical assistance to thedeveloping countr ies with an annualconsumption of CFCs and halons less than 0.3 kgper capita (also called as Article 5 countries) intheir efforts to phase out these harmfulchemicals. These countries were also given agrace period of 10 years to phase out ODSs.

In 1991, more alarming reports came up to showthat the depletion of ozone is continuing in allaltitudes except over the tropics. It wasrecognized that the phase-out of productionand consumption of CFCs and halons is not

enough to control the depletion of ozone layer.Other fluorocarbon chemicals likeHydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and methylbromide, which are also ODSs, need to becontrolled. They have also been brought underthe ambit of the Montreal Protocol in 1992through Copenhagen amendment and definingthe schedule of phase-out of HCFCs in 1999through Beijing amendment. Further, the phase-out of production and consumptions of HCFCswas accelerated in 2007 through an adjustment.

Recovery of Ozone Layer

As a result of implementation of provisions/measures under the Montreal Protocol, theatmospheric concentration of the man-madechlorine and bromine containing substanceshas begun to decline. Chlorine/bromine havereached to the maximum levels in thestratosphere in the first decade of the 21stcentury, and ozone concentrations shouldcorrespondingly be at their minimum levelsduring that time period. It is anticipated thatthe recovery of the Antarctic ozone hole hasbegun. But there is a slow rate of healingbecause of long atmospheric life of thesemanmade chemicals like CFCs, CTC, halons,methyl chloroform, methyl bromide etc. January2010 marked the end of global production ofCFCs and halons under the Protocol, and January

12


Sub-sector ODS used Preferredalternatives /substitutes

Domestic Refrigerant: Refrigerant:refrigerators CFC-12 HFC-134a,

HC-600a,Isobutane,HC blend,HFO-1234yf

Foam: FoamCFC-11 Blowing Agents:HCFC-141b Cyclopentane

HFC-245fa,HFC-365mfc,HFO-1234zeMethyl Formate,Methylal, Solstice-LBA, FEA-1100

2013 the universal control of ODS productionand consumption. In the early 2010s, the firstsigns of ozone recovery were detected. It isexpected that the beginning of this recoverywill not be conclusively detected for a decadeor more, and that complete recovery of theAntarctic ozone layer will not occur until theyear 2060 or little later. The exact date ofrecovery will depend on the effectiveness ofpresent and future regulations on the emissionof ODSs from banks (CFCs, halons etc.).

Status of Ratification of Vienna Convention,Montreal Protocol and Amendments

a major departure from the historic donor-driven nature of funding bodies that reflectedthe spirit of equality.

The Fund is financing incremental costs for ODSphase out in Article 5 Parties. The incrementalcosts, including cost of transfer of technology,incremental capital costs and incrementaloperating costs for switching over from ODS tonon-ODS technologies enabling the developingcountries to phase out controlled substances.Enterprises which were using ODS basedtechnologies prior to cut of dates are eligible forfunding for conversion from ODS to non-ODStechnology from the MLF for the implementationof the Montreal Protocol.

India being an Article 5 Party is eligible forreceiving technical and financial assistancefrom MLF to phase out ODSs and switchover tonon-ODS technologies.

Alternatives to Currently Used OzoneDepleting Substances

During the last two decades intensive researchhas yielded a large number of substitutechemicals as replacements to CFCs, halons, CTC,methyl chloroform, methyl bromide and HCFCs.These are summarised below on end- use basis:

Technology Options for Phase-out inRefrigeration and Air-conditioning (RAC)Sector

S. Particulars Date of No. ofNo. Enforcement Parties

1 Vienna Convention 22.09.1988 1981985

2 Montreal Protocol, 1987 01.01.1989 198

3 London Amendment, 08.10.1992 1971990

4 Copenhagen Amendment, 14.06.1994 1971992

5 Montreal Amendment, 10.11.1999 1971997

6 Beijing Amendment, 1999 25.02.2002 197

7 Kigali Amendment, 2016 01.01.2019 81

Multilateral Fund

With a view to assist the developing countriesin their phase out efforts, a Multilateral Fund(MLF) for the implementation of the MontrealProtocol was established in June, 1990. TheFund is supported by a Secretariat, co-locatedwith UNEP, but directly accountable to anExecutive Committee (Ex-Com) consisting ofseven non-Article 5 Parties and seven Article5 Parties. This governance structureaccomplished several key objectives. First, byco-locating the MLF Secretariat with UNEP butretaining its independence in a policy context,the Parties and their appointed Ex-Com wereprovided with direct control over the Fund'spolicies. Second, the balance of non-Article 5and Article 5 Parties on the Ex-Com signalled

13


Refrigerated Refrigerant: Refrigerant:Cabinets CFC-12 HFC-134a,(Deep Freezer, HC-600aIce-cream HC-blend, CO

2

cabinets, Foam: FoamBottle coolers, CFC-11 Blowing Agents:Visi coolers) HCFC-141b Cyclopentane,

HFC-245fa,HFC-365mfc,HFO-1234ze,Methyl Formate,Methylal, Solstice-LBA, FEA-1100

Water Coolers CFC-12 HFC-134a,HCFC-22 HC-blend,(for bigger HC-290,capacity) HFO-1234yf

Mobile (car, CFC-12 HFC-134a,bus, van, HFC-1234yfrefrigerated HCFC-22 HFC-152a, CO

2

trucks, train) (train) R-290, HFC-134a,HFO-1234yf,R-407C, blends ofHFCs & HFOs

Central A/C CFC-11, HFC-134a,plants CFC-12, R-410A, R-407C,

HCFC-123, HFO-1234yf,HCFC-22 HC-600a,

Ammonia, HC-290

Process CFC-12, HFC-134a, R-404A,Chillers HCFC-22 R-407F, Ammonia

Ice Candy CFC-12, HFC-134a, R-407F,Machines HCFC-22 R-290, R-404A

Walk-in CFC-12, HFC-134a R-407FCoolers HCFC-22 R-404A

Room A/C HCFC-22 R-410A, HC-290,HFC-32, blends ofHFCs and HFOs

Packaged A/C HCFC-22 R-410A, R407C,HFC-32, HC-290,HC-1270

Shipping CFC-12, HFC-134a,HCFC-22 R-410A , CO2

Alternatives with zero ODP viz.Hydrofluorocarbon - 134a (HFC-134a) R-404A,R-407C, R-410A and R-507A have been used invar ious applications in many countries,

especially in non-Article 5 countries. The low-Global Warming Potential (GWP) refrigerantslike ammonia, Carbon-dioxide (CO2) andhydrocarbons are also used in someapplications. Attempts are being made to useHydrocarbons like HC-290 and HC-1270 in anumber of applications, including small capacityRoom Air-Conditioners. Recently, low-GWP HFCs,also known as Hydrofluoroolifins (HFOs) arebeing applied in some applications.

Technology Options for Phase-out in AerosolSector


Perfumes, CFC-11/ Hydrocarbonshaving foams, CFC-12 Aerosolinsecticides, Propellant (HAP),paints, etc. destenched LPG,

Di-methyl Ether

Metered Dose CFC-11 Hydrofluoro-Inhalers CFC-12 alkanes (HFAs)


Flexible CFC-11 MethylenePolyurethane foam Chloride(PUF) Slabstock

Flexible Moulded CFC-11 Water blownPUF technology

Rigid PUF General CFC-11 Cyclopentane,Insulation HCFC-141b HFC-245fa,

HFC-365mfc,HFO-1234ze,HFO-1233zd(E),Methyl Formate,Methylal , Solstice-LBA, FEA-1100

Thermoware CFC-11 HFC-245fa,HCFC-141b HFC-365mfc,

Water, MethylFormate,Solstice-LBA,FEA-1100

Technology Options for Phase-out in FoamSector

14


Integral Skin PUF CFC-11 HFC-245fa, water,HCFC-141b hydrocarbons

Solstice-LBA,FEA-1100

ThermoplasticFoams Hydrocarbons, CO

2

-EPE/EPPN Foams CFC-11,CFC-12

-Phenolic Foams CFC-11

Phenolic Foams CFC-11 Hydrocarbons

CFC-11 with ODP of 1.0 as a foam blowing agentwas substituted f irst by a transitionaltechnology based on HCFC-141b with 0.11 ODP.The HCFC-141b is now being replaced by zero-ODP and low-GWP foam blowing agents likecyclopentane, methyl formate and methylal.HFC based blowing agents like HFC-245fa andHFC-365mfc have also been used in non-Article5 countries. The proposed next generation oflow-GWP foam blowing agents are likely to beHFOs-1234ze, HFO-1233zd(E), methyl formate,methylal, Solstice-LBA, FEA-1100 andHydrocarbons.

Technology Options for Phase-out in FireExtinguishing Sector


Fire Halon-1211, Portable typeExtinguishers Halon-1301, ABC powder,

Halon-2402 CO2

Fixed typeFM200,HFCs,NAF- SI/SIII


Electronic and CFC-113 DI Waterprecision CTC Aqueous cleaningcleaning process

Methyl Semi-acqueouschloroform cleaning process,

organic non-halogenated,solvents,perfluorocarbons

Coatings CFC-113 Aqueous solventsMethyl Trichloro ethylenechloroform

Manufacture of CTC Ethylene-dichloridepesticides and Monochloro-pharmaceuticals benzene

Metal cleaning CTC Trichloroethylene

Chlorinated CTC Aqueous rubber

Textile cleaning CTC Aqueous system,chlorinatedsolvents

Substitutes like ABC powder and HFC based forhalon-1211 used in portable fire extinguishershave also been developed and used. Someglobal chemical producers have developedhexafluoro propane (HFC-236fa) as an excellentsubstitute for halon-1211 fulfilling a long feltneed. It is now being manufacturedcommercially.

Technology Options for Phase-out in SolventSector

During the last several years, due to intensiveResearch and Development (R&D) efforts, newsolvents have been discovered and used asalternatives to ODSs. First Hydroflouroethers(HFEs) were considered as alternative solvents.Although, satisfactory in many respects, thesewere very high cost alternatives. Some patentednon-ODS products have also been promoted asalternative solvents for electrical cleaningespecially for tape head and disk drives (Video40), flux removal and PCB cleaner (Deflex160); degreasing agent (Cold kleen 110);adhesive sticker removing, computer diskcleaning (CD-150) etc. Although, these arepatented products and their chemicalcompositions are not available but the trendis good.

15


2. INDIA’S COMMITMENT TO THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL

India became Party to the Vienna Convention forthe Protection of the Ozone Layer on 18th March1991 and the Montreal Protocol on Substancesthat Deplete the Ozone Layer on 19th June, 1992.The per capita consumption of the controlledsubstances in Annex A of the Montreal Protocoldid not cross 20 g during 1995-97 (baseline), asagainst 300 g per capita limit for Article 5 Partiesunder the Protocol. India was self-sufficient inproduction of chemicals like CFCs, CTC, halonsand HCFCs. India was mainly producing and using9 of the 96 substances controlled under theMontreal Protocol. These are CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, HCFC-22 halon-1211, halon-1301, CTC,Methyl Chloroform and Methyl Bromide.

India played a key role in the establishment of theMultilateral Fund, a f inancial mechanismestablished under the Montreal Protocol throughits London Amendment in 1990. India also playeda pro-active role in the implementation ofMontreal Protocol in the country. India hadprepared a detailed Country Program (CP) in 1993to phase-out ODSs in accordance with its NationalIndustrial Development Strategy. The objectivesof the CP were to phase-out ODSs by accessing theProtocol's financial mechanism without undueeconomic burden to consumers, producers andequipment manufacturers using ODSs. The otherobjectives of the CP were minimization ofeconomic dislocation as a result of conversion tonon-ODS technologies, maximization ofindigenous production, preference to one-timereplacement, emphasis on decentralizedmanagement and minimization of obsolescence.The CP was updated in 2006 taking into accountthe decisions of the Montreal Protocol andnational policies.

The Government of India has entrusted the workrelating to ozone layer protection andimplementation of the Montreal Protocol onSubstances that Deplete the Ozone Layer to theMinistry of Environment, Forest and ClimateChange (MoEF&CC). The MoEF&CC has set up an

Ozone Cell as a National Ozone Unit (NOU) torender necessary services for effective and timelyimplementationoftheProtocolanditsODSphase-out activities in India.

The MoEF&CC also constituted an EmpoweredSteering Committee (ESC), which is supported bytwo Standing Committees, namely the Technologyand Finance Standing Committee (TFSC) and theStanding Committee on Monitoring. The ESC isChaired by the Secretary of the MoEF&CC. The ESCoversees the implementation of the MontrealProtocol provisions, review of policies andimplementation of projects/plans andmonitoring.

Although, ODSs, especially CFCs and HCFCs wereused in large scale in the developed countriessince 1930s, India was slow to adopt thesechemicals. The early use of these chemicals inIndia was in RAC sector and CFCs and HCFCsneeded for this sector were imported in thecountry. The use of CFCs and HCFCs in refrigerationindustry can be traced back to 1960s. Otherindustries using CFCs and HCFCs, such as foammanufacturing industry, aerosol industry etc.,were developed only during last 35 to 40 years inthe country. With the availability of CFC-11 andCFC-12 from indigenous production, started in1968, the growth of consumption of CFCs andindustry increased very rapidly.

When the CP was prepared, use of ODS as solventsis estimated to account for the maximumconsumption, both in MT as well as ODP tonne.RAC and Foam were the next large user sectors,followed by Aerosol sector. The consumption ofODSs in fire extinguishing sector was relativelysmall in terms of MT.

Status of ODS Phase-out in India

India has phased out the production andconsumption of CFCs, CTC and halons as of 1stJanuary, 2010 (except use of pharmaceuticalgrade CFCs in manufacturing of Metered DoseInhalers (MDIs) for Asthma and Chronic

16


Obstructive Pulmonar y Diseases (COPD)patients). India has also phased-out productionand consumption of Methyl Chloroform andMethyl Bromide. A total of 378 projects havebeen approved and funded by the Ex-Com of theMLF for Implementation of the Montreal Protocol.A total amount of US 304,209,305 has beenapproved by the Ex-Com of the MLF to phase-out47,693 tonne of ODSs.

Sector-wise Approved Projects as on31.8.2019

Sector wise break-up of the funds approved bythe Ex-Com of the MLF for ODS phase-outprojects in India is given in the table below:

Sector No. of Funding Phase outProjects (US $) of ODP

(in Tonne)

Aerosols Sector 38 13,705,006 1,702(CFC)Foams Sector 163 37,880,185 5,074(CFC)Firefighting 21 5,176,701 2,719Sector (Halons)Institutional 8 2,738,166 31StrengtheningRefrigeration & 87 31,827,256 3,983Air ConditioningSector (CFC)Solvents Sector 41 61,358,042 12,966(including CTCproduction)Production 15 84,228,000 20,107Sector (CFCand Halons)HPMP Stage-I 1 570,000 —PreparationHPMP Stage-I 1 21,294,490 342(HCFC-141b andHCFC-22)HPMP Stage-II 1 490,000 —PreparationDemonstration 1 30,000 —Project in FoamSectorPreparation(HCFC-141b)HPMP Stage-II 1 44,911,459 769(HCFC-141b andHCFC-22)Total 378 304,209,305 47,693

Source: MLF Secretariat - Inventory of approved projects.

SECTOR PHASE-OUT PLANS

CFC Production Sector Phase-out Project inIndia

The Ex-Com of the MLF in its 29th meeting heldin November 1999 approved the India's CFCProduction Sector gradual phase-out projectwith a total grant amount of US $82 million tophase-out production of 22,588 ODP tonne ofCFCs. The amount US $80 million was to beprovided as a performance based grant to CFCproducers for meeting the CFC production phase-out targets. The remaining US $2 million wasfor Technical Assistance (TA) component toestablish Project Management Unit (PMU) underthe Ozone Cell to develop and implementmonitor ing, auditing and repor tingmechanisms, in addition to conduct awarenessand training programs. The World Bank was thelead implementing agency for the project. UNEPhas been designated as the implementingagency for TA component. In this project, it wasagreed to reduce total CFC production inaccordance with the following agreed schedule:

Agreed Schedule for Phase-out ofCFC Production

Year CFC Production Phase-outQuota (MT) Quantity (MT)

1999 22,588 -

2000 20,706 1,882

2001 18,824 1,882

2002 16,941 1,883

2003 15,058 1,883

2004 13,176 1,882

2005 11,294 1,882

2006 7,342 3,952

2007 3,389 3,953

2008 2,259 1,130

2009 1,130 1,129

2010 0 1,130

Accelerated Phase-out of CFCs

India agreed at the 54th meeting of the Ex-Com

17


of the MLF held from 7th to 11th April, 2008 inMontreal, Canada to accelerate the phase-outof production of CFCs by 1st August, 2008 withan additional grant of US $3.17 million to theCFC producers. As per the decision, India agreedthat it will produce not more than 690 MT ofCFCs until 1st August, 2008 primarily for themanufacturing of MDIs. India's CFC producerswould sell no more than 825 MT of CFCs for MDIproduction in the years 2008 and 2009,comprising 690 MT of new production and 135MT reprocessed from existing stock. In addition,India would not import any more CFCs.

India has completely phased-out the productionand consumption of CFCs with effect from 1stAugust, 2008, 17 months ahead of the agreedphase-out schedule except the use ofpharmaceutical grade CFCs in manufacturing ofMDIs. The Ex-Com of the MLF has released thetotal grant of US $3.17 million, the grantapproved for accelerated phase-out of CFCs.

The National Strategy for Transition to Non-CFCMDIs and Plan for Phase-out of CFCs in theManufacture of Pharmaceutical MDIs has beenimplemented successfully by United NationsDevelopment Program (UNDP) as leadimplementing agency, UNEP and Government ofItaly as cooperating agencies in closecooperation with the MDI manufacturingindustry under the guidance of Ozone Cell,MoEF&CC.

Halon Production and Consumption Phase-out in India

The phase-out of consumption of halons inIndia was initiated as early as 1994. The 13thmeeting of the Ex-Com of the MLF approved ademonstration project for evaluation ofalternative technologies for halon, f ireprotection system and technical assistance forsectoral strategy with a funding of US $309,000. It followed with the approval of 14individual investment projects by the Ex-Com ofthe MLF from 1995 to 1999 which resulted inphase-out of 1768 ODP tonne of halons. Theseprojects were successfully completed in 2001.

Subsequently, the Ex-Com of the MLF in its 34thmeeting held in 2001 at Montreal approved US$2.6 million for complete phase out of theproduction and remaining consumption of halonsin the country. This project was successfullyimplemented and achieved the objective ofcomplete phase-out of production andconsumption of halons in India, as early as 2003.

The enterpr ises, producing halons havedismantled their production plants. At present,there is no halon production in India. Thephase-out activities of production andconsumption of halons in all the enterpriseshave been successfully completed.

Fire Extinguishing Industry Structure: Therewere two halon production facilities in India atM/s Navin Fluorine International Ltd. (NFIL)and M/s SRF Ltd. M/s SRF was producing halon-1211 and halon-1301, while M/s NFIL wasproducing only halon-1211. The total productioncapacity of halon in the country was 800 MT.

There were about 200 manufacturers of fireextinguishing equipments, of which over 85%were manufacturers of portable f ireextinguishers in the country. Halons, which arepotent ODSs, were used only in about 5% of thefire extinguishing applications.

Halon Consumption: In 1991, the totalconsumption of halons in India was 750 MT,equivalent to 3,650 ODP tonne. This constituted7.2% of India's total ODS consumption andalmost 28% of the total consumption in ODPtonne. Imports accounted for 550 MT of thetotal, while 200 MT was indigenously produced.The growth rate in this sector was forecasted at15% annually.

Technology: As noted earlier, the use of halonsin fire-fighting equipments constituted onlyabout 5% of the fire-fighting applications inIndia. There were no drop-in replacementtechnologies identified. However, a wide varietyof f ire extinguishing technologies wereidentified at the time of preparation of the CP,viz., ABC powder, CO2-based systems, foambased systems, inert gases, HFC-based systems,

18


fast response sprinklers, etc. Among the priorityactions identified to address the ODS phase-out in this sector were:

– Revision of national fire-extinguishercodes and standards to promote halonalternatives;

– Halon conservation program to limitemissions;

– Establishment of a halon managementprogram, including halon banking.

Establishment of Halon Banking Facility: Theproduction of halons has been phased-outglobally at the early stage of the Protocolbecause of high ODP values of halons. Moreover,there is a large quantity of halons banked infire extinguishing equipments. The MoEF&CChas established National Halon Banking Facilityat Centre for Fire, Explosive and EnvironmentSafety (CFEES), Defence Research andDevelopment Organization (DRDO), Ministry ofDefence, New Delhi with the f inancialassistance from the MLF of the MontrealProtocol. This facility has the capability torecover, recycle and store the halons for futureuse in the existing equipment. It is worthmentioning that all the three Defence forceshave also established their own Halon BankingFacilities to meet the future requirements.

CFC Phase-out in Foam Manufacturing Sector

The Foam Manufacturing sector was one of themajor ODS consuming sectors in Indiapredominantly using CFC-11 as blowing agent.As of June 2002, 158 projects and activitieswere approved by the Ex-Com of the MLF tophase-out 4401 ODP tonne of CFCs with afunding of US $29.36 million. These projects/activities were successfully implemented andachieved the phase-out of CFCs in this sector.

The Ex-Com of the MLF, at its 37th meetingheld in July 2002 approved the foam sectorphase-out plan with a total funding of US$5.42 million to phase-out the remaining 612ODP tonne of CFC-11 in foam manufacturing

sector. UNDP was responsible forimplementation of this plan. A total of 122foam manufacturing enterprises under thissector plan have phased-out 702 MT of CFCsfrom their processes. The foam sector CFCphase-out plan has been successfullyimplemented and use of CFCs has beencompletely eliminated in foam manufacturingsector in the country.

Industry Structure: The survey of the FoamManufacturing sector carried out at the timeof preparation of CP in 1993 identified about235 foam manufacturers in India using CFCsas blowing agents. About 20% of theenterprises were large/medium size, while therest were Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises(MSMEs) in the unorganized and informalsector.

The sub-sectors identif ied were rigidpolyurethane foam, flexible polyurethane foam,integral skin polyurethane foams,thermoplastics foams (extruded polyethyleneand polystyrene foams) and phenolic foams.An important sub-sector in the Foam sector,namely, the flexible slab-stock foam mostlyconverted from CFCs to methylene chloride asthe blowing agent during 1980s due toeconomic reasons. The domestic refrigeratormanufacturers were large and main users ofCFCs in the rigid polyurethane foam sub-sector. Another important sub-sector withinthe Foam Manufacturing sector, the rigidpolyurethane foam used in the production ofinsulated thermo-ware (flasks, casseroles,water-bottles, lunch-boxes, etc), wasconsidered important due to the large numberof MSMEs involved.

There were four major producers of polyolsystems, who formed the main upstream sourceof raw materials for the polyurethane foammanufacturers and were meeting about half ofthe total demand. The remaining half of thedemand was met through imports.

ODS Consumption in Foam Sector: In 1991,the consumption of CFCs in foam manufacturing

19


sector was 1,580 MT, predominantly CFC-11,which amounted to about 31% of India's totalCFC consumption in the country. It wasestimated that the demand for foam productswould grow at 15-20% annually until 2010.The Foam sector was therefore identified asa priority sector in India for initiating phase-out activities.

Technology: The following technology optionshave been identified for phasing out ODSs inthe foam manufacturing sector. Some of thetechnologies, especially the low GWPtechnologies are still emerging.

Technological Options in Foam Sector

Sub-sector Interim Long TermTechnology Technology

PU RIGID FOAMDomestic HCFC-141b hydrocarbons,refrigerators - HFC-245fa,freezers HFC-134a,

HFOsSolstice-LBA,FEA-1100

Other HCFC-141b hydrocarbons,appliances HFC- 245fa,

HFC-365mfc/HFC-227ea blends,HFC-134a,methyl formate,CO

2 (water), HFOs

Transport & HCFC-141b hydrocarbons, HFOsreefers HFC-245fa,

HFC-365mfc/HFC-227ea blends,HFC-134a

Continuous HCFC-141b hydrocarbons,Panels HFC-245fa,

HFC-365mfc/HFC-227ea blends

Discontinuous HCFC-141b HFC- 245fa,panels HFC-365mfc/

HFC-227ea blends,HFC-134a,hydrocarbons,CO

2 (water),

formic acid,methyl formate

Spray HCFC-141b HFC-245fa,HFC-365mfc/HFC-227ea,Supercritical CO

2,

CO2 (water), HFOs

Pipe-in-pipe HCFC-141b hydrocarbons,HFC- 245fa,HFC-365mfc/HFC-227ea blends,CO

2 (water),

methyl formate

EXTRUDED POLYSTYRENE

XPS Sheet HCFC-142b, HydrocarbonsHCFC-22 (butane, isobutane,

pentane,isopentane),HFCs (HFC-134a,HFC-152a) &hydrocarbon / CO

2

(LCD) blends

XPS Board HCFC-142b, HFCs + blends, CO2

HCFC-22 (or CO2/alcohol),

hydrocarbons

PU FLEXIBLE FOAM

Integral Skin HCFC-141b, CO2 (water),

blends of HFC-134a,HCFC-142b and HFC- 245fa,HCFC-22 HFC-365mfc/

HFC-227ea blends,n-pentane,methyl formate

Shoe Soles HCFC-141b, CO2 (water),HCFC-142b HFC-134a

Flex moulded HCFC-141b, CO2 (water),

HCFC-142b methyl formate

Flexible Slab HCFC-141b, CO2 (water),

Stock HCFC-142b methylene chloride

It was considered strategically important tosupport the conversion of manufacturingfacilities of the polyol systems house(s) on apriority basis, to enable them to customizenon-CFC formulations, thus facilitating CFCphase-out in the downstream foammanufacturers more economically. It was alsorecognized that there were large number ofMSMEs operating in this sector, which couldnot be identified at the time of preparation of

20


the CP. However, these were addressedsubsequently.

The HCFCs like HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b andHCFC-22 are commonly used as inter imsubstitutes to phase-out CFCs in foammanufacturing sector. The accelerated phase-out of HCFCs, as agreed at the 19th MOP heldin September, 2007, would require conversionof foam manufacturing facilities from HCFCs tonon-ODS technologies viz. hydrocarbons, HFOs,Methyl Formate, Methylal etc. Phase-out ofHCFC-141 b as a foam blowing agent has beeninter alia proposed to be taken up under theHCFC Phase out Management Plan (HPMP)Stage II.

CFC Phase-out in RAC Sector

The phase-out of CFCs in RAC sector in Indiawas initiated as early as 1993. As of July, 2002,a total of 47 investment and technicalassistance projects were approved with a totalfunding of US $22.3 million leading to a totalphase-out of 1821 ODP tonne of CFCs.Subsequently, the Ex-Com of the MLF in its38th meeting held in November 2002 approveda multi-year performance based sector phase-out plan cover ing the refrigeration(manufacturing) sector with a total funding ofUS $3.6 million to phase-out the remaining CFCconsumption of about 535 ODP tonne. UNDPwas responsible for implementation of thecommercial refrigeration component and UnitedNations Industrial Development Organization(UNIDO) was responsible for implementation ofthe transport refrigeration sub-sector underthis sector-plan. A total of 157 enterprises forcommercial refrigeration (manufacturing)sector and 39 enterprises in transportrefrigeration (manufacturing) sector wereidentified during the implementation of theplan. The sector phase-out plan has beensuccessfully implemented and phased out theuse of CFCs completely in refrigeration(manufacturing) sector in the country.

RAC Industry Structure: The RAC sector inIndia has a long history from the early years

of last century. Major investments inestablishing manufacturing capacities startedin 1950s. On the upstream side, there wereonly two compressor manufacturers exclusivelyfor hermetic compressors. In addition, therewere some appliance manufacturers, whichalso had the dedicated facilities formanufacturing of hermetic compressors.However, there were several manufacturers ofopen-type compressors. Many other componentsof refrigeration systems were also manufacturedin the country.

ODS Consumption in RAC Sector: In 1991, thetotal ODS consumption in the RAC sector inIndia was 1,990 MT. This constituted about39% of India's total consumption of CFCs.About two-third of this consumption wasestimated to be used in servicing of existingequipment. The growth rate in this sector wasforecasted at 10-20% annually until 2010. TheRAC sector was, therefore, identified as anotherpriority sector in India for initiating phase-outactivities.

National CFC Consumption Phase-out Plan(NCCoPP)

The Ex-Com of the MLF at its 42nd meetingheld in April, 2004 approved the NCCoPP forthe RAC servicing sector at a total fundinglevel of US $6.388 million to phase-out 1502ODP tonne of CFCs. The Government of Germany(bilateral implementing agency) was responsiblefor implementation of this project as the leadImplementing Agency along with UNDP, UNEP,UNIDO and Government of Switzerland ascooperating implementing agencies. TheGovernment of Switzerland was responsible fortraining activities and UNDP was responsiblefor equipment support. UNEP was responsiblefor creation of awareness activities. Besides,UNEP was organizing customs and policytraining activities in collaboration with NationalAcademy for Customs, Excise and Narcotics(NACEN). UNIDO jointly with UNDP wasresponsible for implementation of CFC phase-out activities in transport refrigeration.

21


The project's main focus was on training ofrefrigeration servicing technicians who wereinvolved in servicing of RAC equipments basedon CFCs and non-ODS alternatives. It alsocovered training for Mobile Air-Conditioning(MAC), RAC equipments using Open TypeCompressor (OTC) and specifically targeted theRailways as a key institutional user of CFCrefrigerants. The project adopted a multi-pronged approach to achieve its targets. Inaddition to training, equipment support,awareness creation among the stakeholdersand capacity building of customs officers onillegal ODS trade were included.

Information dissemination and creatingawareness regarding CFC phase-out in India isof utmost importance to ensure the project'ssuccess. Various methods were employed tocreate awareness viz. video film, posters,newsletter, flyers, dealer workshops, equipmentsupport workshops, articles in newspapers anda dedicated website.

NCCoPP was funded by the MLF forimplementation of the Montreal Protocol.NCCoPP took over from the Indo-Swiss-GermanProject "Ecological Refrigeration (ECOFRIG)"and Indo-Swiss Project "Human andInstitutional Development in EcologicalRefrigeration (HIDECOR)". ECOFRIG beganwithin the framework of Indo-Swiss-GermanCooperation in 1992 with an objective toevaluate the hydrocarbon technology in RACappliances for replacing CFCs. ECOFRIG projectand the HIDECOR established a training setupincluding well-developed excellent trainingmodules and a pool of trained trainersthroughout the country. The HIDECOR activities,initiated in 1998, were geographically restrictedto selected states and the target group waslimited to Micro, Small and Medium sizeServicing Enterprises in the RAC sector. NCCoPPestablished training infrastructure includingtraining cells in 15 states of India. It aimed toencourage good servicing practices among allRAC servicing enterprises, with a special focus

on those firms which were consuming morethan 50 kg of CFCs per annum. A total of 955recovery, recycling units were provided to theenterprises in four stages. Equipment supportto 120 Industrial Training Institutes (ITI) wasalso provided.

Awareness generation workshops wereconducted for servicing enterprises, so thatmost of the enterprises across the countrycould participate in the project and get theadvantage of assistance provided under theMontreal Protocol to phase-out CFCs in servicingsector.

As stated earlier, the focus of activities ofNCCoPP was training of RAC servicingtechnicians. During training, the participants/technicians were taught how to handle thealternative refrigerants, good servicing practicesand emphasis was laid on recovery, recycle,reclamation and reuse of CFCs. Therefore, thetraining programs have helped in creating ademand for recovered and reclaimedrefrigerants. Over 20,000 technicians weretrained under NCCoPP and its forerunnerprojects, ECOFRIG and HIDECOR. Therequirement of CFCs was substantially decreasedbecause of training on good service practices.The remaining requirement for servicing wasaddressed through reclamation and reuse ofCFCs. A number of reclamation centres havebeen established at various locations in thecountry, viz. Bangalore, Chandigarh, Hyderabad,Ahmedabad, Jaipur, Kolkata, and Lucknow. Thereclamation units have also been provided toIndian Railways and Defence forces.

The NCCoPP has been successfully implementedas per the schedule and achieved its objectiveof complete phase-out of CFCs.

Strategy for Solvent Sector to Phase-out ODSin MSMEs in India

The Ex-Com of the MLF in its 35th meeting heldin December, 2001 approved a project to prepare"Overall Strategy for the Solvent Sector to

22


support the phase out of ODS in MSMEs inIndia" at a total cost of US $169,500implemented by UNEP in consultation with theWorld Bank and UNIDO. This project was toassist India in developing an overall strategyfor the solvent sector which would cover bothnon-investment and investment activities tosupport the phase-out of ODS in the solventsector in India and assist India in meeting its2005, 2007 and 2010 commitments for thesolvent sector. The aim of the project, at theoperational level, was to develop approachesfor assisting MSMEs which use solvents in Indiathrough training, Solvent AlternativeTechnology Service (SATS), informationdissemination and investment and non-investment activities.

The project was completed successfully by UNEPand submitted the report to the Ozone Cell andthe World Bank. The outcomes of the strategydocument were incorporated in the preparationof the National CTC Phase-out Plan prepared bythe World Bank.

National CTC Phase out Plan

The Ex-Com of the MLF at its 40th meeting heldin July, 2003 approved the National CTC Phaseout Plan at a total funding level of US $52million to phase-out 11553 ODP tonne of CTCproduction and 11505 ODP tonne of CTCconsumption. This included US $10 millionunder the bilateral assistance program with theGovernments of Germany, France and Japancontributing US $2 million, US $3 million andUS $5 million respectively.

Out of the total amount, US $28.5 million wasallocated for CTC production phase-out, US $21.5million for CTC consumption phase-out and US$2 million were allocated for TA component. TheWorld Bank is the lead implementing agency,the Governments of Germany, France and Japan(bilateral agencies) and UNIDO were cooperatingagencies for implementation of the National CTCconsumption phase-out activities. Besides,UNDP, on behalf of Government of Japan, is

responsible for executing conversion activitiesfrom CTC to non-ODS technologies in large andmedium enterprises in metal cleaning sub-sectors.

Production Sector: The CTC producingenterprises, M/s. SRF Ltd., New Delhi, M/s.Chemplast Sanmar Ltd., Chennai, M/s. GujaratAlkalies and Chemicals Ltd., Vadodara signedthe performance agreement and submitted anIndemnity bond for meeting the productionphase-out targets. M/s. Shriram Rayons Ltd.,Rajasthan and M/s. NRC Ltd., Mumbai havealready closed down their production facilities.The production of CTC in the country hassuccessfully been phased out as of 1st January,2010 except co-production of CTC during theproduction of chloromethane and the co-produced CTC is being used only for feedstockapplications.

Consumption Sector: CTC was used as feedstockprimarily in the production of CFCs and DV Acidchloride. CTC was also used in India as aprocess agent and a solvent. For process agents,CTC was used in sectors such as chlorinatedrubber, chlorinated paraffin, pharmaceutical,and agro-industries. CTC was used as a solventin the textile, garment industries, metalcleaning etc.

In 2006, a total of 103 CTC projects, coveringboth process agent and solvent applicationswere identified and the phase-out of CTC inthese applications was taken up by theimplementing agencies. The CTC consumptionphase-out projects have been successfullyimplemented and resulted in phase out of2,080 ODP tonne of CTC. The consumption ofCTC had been phased out completely in thecountry since 1st January 2010 as per theMontreal Protocol schedule.

Technical Assistance was provided to replaceCTC used in stain removal work for small garmentmanufacturers and metal cleaning. The fastreduction in the supply of CTC had increasedthe CTC price significantly in the country and

23


that motivated the MSMEs to move away fromCTC. GIZ carried out extensive work in testingof alternatives that meet health, safety andenvironmental standards. A countrywide surveywas carried out to identify MSMEs using CTC inthe metal cleaning sub-sector. The surveyidentified 51 eligible MSMEs which were usingCTC in metal cleaning. These enterprises wereprovided funding towards incremental capitaland operating costs for phasing out of CTC inmetal cleaning sector.

The achievement of CTC phase-out in two widelydispersed industry sectors, namely, the garmentmanufacturing and metal cleaning has alsobeen realized through awareness programmesand policy measures, especially those whichinfluenced the availability and pricing of CTCand its alternatives.

The production and consumption of CTC havebeen completely phased-out as of 1st January,2010.

Since 2011, the Ozone Cell, MoEF&CC carriedout technical assistance activities, includingawareness for sustaining the phase- out ofCTC in different applications, except in feedstockuse.

As part of the remaining activities under theTechnical Assistance component of the projectthe following activities were carried out:

a) 12 stakeholder consultative workshopswere organized across the country withthe objective to create awareness to allthe concerned stakeholders on all issuesrelating to ODS, including sustainabilityof ODS phase out, particularly CTC, issuesrelated to reporting mechanisms, includingfor CTC, which continues to be produced,primarily from DV acid chloride production,to be used for feed stock applications.

b) A study on CTC usage in India for feedstockapplications was carried out to assessthe co-production of CTC dur ing

production of Chloromethane anddocument the use of CTC in various feedstock applications.

c) A publication of National CTC Phase out:India's Success Story was developedhighlighting India's achievements in thephase out of production and consumptionof CTC as per the Montreal Protocolschedule. The proactive steps taken aswell as measures taken to address thechallenges during implementation are alsohighlighted.

CFC phase-out in Aerosol Sector

Aerosols are widely used in several applicationsinvolving propellants, including perfumes,shaving foams, insecticides, pharmaceuticals,paints and inhalers. CFC-11 and CFC-12 werecommonly used as propellants in this sector. Bythe end of 2002, a total of 26 investments andtechnical assistance projects were completedwith a total funding of US $6.5 million, leadingto a total phase-out of 637 ODP tonne of CFCsin Industrial Aerosol Sector. The Ex-Com of theMLF in its 38th meeting held in November,2002 approved a terminal umbrella project inthis sector with a funding of US $0.58 millionto phase-out remaining CFC consumption ofabout 52 ODP tonne in this sector. Theconsumption of CFCs in aerosol sector had beencompletely phased-out as early as December,2003.

Industry Structure: The total production ofaerosol containers in 1991 was estimated to be45 million, of which over 90% used CFCs aspropellants. About 200 aerosol manufacturerswere identified, concentrating mainly in thewestern and northern parts of India. Allenterprises were in the private-sector. Asignificant majority of these enterprises (about70%) were MSMEs, many of which were in theinformal sector, principally, manufacturingpersonal care products such as perfume anddeodorant sprays.

24


ODS Consumption in Aerosol Sector: In 1991,the Aerosol sector consumed 1,100 MT of CFCs(about 40% CFC-11 and 60% CFC-12), whichamounted to about 22% of India's total CFCconsumption at that time. It was estimatedthat the demand for aerosol products wouldgrow at 20% annually until 2000, 18% annuallyuntil 2005 and 15% annually until 2010. Theseestimates were based on considerations such asemerging customer base for personal careproducts, entry of multinational corporationsin India leading to expansion of themanufacturing base in this sector, reduction intaxes on cosmetic aerosols, etc.

Technology: Hydrocarbon based aerosolpropellants were identified in most of theaerosol sub-sectors as the preferred substitutetechnology for phasing out CFCs, specifically,butane, destenched Liquefied Petroleum Gas(LPG), etc.

The MSMEs predominantly used locallydeveloped manual propellant filling machines,which were suitable for CFC propellants, butconsidered unsafe and unsuitable forhydrocarbon-based substitute propellants.Moreover, many of the MSMEs hadmanufacturing facilities in locations which couldbe considered unsafe for handling hydrocarbon-based propellants. Thus, safety measures forhandling hydrocarbons including safety trainingand audits were identified as important inputs,in addition to investments needed forconversions.

The consumption of CFCs in Aerosol Sector hasalready been completely phased out as early asDecember, 2003 except use of pharmaceuticalgrade CFCs in manufacturing of medicalaerosols, MDIs for Asthma and COPD patients.

National Strategy for Transition to non-CFCMDIs and Plan for Phase-out of CFCs inManufacturing of Pharmaceutical MDIs

The National Strategy for Transition to Non-CFCMDIs and Plan for Phase-out of CFCs inmanufacturing of Pharmaceutical MDIs was

approved by the Ex-Com of the MLF in its 56thmeeting held in November, 2008 with a totalfunding of US $10.2 million to phase-out 704.03ODP tonne of CFCs. This project articulatedIndia's national strategy for transition to non-CFC MDIs gradually without affecting the Asthmaand COPD patients and the elimination of CFCconsumption in manufacturing of MDIs in India.

The National Strategy for phase-out of CFCs inMDIs had been implemented successfully byUNDP as lead implementing agency inassociation with Government of Italy (bilateralagency) and UNEP, in close cooperation withthe MDI manufacturers under the guidance ofOzone Cell, MoEF&CC.

National Awareness Workshops were organizedfor the stakeholders, especially the MDImanufacturers and physicians treating theasthma and COPD patients. A workshop on"Phase-out of CFCs in MDIs Transition StrategyImplementation and Adoption of CFC freeAlternatives in India" was held on 5th October,2009 at the All India Institute of MedicalSciences (AIIMS), New Delhi in collaborationwith Ministry of Health and Family Welfare(MoHFW) and UNEP. Another NationalConsultative Workshop on Policy andRegulations was organized on 20th May, 2010at Central Drugs Standard Control Organization,MoHFW, New Delhi. A regional awarenessworkshop on phase-out of CFCs inmanufacturing of MDIs was organised on 1stOctober, 2010 at Pune. These workshops werewell attended by the stakeholders includingmedical representatives. The medicalrepresentatives are the key stakeholders tocreate awareness among the physicians acrossthe country. During the workshops the MDImanufacturers shared that a number of CFC freeMDIs have been developed and placed in themarket.

The pharmaceutical grade CFCs were neededduring transition phase in 2010 and beyond bythe MDI manufacturing industry. The samewere obtained through the Essential Use

25


Nomination (EUN) process of the MontrealProtocol for 2010. India submitted the EUN for2010 for 350.6 MT of pharmaceutical grade CFCsand the 21st MOP held in November, 2009approved 343.6 MT of CFCs for India for 2010.India had also submitted the EUN for the year2011 for 192.3 MT, but the same was withdrawnin consultation with MDI manufacturers as theprogress made by MDI manufacturers wascommendable and the MDI manufacturersdecided not to seek any CFCs for manufacturingof MDIs for 2011 and beyond. The MDImanufacturers have converted all the CFC basedMDI formulations to CFC-free and placed in themarket. Currently, all the formulations of MDIsavailable in the market are CFC-free since 2011.

The 22nd MOP held in November, 2010congratulated India for its outstandingachievement in early phase-out of the use ofpharmaceutical grade CFCs in manufacturing ofMDIs.

UNDP, as lead implementing agency, carriedout an independent verification through a MDIInternational Expert in November, 2012 for allthe 4 MDI manufacturing facilities to verify thephase-out of use of CFCs in manufacturing ofMDIs. The ver if ication conf irmed thatconversion from CFC based MDIs to CFC-freeMDIs has already been achieved in India.

A verification-cum-review of progress made byeach of the manufacturers was undertaken bythe MLF through an independent expert alongwith UNDP to ascertain the implementation ofCFC phase-out in the manufacturing of MDIs inFebruary, 2014. It was reported that CFCs havebeen phased-out in manufacturing of MDIs inthe country.

UNEP under the guidance of Ozone Cell,MoEF&CC organized two awareness workshops,one at Sri Ramaswamy Memorial (SRM)University, Chennai on 19th August, 2014 andanother at Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Instituteof Medical Sciences (SGPGI), Lucknow on 25thAugust, 2014 with the objective to create

awareness for sustaining the phase-out ofpharmaceutical grade CFCs in a critical medicaluse. Both these workshops were well attendedby the physicians and pharmaceuticalrepresentatives who are the key stakeholdersfor promoting CFC-free MDIs among the asthmaand COPD patients.

Recognizing the efforts and the pro-active roleplayed by the MDI manufacturers in the phaseout of CFCs in the manufacturing of MDIs, allthe 4 MDI manufacturers were presented aplague during the awareness workshop on 19thAugust 2014.

Accelerated Phase-out of HCFCs

The control schedule of the Montreal Protocolfor Article 5 Parties for phase-out of HCFCsprior to the 19th MOP was as follows:

Consumption

Base level: 2015

Freeze: January 1, 2016

100% reduction: January 1, 2040

Production

Base level: Average of production andconsumption in 2015

Freeze: January 1, 2016, at the base levelfor production

100% reduction: January 1, 2040.

The 19th MOP held in September, 2007 tooka decision to accelerate the phase-out ofproduction and consumption of HCFCs fordeveloped and developing countries. The newphase-out schedule for Article 5 Parties as perthe decision of the 19th MOP is as follows:

Base level: average of 2009 and 2010.

Freeze: January 1, 2013



67.5% reduction: January 1, 2025

26


100% reduction: January 1, 2030 with aservice tail of 2.5% annual average duringthe period 2030-2040.

The accelerated phase-out schedule of HCFCsfor Article 5 parties is also depicted below:-

sector which is still under consideration by theEx-Com of the MLF.

India's HPMP

The implementation of the accelerated phaseout schedule for HCFCs was a challenging task,especially the Stage-I targets, the 2013 freezeand 10% reduction in 2015, in emergingeconomies like India where there was growth inthe use of these chemicals. These chemicals arewidely used in various applications includingRAC manufacturing, foam manufacturing, RACservicing and other sectors. There was a lack ofavailability of technically proven, economicallyviable and environment friendly technologies.The annual consumption growth of thesechemicals has been in the range of 10% to15%. In actual sense, this amounted to phase-out of 30% to 40% by 2015, which was quitesignificant reduction in a very short time frame.This necessitated a long-term vision andplanning to successfully meet the obligationsof the accelerated phase-out schedule of HCFCs.

Considering the future activities relating tophase-out of HCFC production and consumptionin India to meet the compliance target as per theaccelerated phase-out schedule, the UNDP wasdesignated as the Lead Implementing Agencyfor HCFC phase-out in consumption sector andthe UNEP, UNIDO, The World Bank and bilateralagencies comprising of Government of Germanyand France etc., as cooperating implementingagencies.

HPMP Stage-I

The 56th meeting of the Ex-Com of the MLFheld in November 2008 approved thepreparation of HPMP Stage-I for India. Soonthereafter, detailed stakeholder consultativemeetings including sectoral working groupmeetings for the foam manufacturing, RACmanufacturing and RAC servicing sectors wereheld. Based on the outcome of these meetings,a "Roadmap for phase-out of HCFCs in India"describing the long-term vision and action planincluding the policy instruments for phasing

Allowing for servicing an annual average of 2.5% during theperiod 2030-2040

The implementation of the accelerated phaseout schedule for HCFCs was a challenging task,especially the Stage-I targets, the 2013 freezeand 10% reduction in 2015, in emergingeconomies like India where there was growthin the use of these chemicals. These chemicalsare widely used in various applications includingRAC manufacturing, foam manufacturing, RACservicing and other sectors. There was a lackof availability of technically proven,economically viable and environment friendlytechnologies. The annual consumption growthof these chemicals has been in the range of10% to 15%. In actual sense, this amountedto phase-out of 30% to 40% by 2015, whichwas quite significant reduction in a very shorttime frame. This necessitated a long termvision and planning to successfully meet theobligations of the accelerated phase- outschedule of HCFCs.

Based on the decision of the 19th MOP, theEx- Com of the MLF in its 54th meeting heldin April 2008 vide its decision 54/39 approvedthe guidelines for preparation of HPMP Stage-I in Article 5 Parties. The 60th Ex-Com heldin April 2010 finalized the guidelines forphase-out of HCFCs, except for the production

27


out of production and consumption of HCFCs inIndia was developed and launched in October2009.

The Indian Polyurethane Association (IPUA)which represents key manufacturers andsuppliers in polyurethane industry for furtheringthe interest of the polyurethane industry inIndia and the Refrigeration and Air-conditioningManufacturing Association (RAMA), whichrepresents key manufacturers and suppliers inRAC industry for furthering the interest of theRAC industry in India, were entrusted with theresponsibility of preparation of sectoralstrategies in the foam and RAC manufacturingsectors, in close cooperation with the UNDPand Ozone Cell, MoEF&CC. Both IPUA andRAMA conducted surveys involving marketresearch consulting agencies and collected data,based on questionnaire developed for thepurpose.

The sectoral strategies for phase out of HCFCsin foam and RAC manufacturing sectors weredeveloped after analysis of the data and takinginto account the phase-out targets to beachieved for HCFCs as per the accelerated phaseout schedule of the Montreal Protocol, thepolicy guidelines of the Ex-Com of the MLF andthe present and likely future industry structurein the respective sectors. India prioritizedphase-out of HCFC141b (having high OzoneDepleting Potential (ODP) in foammanufacturing sector in the large HCFCconsuming enterprises. The RAC Servicingstrategy was prepared by GIZ, Govt. of Germanyas implementing agency. All the sectoralstrategies were developed in close cooperationwith the Ozone Cell, MoEF&CC and theImplementing agencies.

The consumption phase out limits for India areas follows:

ROADMAP FOR PHASE-OUT OF HCFCs IN INDIA AT A GLANCE

28


HCFC Phase-out Limits for India

Montreal Protocol Maximum ConsumptionAllowable Consumption of LimitLevels of Annex C (ODP tons)Group 1 Substances

Baseline (2009-2010 average) 1608.20

2013- Freeze on baseline levels 1608.20

2015- 90% of the baseline 1447.38

2020- 65% of the baseline 1045.33

2025- 32.5% of the baseline 522.67

2030- 2.5% of the baseline 40.21

2040- No consumption 0

The HPMP Stage-I was finalized to addressphase out of HCFC 141 b in 15 large enterprisesin the domestic refrigeration, continuoussandwich panel and discontinuous sandwichpanel subsectors. Also, technical and financialassistance was secured for 15 systems housesfor developing HCFC free polyol formulations,which would assist the Micro Small and MediumEnterprises (MSMEs) to cost-effectively phase-out HCFCs as this was critical for phase-out ofHCFCs in the foam sector during HPMP Stage-II. In addition, in the RAC servicing sectoractivities comprising technicians training,institutional strengthening for effective use ofHCFC based equipment and awareness andenforcement training as part of the enablingcomponent, were also included.

The HPMP Stage-I was approved by the Ex-Comof the MLF in its 66th Meeting held in April,2012 to reduce 341.77 ODP tonne of HCFC fromthe starting point of 1691.25 ODP tonne witha total funding of US $ 23,011,537 includingimplementing agency support costs.

Since the approval of the HPMP Stage-I, severalactivities have been undertaken by the OzoneCell, MoEF&CC in close cooperation with theimplementing agencies and stakeholders. AStakeholders Workshop was organized inFebruary, 2013 during which the HPMP Stage-I was launched and implementation of activitieswas initiated towards achieving the compliancetargets for the HPMP Stage-I in accordancewith the agreement signed between the Ex-Comof the MLF and the Government of India.

Phase-out activities in the Foammanufacturing sector

Conversion projects from HCFC 141b to non-ODSblowing agents have been successfullyimplemented in 8 domestic refrigeration, 2continuous sandwich panel and 5 discontinuoussandwich panel sub-sectors. All the 15enterprises have stopped using HCFC-141b as ablowing agent in the foam manufacturing sectorfrom 1.1.2015. The phase-out as well as project

A two-day stakeholder workshop was organizedin October, 2011 for finalization of sectoralstrategies and overarching HPMP Stage-I. Basedon the inputs received during the workshopand keeping in view the phase out targets to beachieved as per the accelerated phase outschedule for HCFCs, the domestic andinternational requirements for acceleratedphase-out and the Ex-Com prioritization policyof substances to be phased-out based on OzoneDepleting Potential (ODP), availability ofalternative technologies and the capability ofthe industry to adapt to these alternativetechnologies, India prioritized phase out ofHCFC 141b in the foam manufacturing sector inlarge manufacturing enterprises, who couldeffectively handle cyclopentane as a blowingagent, the available low GWP alternative havingnegligible ODP.

2009-10

29


implementation has also been independentlymonitored and verified through a third-partyconsultant appointed by the UNDP.

Systems Houses assisted under the project havedeveloped formulations based on HCFC freealternatives that can be adopted by the userenterprises. The use of non-ODS pre-blendedpolyols is f inding acceptability and itspenetration is determined by commercialfactors. The System Houses have used Ecomate,Methylal and cyclopentane as blowing agentsfor developing pre-blended polyols.

Phase-out activities in the RAC servicingsector

GIZ Proklima and UNEP are cooperating agenciesfor implementation of activities under theservicing sector, which includes technicianstraining and awareness generation under theHPMP. GIZ Proklima has been entrusted withthe responsibility to coordinate with UNEP forthe enabling component.

Implementation of technicians trainingprograms

The training programs for the RAC techniciansin room air conditioners up to 2 ton wereconducted in the country, through two trainingmodules, one module was for installers and theother module for service technicians. Both thetraining modules included theory classes andpractical sessions. The trainings were conductedin urban and semi urban cities / towns in thecountry. The trainings were organized throughthe network of Training Partners and the teamof trainers in the country. The trainers weretrained through three Training of Trainersprograms by leading international faculty/consultants, wherein, 50 trainers were trained.Training materials comprising presentations,handbook, to be used as a reference material,posters and stickers were developed for thetechnicians and the trainers. The handbook wasprepared in English and Hindi. The performance

of the trainers and the quality of the trainingprograms were monitored by externalconsultants. About 10% of the trainingprograms were monitored. Each Training Partnerwas supported by set of equipment and toolsrequired for conducting the practical / handson training during the training programs. UnderHPMP I, a total of 11,276 technicians through408 training programs. Under the module forservicing - a total 9,240 technicians were trainedthrough 332 training programs and under themodule for installers - a total 2,036 technicianswere trained through 76 training programs.

Strengthening of training for institutionalusers

Institutional users like Defence sector andIndian Railways have a substantial inventory ofall their HCFC based equipment / appliances.Both defence sector and Indian Railwaysundertake phase-out measures as part of theirinstitutional policy. Training programs wereorganized for technicians of both these users.One training program for the Defence sectorand three training programs for the IndianRailways have been organized. The GovernmentIndustry Training Institutes (ITIs) trainsstudents in the trade of RAC. Their presentsyllabus is proposed to be adapted to ODS freeservicing and Good Service Practices for HCFCbased systems. Discussions with the DirectorateGeneral for Employment and Training (DGET)officers were held for syllabus updation.

30


Reclamation Centres

Promotion of recovery and reclamation in theprivate sector on a pilot basis was initiated.This would facilitate assessment of loop holesand support required by the reclamation centres.Two regional workshops were organized.Observations and findings from these meetingsand regional workshops were shared with theCore Group constituted for monitoring theimplementation of the Montreal Protocolactivities in the country.

Enabling Component (awareness andcommunication, enforcement training,capacity building and trade controls

The UNEP has been implementing activitiesunder the enabling component for the servicingsector, building sector inter ventions,enforcement training, trade controls, policyand regulation and awareness generation. Thefollowing are the main activities that have beenimplemented:

Creating awareness among the RAC sector stakeholders by organizing workshops for RAC spareparts dealers, refrigerant suppliers, Heating,Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC)contractors, RAC associations viz. RAMA, IndianSociety of Heating, Air-conditioning &Refrigeration Engineers (ISHARE), Academia,Customs, Environmental Non-GovernmentalOrganizations (NGOs), Government officers andofficials, service sector technicians, railways.The workshops covered topics relating to GoodServicing Practices, recovery, recycling andreclamation of refr igerants, alternativetechnologies and refrigerants, phase-out ofHCFC, impact of ODS on the environment. Theworkshops highlighted on the upcomingchallenges with respect to technology andemerging alternative refr igerants likeHydrocarbons and Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)and HFC blends, tools and equipment for goodservicing and their demand by servicetechnicians, strengthening adequate knowledge

on issues of flammability, toxicity coupled withimpact on best operating practices of alternativerefrigerants, preventing leakage of refrigerantsduring transfer from larger to smaller cylinders.

Refrigerant identifiers worth US$140,000 wereprocured and supplied to the Customs.Refrigeration and Air-conditioning ServiceSector Society (RASSS) was established andregistered as a society under the SocietiesRegistration Act (XXI of 1860) and as amendedby Punjab Amendment Act, 1957. PresentlyRASSS has about 1800 members in 6 chaptersacross the country.

Flyers, Posters and Stickers were designed,printed and distributed during the technicianstraining programs to get them acquainted withthe Good Servicing Practices, which have beenexplained through easy to understandcaricatures.

To disseminate information about the project,its activities and other relevant information awebsite has been developed (www.rasss.org).

Preparation of videos on Good ServicingPractices, newsletter to keep the techniciansand concerned stakeholders up to date onupcoming alternative refrigerants, developmentof amendments for non-HCFC building codesand template for amending curriculum ofarchitectural colleges to include ODS issueswere also undertaken.

The enforcement capacity building with respectto mainstreaming HCFC issues/subjects in thegeneral training curricula of National Academyof Customs Indirect Taxes and Narcotics (NACIN)was also undertaken.

Impacts of HPMP Stage-I

India successfully met the 2013 target of freezeof HCFC production and consumption and 10 %phase-out targets of HCFCs in 2015, as per theaccelerated phase out schedule of the MontrealProtocol.

31


Through the HPMP Stage-I, a total of 341.77ODP tonne of HCFCs have been phased out, ofwhich 310.53 OPD tonne is of HCFC 141b in thefoam manufacturing sector and 31.24 ODP tonneis for HCFC-22 in the RAC servicing sector, inaccordance with the agreement between theGovernment of India and the Ex-Com of theMLF. The net direct emission reductions arethus 3,071,260.5 CO

2 eq.tonne.

HPMP Stage-II

The Ex-Com of the MLF in its 72nd meeting heldin May, 2014 has approved US $ 490,000 for thepreparation of HPMP Stage-II for India withUNDP as the lead implementing agency inassociation with UNEP and GIZ, Government ofGermany as cooperating agencies. The HPMPStage-II would address phase-out of HCFCs invarious sub-sectors of foam manufacturing,RAC manufacturing and RAC servicing sector.The HPMP Stage-II would also include strategyfor awareness among the stakeholders andtraining of enforcement officers across thecountry.

The Ex-Com of the MLF during its 74th meetingheld in May, 2015 approved the policy guidelinesfor HPMP Stage-II in the consumption sector.

In order ensure proactive involvement andownership of HCFC phase-out by the industry,industry associations, namely, RAMA and IPUA,were involved in the HPMP Stage-II preparationprocess. Under the overall supervision andguidance of the, MoEF&CC, IPUA and RAMAwere responsible for providing sector inputs forachieving HPMP Stage-II targets. They also hadthe responsibility for carrying out survey of theFoam and RAC sectors respectively and forinformation out-reach at the sector-level. TheImplementing and bilateral agencies providedtechnical inputs, guidance for HPMP preparationprocess and inputs for HCFC phase-out.

To adequately inform the stakeholders of thechallenges and opportunities in complying with

the phase-out schedule for HCFCs, 3 workshopseach in foam and RAC sectors were held inDelhi, Mumbai and Chennai during October2015 by the IPUA and RAMA for their respectivesectors. The workshops were well-attended andserved as a platform for both informationoutreach and exchange with participants ondata collection process and the prevailingpolicy guidelines for HPMP. Inputs wereprovided by technical experts on industrytrends and status of alternatives for variousapplications.

Appropriate questionnaires and formats forreporting information and data were developedin cooperation with the implementing agencies.IPUA and RAMA were engaged for collectingdata at sectoral/sub-sectoral level and fordeveloping sector-level strategies andrecommendations, for achieving reductions inHCFC consumption. IPUA and RAMA engagedprofessional survey agencies for data collectionat enterprise-level.

The data analysis at the sector level includedclassification based on historical and presentHCFC consumption by sub-sector andapplication, eligible and ineligible enterprisesand their consumption, projected growth trendsuntil baseline and thereaf ter, requiredreductions in HCFC consumption for meetingthe phase out targets as per the acceleratedphase out schedule for HCFCs and availability ofdeployable alternative technologies for eachsector/subsector. At the national level, datareconciliation was carried out throughinteractions with DGFT and Directorate Generalof Commercial Intelligence and Statistics(DGCIS), Ministry of Commerce and Industryand a draft HPMP stage-II was developed. Astakeholder's workshop was held on 5th August2016 at New Delhi where in the draft HPMPStage-II was presented. Based on the inputsfrom the workshop, the HPMP Stage-II wasfinalised and submitted to the Ex-Com of theMLF.

32


Launch of the HCFC Phase-Out Management Plan Stage - IIin a function held on 6th March, 2017, at New Delhi, India

Approval of India's HPMP Stage II

India's HPMP Stage-II was considered andapproved at the 77th meeting of the ExecutiveCommittee (Ex-Com) meeting of the MLF forImplementation of the Montreal Protocol heldfrom 28th November to 2nd December, 2016 atMontreal, Canada.

Under HPMP Stage-II, India has secured 48.3million USD form the MLF includingimplementing agencies support costs for theimplementation of the Montreal Protocol forphasing out 8,190 MT of HCFC consumptionbetween 2017 to 2023, in order to meet thecompliance target under Montreal Protocol for2020. Around 400+ enterprises including 300+Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)in the foam manufacturing sector and 6 largeair conditioning manufacturing enterprises, whovolunteered to participate, would be supportedunder HPMP Stage-II for conversion from HCFCsto non-HCFCs technologies.

Launch of HPMP Stage-II

The HPMP-II was launched on 6th March, 2017at New Delhi by late Shri Anil Madhav Dave, thethen Hon'ble Minister of Environment, Forestand Climate Change in a stakeholder meetingwhere of f icers of the Ministr ies andOrganizations of the Central Government, StateGovernments, representatives from industries,stakeholders including NGOs and implementingagencies associated with the implementation

of the HPMP II viz. UNDP, GIZ and UNEP, werepresent.

Salient features of HPMP Stage-II

The HPMP Stage-II specifically focusses on theMSME sector in foam manufacturing. Adequateattention has also been given to synergize theRAC servicing sector training under HPMP Stage-II with the Skill India Mission of the Governmentof India, in order to multiply the impact ofskilling and training. It is estimated that nearly,16000 service technicians will be trained underHPMP-II.

The HPMP-II also provides for promotion ofenergy efficiency, development building codesintegrating HCFC phase out issues, cold chaindevelopment with non-HCFC alternatives anddevelopment of standards for new non-ODS andlow GWP alternatives, while transitioning awayfrom HCFCs. It is expected that there would bea net direct CO2-equivalent emission reductionsof about 8.5 million metric tonne annually from2023 onwards.

Under the Montreal Protocol, the acceleratedphase out of HCFCs is underway with a phaseout of HCFCs by 2030. HCFCs presently arebeing used in various sectors, inter aliaincluding Refrigeration and Air conditioningsector, foam manufacturing sector etc. Thesesectors, as such, are cross-cutting and aredirectly related to sectors such as urbandevelopment, agriculture through cold chainsector, and industrial development. India isundertaking phase-out of HCFCs through theimplementation of HPMP.

HCFC Reductions through HPMP Stage-II

The required level of reduction in HCFCsconsumption in the year 2020 as per the targetunder the Protocol and the allowableconsumption of HCFCs in different years in therange of 2017 - 2023, as per the approvedHPMP-II is given in Table 18.

33


Implementation of HPMP Stage-II

The Local Project Appraisal Committee, in itsmeeting held during September 2018 andChaired by Department of Economic Affairs,Ministry of Finance, gave in principle approvalfor HPMP Stage-II.

The UNDP appointed a third party for carryingout due diligence of the enterprises thatparticipated in the survey carried out by IPUAfor the foam manufacturing sector and the 6enterprises that volunteered to participate inthe HPMP Stage-II. Based on recommendationsof UNDP on the third-party verification reportsof enterprises, the Ozone Cell has initiatedsigning of Memorandum of Agreements (MOAs)with the enterprise in both foam manufacturingand air conditioning manufacturing sectors.

More than 400 enterprises, including 300+Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs)in the foam manufacturing sector and 6 largeair-conditioning manufacturing enterpriseswere surveyed for participation under HPMP-IIfor conversion from HCFCs to non-HCFCtechnologies. Eight Stakeholder consultativemeetings with foam manufacturing sector

enterprises were held on 1st November 2018,15th November 2018, 19th November 2018,20th November 2018, 13th December 2018,24th December 2018, 8th February 2019, and5th March 2019 with all the 400 plus enterprisessurveyed earlier for participation in HPMP StageII and to explain the documentationrequirements for the enterpr ises forparticipation in HPMP Stage-II.

Third party verification of these enterprises isbeing carried out with respect to their eligibilityfor participation in HPMP Stage-II. Further,additional enterprises in order to have maximumparticipation of foam manufacturing enterprisesin HPMP Stage-II efforts have been additionalenterprises based made to identify upon dataavailable from CFC phase-out programme,market information, additional applicationsreceived from enterprises. These enterpriseswere also subjected to third party verificationwith respect to their eligibility for participationin HPMP Stage-II.

Memorandum of Agreements have been enteredwith some enterprises after third partyverification and recommendation of UNDP inRefrigeration and Air Conditioning (RAC) and

Table 18: Reductions for Compliance with 2020 and approved targets as per HPMP Stage-II

S.No. Particulars 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

1 Montreal 1447.38 1447.38 1447.38 1447.38 1045.33 1045.33 1045.33 1045.33Protocol Reduction 90% of 90% of 90% of 90% of 65% of 65% of 65% of 65% ofSchedule (ODP baseline baseline baseline baseline baseline baseline baseline baselinetons)

2 Maximum 1447.38 1447.38 1433.63 1103.85 832.32 799.76 698.82 643.28allowable 90% of 90% of 89.15% of 68.64% of 51.75% of 49.73% of 43.45% of 40% ofconsumption baseline baseline baseline baseline baseline baseline baseline baselineas per HPMP-II(ODP tons)

l Reductions — — 13.75 329.78 271.53 32.50 100.94 55.54Required(ODP tons)

34


foam manufacturing sector for conversion fromHCFC to non-HCFC technologies.

Project implementation agreements have beensigned with the UN environment for the enablingactivities and with the GIZ, Proklima,Government of Germany for activities in theRAC Servicing Sector.

As part of the implementation of activities inthe servicing sector, two Training of Trainers(TOT) workshops have been organized inBengaluru and Jaipur during August 2018. Thetraining programmes for the RAC technicianswill commence from October 2018.

The request for second tranche of approximatelyUSD 18 million was submitted by UNDP onbehalf of India for the consideration of 82ndmeeting of the Executive Committee (Ex-Com)of the Multilateral Fund (MLF). Based upon thediscussions held in 82nd meeting of the Ex-Com in December, 2018 the second tranche ofUS $18,190,815 was approved under HPMPStage-II.

Impact of HPMP Stage-II

Ozone Layer Protection

Successful implementation of the HPMP Stage-II in India will result in a sustainable phase-outof 769.49 ODP tons of HCFCs.

emissions. The net contribution towardsreduction of direct CO

2 emissions due to

successful implementation of HPMP Stage-IIare 4,262,100 MT CO2 Eq. per year from2020 and 7, 697, 600 MT CO2 Eq. per year from2023.

Fiscal Measures

The Government of India has granted exemptionfrom payment of Customs and Excise duties oncapital goods required for ODS phase outprojects funded by the MLF since 1995. In1996, the Government of India further extendedthe benef it of Customs and Excise dutyexemptions for ODS phase-out projects whichwere not funded by the MLF. The benefit isavailable subject to the condition thatenterprise gives clear commitment for stopusing the ODSs in all future manufacturingoperations after the completion ofimplementation of project(s).

The benefit of duty exemption has beenextended for new capacity as well as expansionof capacity with non-ODS technologies since1997.

The Indian financial institutions have decidednot to finance/re-finance new ODS producing/consuming enterprises.

The Tariff Advisory Committee (TAC), a statutorybody under the Insurance Act, 1938 has decidedto grant suitable discounts on fire insurancepremiums if alternative fire extinguishingagents are used in place of halons in fireextinguishing systems.

Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation andControl) Rules, 2000

In accordance with the National Strategy forODS phase-out, the MoEF&CC, Government ofIndia, has notified Ozone Depleting Substances(Regulation & Control) Rules, 2000 in theGazette of India on 19th July, 2000, coveringvarious aspects viz. production, consumption,

Impact of HPMP Stage-I And HPMP Stage-II in Phase-out of HCFCs

Direct GHG emissions

Due to the relatively high GWP of HCFCs, theirphase-out will result in reduced direct GHG

35


export and import of ODSs. These rules havebeen subsequently amended from time to time.Most recent amendment being in 2014.

Important provisions of the Ozone DepletingSubstances (Regulation and Control) Rules,2000

These Rules prohibit the use of CFCs inmanufactur ing various products beyond1.1.2003 except in MDIs and for other medicalpurposes. Similarly, use of halons is prohibitedafter 1.1.2001 except for servicing. Other ODSssuch as CTC and methyl chloroform and CFC forMDIs were allowed to be used upto 1.1.2010.Further, the use of methyl bromide has beenallowed upto 1.1.2015. Since HCFCs are low-ODP substances and are also used as interimsubstitutes to replace CFCs, these are allowedto be used upto 1.1.2030 as per the MontrealProtocol accelerated phase-out schedule.

As per Rules, there is a need for compulsoryregistration of ODS producers, manufacturersof ODS based products, importers, exporters,stockists and sellers and the same provision isapplicable to manufacturers, importers andexporters of compressors and other productscontaining ODSs. They are also required tomaintain records and file periodic reports formonitoring production and consumption ofODSs. Enterprises which have received financialassistance from MLF for the implementation ofthe Montreal Protocol for switchover to non-ODS technology have to register the date ofcompletion of their project(s) and declare thatthe equipments used for ODS have beendestroyed. Creation of new capacity orexpansion of capacity of manufacturingfacilities of ODSs and ODS based equipmenthave been prohibited. Purchasers of ODSs formanufacturing products containing ODSs, arerequired to declare the purpose for which ODSsare purchased. All imports and exports of ODSsand products containing ODSs require a license.

The recommendation of the MoEF&CC is

essential before issuing any license for importand export of ODSs and products containingODSs by the Directorate General of ForeignTrade (DGFT), Ministry of Commerce andIndustry.

These rules also specify phase-out dates fordifferent ODSs in manufacturing of productsusing these ODSs. In addition, these Rules alsoban trade in ODSs with non-Parties.

Amendments

The Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation &Control) Rules, 2000 have been amended in2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007 and 2014.

The 2001 Amendment extended the last dateof registrations from one year to two yearsafter the commencement of the Rules. TheAmendment 2003 refers to a correction of atypographic error. The amendment 2004specified the date of registration for substanceslisted in Group IV of Schedule I (CTC) and forsubstances listed in Group VI of Schedule I(HCFCs) on or before 31st December, 2004 andon or before 19th July, 2007 respectively.Subsequently, the Rules were amended in 2005,the registration date for substances listed inGroup IV of Schedule I (CTC) was extended upto31st December, 2005. The Rules were furtheramended on 18th September, 2007. As per theamended rules, registration has been extendedfor substances listed under Group I, Group II,Group III and Group IV upto 31st December,2009, in case of substances in Group VI upto31st December, 2039 and in case of substancesin Group VIII upto 31st December, 2014 andthe existing registered enterprises need notapply for renewal.

The Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulationand Control) Rules, 2000 have been amendedto align with the accelerated phase-out ofHCFCs. A draft amendment of ODS AmendmentRules, 2014 was prepared by the Ozone Cell,MoEF&CC and circulated among the concerned

36


stakeholders, including industry associations,DGFT etc. Subsequently, a consultative meetingwas organized in October, 2012 where a largenumber of stakeholders participated in themeeting to further discuss the salient featuresof the amendment.

The draft amendment was updatedincorporating the inputs received from theparticipants during the meeting and writtencomments sent by the par ticipants. The draft amendment was submitted to the Ministry ofLaw and Justice for vetting after due approvalof the then Hon'ble Minister for Environment,Forest and Climate Change.

The draft of amendment of Ozone DepletingSubstances (Regulation and Control) Rules waspublished in the Gazette of India in May, 2013for inviting comments/suggestions from thepublic on the draft Rules. Subsequently, theOzone Depleting Substances (Regulation andControl) Amendment Rules, 2014 werepublished on 4th April, 2014 in the Gazette ofIndia. The salient features of the OzoneDepleting Substances (Regulation and Control)Amendment Rules, 2014 are:

The production and consumption of GroupVI substances (HCFCs) has been proposedto be controlled according to theaccelerated phase-out schedule of theMontreal Protocol.

Introduction of quota system by theGovernment for production andconsumption of Group VI substances(HCFCs) for non-feedstock applications andmonitoring and reporting system for allfeedstock applications including use ofCarbontetrachloride in order to complywith phase-out targets of the productionand consumption of Group VI substances(HCFCs).

Prohibition of issuance of license forimport and export for Group I, Group II,

Group III, Group IV and blends containingODSs including Group VI substances exceptrecovered, recycled and reclaimed ODSs orfor EUN, if any or ODSs for destruction orfor feedstock applications.

Prohibition of issuance of license forimport of pre-blended polyols containingGroup VI substances (HCFCs).

Ban on creating new capacities tomanufacture products made with orcontaining Group VI substances (HCFCs).

In order to control the inventory of HCFCbased refrigeration and air-conditioningequipments and reduce the consumptionof HCFCs in servicing of these equipmentsin future years, import of air-conditioningand refrigeration equipments and otherproducts using HCFCs from 1st July, 2015has been prohibited.

Exemption for production of Group VIsubstances (HCFCs) for the Protocolapproved feedstock uses in manufacturingof other chemicals, with negligibleemissions, if any.

Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol

HFCs do not deplete the Ozone layer. Howeverthey have high GWP. It is significant to notethat the negotiations for phasing down of HFCsunder the Montreal Protocol were initiated wayback in 2009, but these negotiations gatheredmomentum only after India submitted anamendment proposal for phase down of HFCsunder the Montreal Protocol in April, 2015. TheIndian Amendment proposal was crafted in away to balance the needs of our rapidly growingeconomy and achieve maximum climate benefit.There were 4 amendment proposals viz (i)North American Proposal (Canada, USA andMexico), Micronesia And Island StatesProposals, Indian Proposal and (iv) EuropeanUnion Proposal.

37


The issue of phase down of HFCs under theMontreal Protocol was also brought into focusthrough Joint Statement of Prime Minster ofIndia and President of United State of America(USA) in June, 2016, wherein, it was resolvedto work to adopt an HFC amendment in 2016with increased financial support from donorcountries to the MLF to help developingcountries with the implementation, and anambitious phase down schedule, under theMontreal Protocol pursuant to the DubaiPathway, agreed by the 27th Meeting of Partiesheld at Dubai, United Arab Emirates from 1stto 5th November, 2015.

The 27th MOP decided to work within theMontreal Protocol to the HFC amendment in2016 by first resolving challenges by generatingsolutions in the contact group on the feasibilityand ways of managing HFCs at the MontrealProtocol meetings and then address theamendment proposals. It was also decided bythe 27th MOP to hold a series of OpenEnded Working Group (OEWG) and othermeetings including an Extraordinary MOP in2016.

In the two OEWG meetings (37th OEWG andResumed 37th OEWG) the parties were able toaddress identified challenges for managingHFCs. During the 3rd Extraordinary MOP heldin Vienna, a new joint proposal was submittedby USA, European Union, Japan, New Zealand,Australia (JUSSCANZ) according to which thedeveloped countries had suggested one singlecommon baseline years for production andconsumption of HFCs for developing countriesi.e. 2017-2018-2019 and freeze year as 2021.However, various developing countries proposedas many as six different baselines range from2017 to 2030, and freeze year ranging from2021 to 2031.

India represents only around 2% of the globalproduction and consumption of HFCs but ourmanufacturing and consumption sector is

expected to grow at a rapid pace in future. Ourchallenge, therefore, was to secureinternational agreement on a regulatory regimethat served the global expectations and yetprotect our national interest.

India has been a strong advocate of theprinciple of Common but DifferentiatedResponsibility in the matter of global actionsto protect environment and also that nationalcircumstances need to be factored in forarriving at any durable agreement related toclimate.

At the commencement of negotiations in Kigali,India piloted realistic baseline of 2024-2026for developing countries and which protectsIndia's interests. As per the agreement reachedin Kigali, India will freeze its manufacturingand consumption of HFCs in 2028 and startreducing it from 2032 to 2047 with referenceto the baseline years 2024, 2025 and 2026.The Freeze year is subject to technology reviewand could be further deferred to 2030. Theagreement facilitates adequate carbon spacefor growth on domestic industry whileminimizing the cost to the economy during thetransition period.

India had consistently taken a position thatthe baseline and freeze years should be at sucha future date which allows for growth ofeconomy while minimizing cost to the economy.The Indian delegation also had steadfastlyraised the issues of Intellectual Property Rightsof non-HFC technologies, the high cost ofthese technologies and resultant cost toeconomy in transitioning away from HFCs.

The 28th MOP held in Kigali from 10-15 October,2016 adopted the amendment to the MontrealProtocol for phase down of HFCs.

In the Kigali Amendment, it has been agreedthat the developing countries will have two setof baselines - one for the early movers in which

38


case it will be 2020-2021-2022 and the otherfor those whose national circumstances weredifferent and the manufacturing of HFCs andconsumption in whose case was still rising inthe absence of clear alternative technologies.In case of such countries the agreed baselineyears are 2024, 2025 and 2026. An allowanceof HCFC component of 65% was also added inthe baseline of India in order to compensatefor the upward movement of baseline years inIndian amendment proposal, the HCFCcomponent was only 32.5%.

At the same time, it has also been agreed thatthe developed countries will reduce theirproduction and consumption of HFCs by 70%in 2029. India will complete its phase down in4 steps from 2032 onwards with cumulativereduction of 10% in 2032, 20% in 2037, 30%in 2042 and 85% in 2047.

The Montreal Protocol had no arrangement tilldate to incentivise improvement in energyefficiency in case of use of new refrigerantsand technology. On India's initiative, it wasagreed in Kigali that the MLF under the MontrealProtocol will pay for maintaining or increasingthe energy efficiency with new technology.Funding for R&D and servicing sector indeveloping countries has also been included inthe agreed solutions on finance.

The amendment to Montreal Protocol agreed inKigali has facilitated the creation of aninternational regime of regulatory actions andfinancial support for treating this set ofchemicals in the same manner and with thesame urgency as was accorded to other OzoneDepleting Substances in the past.

Details of the elements of the agreed HFCphase-down schedule are provided in tablebelow:

A5 parties A5 parties Non-A5(developing (developing partiescountries) - countries) - (developed

Group 1 Group 2 countries)

Baseline Average HFC Average HFC Average HFCformula consumption consumption consumption

for 2020- for 2024- for 2011-20132022+65% of 2026+65% + 15% of HCFChydrochloro- of HCFC baseline*fluorocarbon baseline

(HCFC) baseline

Freeze 2024 2028 -

1st step 2029 - 10% 2032 - 10% 2019 - 10%

2nd step 2035 - 30% 2037 - 20% 2024 - 40%

3rd step 2040 - 50% 2042 - 30% 2029 - 70%

4th step - - 2034 - 80%

Plateau 2045 - 80% 2047 - 85% 2036 - 85%

* For Belarus, Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan,Uzbekistan, 25% HCFC component of baseline and differentinitial two steps (1) 5% reduction in 2020 and (2) 35%reduction in 2025

Notes

1. Group 1: Article 5 parties not part of Group 2

2. Group 2: Bahrain, India, the Islamic Republic ofIran, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, SaudiArabia and the United Arab Emirates

3. Technology review in 2022 and every five years.

4. Technology review four to five years before 2028to consider the compliance deferral of two yearsfrom the freeze of 2028 of Article 5 Group 2 toaddress growth in relevant sectors above certainthreshold.

HFC Phase-down Schedule forDeveloped Countries

39


After the Kigali meeting a Note seeking ex-post facto approval of the Cabinet for thenegotiating position of India with respect tothe proposals for amendment to the MontrealProtocol of the Vienna Convention for Protectionof Ozone Layer was submitted on 7th November,2016.

The Cabinet considered the note and approvedthe proposals contained in of the Cabinet Noteas 30th November 2016.

The success of negotiations at Kigali is a resultof the spirit of collective action, accommodationand flexibility by all the parties to ensure thebest possible outcome which addresses theneeds of all countries and leads to maximumclimate benefits.

India has been able to secure an agreementthat provides adequate space for growth of oureconomy, while providing adequate time forindustry to shift to sustainable alternatives inthe interest of environment. The agreedarrangements will minimize the cost toconsumers in transitioning away from HFCs andprovide for domestic innovation to develop inthe sector of new generation refrigerants andrelated technologies.

Kigali Amendment and Energy Efficiency

The Montreal Protocol had no arrangement toincentivise improvement in energy efficiency incase of use of new refrigerants and technology.

On India's initiative, it was agreed in Kigalithat the MLF under the Montreal Protocol willpay for maintaining or increasing the energyefficiency with new technology. Funding forR&D and servicing sector in developingcountries has also been included in the agreedsolutions on finance.

Energy efficiency while transitioning from HFCshave been addressed specifically in DecisionXXVIII/2, of the 28th MOP, where the MOP hasspecifically asked Ex-Com to develop costguidelines on the subject.

During the 39th meeting of the OEWG held atBangkok from 11-14 July 2017, India, supportedby Bahrain, Kuwait, Lebanon and Saudi Arabia,introduced a Conference Room Paper (CRP)requesting the Technology and EconomicAssessment Panel (TEAP) to assess thetechnology and funding requirements of theparties operating under paragraph 1 of Article5 to maintain and/or enhance energy efficiencyin the Refrigeration, Air-Conditioning and HeatPump (RACHP) sectors while phasing downHFCs under the Kigali Amendment to theMontreal Protocol, as well as to developscenarios and to assess the elements ofincremental capital and operating costs formaintaining and/or enhancing energy efficiencyon transitioning to low-GWP alternatives fromhigh-GWP HFCs, drawing on internationalexperience. The CRP also proposed the OzoneSecretariat to organize a workshop on energyefficiency opportunities. During the 29th MOPheld from 20-24 November 2017 at Montreal,Canada, India, after sustained and intensivenegotiations, was able to pilot a decision onthe adoption of the CRP, which is embodied inDecision XXIX/10 of the MOP. The decision isa significant first step towards maintainingand/or enhancing energy efficiency of RACequipment with refrigerant transition underHFC phase down, which will enhance theoverall climate benefit.

The report of TEAP, presented to the 40th OEWG

HFC Phase-down Schedule forDeveloped Countries

40


held in Vienna from 11th to 14th July, 2018acknowledged that by the use of more energy-efficient equipment during phase down ofHFCs will lead to doubling the total reductionof GHGs emissions both from direct and indirectsources. This reemphasized the position ofIndia that dovetailing energy efficiency andrefrigerant transition under the MontrealProtocol will enhance overall climate benefit.The Scientific Assessment Panel (SAP) of theMontreal Protocol also stated "Improvementsin energy efficiency in RAC equipment duringthe transition to low-GWP alternativerefrigerants can potentially double the climatebenefits of the HFC phase down of the KigaliAmendment."

Based upon the inputs provided by the Indiandelegation, the updated final report of TEAPpresented in the 30th MOP held from 5th to9th November 2018 in Quito, Ecuadoracknowledged that by the use of more energy-efficient equipment during phase down ofHFCs will lead to doubling the total reductionof GHGs emissions both from direct and indirectsources. India further along with Africa andGCC countries piloted decision XXX/5, proposingaccess of Article 5 parties to energy-efficienttechnologies in the RACHP sector, in particular,domestic air-conditioning and commercialrefrigeration taking into account geographicalregions, including countries with high ambienttemperature (HAT) conditions.

The 83rd meeting of the Ex-Com held from 27-31 May 2019, deliberating on the issuerecognized that there is a need for the Ex-Comto be more indulgent on this topic and thatthere is a requirement for additional sourcesof funding for energy efficiency.

Decision XXIX/10, followed by XXX/5 aresignificant steps towards maintaining and/orenhancing energy efficiency of RAC equipmentwith refrigerant transition under HFC phasedown, which will enhance the overall climatebenefit.

NEW INITIATIVES

India Cooling Action Plan

Cooling is an essential part for economicgrowth and development. in Article 5 countries.The Refrigeration and Air-conditioning sectoris a major consumer of electricity. The directand indirect emissions of the RAC Sector relateto use of refrigerants and energy consumed bythe equipment. It is a widely known fact thatabout 90% of the total emissions fromrefrigeration and air conditioning equipment isbecause of energy consumption. The KigaliAmendment to the Montreal Protocol, for thefirst time, has recognized linkages betweenmaintaining and/or improving energy efficiencyof the RAC equipment with refrigerant transitionunder the Montreal Protocol.

Keeping in view that energy efficiency is amajor driver for technology choice under theKigali Amendment and considering the needfor an integrated view to be taken with respectto cooling for maximization of climate benefitsunder the Kigali amendment, the Governmentof India has initiated the development of IndiaCooling Action Plan (ICAP), which provides along-term perspective and guidance withrespect to cooling needs. The proposed planwould integrate issues of energy efficiency,refrigerant transitions, technology choices,reduction of cooling load, focus on servicingsector, and having an innovation ecosystem fordevelopment low GWP technologies.

In order to develop the ICAP, a Focused GroupDiscussion with industry and think tanks onthe way forward was held on 16th October2017, which was followed by stakeholderdiscussion on ICAP framework on 20th Dec.2017. A national level stakeholder consultationwas held on 17th January 2018 where morethan 80 experts from industry, academia, thinktank, and different ministries participated.

After these detailed stakeholder consultations,the Ministry constituted seven thematic working

41


groups on 6th February 2018 with detailedterms of reference to prepare thematicdocuments / reports on the following (i) spacecooling, (ii) cold chain, (iii) air conditioningand refrigeration technology, (iv) R&D andProduction Sector - Alternative Refrigerantsand technologies, (vi) Servicing Sector, (vii)Transport Air conditioning (car, bus, train andMetro air conditioning) and (viii) Cross cuttingpolicy regulation and other internationalConventions. The thematic groups met regularlyfor development of documentation along withan action Plan for Short, medium and long-term interventions, which would then beintegrated into the NCAP. Each of the thematicgroups comprise representatives fromgovernment Departments/ organizations,industry, R&D institutions, academia, individualexperts and think tanks.

The ICAP aims to provide a 20- year perspectiveplan (2018-2038) and policy recommendations,to address the cooling requirement acrosssectors while providing for ways and means toprovide thermal comfort and access tosustainable cooling to all, involving multi-stakeholders to synergize actions for addressingcooling demand across all areas: technology,manufacturing, energy efficiency and theenvironment, while reemphasizing theprinciples enshrined in the Country Programmeof India for phase out of ODSs, i.e. to haveminimum economic dislocation andobsolescence cost and maximize indigenousproduction to twin environment and economicgains.

Given the cross-cutting nature of coolingdemand, the ICAP implementation proposesactive collaboration among the relevantministries as well as the private sector entities.

Dr. Harsh Vardhan, the then Minister forEnvironment, Forest and Climate Changereleased the ICAP on 8 March 2019. India isthe first country in the world to develop aCooling Action Plan for the country. Theimplementation modalities for the

recommendations of the ICAP are being workedout.

Training and Certification of Refrigerationand Air-conditioning Service techniciansunder Skill India Mission

Air conditioning and refrigeration is animportant and critical sector both for socialand economic development in the country. Airconditioning is becoming a necessity for healthyworking and living environment, andrefrigeration is an essential component of thecold chain for the preservation and distributionof perishable food. Servicing sector is importantnot only because it consumes a large proportionof the total consumption of refrigerants likeHCFCs and HFCs but also it has been the majorsource of emissions of these chemicals to theenvironment in the country. The quality ofservicing would also maintain the energyefficiency of the serviced equipment resultingin saving in electricity consumption. The useof proper servicing practices would not onlyresult in savings in refrigerant and consumptionand emissions but also reduce electricityconsumption in the serviced equipment. Mostof the technicians engaged in this sector arefrom the unorganized sector without formaltechnical education and/or training and thesetechnicians have learnt by working in the fieldover several years.

It is estimated that there are more than200,000 RAC service technicians in the countrywith most of them being in the informal sector.The current penetration of ACs in the countryis around 4-6%. It is projected that therewould be a rapid increase in the AC penetration.This would also lead to increase in the numberof RAC technicians.

The Ozone Cell, MoEFCC had developed aproject jointly with the Electronic Sector SkillCouncil of India (ESSCI) for upskilling andcertifying 100,000 RAC service techniciansunder the Skill India Mission - Pradhan MantriKaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) of Ministry of

42


Skill development. Through this proposal notonly the livelihood opportunities of the RACservice technicians working in the informalsector would be enhanced though upskillingand certification, but most importantly thiswould have significant positive environmentalimpacts through reduction leakage ofrefrigerants and increase in the energyefficiency in the operation of RAC equipment.

The project was launched on 2 August 2018 inthe presence of Hon'ble Minister forEnvironment, Forest and Climate Change,Hon'ble Minister for Skill Development andEntrepreneurship (MSDE) and the Hon'bleMinister of State for Environment, Forest andClimate Change. A Memorandum ofUnderstanding between the MoEF&CC and MSDEfor implementing the project was signed by theJoint Secretaries of the two ministries duringthe launch function. Implementation of theproject has begun and Training of Trainersprogrammes are currently underimplementation.

Competency Enhancement of System Housesand Micro, Small and Medium enterprises(MSMEs) in foam manufacturing sector

A Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) has beensigned between the Central Institute of PlasticsEngineering & Technology, Department ofChemicals & Petrochemicals, Ministry ofChemicals & Fertilizers, Govt. of India and theProject Management Unit, Ozone Cell, Ministryof Environment Forest and Climate Change(MoEF&CC), Government of India to developCompetency Enhancement framework andfacilities for System Houses and foammanufacturing enterprises especially MSMEs.

CIPET is a premier institute in the country inthe area of plastic engineering and technologyand has emerged as a global institutionrenowned for its research & development in theniche areas of Polymer Science & Technologyand high-quality Education & Skill developmentin the field of plastics. Through the MoA, CIPETand Ozone Cell have agreed to undertakeCompetency Enhancement of System Housesand Micro, Small and Medium enterprises inthe foam manufacturing sector for ensuringsmooth and sustainable phase out of HCFC-141b.

A meeting was convened between Ozone Celland CIPET on Competency Enhancement ofSystem Houses and Micro, Small and Mediumenterprises in the foam manufacturing sectorfor ensuring smooth and sustainable phase outof HCFC-141b, on 3rd January, 2019 at IndiraParyavaran Bhawan, New Delhi.

A Technical Assistance facility is beingestablished at Laboratory for AdvancedResearch in Polymeric Materials (LARPM) CIPET,Bhubaneshwar for providing training andtesting facilities to System Houses and foammanufacturing enterprises covered under HPMPas part of MoA signed between CIPET, DCPC andOzone Cell MoEFCC. In this regard, a meetingand visit to LARPM, CIPET was made on 31stJanuary, 2019 at LARPM, CIPET, Bhubaneswar.

Signing of Memorandum of Understanding between Ministryof Environment, Forest and Climate Change and Ministry of

Skill Development and Entrepreneurship in the presenceof Hon'ble Ministers Dr. Harsh Vardhan and

Shri Dharmendra Pradhan

43


A Stakeholder Workshop on "AlternativeTechnologies to HCFC-141b in FoamManufacturing Sector" was organized on 8thFebruary, 2019 in association with CIPET,Department of Chemicals & Petrochemicals,Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers, Governmentof India. The main objective of the workshopwas to make aware the foam manufacturingenterprises about the HCFC free alternativetechnologies and the process of technologyconversion. The workshop included technicalpresentations from national & internationalexperts on alternative technologies availablewith special focus on Micro, Small and MediumEnterprises (MSMEs). As a follow up, 3 moreworkshops were organised for the foammanufacturing enterprises.

PARTICIPATION IN MONTREAL PROTOCOLMEETINGS

Meetings of the Executive Committee of theMultilateral Fund for the Implementation ofthe Montreal Protocol - Significant Outcomes

As per the Kigali Amendment to the MontrealProtocol, the Executive Committee of theMultilateral Fund for the Implementation ofthe Montreal Protocol is to develop costguidelines for phasing down ofHydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) in the production,consumption and servicing sectors in thedeveloping countries by 2018. These costguidelines shall operationalize the fundingsolutions agreed as part of theKigaliAmendment and shall determine thequantum of funding, which shall be madeavailable by the developed countries to theMultilateral Fund for supporting HFC phasedown activities in the developing countries.

The negotiations on the cost guidelines startedsince April 2017, India actively participated inthe deliberations on the cost guidelines andhas in the 82nd and 83rd meetings, able tosecure the incorporation of provision foradequate funding for energy efficiency and

servicing sector in the negotiating text of thecost guidelines. In addition, India was able tomake the ExCom agree for undertakingcomprehensive deliberations on phaseout ofHFCs in the production sector. The importanceof these negotiations is that these costguidelines when developed shall be used toprovide funding to projects from developingcountries including form India by MLF underHFC phase down. India also actively pursuedfor an assessment to be undertaken by the MLFSecretariat the issue relating to closure ofHCFC-22 Production swing plants and whiledoing so, there should be no disincentive forpro-active actions taken by any Party.

India piloted the adoption of Decision 82/83by the Executive Committee for MultilateralFund for the Implementation of the MontrealProtocol in December 2018 where inter alia ithad been decided to discuss theoperationalization development cost guidancewith respect to maintenance and / orenhancement of energy efficiency while phasingdown hydrofluorocarbons.

Meeting of the parties (MOP) to the MontrealProtocol - Significant Outcomes

The 30th Meeting of the Parties (MOP) to theMontreal Protocol was held from 5th to 9thNovember, 2018 in Quito, Ecuador.

The following are the major achievements:

India submitted a Conference Room Paper(CRP) along with other proponents on theprogress by the Executive Committee ofthe Multilateral Fund in the developmentof guidelines for financing the phase-down of hydrofluorocarbons. India pilotedthe Decision XXX/4 of the Meeting ofParties for the Executive Committee tokeep presenting the progress in thedevelopment of the guidelines to theParties annually and also obtain commentsand views of the parties before finalizationof the guidelines.

44


The Indian Delegation played an importantrole in finalization and approval of DataReporting formats to be used under theKigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocolfor production, export, import etc.

In the adjustment to the Montreal Protocolagreed by the Parties during the 30thMOP, India was able to secure the sameend uses of HCFCs for the developingcountries as were proposed for thedeveloped countries in the 2.5 % servicetail of HCFCs to come into effect in 2030for developing countries after technicalreview by Technology and EconomicAssessment Panel of the Montreal Protocol.

Meeting of the 41st Open-Ended WorkingGroup of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol

TOR for the study on the 2021-2023replenishment of the MLF for theImplementation of the Montreal Protocol

Parties to the Montreal Protocol created theMLF under Article 10 of the Montreal Protocol.Since its inception in 1990, the MLF hasoperated with three-year funding cycles. Toestimate the funds necessary to achievecompliance during the period 2021-2023 andthe indicative figures for the period 2024-2026, the TOR was discussed at the 41st OEWG.During the discussions in the contact groupinter alia the following were suggested:

(i) To allocate resources for maintaining and/or enhancing energy efficiency of low-GWP or zero-GWP technologies andequipment while phasing-down HFCs;

(ii) To allocate resources for the introductionof zero- or low-GWP alternatives to HFCsand maintaining energy efficiency in theservicing/end-users sector.

The TOR will be finalized during the 31st MOPscheduled to be held at Rome in November2019.

TOR, Composition and Balance as well asFields of Expertise Required of theAssessment Panels and their SubsidiaryBodies

Continuing discussions on the issue from theMOP 30, a CRP was submitted by Argentina,Bahrain, India, Kuwait, Nigeria, Oman, SaudiArabia and the United Arab Emirates, proposingto provide a summary of actions taken inadherence to decision XXIV/8, of the 24thMOP, with specific reference to the nominationand appointment of members and co-chairs ofthe TEAP and the appointment of members ofits TOCs and temporary subsidiary bodies, withfull consultation and agreement of the nationalfocal point of the relevant party. It was alsoproposed that termination of appointment andreplacement, including limitations andconstraints noted in adherence, if any, in theannual progress report, should be placed forthe consideration of the parties. It was furtherproposed to ensure clear and transparentprocedures for the selection of experts by,inter alia, preparing guidelines and objectivecriteria for the nomination of experts, aswell as providing a detailed matrix ofexpertise.

Awareness Generation

The National Ozone Unit (NOU) has undertakencomprehensive public awareness campaign toensure that the industries and public at largeare aware about the ill effects of ozonedepletion, and undertake necessary ODS phase-out activities and support the policies toprotect the ozone layer.

Ozone Cell has made available awarenessgeneration material to the public on its website.Instructional training videos for RAC servicetechnicians in 6 different languages viz.English, Hindi, Bengali, Kannada, Tamil andGujarati have also been made available.Separately, as part of awareness generationand information dissemination activates the

45


Ozone Cell has set up YouTube channel,Facebook and Twitter pages.

World Ozone Day

World Ozone Day is organized every year in thecountry on 16th September, since 1995.

The 24th World Ozone Day was organized on17th September, 2018 at New Delhi with thetheme: "Keep Cool and Carry on : The MontrealProtocol". A large number of stakeholders andschool children participated in the event.

A large number of stakeholders includingparticipants from multilateral and bilateralagencies including UNEP, United NationsDevelopment Programme (UNDP), DeutscheGesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit(GIZ), representatives of various governmentdepartments, industry and industryassociations and school children participatedin the event.

The following publications were launched bythe Hon'ble Minister on the occasion:

Draft India Cooling Action Plan (ICAP) -India is the first country in world todevelop such a document (ICAP), whichaddresses cooling requirement acrosssectors and lists out actions which canhelp reduce the cooling demand.

A refurbished website on the Ozone Cellof the Ministry.

Management Information System (MIS)for Ozone Cell was also launched by theHon'ble MEF&CC.

A Guide for Integration of Topics relatedto HCFC Phase Out and Energy Efficiencyin Architectural Curriculum.

A Technicians Handbook for Good ServicePractices and Installation of Room Air-conditioners with HCFC-22 and FlammableRefrigerants.

A Trainers Handbook for Good ServicePractices and Installation of Room Air-conditioners with HCFC-22 and FlammableRefrigerants.

On this occasion, the publication"Montreal Protocol: India's Success Story"was released by the Chief Guest anddistr ibuted to the participants. Inaddition, poster design, painting, sloganwriting competitions were organizedamong school children. Prizes for thewinning entries in each category of thecompetitions were awarded by the ChiefGuest.

Newsletter

Six issues of the newsletter for servicetechnicians in Refr igeration and Air-conditioning (RAC) - newsTRAC- have beenpublished and widely circulated.

Meetings

Meeting of the Local Project AppraisalCommittee, under the Chairmanship ofDepartment of Economic Affairs, Ministryof Finance, was during which the inprinciple approval for HPMP Stage-II wasaccorded.

Meeting of the Standing Committee onMonitor ing was held under theChairmanship of Additional Secretary,

Address of the then Hon'ble Minister during "24th WorldOzone Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer" function

held on 17th September, 2018 at New Delhi, India

46


MoEF&CC and Chairman, Central PollutionControl Board (CPCB), in which the Article-7 and Country Program Progress Report(CPPR) data were recommended forapproval.

Around 40 meetings of the ICAP ThematicGroups viz. Transport, Space Cooling &Cold Chain Sector and Servicing Sector,R&D were held.

Steering Committee meetings of the ICAPwere held on 24th January, 2019 and 26thFebruary, 2019.

Two meetings of the TFSC were held on16th November, 2018 and 21st June, 2019respectively.

Meetings of Production Quota were heldon 29th March, 2019 and 9th May, 2019.

Several consultative meetings wereorganized on a regular basis for interactionwith industry, Government departmentsetc., on issues relating to MontrealProtocol Implementation.

Review meetings with UNDP to discussprogress of MLF Projects implemented byUNDP were held from time to time.

Several meetings were held with theofficials of Electronics Skill Sector Councilof India on the Project for upskilling andcertifying 100,000 RAC service techniciansunder the Skill India Mission.

A meeting and visit to LARPM, CIPET wasmade on 31st January, 2019 at LARPM,CIPET, Bhubaneswar, as part of MoA signedbetween CIPET, DCPC and Ozone CellMoEFCC.

Workshops

Four Stakeholder Workshops on"Alternative Technologies to HCFC-141b inFoam Manufactur ing Sector" wasorganized on 8th February, 2019 at Delhi,

24th May, 2019 at Murthal, Sonipat, 21stJune, 2019 at Ahmedabad, 2nd August,2019 at Chennai in association with CIPET,Department of Chemicals &Petrochemicals, Ministry of Chemicals &Fertilizers, Government of India. The mainobjective of the workshops was to makeaware the foam manufacturing enterprisesabout the HCFC free alternativetechnologies and the process oftechnology conversion. The workshopsincluded technical presentations fromnational & international experts onalternative technologies available withspecial focus on MSMEs.

One workshop at Ahmedabad wasorganized by the RASSS wherein the newchapter was started.

Training, workshops were organized acrossthe country for RAC servicing techniciansby GIZ, Government of Germany as partof the activities in the RAC ServicingSector.

Stakeholder Consultation forStrengthening of RAC Certification Systemwas held on 27th August, 2019 at NewDelhi in association with GIZ Proklima.

Workshop on Facilitating theImplementation of the ICAP was held on28th August, 2019 at New Delhi inassociation with The Energy ResearchInstitute (TERI).

RASSS

The servicing sector comprises of servicingenterprises and service technicians which aremostly from unorganized and informal sectorand are spread all over the country.

UNEP Regional Office for Asia and the Pacificunder the guidance of the Ozone Cell, MoEF&CCencouraged the servicing sector to form RASSS.Presently RASSS has about 1800 members and6 chapters.

47


Website

The Ozone Cell first launched its websitewww.ozonecell.com in the year 1999. Aninteractive website of Ozone Cell has been re-developed and launched on the occasion of theWorld Ozone Day 2018.

MIS System for ODS phase-out activities

A comprehensive MIS system for all activitiesrelating to ODS phase-out including theregulatory framework under the ODS Rules,project implementation and monitoring hasbeen developed. The MIS system was launchedon the occasion of the World Ozone Day 2018.

Monitoring System in India

A detailed monitoring mechanism has beenestablished by the Ozone Cell, MoEF&CC toensure that the funding support provided fromthe MLF through implementing agencies isbeing fruitfully utilized by the enterprises. Thekey aspects relating to monitoring mechanismare as follows:

The MoEF&CC has constituted a StandingCommittee on Monitor ing under theChairmanship of Chairman, CPCB with Membersfrom concerned Departments, IndustryAssociations and the Ozone Cell, MoEF&CC. TheCommittee reviews the data collected andanalysed by the Ozone Cell, MoEF&CC from ODSproducers, DGFT, DGCIS, etc., on production,imports, exports and user industryin the country. The production, import andexport data is collated in the Article 7 formatof the Montreal Protocol for submission to theOzone Secretariat. The Standing Committee onMonitoring is an advisory body to the ESC. TheArticle 7 data thus vetted by the StandingCommittee on Monitoring is submitted to theESC for its approval and then it is submittedto the Ozone Secretariat.

The Ozone Cell has been convening regularmeetings with representatives of the WorldBank, UNDP, UNEP, UNIDO and Bilateral

Agencies with a view to note the progress ofimplementation and to sort out short termproblems, which might occur during theimplementation process. Further, Director,Ozone Cell, MoEF&CC is holding periodicmeetings with industries to monitor theirimplementation progress for ODS phase-out.

Awards and Recognitions

The Ozone Cell of India has been conferredwith several awards/appreciations/recognitionsfor successful implementation of the MontrealProtocol and its ODS phase out activities.

Other activities

Recommendations were issued toenterprises for import and export of ODSsand ODS based equipment for gettinglicense from the DGFT.

Data on production, consumption, exportand import of ODSs is being collectedfrom various sources, collated andsubmitted to the Secretariat for the ViennaConvention and the Montreal Protocol(The Ozone Secretariat) and the CPPR tothe Secretariat of the MLF for theimplementation of the Montreal Protocolby the end of September each year as perthe Article 7 of the Montreal Protocol.

Key to Success

India attributes its success in achieving rapidprogress of ODS phase out on the following:

Identifying the priority sub-sectors forearly phase-out.

Choosing wisely a project portfolio withthe right mix of investment and non-investment activities.

Involving key stakeholders early in thephase-out process at both planning andimplementation levels.

Sending clear messages from theGovernment to various stakeholders by

48


notifying appropriate regulations andpolicies.

Awareness raising activities for key targetgroups.

Increasing the capacity of the Ozone Cellby its active involvement in the RegionalNetwork of ODS officers and otherinternational fora.

To create awareness among thestakeholders producing and consumingHCFCs.

Monitoring of production and consumptionsectors for complete phase-out of ODS.

Mechanism for more involvement of Statelevel organizations in ODSs phase-outactivities.

49


3. INDIA'S ACHIEVEMENTS TO DATE OF THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL REGIME

Achievements

Contribution and achievements of India for theprotection of the stratospheric ozone andimplementation of the Montreal Protocol aremulti-fold. ODS producing and consumingindustry in the country were motivated bycreating extensive awareness about the illeffects of the ozone layer depletion in the earlystage of the Montreal Protocol. Simultaneously,activities related to the Montreal Protocol wereinitiated as early as in 1989 by establishing atask force for evaluating the use of ODSs andestimating sector wise consumption of ODSs.

India not only developed and put in placepolicies/regulations for phase-out of ODSs asper the Montreal Protocol Schedule within thecountry, but also played a visionary role sincethe inception of the Montreal Protocol includingin the key policy negotiations on behalf of thedeveloping nations.

India debated extensively to make industrializedcountries to realize their historic responsibilityfor production, consumption and emissions ofODSs, that has caused the stratospheric ozonehole. Subsequently, India played a vital role forsetting up the financial mechanism as early as1990 to provide technical and financialassistance to the developing countries. Today,the financial mechanism has proved to be thekey element in making the Montreal Protocol asuccessful Environmental Treaty.

India became a Party to the Vienna Conventionfor the Protection of the Ozone Layer on 18thMarch, 1991 and the Montreal Protocol onSubstances that Deplete the Ozone Layer on19th June, 1992. India, during the last 23years has made outstanding contributions forthe protection of ozone layer.

Comprehensive Ozone Depleting Substances

(Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 weredeveloped and put in place under theEnvironment (Protection) Act 1986, which wereutmost important for the successfulimplementation of ODS phase-out in a vastcountry like India. These rules set the deadlinesfor phasing-out of various ODSs. The uniquefeature of these Rules was banning the use ofCFCs and halons in manufacturing of newequipment as early as from 1st January, 2003.This has not only achieved the early phase-outof CFCs and halons in the country, but alsoreduced the inventory of ODS based equipmentwhich resulted in reduction of servicingrequirements.

Another significant achievement was phase-out of production and consumption of virginhalons as early as 2002, being high-ODPchemicals.

India had successfully organized the 18th MOPto the Montreal Protocol, 50th Meeting of theEx-Com of the MLF and 37th Meeting of theImplementation Committee during October-November 2006. The High Level Segment of theMOP was inaugurated by the then Hon'blePrime Minister of India and the preparatorysegment by the then Hon'ble Minister ofEnvironment, Forest and Climate Change. Alarge number of Ministers of various countriesheaded their delegations to the MOP. The OzoneSecretariat and the Parties to the MontrealProtocol appreciated the arrangements of themeeting and hospitality of the country.

India accelerated the phase-out of productionand consumption of CFCs with effect from 1stAugust, 2008, 17 months ahead of the MontrealProtocol schedule except use of pharmaceuticalgrade CFCs in manufacturing of MDIs for Asthma,COPD and other respiratory ailments within thecountry and other Article 5 Parties.

50


The Ozone Cell, MoEF&CC received "The MontrealProtocol Implementers Award, 2007" on theoccasion of 20th Anniversary of the MontrealProtocol, for its extraordinary contributions inthe effective implementation of the MontrealProtocol and the global effort to protect theozone layer. "The Stratospher ic OzoneProtection Award, 2008" was also conferred onDr. A. Duraisamy, Director, Ozone Cell inrecognition of his exceptional contribution toglobal environmental protection and forleadership in ozone layer protection by UnitedStates Environmental Protection Agency,Washington, DC.

The phase-out of ODSs in MSMEs, which werewidely scattered were handled using aninnovative approach, realizing that MSMEs arehaving relatively a large share in Indianeconomy. Several sector-wise umbrella projectswere formulated in a number of sectors viz.aerosol sector, foam manufactur ing,refrigeration manufacturing, to cater to theneeds of MSMEs. These enterprises wereprovided need based appropriate equipment forconverting their operations from ODS to non-ODS technologies. Safety issues in usingflammable propellants like Hydrocarbon AerosolPropellant (HAP) by small aerosol fillers wereaddressed adequately.

The phase-out of use of CFCs in RAC ServicingSector was an extremely challenging taskbecause it involved the informal sectorcomprising of a large number of very tinyenterprises. These enterprises were locatedthroughout the country, including in smalltowns and rural areas. NCCoPP and itsforerunning projects (ECOFRIG and HIDECOR)not only addressed this sector in a very effectivemanner by training more than 20,000 servicingtechnicians but also provided equipmentsupport to a large number of enterprises. Thiswas one of the significant achievementsaddressing the informal sector in the country.

Another challenging task was to phase-out the

production and consumption of CTC, especiallyin the consumption sector which involved alarge number of MSMEs and tiny enterprisesusing CTC as solvent. This sector was successfullyaddressed through an umbrella project andprovided technical assistance to replace CTCused in garment manufacturing as well asmetal cleaning.

India successfully phased-out the productionand consumption of CFCs, CTC and halons as of1st January, 2010.

Another critical challenge was to phase out theuse of pharmaceutical grade CFCs inmanufacturing of MDIs. The National Strategyfor Transition to Non-CFC MDIs and Plan forPhase-out of CFCs in the Manufacture ofPharmaceutical MDIs was implemented by UNDPas lead implementing agency, in associationwith UNEP and Government of Italy in closecooperation of MDI manufacturers under theguidance of Ozone Cell, MoEF&CC. The MDImanufacturers have done a commendable workand converted all the CFC based formulations ofMDIs to CFC-free and placed in the market asearly as in 2011 with the due approval ofCentral Drug Standard Control Organization,MoHFW. India sought pharmaceutical gradeCFCs through EUN only for 2010 and withdrewthe nominations for 2011 in consultation withMDI manufacturers. Accordingly, India informedthe 22nd MOP to the Montreal Protocol thatIndia would not seek any CFCs for manufacturingof MDIs through EUN for 2011 and beyond. The22nd MOP congratulated India for itsoutstanding contribution and achievement inthis area.

The implementation of National Strategy forTransition to non-CFC MDIs and Plan for Phase-out of CFCs in Manufacturing of PharmaceuticalMDIs has resulted successful phase-out ofpharmaceutical grade CFCs in manufacturing ofMDIs as of December, 2012, 11 months prior tothe schedule approved by the Ex-Com of theMLF. India was one of the first countries to

51


switch over from CFC to non-ODS in MDImanufacturing.

Recognizing the importance and challenges inimplementation of the accelerated phase-outof HCFCs as per the decision of the 19th MOPheld in September, 2007, India initiatedactivities as early as 2008 and developed andlaunched the Roadmap for Phase-out of HCFCsin India in October, 2009 describing the longterm vision and action plan. Since then, anumber of activities have been carried out,including awareness workshops, collection andcollation of data on consumption of HCFCs,preparation of sectoral strategies. UNDP onbehalf of India prepared the HPMP Stage-Itaking into account the sectoral strategies andavailability of low-GWP technologies. The HPMPStage-I was submitted to the MLF Secretariatfor the consideration and approval of the 66thEx-Com of the MLF for the Implementation ofthe Montreal Protocol with due approval of theMoEF&CC.

India's HPMP Stage-I was approved by Ex-Comin its 66th meeting held in April, 2012 for theperiod 2012-2015 to meet the 2013 and 2015phase-out targets of HCFCs.

India successfully met the 2013 target of freezeof HCFC production and consumption and 10 %phase-out targets of HCFCs in 2015, as per theaccelerated phase out schedule of the MontrealProtocol.

Through the HPMP Stage-I, a total of 341.77ODP tonne of HCFCs have been phased out, ofwhich 310.53 OPD tonne is of HCFC 141b in thefoam manufacturing sector and 31.24 ODP tonneis for HCFC-22 in the RAC servicing sector, inaccordance with the agreement between theGovernment of India and the Ex-Com of theMLF. The net direct emission reductions arethus 3,071,260.5 CO2 eq.tonne.

HPMP Stage II

The 72nd meeting of the Ex-Com held in May,

2014 has approved the preparation of HPMPStage-II for India with UNDP as the leadimplementing agency in association with UNEPand GIZ, Proklima, Government of Germany ascooperating agencies.

HPMP Stage-II of India has been prepared forassisting the country in achieving compliancewith the Montreal Protocol phase out target forconsumption of HCFCs inter alia with completephase-out of HCFC-141b, consumed exclusivelyin foam manufacturing sector. India's HPMP-IIalso includes activities that build on alreadyimplemented HPMP Stage-I activities.

The 77th meeting of the Ex-com held from 28thNovember to 2nd December, 2016 approved theHCFC Phase-out Management Plan (HPMP)Stage-II for India. Under HPMP II, India hassecured 48.3 million USD from the MultilateralFund including implementing agencies supportcost for phasing out 8,190 MT or 769.49 ODPtonne of HCFC consumption between 2017 to2023, in order to meet the compliance targetsunder Montreal Protocol for 2020.

India has voluntarily followed a low carbondevelopment path in HPMP Stage II, whilephasing out HCFCs by adopting non-ODS, lowGWP and energy-efficient technologies in itsHPMP, which is unlike growth paths taken bymany countries in the developed world. TheHPMP has been developed in a manner thatindustrial obsolescence and adverse economicimpacts to the industry are minimized and thecompliance targets of the Montreal Protocol areachieved.

India's HPMP has may unique initiatives both inthe choice of conversion technologies adoptedand in having a specific component on sectorbased policy development for phase out ofHCFCs. The cross sectoral nature of HCFC phase-out activities has been recognized. EnablingActivities for policy development in energyeff iciency, green procurement, standarddevelopment for new HCFC alternatives, cold

52


chain development, building sector will beundertaken.

Successful implementation of the HPMP Stage-II in India will result in a sustainable phase-outof 769.49 ODP tons of HCFCs. Due to therelatively high GWP of HCFCs, their phase-outwill result in reduced direct GHG emissions. Thenet contribution towards reduction of directCO2 emissions due to successful implementationof HPMP Stage-II are 4,262,100 MT CO2 Eq. peryear from 2020 and 7, 697, 600 MT CO2 Eq. peryear from 2023.

The HPMP II also provides for promotion ofenergy efficiency, development building codesintegrating HCFC phase out issues, cold chaindevelopment with non-HCFC alternatives anddevelopment of standards for new non-ODS andlow GWP alternatives, while transitioning awayfrom HCFCs. It is expected that there would bea net direct CO2-equivalent emission reductionsof about 8.5 million metric tonne annually from2023.

The Local Project Appraisal Committee, Chairedby Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry ofFinance gave in principle approval for HPMPStage-II.

Memorandum of Agreements have been enteredwith some enterprises after third partyverification and recommendation of UNDP inRefrigeration and Air Conditioning (RAC) andfoam manufacturing sector for conversion fromHCFC to non-HCFC technologies.

The First meeting of the Project SteeringCommittee (PSC) for implementation of theHPMP Stage-II and the InstitutionalStrengthening Project (ISP) was held on 22ndMarch 2019 at Indira Paryavaran Bhavan.

The Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulationand Control) Rules, 2000 have been amendedto align with the accelerated phase-out ofHCFCs. The Ozone Depleting Substances(Regulation and Control) Amendment Rules,

2014 were published on 4th April, 2014 in theGazette of India.

HFC - 23 incineration

India has taken a lead and issued an order forincinerating the HFC-23, a by-product of HCFC-22 refrigerant production, voluntarily by theproducers of HCFC - 22. HFC-23 gas, a potentgreenhouse gas, with GWP of 14800, is producedas a by-product of HCFC-22 manufacturing, andif vented out in environment, is a threat to theenvironment. India announced this stepvoluntarily without a commitment of financialsupport from the MLF, which shows thedetermination and commitment of the countryon climate issues.

India Cooling Action Plan

Recognizing the cross cutting use ofrefrigeration and air conditioning technologiesin various sectors and close linkage of energyefficiency with refrigerant transitions whilephasing down HFCs, it has been decided todevelop a India Cooling Action Plan. This planwould inter-alia integrate the phase out ofODSs/phase down of HFCs while maximizingenergy ef f iciency of air-conditioningequipment's.

The ICAP shall provide a perspective plan 20-year perspective plan (2018-2038) and policyrecommendations, to address the coolingrequirement across sectors while providing forways and means to provide thermal comfortand access to sustainable cooling to all,involving multi-stakeholders to synergizeactions for addressing cooling demand acrossall areas: technology, manufacturing, energyeff iciency and the environment, whilereemphasizing the principles enshrined in theCountry Programme of India for phase out ofODS i.e. to have minimum economic dislocationand obsolescence cost and maximize indigenousproduction to twin environment and economicgains.

53


Given the cross-cutting nature of coolingdemand, the ICAP implementation proposesactive collaboration among the relevantministries as well as the private sector entities.

India is the first country in world to develop aCooling Action Plan, which addresses coolingrequirement across sectors and lists out actionswhich can help reduce the cooling demand. On8th March, 2019, the then Minister ofEnvironment, Forest and Climate Change(MoEF&CC) released the India Cooling ActionPlan (ICAP). The ICAP aims to reduce bothdirect and indirect emissions. The thrust of theICAP is to look for synergies in actions forsecuring both environmental and socio-economic benefits. The overarching goal ofICAP is to provide sustainable cooling andthermal comfort for all while securingenvironmental and socio-economic benefits forthe society.

a thrust area of research under nationalS&T Programme,

(v) training and certification of 100,000servicing sector technicians by 2022-23,synergizing with Skill India Mission. Theseactions will have significant climatebenefits.

Launch of India Cooling Action Plan by the then Hon'bleMinister of Environment, Forest and Climate Change on

8th March, 2019 at New Delhi, India

The India Cooling Action seeks to

(i) reduce cooling demand across sectors by20% to 25% by 2037-38,

(ii) reduce refrigerant demand by 25% to 30%by 2037-38,

(iii) Reduce cooling energy requirements by25% to 40% by 2037-38,

(iv) recognize "cooling and related areas" as

The following benefits would accrue to thesociety over and above the environmentalbenefits:

(i) Thermal comfort for all - provision forcooling for EWS and LIG housing,

(ii) Sustainable cooling - low GHG emissionsrelated to cooling,

(iii) Doubling Farmers Income - better coldchain infrastructure - better value ofproduce to farmers, less wastage ofproduce,

(iv) Skilled workforce for better livelihoodsand environmental protection,

(v) Make in India - domestic manufacturing ofair-conditioning and related coolingequipment's,

54


(vi) Robust R&D on alternative coolingtechnologies - to provide push toinnovation in cooling sector.

Cooling is also linked to human health andproductivity. Linkages of cooling withSustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are wellacknowledged. The cross-sectoral nature ofcooling and its use in development of theeconomy makes provision for cooling animportant developmental necessity. Thedevelopment of ICAP has been a multi-stakeholder inclusive encompassing differentGovernment Ministr ies/Departments/Organizations, Industry and IndustryAssociations, Think tanks, Academic and R&Dinstitutions.

India Cooling Action Plan may accessed athttp://ozonecell.in/wpcontent/uploads/2019/03/INDIA-COOLING-ACTION-PLAN-e-circulation-version080319.pdf

Training and Certification of Refrigerationand Air-conditioning Service techniciansunder Skill India Mission

The Ozone Cell, MoEFCC had developed a projectjointly with the Electronic Sector Skill Councilof India (ESSCI) for upskilling and certifying100,000 RAC service technicians under the SkillIndia Mission - Pradhan Mantri Kaushal VikasYojana (PMKVY) of Ministry of Skill development.Through this proposal not only the livelihoodopportunities of the RAC service techniciansworking in the informal sector would beenhanced though upskilling and certificationbut most importantly this would have significantpositive environmental impacts throughreduction leakage of refrigerants and increasein the energy efficiency in the operation of RACequipment.

Upskilling air-conditioner service techniciansunder Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana

A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) wassigned between the Ministries of Environment,

Forest and Climate Change and SkillDevelopment and Entrepreneurship on 2ndAugust, 2018. The two Ministries have agreedto jointly undertake upskilling and certificationof 100,000 RAC service technicians on goodservicing practices and knowledge of alternativerefrigerants to ozone-depleting chemicals. Theproject will be funded under the Skill IndiaMission - Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana(PMKVY).

A mobile application developed by ElectronicSector Skill Council of India and Ozone Cell forthe trainees under the project for continuousinformation exchange with the servicetechnicians was also launched on the occassion.The mobile app will host training material andinstruction videos for the service technicians.In addition, instructional videos were alsolaunched on the occasion. The videos havebeen developed for the service technicians onvarious aspects of good servicing practicesprepared in four regional languages and Hindito have a wider accessibility. The videos havebeen jointly developed by the Ozone Cell andEnergy Efficiency Services Ltd in collaborationwith UNEP.

The skilling and certification of techniciansunder PMKVY will have twin benef its ofsignificant environmental benefits and apositive influence on the livelihoods oftechnicians.

The project will also include train-the-trainerprogrammes, updating of National OccupationalStandards, and certification. The project isbeing implemented by the Electronic SectorSkill Council of India (ESSCI) and the OzoneCell, MoEFCC and supported by industry andservice sector associations for creatingawareness and mobilisation of candidates.

Since India is party to the Montreal Protocol onSubstances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, thecountry is in the process of phasing out OzoneDepleting Substances (ODS) and in the future,

55


even non-ODS gases with high global warmingpotential will be phased down. The alternativerefrigerants have issues like flammability andtoxicity concerns. As a result, skill training fortechnicians is of paramount importance, notonly for improving employment opportunities,but also in educating them about safetyrequirement, energy efficiency and refrigerantleak minimisation.

Competency Enhancement of System Housesand Micro, Small and Medium enterprises(MSMEs) in foam manufacturing sector

A Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) has beensigned between the Central Institute of PlasticsEngineering & Technology, Department ofChemicals & Petrochemicals, Ministry ofChemicals & Fertilizers, Govt. of India and theProject Management Unit, Ozone Cell, Ministryof Environment Forest and Climate Change(MoEF&CC), Government of India to developCompetency Enhancement framework andfacilities for System Houses and foammanufacturing enterprises especially MSMEs.

CIPET is a premier institute in the country inthe area of plastic engineering and technologyand has emerged as a global institutionrenowned for its research & development in theniche areas of Polymer Science & Technologyand high-quality Education & Skill developmentin the field of plastics. With the MoA, CIPET andOzone Cell have agreed to undertakeCompetency Enhancement of System Housesand Micro, Small and Medium enterprises in thefoam manufacturing sector for ensuring smoothand sustainable phase out of HCFC-141b.

A Technical Assistance facility is beingestablished at Laboratory for Advanced Researchin Polymeric Mater ials (LARPM) CIPET,Bhubaneshwar for providing training and testingfacilities to System Houses and foammanufacturing enterprises covered under HPMPas part of MoA signed between CIPET, DCPC andOzone Cell MoEFCC. In this regard, a meeting

and visit to LARPM, CIPET was made on 31stJanuary, 2019 at LARPM, CIPET, Bhubaneswar.

Kigali Amendment

India provided strong political and policyleadership during the negotiations for the KigaliAmendment to the Montreal Protocol. The roleof India was crucial in the adoption of theKigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol.The success of negotiations at Kigali is a resultof the spirit of collective action, accommodationand flexibility by all the parties to ensure thebest possible outcome which addresses theneeds of all countries and leads to maximumclimate benefits.

India piloted the concept of two base lines forthe developing countries (group 1: 2020-2021-2022; China and others, and group 2: 2024-2025-2026; India and others) and adifferentiated phased down time schedule tofactor in the needs of developing countries.This was the first time in the Montreal Protocolthat the concept of two baseline has beenadopted both for developed and developingcountries.

The freeze for the production and consumptionof HFCs for India would be in 2028. The freezeyear can be deferred to 2030 subject totechnology review. In addition to productionand consumption of HFCs in the baseline year,65% of HCFC baseline has also been added toprovide for adequate carbon space for the

56


the sector of new generation refrigerants andrelated technologies.

Negotiations in Montreal Protocol Meetings

India actively participated in the deliberationson the cost guidelines and has in the 82nd and83rd meetings, able to secure the incorporationof provision for adequate funding for energyeff iciency and servicing sector in thenegotiating text of the Cost Guidelines.

On India's initiative, it was agreed in 2016 atKigali, Rwanda that the MLF shall develop acost guidance for maintaining or increasing theenergy efficiency in the RAC equipment whilemaking refrigerant transition while phasingdown HFCs under the Montreal Protocol.

India piloted Decision XXIX/10 in the 29th MOPon Issues related to energy efficiency whilephasing down HFCs Vide the Decision of theMOP the TEAP of the Montreal Protocol shallsubmit a focused report inter alia on technologyand capacity building requirements, Relatedcosts including capital and operating costs inrelation to maintaining and/or enhancingenergy efficiency in the refrigeration, air-conditioning and heat-pump sectors, includingin high-ambient-temperature conditions, whilephasing down HFCs under the Kigali Amendmentto the Montreal Protocol. This is an importantstep for moving towards integration of Energyefficiency issues under Montreal Protocol. Indiafurther along with Africa and GCC countriespiloted decision XXX/5, proposing access ofArticle 5 parties to energy-ef f icienttechnologies in the RACHP sector, in particular,domestic air-conditioning and commercialrefrigeration taking into account geographicalregions, including countr ies with HATconditions. Decision XXIX/10, followed by XXX/5 are significant steps towards maintainingand/or enhancing energy efficiency of RACequipment with refrigerant transition underHFC phase down, which will enhance the overallclimate benefit.

development of the country. India hasundertaken to complete its phase down in 4steps from 2032 onwards with cumulativereduction of 10% in 2032, 20% in 2037, 30% in2042 and 85% in 2047. This agreementfacilitates adequate carbon space for growth ondomestic industry while minimizing the cost tothe economy and consumers during thetransition period.

On India's initiative, energy efficiency wasincluded for the first time in the MontrealProtocol as an agreed finance solution whilephasing down HFCs. India provided strongpolitical and policy leadership during thenegotiations for the Kigali Amendment to theMontreal Protocol. Funding for R&D andservicing sector in developing countries hasalso been included in the agreed solutions onfinance.

Estimated Climate Impact of Kigali Amendment by 2100

India has been able to secure an agreementthat provides adequate space for growth of oureconomy, while providing adequate time forindustry to shift to sustainable alternatives inthe interest of environment. The agreedarrangements will minimize the cost toconsumers in transitioning away from HFCs andprovide for domestic innovation to develop in

57


India submitted a CRP along with otherproponents on the progress by the Ex-Com ofthe MLF in the development of guidelines forfinancing the phase-down of HFCs. India pilotedthe Decision XXX/4 of the MOP for the Ex-Comto keep presenting the progress in thedevelopment of the guidelines to the Partiesannually and also obtain comments and viewsof the parties before finalization of theguidelines.

India piloted the adoption of Decision 82/83 bythe Ex-Com of MLF for the Implementation ofthe Montreal Protocol in December 2018 whereinter alia it had been decided to discuss theoperationalization development cost guidancewith respect to maintenance and /orenhancement of energy efficiency while phasingdown HFCs.

The Indian Delegation played an important rolein finalization and approval of Data Reportingformats to be used under the Kigali Amendmentto the Montreal Protocol for production, export,import etc.

In the recent adjustment to the MontrealProtocol agreed by the Parties during the 30thMOP, India was able to secure the same end

uses of HCFCs for the developing countries aswere proposed for the developed countries inthe 2.5 % service tail of HCFCs to come intoeffect in 2030 for developing countries aftertechnical review by TEAP of the MontrealProtocol.

Awards & Appreciations received

The Ozone Cell of India has been conferred withseveral awards/appreciations/recognitions forsuccessful implementation of the MontrealProtocol and its ODS phase out activities.

On the 30th anniversary of the Montrealprotocol, the Ozone Secretariat in cooperationwith Government of Canada, hosted the Awarddistribution ceremony on 23rd November 2017.The Award were handed over by Ms CatherineMckenna, Minister of Environment, Governmentof Canada, at the glittering Award Ceremony.

Late Shri Anil Madhav Dave, the then Hon'bleMinister for State (independent charge)environment, forest and climate change,Government of India was given the OzoneAward under the Political Leadership categoryfor the Leadership provided by India during theKigali Amendment Negotiations.

58


4. HOW CAN YOU HELP TO PROTECT THE OZONE LAYER?

"Being Ozone friendly" means takingindividual action to reduce and eliminateimpacts on the stratospheric ozone layer causedby the products that you buy, the appliancesand equipment that your household or businessuses, or the manufacturing process used byyour company. Products made with, orcontaining ODSs such as CFCs, CTC, HCFCs,halons, methyl chloroform and methyl bromidecan contribute to ozone layer depletion.

Actions that an individual can take to protectthe ozone layer:

Be an Ozone-friendly consumer

Buy products (aerosol spray cans, refrigerators,air-conditioners, MDIs, fire extinguishers, etc.)that are labelled "ozone friendly" or "CFCfree". The product labels should indicate thatthey do not contain ODSs such as CFCs orhalons. Ask for more information from theseller to ensure that the product is ozonefriendly. Tell your neighbour that you are theproud owner of "ozone friendly" products.

Be an ozone-friendly homeowner

Dispose of old refrigerators and appliancesresponsibly. CFC and HCFC refrigerants shouldbe removed from an appliance before it isdiscarded. Portable halon fire extinguishersthat are no longer needed should be returnedto your fire protection authority for recycling.Consider purchasing new fire extinguishers thatdo not contain halon (e.g. dry powder) asrecommended by your fire protection authority.

Be an ozone-friendly farmer

If you use methyl bromide for soil fumigation,consider switching to effective and safealternatives that are currently being used inmany countries to replace this ozone damaging

pesticide. Consider options such as integratedpest management that do not rely on costlychemical inputs. If you don't currently usemethyl bromide, don't begin to use it now (youwill have to get rid of it in the future).

Be an ozone-friendly refrigeration servicingTechnician

Ensure that the refrigerant you recover from airconditioners, refrigerators or freezer duringservicing is not "vented" or released to theatmosphere. Regularly check and fix leaks beforethey become a problem. Start refrigerantrecovery and recycling programme in your area.

Be an ozone-friendly office worker

Help your company in identifying which of theexisting equipments (e.g. water coolers, air-conditioners, cleaning solvents, f ireextinguishers etc.) are based on ODSs. Developa plan replacing them with cost-effective non-ODS based equipments/eproducts. Become anenvironmental leader within your office.

Be an ozone-friendly company

Replace ODSs used in your premises and in yourmanufacturing processes. Contact your NOU tosee if you are eligible for financial and technicalassistance from the MLF. The productsmanufactured in your company are based onODSs, plan and implement conversion ofproduction line to non-ODSs technologies thatdo not destroy ozone layer.

Be an ozone-friendly teacher

Inform your students about the importance ofprotecting the environment and in particular,the ozone layer. Teach students about thedamaging impact of ODSs on ozone layer, healthand what steps are being taken internationallyand nationally to solve this problem. Encourage

59


your students to spread the message to theirfamilies.

Be an ozone-friendly community organizer

Inform your family, neighbours and friendsabout the need to protect the ozone layer andhelp them get involved. Work with NGOs to helpthe community. Start information campaignsand technical assistance projects to phase outODSs in your city, town or village.

Be an ozone-friendly citizen

Read and learn more about the effects of ozonedepletion on people, animals and theenvironment. Also learn about your nationalstrategy and policies to implement the MontrealProtocol and ODS phase-out program in yourcountry. Get in touch with your country's NOUand learn how you can get involved on anindividual level.

Website: www.ozonecell.com

60


5. OZONE IN OUR ATMOSPHERE

Twenty Questions and Answers about theOzone Layer

Q.1. : What is ozone and where is it in theatmosphere?

Ozone is a gas that is naturally presentin our atmosphere. Each ozone moleculecontains three atoms of oxygen and isdenoted chemically as O3. Ozone isfound primarily in two regions of theatmosphere. About 10% of atmosphericozone is in the troposphere, the regionclosest to Earth (from the surface toabout 10-16 kilometers (6-10 miles)).The remaining ozone (about 90%)resides in the stratosphere betweenthe top of the troposphere and about50 kilometers (31 miles) altitude. Thelarge amount of ozone in thestratosphere is often referred to as the"ozone layer."

Q.2. : How is ozone formed in theatmosphere?

Ozone is formed throughout theatmosphere in multistep chemicalprocesses that require sunlight. In thestratosphere, the process begins withan oxygen molecule (O2) being brokenapart by UV radiation from the Sun.In the lower atmosphere (troposphere),ozone is formed by a different set ofchemical reactions that involve naturallyoccurring gases and those frompollution sources.

Q.3. : Why do we care about atmosphericozone?

Ozone in the stratosphere absorbs a

large part of the Sun's biologicallyharmful UV radiation. Stratosphericozone is considered "good" ozonebecause of this beneficial role. Incontrast, ozone formed at Earth'ssurface in excess of natural amountsis considered "bad" ozone because itis harmful to humans, plants, andanimals. Natural ozone near the surfaceand in the lower atmosphere plays animportant beneficial role in chemicallyremoving pollutants from theatmosphere.

Q.4. : How is total ozone distributed overthe globe?

The distribution of total ozone over theEarth varies with location on timescalesthat range from daily to seasonal. Thevariations are caused by large-scalemovements of stratospheric air and thechemical production and destruction ofozone. Total ozone is generally lowestat the equator and highest in PolarRegions.

Q.5. : How is ozone measured in theatmosphere?

The amount of ozone in the atmosphereis measured by instruments on theground and carried aloft on balloons,aircraf t, and satellites. Someinstruments measure ozone locally bycontinuously drawing air samples intoa small detection chamber. Otherinstruments measure ozone remotelyover long distances by using ozone'sunique optical absorption or emissionproperties.

61


Q.6. : What are the principal steps instratospheric ozone depletion causedby human activities?

The initial step in the depletion ofstratospheric ozone by human activitiesis the emission, at Earth's surface, ofgases containing chlorine and bromine.Most of these gases accumulate in thelower atmosphere because they areunreactive and do not dissolve readilyin rain or snow. Natural air motionstransport these accumulated gases tothe stratosphere, where they areconverted to more reactive gases. Someof these gases then participate inreactions that destroy ozone. Finally,when air returns to the loweratmosphere, these reactive chlorine andbromine gases are removed from Earth'satmosphere by rain and snow.

Q.7. : What emissions from human activitieslead to ozone depletion?

Certain industr ial processes andconsumer products result in theemission of ODSs to the atmosphere.ODSs are manufactured halogen sourcegases that are controlled worldwide bythe Montreal Protocol. These gasesbring chlorine and bromine atoms tothe stratosphere, where they destroyozone in chemical reactions. Importantexamples are the CFCs, once used inalmost all refrigeration and airconditioning systems, and the halons,which were used in fire extinguishers.Current ODS abundances in theatmosphere are known directly from airsample measurements.

Q.8. : What are the reactive halogen gasesthat destroy stratospheric ozone?

Emissions from human activities and

natural processes represent a largesource of chlorine- and brominecontaining gases that enter thestratosphere. When exposed toultraviolet radiation from the Sun, thesehalogen source gases are converted tomore reactive gases containing chlorineand bromine. Some reactive gases actas chemical reservoirs that convert toform the most reactive gases, namelychlorine monoxide (ClO) and brominemonoxide (BrO). The most reactivegases participate in catalytic reactionsthat efficiently destroy ozone. Mostvolcanoes emit some reactive halogengases that readily dissolve in water andare usually washed out of theatmosphere before they can reach thestratosphere.

Q.9. : What are the chlorine and brominereactions that destroy stratosphericozone?

Reactive gases containing chlorine andbromine destroy stratospheric ozone in"catalytic" cycles made up of two ormore separate reactions. As a result,a single chlorine or bromine atom candestroy many thousands of ozonemolecules before it leaves thestratosphere. In this way, a smallamount of reactive chlorine or brominehas a large impact on the ozone layer.A special situation develops in PolarRegions in the late winter/early springseason where large enhancements inthe abundance of the most reactivegas, chlorine monoxide, leads to severeozone depletion.

Q.10. : Why has an "ozone hole" appearedover Antarctica when ODSs are presentthroughout the stratosphere?

ODSs are present throughout the

62


stratospheric ozone layer because theyare transported great distances byatmospheric air motions. The severedepletion of the Antarctic ozone layerknown as the "ozone hole" occursbecause of the special atmospheric andchemical conditions that exist thereand nowhere else on the globe. Thevery low winter temperatures in theAntarctic stratosphere cause polarstratospheric clouds (PSCs) to form.Special reactions that occur on PSCs,combined with the relative isolation ofpolar stratospheric air, allow chlorineand bromine reactions to produce theozone hole in Antarctic springtime.

Q.11. : How severe is the depletion of theAntarctic ozone layer?

Severe depletion of the Antarctic ozonelayer was first reported in the mid-1980s. Antarctic ozone depletion isseasonal, occurring primarily in latewinter and early spring (August-November). Peak depletion occurs inearly October when ozone is oftencompletely destroyed over a range ofaltitudes, thereby reducing total ozoneby as much as two-thirds at somelocations. This severe depletion createsthe "ozone hole" apparent in imagesof Antarctic total ozone made usingsatellite observations. In most yearsthe maximum area of the ozone holefar exceeds the size of the Antarcticcontinent.

Q.12. : Is there depletion of the Arctic ozonelayer?

Yes, significant depletion of the Arcticozone layer now occurs in most yearsin the late winter/early spring period(January-March). However, themaximum depletion is less severe than

that observed in the Antarctic and ismore variable from year to year. A largeand recurrent "ozone hole," as foundin the Antarctic stratosphere, does notoccur in the Arctic.

Q.13. : How large is the depletion of theglobal ozone layer?

Depletion of the global ozone layerbegan gradually in the 1980s andreached a maximum of about 5% in theearly 1990s. The depletion has lessenedsince then and now is about 3.5%averaged over the globe. The averagedepletion exceeds the natural year-toyear variations of global total ozone.The ozone loss is very small near theequator and increases with latitudetoward the poles. The larger polardepletion is attributed to the latewinter/early spring ozone destructionthat occurs there each year.

Q.14. : Do changes in the Sun and volcaniceruptions affect the ozone layer?

Yes, factors such as changes in solarradiation, as well as the formation ofstratospheric particles after volcaniceruptions, do influence the ozone layer.However, neither factor can explain theaverage decreases observed in globaltotal ozone over the last three decades.If large volcanic eruptions occur in thecoming decades, ozone depletion willincrease for several years afterwards.

Q.15. : Are there controls on the productionof ODSs?

Yes, the production and consumptionof ODSs are controlled under a 1987international agreement known as the"Montreal Protocol on Substances thatDeplete the Ozone Layer" and by its

63


subsequent Amendments andAdjustments. The Protocol, now ratifiedby all 197 United Nations members,establishes legally binding controls onnational production and consumptionof ODSs. Production and consumptionof all principal ODSs by developed anddeveloping nations will be almostcompletely phased out before themiddle of the 21st century.

Q.16. : Has the Montreal Protocol beensuccessful in reducing ODSs in theatmosphere?

Yes, as a result of the Montreal Protocol,the overall abundance of ODSs in theatmosphere has been decreasing forabout a decade. If the nations of theworld continue to comply with theprovisions of the Montreal Protocol,the decrease will continue throughoutthe 21st century. Those gases that arestill increasing in the atmosphere, suchas halon-1301 and HCFC-22, will beginto decrease in the coming decades ifcompliance with the Protocol continues.Only after midcentury will the effectiveabundance of ODSs fall to values thatwere present before the Antarctic ozonehole was observed in the early 1980s.

Q.17. : Does depletion of the ozone layerincrease ground-level UV radiation?

Yes, UV radiation at Earth's surfaceincreases as the amount of overheadtotal ozone decreases, because ozoneabsorbs UV radiation from the Sun.Measurements by ground-basedinstruments and estimates made usingsatellite data provide evidence thatsurface ultraviolet radiation hasincreased in large geographic regionsin response to ozone depletion.

Q.18. : Is depletion of the ozone layer theprincipal cause of climate change?

No, ozone depletion itself is not theprincipal cause of climate change.Changes in ozone and climate aredirectly linked because ozone absorbssolar radiation and is also a greenhousegas. Stratospheric ozone depletion andincreases in global tropospheric ozonethat have occurred in recent decadeshave opposing contributions to climatechange. The ozone-depletioncontribution, while leading to surfacecooling, is small compared with thecontribution from all other greenhousegas increases, which leads to surfacewarming. The total forcing from theseother greenhouse gases is the principalcause of observed and projected climatechange. Ozone depletion and climatechange are indirectly linked becauseboth ODSs and their substitutes aregreenhouse gases.

Q.19. : Have reductions of ODSs under theMontreal Protocol also protectedEarth's climate?

Yes. All ODSs are also greenhouse gasesthat contribute to climate forcing whenthey accumulate in the atmosphere.

Montreal Protocol controls have led toa substantial reduction in the emissionsof ODSs over the last two decades.These reductions have provided theadded benefit of reducing the humancontribution to climate change whileprotecting the ozone layer. WithoutMontreal Protocol controls, the climateforcing contribution from annual ODSemissions could now be 10-fold largerthan its present value, which would bea significant fraction of the climateforcing from current CO

2 emissions.

64


Q.20. : How is ozone expected to change inthe coming decades?

Substantial recovery of the ozone layerfrom the effects of ODSs is expectednear the middle of the 21st century,assuming global compliance with theMontreal Protocol. Recovery will occuras ODSs and reactive halogen gases inthe stratosphere decrease in the coming

decades. In addition to responding toODSs, future ozone amounts willincreasingly be influenced by expectedchanges in climate. The resultingchanges in stratospheric ozone willdepend strongly on the geographicregion. During the long recovery period,large volcanic eruptions couldtemporar ily reduce global ozoneamounts for several years.

65


HIGHLIGHTS SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT OF OZONEDEPLETION: 2018

Actions taken under the Montreal Protocol haveled to decreases in the atmospheric abundanceof controlled ozone-depleting substances(ODSs) and the start of the recovery ofstratospher ic ozone. The atmospher icabundances of both total tropospheric chlorineand total tropospheric bromine from long-livedODSs controlled under the Montreal Protocolhave continued to decline since the 2014Assessment. The weight of evidence suggeststhat the decline in ODSs made a substantialcontribution to the following observed ozonetrends: The Antarctic ozone hole is recovering,while continuing to occur every year. As a resultof the Montreal Protocol much more severeozone depletion in the polar regions has beenavoided. Outside the polar regions, upperstratospheric ozone has increased by 1-3% perdecade since 2000. No significant trend hasbeen detected in global (60°S-60°N) totalcolumn ozone over the 1997-2016 period withaverage values in the years since the lastAssessment remaining roughly 2% below the1964-1980 average. Ozone layer changes in thelatter half of this century will be complex, withprojected increases and decreases in differentregions. Northern Hemisphere mid-latitude totalcolumn ozone is expected to return to 1980abundances in the 2030s, and SouthernHemisphere mid-latitude ozone to return aroundmid-century. The Antarctic ozone hole isexpected to gradually close, with springtimetotal column ozone returning to 1980 values inthe 2060s.

The Kigali Amendment is projected to reducefuture global average warming in 2100 due tohydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) from a baseline of0.3-0.5 oC to less than 0.1 oC. The magnitude ofthe avoided temperature increase due to theprovisions of the Kigali Amendment (0.2 to 0.4

oC) is substantial in the context of the 2015Paris Agreement, which aims to keep globaltemperature rise this century to well below 2 oCabove pre-industrial levels.

There has been an unexpected increase inglobal total emissions of CFC-11. Global CFC-11emissions derived from measurements by twoindependent networks increased after 2012,thereby slowing the steady decrease inatmospher ic concentrations reported inprevious Assessments. The global concentrationdecline over 2014 to 2016 was only twothirdsas fast as it was from 2002 to 2012. While theemissions of CFC-11 from eastern Asia haveincreased since 2012, the contribution of thisregion to the global emission rise is not wellknown. The country or countries in whichemissions have increased have not beenidentified.

Sources of significant carbon tetrachlorideemissions, some previously unrecognised, havebeen quantif ied. These sources includeinadvertent by-product emissions from theproduction of chloromethanes andperchloroethylene, and fugitive emissions fromthe chlor-alkali process. The global budget ofcarbon tetrachloride is now much betterunderstood than was the case in previousAssessments, and the previously identified gapbetween observation-based and industry-basedemission estimates has been substantiallyreduced.

Continued success of the Montreal Protocol inprotecting stratospheric ozone depends oncontinued compliance with the Protocol. Optionsavailable to hasten the recovery of the ozonelayer are limited, mostly because actions thatcould help significantly have already been taken.

66


Remaining options such as complete eliminationof controlled and uncontrolled emissions ofsubstances such as carbon tetrachloride anddichloromethane; bank recapture anddestruction of CFCs, halons, and HCFCs; andelimination of HCFC and methyl bromideproduction would individually lead to small-to-modest ozone benefits. Future emissions ofcarbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxidewill be extremely important to the future of theozone layer through their effects on climate

and on atmospheric chemistry. Mitigation ofnitrous oxide emissions would also have asmall-to-modest ozone benefit.

Text Extracted from "World MeteorologicalOrganization (WMO), Executive Summary:Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2018,World Meteorological Organization, GlobalOzone Research and Monitoring Project - ReportNo. 58, 67 pp., Geneva, Switzerland, 2018."

67


KEY FINDINGS OF TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMICASSESSMENT PANEL (TEAP)-2018

The Montreal Protocol continues to be effectivebecause control measures have createdincentives for new technology, becauseenterprises and organizations have workeddiligently to implement new technology andbecause the Multilateral Fund (MLF) hasfinanced the agreed incremental costs of thetransition for Article 5 parties. As eachproduction and consumption phase-outmilestone have been achieved, theimplementation of new phases of technologyhave further ratcheted down the production,use, and emissions of ODSs most of which arealso potent greenhouse gases. Through theseefforts, the world has avoided the substantialeconomic, environmental and healthconsequences of increases in both ultravioletradiation and global warming.

Since the 2014 TEAP Assessment Report,important technical developments have takenplace as the parties to the Montreal Protocolcontinue working toward key ODS productionand consumption phase-out milestones. TheKigali Amendment, which was adopted in 2016and entered into force in 2019, creates newchallenges and additional milestones for partiesto achieve the phase-down of certainhydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). Regular assessmentsby TEAP highlight the challenges and providethe necessary information to transition toalternatives and technologies across the varioussectors of use. The sector and technology-specific challenges include phase out ofremaining uses of ODS in specific sectors, somespecific uncontrolled and growing ODS uses,and emerging options for the use of moreclimate friendly alternatives.

A key message of the Assessment Panels fromtheir 2014 assessment remains relevant today:

"The sustained success of the Protocol hinges oncontinued vigilance by the parties to fulfil theircommitments and prevent any future actionsthat threaten to nullify the ozone and climatebenefits achieved under the agreement. Successalso depends on continuing the lessons ofcollaboration, leadership, innovation, and sharedinvestment in our global environment that wasthe promise made to future generations underthe Protocol."

HFC phase down under the Kigali Amendment

The Kigali Amendment established a strong linkbetween ozone protection and climate and seta clear path in protecting our planet'senvironment through the control of HFCs. Themeasures taken to phase-down production andconsumption of HFCs is expected to avoid up to0.4 °C of warming by the end of the century.Improvements in the energy efficiency in therefrigeration and air conditioning sector inparallel with HFC phase-down could doublethat climate benefit.

The TEAP and TOC expertise is evolving to meetthe new challenges dictated by the KigaliAmendment. The planned HFC phase-downunder the Kigali Amendment, as well as nationaland regional regulations, are driving industrytowards lower-GWP HFC alternatives or not inkind, particularly in refr igeration, airconditioning, and foam applications. However,the range of new, lower GWP products createschallenges in finding the best solution for eachapplication, consider ing factors such asflammability, toxicity, availability and operatingconditions (e.g., high ambient temperatures,HAT).

Around 90% of the potential improvement inenergy efficiency of refrigeration and air

68


conditioning (RAC) equipment comes fromtechnological innovation of equipment, ratherthan the refrigerant itself. On the other hand,the overall drive to reduce energy demand willlead to increasing energy efficiency of RACequipment. These twin drivers create anenhanced synergy for HFC phase-down.

Significant technical progress

Progress continues in ever y consumer,commercial, industrial, agricultural, medical,and military sector, with ODS no longer used inmany applications worldwide. CFC-containingMDIs have been successfully phased outworldwide and replaced by a range of CFC-freeinhalers.

The phase-out of HCFC-22 in non-Article 5parties is essentially complete and is progressingin Article 5 parties. The phase-out of ozonedepleting refrigerants in new chillers is nearlycomplete. HCFC-22 in new, small chillers hasbeen phased out in non-Article 5 parties, butlimited production continues in Article 5 parties.

The year 2015 marked the final production andconsumption phase-out date for controlled usesof methyl bromide (MB) in Article 5 parties,and there only a small number of critical usesstill being sought by these parties in 2019.This milestone for A5 parties was reachedshowing steady progress under the Protocol,the successful conclusion of many investmentprojects, and clear demonstration of how farkey sectors, previously dependent on MB, hadcome in their transition to alternative optionsand technologies.

Continuing uses of ODS

Continued vigilance through atmosphericmonitoring and regular assessments of ODSconsumption and use and inventories (banks)is needed to monitor the progress andachievements under the Montreal Protocol.

Continuing use of already phased out ODS andrecent reporting of unexpected emissions of

CFC-11 reinforce this importance.CFC-11 remainsa major source of ozone-destroying chlorine tothe stratosphere. Its concentration in theatmosphere has been declining over severaldecades because of the Montreal Protocol, butrecent measurements indicate that this declinehas recently become slower than expected underthe Montreal Protocol.

CFC-11 was used primarily as a foam blowingagent, as a refrigerant, and in a range of othersmaller uses, including asthma medical inhalersand in tobacco expansion. However, alternativechemicals or products are available asreplacements for all applications, and havebeen from the mid-1980s onwards. Productionof CFC-11 in non-Article 5 parties was phasedout in 1996; production of CFC-11 in Article 5parties was phased out in 2010. Production ofCFC-11 to supply essential uses was less than400 tonnes each year after 2010 and ceasedaltogether after 2014. No feedstock uses ofCFC-11 have been reported from parties. Despitethese controls, an increase in global CFC-11emissions after 2012, at least part of which isstrongly suggested to originate from easternAsia, was derived from measurements by twoindependent networks. In response to DecisionXXX/3 (November 2018), SAP and TEAP havecoordinated efforts to provide additionalinformation regarding atmospheric monitoringand modelling, with respect to the unexpectedemissions, and on potential sources of emissionsof CFC-11 and related controlled substances,respectively.

Contrary to the general perception that thehalon sector issues are all resolved, in fact thedemand from on-going, enduring uses (e.g.,civil aviation, oil & gas facilities, nuclearfacilities, and military installed base/reserves,etc.), and the growing civil aviation demand ofhalon-1301 resulting from the lack ofreplacements for new designs for engine andcargo compartment applications, will likely soonexceed the supply from stockpiles. Emissionestimates derived from atmospheric abundances

69


suggest that there were more emissions thanpreviously estimated and therefore there issignif icantly less stockpiled halon?1301available to support ongoing needs. It waspreviously projected that available halon?1301supplies will run out by the years 2032 to 2054.However, there are regional imbalances, whichcould mean that for those without dedicated,long-term stockpiles, the run-out date willoccur much earlier. Therefore, TEAP anticipatesthat this will require action under the MontrealProtocol with the strong likelihood that essentialuse nominations for the production of newhalon-1301 will be submitted in the foreseeablefuture to supply these important fire-fightinguses, and especially for civil aviation.

Atmospheric concentrations of MB have stoppeddeclining, indicating possible continued use ofMB larger than is currently reported for QPS(exempted) uses. An estimated 40% of reportedQPS uses have immediately availablealternatives, but are not being adopted becauseQPS uses are exempted under the Protocol.Further, around 70% of current MB emissionsderived from reported QPS uses could beavoided, by using re-capture or destruction forQPS commodity uses and barrier films for theQPS pre-plant soil fumigation uses. The resultingreductions in atmospheric concentrations ofMB would provide near-term benefits for theozone layer.

Progress and challenges by sector

Foams

There have been significant improvements inthe development and availability of additives,co-blowing agents, equipment and formulationsenabling the successful commercialisation offoams and foam systems containing low GWPblowing agents.

Growth in the construction sector and the coldchain in Article 5 parties, coupled with theadoption of enhanced energy efficiency criteriafor buildings has led to a growth in demand forthermal insulation materials.

Total global production of polymeric foamscontinues to grow (3.9% per year) at a slightlylower rate than noted last year (4.0%), from anestimated 24 million tonnes in 2017 to 29million tonnes by 2023. Production of foamsused for insulation is expected to grow in linewith global construction and continueddevelopment of refrigerated food processing,transportation and storage (cold chain).

Based on average blowing agent percentages of5.5% w/w (weight by weight or mass fraction)for polyurethane and 6%1 w/w for XPS, thisleads to an estimated demand of greater than400,000 tonnes with a further 10,000 tonnesbeing consumed by other foam types. Further,it is estimated that blowing agent demandwould grow to above 500,000 tonnes by 2023based on the growth rates presented below.

Article 5 parties (A5 parties) face commonchallenges in phasing out production andconsumption of hydrochlorofluorocarbons(HCFCs) and phasing down high global warmingpotential (GWP) HFC blowing agents.

The conversion from HCFC-141b in insulationfoam applications has been largely successfulwithin larger and some medium enterpriseswhere the critical mass of the operation issufficient to justify investment in hydrocarbontechnologies.

Managing foams transition for the multitude ofSMEs in both Article 5 and non-Article 5 partiesremains a challenge. The low GWP alternativesare mostly flammable, and SMEs may find thenecessary fire precautions unaffordable. Unlessthere is industrial rationalisation, this leaveshigh GWP solutions as the only option, oftenwith considerable emissions.

The unexpected emissions of CFC-11 requiresrevisiting previous assessments of this transitionin the foams sector and the many factors thatmay influence selection of foam blowing agentincluding foam blowing agent cost, safety(flammability, toxicity), ease of use,

70


compatibility with equipment and other rawmaterials (etc.).

Halons

There is great concern regarding the generalperception that the halon sector issues are allresolved. Increasing demand for on-going andenduring uses (e.g., civil aviation, oil & gasfacilities, nuclear facilities, and militaryinstalled base/reserves, etc.) will soon exceedsupply from stockpiles. The stockpile of halon-1301 may be less than previously estimated,because atmospheric abundances suggesthigher emissions than previously estimated,and this will be exacerbated by regionalimbalances in stocks. Taken together thesefactors suggest that for users without access tosignificant stockpiles, halon-1301 supplies willrun out well before the previously estimated2032 to 2054 timeframe. The growing civilaviation demand for halon-1301 will requireaction under the Montreal Protocol, with likelysubmission of essential use nominations for theproduction of new halon-1301 in the foreseeablefuture.

Implementation of 2-BTP as a halon-1211replacement in hand-held portable extinguisherson board civil aviation aircraft is currently on-going. (This represents approximately 10% ofthe halon installed in aircraft.) In contrast, thefact that civil aviation has only implemented areplacement for halon-1301 in lavatory fireextinguishing systems, its smallest use by far, isa remarkably disappointing result, given thelevel of research and testing efforts performedby governments and fire protection companiesfor the past 25+ years.

Since the 2014 Assessment Report, little furtherprogress on additional low-GWP alternatives fortotal flooding systems (to replace halon-1301,HFC-227ea and/or HFC-125) has been reported.Although research to identify potential new fireprotection agents continues, it could be five toten years before a viable agent could havesignificant impact on the fire protection sector.

Methyl Bromide

MBTOC considers that technical alternativesexist for almost all remaining controlled uses ofmethyl bromide. Ninety-nine per cent of thereported controlled consumption has beenphased out, with only 141 t being presentlyapproved for critical use exemptions. Concernexists that a much greater amount of MB usedfor controlled purposes is presently unreported.

In recent years some countries have reportedsteep increases in QPS consumption, whilstothers have significantly declined. Owing tothis, there has been no overall sustainedreduction in QPS use over the last twenty years.MBTOC estimates that alternatives to MB areimmediately available for about 40% of QPSuses, particularly pre-shipment.

Methyl bromide used for QPS purposes is almostentirely emitted to the atmosphere. Control ofthese emissions by use of barrier films (for anyremaining pre-plant soil fumigation) orrecapture and destruction technologies wouldeliminate more than 70% of these emissions,providing a significant near-term gain to thereduction of ODS substances in the stratosphere.

Medical and Chemical

CFC-containing metered dose inhalers (MDIs)have been successfully phased out worldwide. Arange of alternative treatment methods isavailable. The choice of the most suitabletreatment method is a complex decision andmay be enhanced with an increase in publiclyavailable information about the environmentalimpact, including carbon footprint, of differentinhaler products.

Based on a recent study, an increase in CFC-11emissions of 13,000 ± 5,000 tonnes per year issuggested for the period 2013 to 2016. Theincrease in emissions of CFC-11 appearsunrelated to past production. Losses of 13,000tonnes per year of CFC-11 are not economicalfrom a chemical production process. At theupper end of possible emission levels (5 per

71


cent losses) for an economically run process,this would equate to production of 260,000tonnes CFC-11 per year. The fate of any CFC-12produced as a by-product of CFC- 11 productionis not yet clear.

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

The phase-out of HCFC-22 in non-Article 5parties is essentially complete and is progressingin Article 5 parties.

There is no single "ideal" refr igerant.Refrigerant selection results from balancingseveral factors which include: suitability for thetargeted use, availability and cost of therefrigerant, the availability and cost of the RACequipment, the cost and effectiveness ofservicing, energy efficiency, safety, ease ofuse, and environmental issues. Since thepublication of the RTOC 2014 AssessmentReport, 35 new refrigerants have received astandard designation and safety classificationof which five are single-compound refrigerants,and 30 are blends.

The HFC phase-down under the KigaliAmendment, as well as regional and nationalregulations, are driving the industry towardsthe use of low GWP refrigerants. Alternatives tohigh GWP refrigerants exist and new lower GWPrefrigerants have been proposed. Finding thebest refrigerant for each application is acontinuing challenge. Refrigerants with lowdirect impact on climate change are oftenflammable and may have higher toxicity. Inorder to maintain the current safety levels newtechnologies are being developed and anincreased level of training will be needed.

In domestic refr igeration, HC-600a(predominantly) or HFC-134a continue to bethe refrigerant options for new production andcurrently, more than 1 billion domesticrefrigerators use HC-600a. In commercialrefrigeration, lower GWP HFC/HFO blends andnon-halocarbon options like R-744, HC-290,HC-600a and R-717 are growing in use,

especially as research and developmentimproves system performance; this trend willfurther increase with new safety standards andcodes which will come into effect in the nextfew years. In larger industrial refrigerationplants, while R-717 has been extensively used,current technological advances include the useof low charge R-717 systems, as well as cascadesystems using R-717 together with R-744. Intransport refrigeration, some regions haveexperienced a significant migration from R-404A to lower GWP alternatives. R-404A hasbeen completely replaced by R-452A in newtruck and trailer equipment in Europe. R-744and R-513A have been introduced in intermodalcontainer applications. R-744 is being fieldtested on trucks and trailers.

In air-to-air air conditioners and heat pumps,there is an almost continuous introduction ofnew refrigerants for use, but few match orexceed the performance of HCFC-22 regardlessof the GWP. Nevertheless, market transformationfor lower GWP refrigerants as replacement to R-22 has occurred; currently millions of R-32 ACare commercially available, especially in Asia.Despite the reported low risk for certainapplications, safety standards remain restrictiveto several low GWP flammable refrigerants incertain product types, but are under revisionfor all refrigerants. Water and space heatingheat pumps are a dynamic market with a numberof lower GWP options.

The phase-out of ozone depleting refrigerantsin new chillers is nearly complete. HCFC-22 innew, small chillers has been phased out in non-Article 5 parties, but limited productioncontinues in Article 5 parties.

Due to the enforcement of regulations, HFO-1234yf is rapidly increasing its market share inUS and Europe in new AC equipped passengercars, while HFC-134a remains widely used inother regions. Although the transition awayfrom CFC-12 has been successful, there are stillsome luxury or special types of vehicles (built

72


before year 2002) in operation in A5 countrieswith MACs operated on CFC-12. The CFC-12quantities used are minimal and are resultingfrom the recycling of CFC-12 contained in oldproducts.

Comprehensive sustainable selection criteriafor refrigerants have been introduced andinclude: energy efficiency, impact on climateand hydrosphere, usage of renewable energy,and other options to reduce GHG emissions andconsumption of natural resources, adaptabilityfor thermal energy storage, costs, technologicaldevelopment level, safety, flammability andliability.

Not-In-Kind (NIK) technologies do not primarilyuse mechanical vapour compression (MVC)technology to produce air conditioning orrefrigeration. NIK technologies are expected to

provide savings in operating costs. Their uniqueability to use waste and renewable energysources makes their application potentiallyhighly energy efficient.

Research done at HAT conditions has identifiedviable low-GWP refrigerant alternatives. Thereis more awareness of the challenges faced atHAT conditions in the design, servicing ofequipment using low-GWP refrigerants that arecapable of delivering a high level of energyefficiency.

Text Extracted from TEAP. 2019. Technology andEconomic Assessment Panel. 2018 AssessmentReport. Nairobi: Technology and EconomicAssessment Panel, United Nations EnvironmentProgramme (UNEP) 100 pp. https://ozone.unep.org/science/assessment/teap

73


HIGHLIGHTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ASSESSMENTPANEL ASSESSMENT REPORT, 2018

Stratospheric ozone, climate change, and UVradiation at the Earth's surface

Depletion of stratospheric ozone leads toincreased UV-B radiation at the Earth'ssurface However, because of the successof the Montreal Protocol, present-dayincreases in UV-B radiation due tostratospheric ozone depletion have beennegligible in the tropics, small (5-10%) atmid-latitudes (30-60°), and large only inpolar regions. With the predicted recoveryof stratospheric ozone over the nextseveral decades, the clear-sky noontimeUV Index is expected to decrease at alllatitudes outside the tropics, with thegreatest decreases over Antarctica and.New projections of the UV Index for theend of the 21st century relative to thecurrent decade suggest a decrease by 35%over Antarctica, and up to 6% over mid-latitudes. These future projections are,however, uncertain because stratosphericozone levels will be controlled not only bydecreasing ozone depleting substances,but also by climate change due to increasesin greenhouse gases for the rest of the21st century.

Future changes in surface solar UVradiation of all wavelengths will dependon changes in clouds, aerosols, and surfacereflectivity (e.g., from snow and ice cover). Climate change is altering cloud cover,with some regions becoming cloudier andothers less cloudy. Increased cloud covergenerally tends to reduce UV radiation atthe Earth's surface, but effects vary, forexample, with the type of clouds. Aerosols(solid and liquid particles suspended inthe atmosphere reduce and scatter UV

radiation. The type and amounts ofaerosols in the atmosphere are affected bythe emissions of air pollutants, volcanicactivity, as well as the frequency andextent of wildfires and dust storms, andmany other factors that are being affectedby climate change. In heavily pollutedareas (e.g., in southern and eastern Asia),expected improvements in air quality arepredicted to result in levels of UV radiationincreasing towards pre-industrial levels(i.e., before the occurrence of extensiveaerosol pollution), with the extent ofchanges contingent on curtailing theemissions of air pollutants.

High surface reflectance from snow or icecover can enhance incident surface UVradiation because some of the reflectedUV radiation is scattered back to thesurface by air molecules, aerosols, andclouds in the atmosphere. However, climatechange-driven reductions in ice or snowcover in polar regions and mountainsreduce the reflection of UV radiation fromthe Earth's surface and thus may reduceabove-ground UV radiation in theseregions.

Exposure to UV radiation and effects ofclimate change on exposure

The effect of UV radiation on organisms(including humans), natural organicmatter, contaminants and mater ialsdepends on their exposure to the radiation.This is determined by several factorsbesides stratospheric ozone depletion,including the effects of global climatechange. Unlike stratospher ic ozonedepletion, these climate change-driven

74


effects modify exposure not just to UV-Bradiation but also to solar radiation in theultraviolet-A (UV-A; 315-400 nm) andvisible (400-700 nm) parts of the solarspectrum. These changes are important asmany of the environmental and healtheffects caused by exposure to UV-Bradiation are also influenced, to varyingdegrees, by UV-A and visible radiation.

For human health, behaviour is animportant regulator of exposure to UVradiation. The exposure of individuals toUV radiation varies from one-tenth to tentimes the average for the population,depending on the time people spendindoors vs outdoors and under shadestructures. The exposure of the skin oreyes further depends on the use of sunprotection such as clothing or sunglasses.Warming temperatures and changingprecipitation as a result of climate changewill alter human behaviours in relation tosun exposure, but the direction andmagnitude of effect is likely to be highlyvariable across the globe. The dose of UVradiation to biological structures in theskin is mediated by skin pigmentation,with darker skin providing significantprotection against skin cancers. If humansare displaced, for example, due to climate-change induced sea-level rise, (e.g.,darker-skinned people moving from low tohigher latitudes) they will encounterconditions of UV radiation that may bedifferent to those to which they areaccustomed.

Vegetation cover modifies the amount ofsunlight reaching many terrestr ialorganisms e.g., and shading influencesthe exposure of construction materials toUV radiation. Modifications of that cover,for example, as a result of drought, fire,and pest-induced die-back of forestcanopies induced by climate change willhave profound effects on the exposure of

terrestrial organisms to UV radiation.e.g.,In addition, shifts in the seasonal timingof critical life cycle events such as plantflowering, spring bud-burst in trees, andanimal emergence and breeding willchange exposure to UV radiation as UVradiation naturally varies with season.

As plants and animals move poleward,into higher elevations, or deeper intolakes, and oceans in response to climatechange, they are exposed to conditions ofUV radiation that may be different tothose to which they are adapted.Furthermore, reductions in ice or snowcover in polar regions as a result of globalwarming will increase the exposure to UVradiation of soils and aquatic ecosystemsthat would previously have been below thesnow or ice.

The penetration of UV radiation intoaquatic ecosystems depends on thetransparency of water, the amount ofdissolved organic matter, and ice cover.Increases in extreme weather events thatincrease the input of dissolved organicmatter and sediments into coastal andinland waters can reduce water clarity,reducing exposure of aquatic ecosystemsto UV radiation. Reductions in thethickness and duration of snow and icecover and global changes in the depth ofthe warmer, surface mixed layers of lakesand oceans, are altering the levels ofexposure of aquatic organisms to UVradiation. Previously, climate change wasexpected to increase exposure to UVradiation by causing shallower mixedlayers, but new data show deeper mixedlayers in lakes and oceans in some regionsand shallower mixed layers in others.

These climate change-driven effects canresult in either increases or decreases inexposures to solar UV radiation, dependingon location, time of year, individual

75


species, and other circumstances. Changesin exposure and sensitivity to solar UVradiation, driven by ongoing changes instratospheric ozone and climate, have thepotential to affect humans, life on Earthand the environment, including materialsused in infrastructure and for otherpurposes, with consequences for the healthand well-being of people and ecosystemsustainability. Some of these effects arehighlighted below. These f indings,together with others described in thecurrent Quadrennial Assessment of 2018,address 11 of the 17 United NationsSustainable Development Goals.

Consequences of changing exposure to UVradiation on humans and the environment

Effects on human health

Higher exposure to UV radiation increasesthe incidence of skin cancers and otherUV-induced human diseases, such ascataracts and photosensitivity disorders.Increases in the incidence of skin cancerover the last century appear largelyattributable to changes in behaviour thatincrease exposure to UV radiation; thesechanges highlight how susceptible humanpopulations are to higher exposure to UVradiation, as would have occurred withuncontrolled depletion of stratosphericozone. Skin cancer is the most commoncancer in many developed countries withpredominantly light-skinned populations.For example, there are over 90,000 newskin cancers compared with ca 3000 newcases of colorectal cancer in New Zealandeach year. Skin cancer is also the mostexpensive cancer in many of thesecountries. The estimated cost of treatingcutaneous malignant melanoma in theUSA was estimated at ca USD 457 millionin 2011 and predicted to increase to caUSD 1.6 billion in 2030. Exposure to UVradiation accounts for 60-96% of the risk

of developing cutaneous malignantmelanoma in light-skinned populations. Itis estimated that ca 168,000 newmelanomas in 2012 were attributable to'excess' exposure to UV radiation (abovethat of a historical population with minimalexposure), as a result of populationchanges in lifestyle, from sun avoidanceto sun-seeking behaviour. Modellingstudies show that implementation of theMontreal Protocol has avoided devastatingeffects on human health, including largeincreases in skin cancer incidence in light-skinned populations, resulting from highlevels of UV radiation (e.g., UVI > 40 inthe tropics by 2065.54).

Exposure to UV radiation contributes tothe development of cataract, the leadingcause of vision impairment globally (12.6million blind and 52.6 million visuallyimpaired due to cataract in 2015).Particularly in low-income countries - oftenwith high ambient UV radiation - access tocataract surgery may be limited, makingthis not only a major health concern buta major source of loss of livelihood andeconomic damage. The role of exposure toUV vs visible radiation in age-relatedmacular degeneration remains unclear.Nevertheless, in aging populationsworldwide, this is a major cause of visualimpairment that currently has limitedtreatment options. Understanding riskfactors and thus potential prevention is ofcritical importance.

Concern about high levels of UV-B radiationbecause of stratospheric ozone depletionwas an important dr iver for thedevelopment of programs for sunprotection in many countries. Theseprograms focus on promoting changes inpeople's behaviour, supported bystructural and policy-level interventions.Sun protection programs have been shownto be highly cost-effective in preventing

76


skin cancers. Behavioural strategies needto be informed by the real-time level ofambient UV radiation (provided by theUVI) and include controlling time outdoorstogether with using clothing, hats,sunscreen and sunglasses to reduceexposure to UV radiation. Behaviouralchanges can be facilitated by providingshade in public spaces such as parks,swimming pools, and schools, andimproving access to sunscreen.

Exposure to UV radiation also has benefitsfor human health. For example, exposureof the skin to UV radiation results in theproduction of vitamin D and is the majorsource of this vitamin for much of theworld's population. Vitamin D is critical tohealthy bones, particularly during infancyand childhood. There is also growingevidence of a range of other benefits ofexposure to UV radiation through bothvitamin D and non-vitamin D pathways;for example, for systemic autoimmunediseases, and reducing non-cancermortality. Recent research suggests thatthe benefits for reduced mortality may besubstantial.

Gaps in our knowledge prevent calculationsof the amount of UV radiation necessaryto balance the risks with benef its,particularly as this likely varies accordingto age, sex, skin type, and location.Projected changes in climate will alter thebalance of risks vs benefits for humanpopulations living in different regions. Forexample, lower ambient UV-B radiation athigh latitudes will increase the risk ofvitamin D deficiency where this risk isalready substantial. Conversely, warmertemperatures may encourage people incooler regions to spend more timeoutdoors, increasing exposure to not justUV-B radiation, but all wavelengths ofsolar radiation, and related risks of skincancer and cataract.

Effects on air quality

UV radiation dr ives photochemicalreactions of many emitted chemicalcompounds, generating secondarypollutants, including ground-level ozoneand some types of particulate pollutants.Future recovery of stratospheric ozoneand climate may change ground-levelozone via decreases in UV radiation andincreases in downward transport ofstratospher ic ozone,with importantconsequences for human health and theenvironment. Modelling studies for theUSA indicate that reductions in UVradiation due to stratospheric ozonerecovery will lead to decreased ground-level ozone in some urban areas but slightincreases elsewhere.

Changes in UV radiation and climate canhave major impacts on human health byaffecting air quality. A number of recentinternational assessments have concludedthat poor air quality is a significant globalhealth issue and is estimated to be thelargest cause of deaths globally due to anenvironmental factor; for example,exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5)caused 4.2 million deaths in 2015. Becauselarge populations are already affected bypoor air quality, even small relativechanges in UV radiation can havesignificant consequences for public health.

Effects on agriculture and food production

There is little evidence to suggest thatmodest increases in solar UV radiationhave any substantial negative effect oncrop yield and plant productivity. Howfood production would have been impactedby large increases in solar UV radiation inthe absence of the Montreal Protocol isunclear. One analysis, based on data froma number of field studies conducted inregions where stratospher ic ozonedepletion is most pronounced (i.e., high

77


latitudes), concluded that a 20% increasein UV radiation equivalent to a 10%reduction in stratospheric ozone wouldreduce plant production by only about 6%(i.e., a 1% reduction in growth for every3% increase in UV radiation). To whatextent this relationship would hold forlevels of UV radiation > 2-fold higher thanpresent (i.e., the "world avoided"scenario) is uncertain and represents animportant knowledge gap.

It is likely that by contributing to themitigation of climate change throughphasing out of the ozone depletingsubstances and some of their substitutesthat increase global warming, the MontrealProtocol has reduced the vulnerability ofagricultural crops to rising temperatures,drought, and extreme weather events. It isnow clear that ozone depletion in thesouthern hemisphere is altering regionalatmospheric circulation patterns in thispart of the globe which, in turn, affectweather conditions, sea surfacetemperatures, ocean currents, and thefrequency of wildfires.13, 31, 38, 41, 58 Ata regional scale, increases in rainfall inthe southern hemisphere, driven bystratospheric ozone depletion and climatechange, have been linked to increases inagricultural productivity in South America;however, these beneficial effects mayreverse as the stratospheric ozone 'hole'recovers. In the northern hemisphere,similar, but smaller, effects of stratosphericozone depletion on climate may beoccurring, but there are no reports as yetlinking these changes to environmentaleffects.

Climate change factors including drought,high temperatures, and rising carbondioxide levels can modify how UV radiationaffects crop plants, but effects are complexand of ten contingent on growthconditions. In some cases these factors

can increase sensitivity to UV radiation(e.g., elevated carbon dioxide can weakendefenses against UV radiation in maize.87In other cases, exposure to UV radiationcan alter the effects of climate change,such as increasing the tolerances of cropplants to drought.67 Reduced UV radiationresulting from the recovery of stratosphericozone may lead to increases in ground-level ozone in rural areas that couldnegatively af fect crop yields.Understanding these, and other, UV-climate change interactions can informgrowers and breeders as to relevantagricultural practices for maintaining cropyields in the face of evolving environmentalchange.

UV radiation can also have beneficialeffects on plants and these effects areoften mediated by specific photoreceptorsthat act to regulate plant growth anddevelopment. These non- damaging effectsinclude alterations in plant chemistry thatthen lead to changes in the nutritionalquality of food and plant resistance againstpests and pathogens. Consequently,decreases in exposure to UV radiation asa result of changes in stratospheric ozoneand climate or changing agriculturalpractices (e.g., planting dates or sowingdensities), may reduce plant defenses andthereby affect food security in ways otherthan just the direct effects on yield. Forcertain vegetable crops, UV radiation isincreasingly being used to manipulateplant hardiness, food quality and pestresistance.

Effects on water quality and fisheries

Changes in exposure to UV radiation andmixing depths are alter ing thefundamental structure of aquaticecosystems and consequently theirecosystem services (e.g., water quality,f isheries productivity) in regionally-

78


specif ic ways. The larvae of manycommercially important fish species areclear-bodied and sensitive to damageinduced by UV radiation. This sensitivity,combined with the distribution of theselarvae in surface waters with high exposureto UV radiation, has the potential to reducethe sur vival of f irst-year f ish andsubsequent harvest potential for fisheries.In contrast, reductions in the transparencyof clear-water lakes to UV radiation mayincrease the potential for invasions of UV-sensitive warm-water species that cannegatively affect native species.

Heavy precipitation and melting of glaciersand permafrost associated with climatechange are increasing the concentrationand colour of UV-absorbing dissolvedorganic matter and particulates. This isleading to the "browning" of many inlandand coastal waters, with consequent lossof the valuable ecosystem service in whichsolar UV radiation disinfects surface watersof parasites and pathogens. Region-specific increases in the frequency andduration of droughts have the oppositeeffect, increasing water clarity andenhancing solar disinfection, as well asaltering the depth distribution of planktonthat provides critical food resources forfish.

Effects on biogeochemical cycles, climatesystem feedbacks, and biodiversity

Changes in stratospheric ozone and climateaffect biogeochemical cycles driven bysunlight and, in turn, greenhouse gasesand water quality. Exposure to solar UVand visible radiation can accelerate thedecomposition of natural organic matter(NOM, e.g., terrestrial plant litter, aquaticdetritus, and dissolved organic matter),and the transformation of contaminants.Photodegradation of NOM results in theemission of greenhouse gases including

carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide.,Increases in droughts, wildfires, andthawing of permafrost soils driven byclimate change have the potential toincrease photodegradation (for example,ref. 1), thereby fueling a positive feedbackon global warming; however, the scale ofthis effect remains an important knowledgegap.

Species of aquatic and terrestr ialorganisms differ in their tolerances to UVradiation and these differences can leadto alterations in the composition anddiversity of ecological communities underconditions of elevated UV radiation. UVradiation also modifies herbivory andpredator-prey interactions, which thenalter trophic interactions, energy transfer,and the food webs in ecosystems.Presently, ozone-dr iven changes inregional climate in the southernhemisphere are threatening the habitatand survival of a number of species thatgrow in the unique high-elevationwoodlands of the South American Altiplanoas well as for mosses and other plantcommunities in Antarctica, but enhancingreproductive success of some marine birdsand mammals.To what extent the MontrealProtocol has specifically contributed tothe maintenance of biodiversity inecosystems is unknown, but losses inspecies diversity in aquatic ecosystems areknown to be linked to high exposure to UVradiation and can cause declines in thehealth and stability of ecosystems and theservices they provide to humans.

Effects on contaminants and materials

Escalating releases of contaminants intothe environment combined with changesin climate and stratospheric ozone impacthuman health and terrestrial andaquatic ecosystems. UV radiation is oneof the key factors that influences the

79


biogeochemical cycling of contaminantsand their degradation via direct andindirect photoreactions. However, effectsof climate change, such as heavyprecipitation events or droughts also havelarge impacts on the photodegradation ofcontaminants by decreasing or increasingtheir exposure to solar UV radiation.Moreover, increased or decreased runoffof coloured dissolved organic matteraffects the balance between direct andindirect photoreactions in aquaticecosystems. These effects of climatechange depend on local conditions, posingchallenges for prediction and managementof contaminant effects on human healthand the environment.

Exposure to UV-B radiation plays a criticalrole in alter ing the toxicity ofcontaminants. Exposure to UV radiationincreases the toxicity of contaminants suchas pesticides and polycyclic aromatichydrocarbons (PAHs) to aquatic organismssuch as fish and amphibians. In contrast,exposure to UV-B radiation transforms themost toxic form of methylmercury to formsthat are less toxic, reducing theaccumulation of mercury in fish. However,potential long-term increases in dissolvedorganic matter will decrease underwaterexposure to UV radiation in inland watersin some regions, such as southern Norway.This may then contribute to the alreadyobserved increases in methylmercury inf ish that would likely occur as aconsequence of reduced watertransparency to UV radiation. Solarradiation also plays a major role in thedegradation of many organic pollutantsand water- borne pathogens. This processof photodegradation by solar UV radiationmay be af fected by changes instratospheric ozone, but other factors suchas dissolved organic matter are moreimportant in regulating underwater UV

radiation and so have a greater effect onphotodegradation. Advances in modelingapproaches are allowing improvedquantification of the effects of globalchanges on the fate of aquatic pollutants.

Sunscreens are in widespread use,including in cosmetics, as part of the suiteof approaches to sun protection forhumans. However, it is now recognizedthat sunscreens wash into coastal waters,with potential ef fects on aquaticecosystems. The toxicity of artificialsunscreens to corals, sea urchins, fish,and other aquatic organisms, has led thestate of Hawaii, USA, to pass legislationbanning the use of some sunscreens, andthe European Union to consider similarlegislation.

Microplastics (plastic particles < 5mm) arenow ubiquitous in the world's oceans andpose an emerging serious threat to marineecosystems with many organisms nowknown to ingest them. Microplastics areformed by the UV-induced degradationand breakdown of plastic products andrubbish exposed to sunlight. Microplasticpollutants occur in up to 20% or more off ish marketed globally for humanconsumption. Although the toxicity ofmicroplastics and smaller nanoplastics isunknown, higher temperatures and levelsof UV radiation accelerate thefragmentation of plastics, potentiallythreatening food security.

Exposure to solar UV radiation damagesthe functional integrity and shortens theservice lifetimes of organic materials usedin construction, such as plastics and woodthat are routinely exposed, e.g., in roofingand pipelines. Until very recently, plasticsused in packaging and building wereselected and optimised on the basis ofdurability and performance. However, thepresent focus on increased sustainability,

80


for example, the trend towards 'greenbuildings', now requires such choices tobe environmentally acceptable as well.This includes the increased use of wood,which is renewable, carbon neutral andlow in embodied energy, in place ofplastics, where appropriate. Some of thesematerials are vulnerable to acceleratedaging under exposure to UV radiation.Current efforts are moving forward toidentify and develop novel, safer, effective,and 'greener' additives (colourants,plasticisers, and stabilisers) for plasticmaterials and wood coatings. Harsherweathering climates, as predicted due toclimate change, would require even moreeffort along this direction.

Trifluoracetic acid (TFA), a substanceregulated under the Montreal Protocol, isproduced naturally and commercially. Thereare multiple anthropogenic sources thatwill release trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) intothe environment. Sources relevant to theMontreal Protocol include the substitutesfor CFCs, the HCFCs, HFCs, and HFOs. Thesechemicals are known to degrade to TFA inthe atmosphere but contribute to only aslight increase in TFA concentrations insurface water. This is not expected to posea risk to humans or the environment.

Conclusions and knowledge gaps

The Montreal Protocol has been successfulin preventing the global depletion ofstratospheric ozone and consequentlylarge-scale increases in solar UV-Bradiation and has therefore preventedmajor adverse impacts on human healthand the environment.

We remain confident in our qualitativepredictions of the effects on human healthand the environment that have beenavoided largely because the MontrealProtocol has successfully controlledstratospheric ozone depletion. However,

quantification of many of the benefitsderiving from the success of the MontrealProtocol remains a major challenge, andthe future trends in UV radiation exposureremain uncertain considering climatechange and the extent of human response.

Unexpected increases in emissions of CFC-11 that were recently reported are currentlyexpected to have only small effects onstratospher ic ozone depletion, andtherefore also on human health or theenvironment. However, were suchunexpected emissions to persist andincrease in the future, or new threatsemerge, effects on human health and theenvironment could be substantial. Newthreats might include "geoengineering"activities proposed to combat the warmingcaused by greenhouse gases, which couldhave consequences for UV radiationreaching the Earth's surface. In particular,proposals to inject sulfuric aerosols intothe stratosphere to reduce solar radiationat the Earth's surface would likely haveimportant side effects for stratosphericozone and UV radiation. Sulfate aerosolscould accelerate stratospheric ozone lossif substantial amounts of ODSs remain inthe atmosphere. The combined changes inabsorption by ozone and scattering bysulfate would have spectrally complexconsequences for the transmission of UVradiation to ground-level, and the ratio ofdirect to diffuse UV radiation would besystematically larger.

Meeting the challenge of improvedquantification of the environmental effectsof future changes in stratospheric ozonerequires addressing several significant gapsin current knowledge. First, we need abetter understanding of the relativeeffectiveness of different wavelengths ofsolar radiation (i.e. the biological spectralweighting functions) in altering thefundamental responses of a diversity of

81


organisms. This would allow betterattribution of changes to exposure,specifically to UV-B radiation (and thusrelated to stratospheric ozone depletion),rather than to solar radiation moregenerally. Second, we need a betterunderstanding of dose-responserelationships across the breadth of effectson human health and the environment.Taken together, these would supportimproved scaling and modeling of theeffects of stratospheric ozone depletionand climate change on living organismsand their ecosystems, and materials suchas plastics, wood structures, and clothing.

As a result of shifting geographic ranges(including migration of humans and otherspecies that is induced by climate change)and changes in seasonal timing of life-cycle events due to climate change, it isapparent that many organisms, includinghuman populations, will exper iencedifferent and interactive combinations ofUV radiation and other environmentalfactors. These environmental changes willoccur together with alterations incommunity structure, which will thenindirectly affect growth, reproduction, andsurvival. How humans and ecosystemsrespond to changes in UV radiation againstthis backdrop of simultaneous, multi-factor

environmental change remains a majorknowledge gap. Quantifying these effectsis extremely challenging, where many ofthe outcomes are contingent on humanbehaviour and societal responses that aredifficult to predict.

The focus of concern regarding elevatedexposure to UV radiation has historicallybeen on human health. Beyond theimportance of terrestrial and aquaticecosystems in providing critical 'ecosystemser vices' for human well-being,environmental sustainability and themaintenance of biodiversity are critical tomaintaining a healthy planet. The topicscovered by the Environmental EffectsAssessment Panel embrace some of thecomplexity and inter- relatedness of ourliving planet, while the success of theMontreal Protocol demonstrates thatglobally united and successful action oncomplex environmental issues is possible.

Text Extracted from EEAP. 2019.Environmental Effects and Interactions ofStratospher ic Ozone Depletion, UVRadiation, and Climate Change. 2018Assessment Report. Nairobi: EnvironmentalEffects Assessment Panel, United NationsEnvironment Programme (UNEP) 390 pp.h t t p s : / / o z o n e . u n e p . o r g / s c i e n c e /assessment/eeap.

82


Release of "The Draft India Cooling Action Plan (ICAP)" on the occasion of 24th World Ozone Day" on 17th September, 2018at New Delhi, India.

Release of "The Montreal Protocol: India's Success Story" on the occasion of 24th World Ozone Day" on 17th September, 2018at New Delhi, India.

83


Dr. Harsh Vardhan, the then Hon'ble Minister for Environment, Forest & Climate Change, Government of India, addressing theparticipants during "24th World Ozone Day" function held on 17th September, 2018 at New Delhi, India

Launch of a refurbished website and web-based Management Information System (MIS) during "24th World Ozone Day"function held on 17th September, 2018 at New Delhi, India.

84


Participants during the "24th World Ozone Day" function held on 17th September, 2018 at New Delhi, India.

Award Winning Students on the occasion of 24th World Ozone Day" on 17th September, 2018 at New Delhi, India.

85


Participants during the "Launch of India Cooling Action Plan (ICAP)" function held on 8th March, 2019 at New Delhi, India.

Launch of "India Cooling Action Plan (ICAP)" by Dr. Harsh Vardhan, the then Hon'ble Minister of Environment, Forest andClimate Change, function held on 8th March, 2019 at New Delhi, India.

86


Shri Anil Kumar Jain, the then Additional Secretary, Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change, Government of Indiaaddressing the participants during the "Stakeholder workshop on Alternatives to HCFC 141b in Foam Manufacturing Sector"

held on 8th February, 2019 at New Delhi, India.

Workshop on "R & D and Innovation in Cooling and Refrigeration" held on 6th May, 2019 at New Delhi, India, jointlyorganized by department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India, Ministry of Environment, Forest and ClimateChange (MoEFCC), Government of India and Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), Ministry of Power (MoP), Government of India.

From left to right : Dr. Amit Love, Joint Director/ Scientist - D, Ozone Cell, MoEFCC, Dr Sanjay Bajpai, Head (TechnologyMission Division : Energy & Water), DST, GoI, Ms Geeta Menon, Joint Secretary, MoEFCC, GoI, Mr Abhay Bakre, Director General,

BEE MoP, GoI and Dr JBV Reddy, Principal Scientific Officer/Scientist - D, DST, GoI.

87


Dr. Amit Love, Joint Director/ Scientist - D, Ozone Cell, Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change, Government of India,addressing the participants during the "Training Programme for Stakeholders web-based Management Information System (MIS)

for Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) phase out activities in India" held on 16th July, 2019 at New Delhi, India.

Panel Discussion on "Global Cooling Prize to Kick-Start the Innovation and R&D Ecosystem in India" in Research perspectiveduring Workshop on "R & D and Innovation in Cooling and Refrigeration" held on 6th May, 2019 at New Delhi, India.

88


Ms Geeta Menon, Joint Secretary, Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change, Government of India, addressing theparticipants during the "Stakeholder Consultation on Strengthening of Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Certification System"

held on 27th August, 2019 in Delhi.

Participants during the "Stakeholder Consultation on Strengthening of Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Certification System"held on 27th August, 2019 in Delhi.

89


Panel Discussion on "Strengthening of Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Certification System" during the "StakeholderConsultation on Strengthening of Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Certification System" held on 27th August, 2019 in Delhi.

Group Photograph of some participants of "Stakeholder Consultation on Strengthening of Refrigeration and Air-conditioningCertification System" held on 27th August, 2019 in Delhi.

90


Participants during the Workshop on "Alternatives to HCFC-141b in Foam Manufacturing Sector" held on 24th May, 2019 inMurthal, Haryana, jointly organized by Central Institute of Plastic Engineering and Technology (CIPET) and Ozone Cell, MoEFCC.

Participants during the Workshop on "Alternatives to HCFC-141b in Foam Manufacturing Sector" held on 21st June, 2019 inAhmedabad, Gujarat, jointly organized by Central Institute of Plastic Engineering and Technology (CIPET) and Ozone Cell, MoEFCC.

91


Participants in practical session during the Workshop on "Alternatives to HCFC-141b in Foam Manufacturing Sector" held on2nd August, 2019 in Chennai, jointly organized by Central Institute of Plastic Engineering and Technology (CIPET) and Ozone

Cell, MoEFCC.

Participants during the Workshop on "Alternatives to HCFC-141b in Foam Manufacturing Sector" held on 2nd August, 2019 inChennai, jointly organized by Central Institute of Plastic Engineering and Technology (CIPET) and Ozone Cell, MoEFCC.

92


Painting competition First Prize winning entry of Prabhjeet Singh Nanra, Ryan International School, C-8, Vasant Kunj, Delhiorganized on the occasion of 25th World Ozone Day, 2019 at New Delhi

Painting competition Second Prize winning entry of M. Anto Moses Alexander, St. Columba's School, Ashok Place, New Delhiorganized on the occasion of 25th World Ozone Day, 2019 at New Delhi

93


Painting competition consolation Prize winning entry of Jiya Sharma, Gita Rattan Jindal Public School, D-Block, Sector-7,Rohini, Delhi organized on the occasion of 25th World Ozone Day, 2019 at New Delhi

Painting competition Third Prize winning entry of Kuntak Saha, St. Columba's School, Ashok Place, New Delhi organized on theoccasion of 25th World Ozone Day, 2019 at New Delhi

94


Poster competition First Prize winning entry of Supriya Baital, Birla Vidya Niketan, Pushp Vihar, Sector-IV, New Delhi organizedon the occasion of 25th World Ozone Day, 2019 at New Delhi

Poster competition Second Prize winning entry of Anita Sharma, Delhi Police Public School, B-4, Safdarjung Enclave, New Delhiorganized on the occasion of 25th World Ozone Day, 2019 at New Delhi

95


Poster competition consolation Prize winning entry of Tanisha Singh, Springdales School, Pusa Road, New Delhi organized onthe occasion of 25th World Ozone Day, 2019 at New Delhi

Poster competition Third Prize winning entry of Ananya Rastogi, A S N Sr. Sec. School, Mayur Vihar, Phase-1, Delhi organizedon the occasion of 25th World Ozone Day, 2019 at New Delhi

96


Slogan competition First Prize winning entry of Sachin Kumar, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Mungeshpur, Post office -Bawana, Distt.-North West, Delhi organized on the occasion of 25th World Ozone Day, 2019 at New Delhi

Slogan competition Second Prize winning entry of Sahil Shrivastav, Darbari Lal DAV Model School, ND Block, Pitampura, Delhiorganized on the occasion of 25th World Ozone Day, 2019 at New Delhi

97


Slogan competition Third Prize winning entry of Sarthak, Adarsh Public School, C Block, Vikas Puri, New Delhi organized on theoccasion of 25th World Ozone Day, 2019 at New Delhi

Slogan competition consolation Prize winning entry of Jyoti Kumari, Sarvodaya Kanya Vidyalaya, Pandara Road, New Delhiorganized on the occasion of 25th World Ozone Day, 2019 at New Delhi

1ST PRIZESupriya Baital

Birla Vidya Niketan, Pushp Vihar, Sector-IV, New Delhi

POSTER COMPETITION

2ND PRIZEAnita Sharma

Delhi Police Public School, B-4, Safdarjung Enclave, New Delhi

3RD PRIZEAnanya Rastogi

A S N Sr. Sec. School, Mayur Vihar, Phase-1, Delhi

Design & Printed by: Viba Press Pvt. Ltd. - 9810049515

WHOM TO CONTACT TO LEARN MORE ABOUT OZONE

Ozone CellMinistry of Environment,

Forest and Climate Change Government of India

Core 4B, 2nd Floor, India Habitat CentreLodhi Road, New Delhi – 110 003

Tel. : 011-2464 2176Fax: 011-24642175

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]: www.ozonecell.in

Documents

THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL INDIA'S SUCCESS STORY · the montreal protocol india's success story ozone cell ministry of environment, forest and climate change government of india new delhi,