The muscular The muscular systemsystem

Aims of the sessionAims of the session

To recap on the skeletal system.To recap on the skeletal system. To understand the structure and To understand the structure and

function of synovial joints. function of synovial joints. To understand the anatomy of a joint.To understand the anatomy of a joint. To introduce the muscular system To introduce the muscular system

listing all major muscle groups. listing all major muscle groups. To know what muscles fibres are and To know what muscles fibres are and

how they contract helping the body to how they contract helping the body to move. move.

Recap on the skeletal Recap on the skeletal systemsystem

List the functions of the skeletal List the functions of the skeletal system.system.

What is the anatomical name for What is the anatomical name for the thigh bone?the thigh bone?

What are the four types of bones in What are the four types of bones in our bodies?our bodies?

What type of bone is the cranium? What type of bone is the cranium?

The anatomy of a synovial The anatomy of a synovial jointjoint

Synovial joints are simply joints in Synovial joints are simply joints in our bodies that help us to move. our bodies that help us to move. They are called synovial joints They are called synovial joints because they have a pocket of because they have a pocket of synovial fluid between them that synovial fluid between them that helps lubrication during motion.helps lubrication during motion.

There are six synovial joints, can There are six synovial joints, can you name them? you name them?

Synovial joints in the bodySynovial joints in the body

GlidingGliding HingeHinge CondyloidCondyloid SaddleSaddle Ball and socketBall and socket PivotPivot

Gliding JointGliding Joint

Two flat surfaces Two flat surfaces slide against one slide against one anotheranother

allows only allows only limited side to limited side to side, back and side, back and forward forward movementsmovements

Carpal to carpalCarpal to carpal

Hinge JointHinge Joint

Allows only Allows only flexion and flexion and extensionextension

humerus to ulnahumerus to ulna phalange to phalange to

phalangephalange femur to tibiafemur to tibia lower leg to taluslower leg to talus

Condyloid JointCondyloid Joint

Allows flexion, Allows flexion, extension, extension, abduction, abduction, adduction and adduction and limited limited circumductioncircumduction

forearm to forearm to carpalscarpals

femur to tibiafemur to tibia

Saddle JointSaddle Joint

Only found at Only found at base of thumb base of thumb joint Allows joint Allows flexion, extension, flexion, extension, abduction and abduction and adductionadduction

metacarpal and metacarpal and trapezium trapezium

Ball And Socket JointBall And Socket Joint

Allows flexion, Allows flexion, extension, extension, abduction, abduction, adduction and adduction and circumductioncircumduction

scapula to scapula to humerushumerus

hip to femurhip to femur

Pivot JointPivot Joint

Allows rotation Allows rotation onlyonly

Radius to ulnaRadius to ulna

Task oneTask one

On your paper On your paper draw movement draw movement of each synovial of each synovial joints. joints.

Example! Example!

The basic anatomy of a The basic anatomy of a joint joint

A joint is when two bones meet.A joint is when two bones meet. The two bones (joint) is made stable by The two bones (joint) is made stable by

ligaments that attach to both of the ligaments that attach to both of the bones.bones.

Cartilage is formed at the end of the Cartilage is formed at the end of the bones to reduce friction (bones rubbing bones to reduce friction (bones rubbing together) and causing injury. together) and causing injury.

Synovial fluid is sandwiched between Synovial fluid is sandwiched between the bones to help lubrication when the the bones to help lubrication when the bones are rubbing together. bones are rubbing together.

Diagram of a joint Diagram of a joint (anterior)(anterior)

Diagram of a joint (anterio Diagram of a joint (anterio posterior) posterior)

Warm-up questions jointsWarm-up questions joints

What are the six synovial joints in What are the six synovial joints in the body?the body?

What movement occurs are a ball What movement occurs are a ball and socket joint?and socket joint?

What protects the bones from What protects the bones from rubbing together?rubbing together?

What joint allows rotation What joint allows rotation movement only. movement only.

Introduction to the Introduction to the muscular system muscular system

Muscle can only pull, they cannot push. Muscle can only pull, they cannot push. Muscles attach to the bone through Muscles attach to the bone through

tendons.tendons. Muscles are constructed of fibres, there Muscles are constructed of fibres, there

are two types o fibres (slow twitch and are two types o fibres (slow twitch and fast twitch).fast twitch).

Sprinters are said to have more fast Sprinters are said to have more fast twitch fibres, and long distances runners twitch fibres, and long distances runners are to have more slow twitch fibres. are to have more slow twitch fibres.

Diagram showing the Diagram showing the major muscle groupsmajor muscle groups

Classifications of musclesClassifications of muscles

There are three types of muscle There are three types of muscle you need to know.you need to know.

Cardiac muscleCardiac muscle Skeletal muscleSkeletal muscle Smooth muscleSmooth muscle

Cardiac muscleCardiac muscle

Found only in the Found only in the heart.heart.

Not under our Not under our controlcontrol

The muscle cells The muscle cells look like one big look like one big lineline

Smooth muscleSmooth muscle

The muscle cells The muscle cells are spindle are spindle shaped.shaped.

Located around Located around the major organs.the major organs.

Muscle is not Muscle is not under our control. under our control.

Skeletal muscleSkeletal muscle Muscle is attached to Muscle is attached to

the bone via tendons.the bone via tendons. The muscle cell is The muscle cell is

spindle formed and spindle formed and consists of fibres the consists of fibres the overlap.overlap.

When electricity is When electricity is induced to the muscle induced to the muscle fibres they become fibres they become shorter.shorter.

The muscles cells are The muscles cells are voluntary, (under ourvoluntary, (under our control).control).

Using musclesUsing muscles

Muscle fatigueMuscle fatigue When your using your muscles a lot and they donWhen your using your muscles a lot and they don’’t t

get enough oxygen, they become tired or FATIGUED.get enough oxygen, they become tired or FATIGUED.

Muscle atrophyMuscle atrophy If you donIf you don’’t use your muscles enough they become t use your muscles enough they become

smaller and wasted, this is called MUSCLE ATROPHY.smaller and wasted, this is called MUSCLE ATROPHY.

CrampCramp A sudden contraction of a muscles that wont relax, A sudden contraction of a muscles that wont relax,

caused by a lack of blood supply to the muscle. caused by a lack of blood supply to the muscle.

The sliding filament theoryThe sliding filament theory

The sliding filament theory is very The sliding filament theory is very complex, but can be simplified by complex, but can be simplified by thinking of the muscles like a giant thinking of the muscles like a giant comb, the teeth of the come are the comb, the teeth of the come are the muscle fibres and when the muscle muscle fibres and when the muscle contracts these fibres overlap pulling contracts these fibres overlap pulling the tendons together making the the tendons together making the muscle shorter. muscle shorter.

Antagonistic - agonistAntagonistic - agonist

Muscles can only pull, because of Muscles can only pull, because of this they must work in pairs.this they must work in pairs.

When one muscle contracts to When one muscle contracts to move the skeletal system this is move the skeletal system this is called agonist.called agonist.

The muscle that relaxes is called The muscle that relaxes is called the antagonist. the antagonist.

The purpose of tendonsThe purpose of tendons

Tendons are Tendons are formed at the end formed at the end of the muscles of the muscles and attach the and attach the muscle to the muscle to the bone allowing the bone allowing the body to move. body to move.

The purpose of ligamentsThe purpose of ligaments

Ligaments are Ligaments are designed to designed to support joints by support joints by attaching to both attaching to both bones making the bones making the joint secure joint secure during twisting during twisting and stretching and stretching movements movements during sport. during sport.

Types of muscle Types of muscle contractioncontraction

Isometric contractionIsometric contraction Muscle stays the length, its like trying to Muscle stays the length, its like trying to

move an immoveable object.move an immoveable object.

Isotonic contractionIsotonic contraction When the muscles move and (become When the muscles move and (become

shorter and longer) just like weight lifting. shorter and longer) just like weight lifting.

Warm-up questionsWarm-up questions

Can muscles pull?Can muscles pull? How are muscles attached to the How are muscles attached to the

skeletal system?skeletal system? What are the three kinds of muscle?What are the three kinds of muscle? What are the pair of muscle groups What are the pair of muscle groups

in the upper leg called?in the upper leg called? What is the theory called that allows What is the theory called that allows

muscular contraction? muscular contraction?

Extended readingExtended reading

www.bbc/bitesizelearning/pe.com GCSE Physical education; complete GCSE Physical education; complete

revision and practice.revision and practice.