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THE NATION AT WAR
Chapter 24
Roosevelt Foreign Policy• American foreign policy
aggressive, nationalistic since late 19th century
• “Roosevelt Corollary”: U.S. would ensure stability of Latin American finance (Dominican Republic)– Extension of Monroe Doctrine
• Colonialism drew U.S. into international affairs– Roosevelt abetted revolution to
separate Panama from Colombia (Panama Canal)
• Japan grows in power– Russo-Japanese War (1905)– Japan claims authority in China
Taft and Wilson Foreign Policy
Taft and Dollar Diplomacy• Taft substituted economic
force for military• American bankers replaced
Europeans in Caribbean• Taft's support for U.S.
economic influence in Manchuria alienated China, Japan, Russia
Wilson’s Moral Diplomacy• Wilson inexperienced in
diplomacy• Tried to base foreign policy
on moral force• Wilson negotiated “cooling-
off” treaties to try and settle disputes without war in Latin America– Didn’t work intervened there
more than Roosevelt or Taft
Activities of the United States in the Caribbean, 1898–1930
The Neutrality Policy
• Wilson sympathized with England, sought U.S. neutrality
• Progressives saw war as wasteful, irrational• Suspicion that business sought war for profit • Americans saw little national stake in war
The U-Boat Threat• U.S. trade with Allies boomed, but was increasingly
financed by loans from American banks– Allies owed U.S. banks $2 billion by 1917
• German submarines violated international law by shooting without warning at all ships
• 1915: Lusitania sunk by U-Boat– Wilson demanded Germans protect passenger ships and
pay for losses• May, 1916: Sussex Pledge—Germany pledges to
honor U.S. neutrality but balks at pledge• January, 1917: Zimmerman Note• April 6, 1917: War declared on Germany
U.S. Losses to the German Submarine Campaign, 1916–1918
The Great War 1914-1918
Mobilization
• No U.S. contingency plans for war
• 200,000 troops at war’s beginning
• Selective Service Act created draft– Conscripted 2.8 million
by war’s end• U.S. enters trench
warfare (Western Front)
Propaganda The CPI (Committee of Public
Information) becomes main form of encouragement to help support
the war!
World War One Images and Music
• Over There, George M. Cohansung by The American Quartet, 1917
• Sheet Music ArtNorman Rockwell
I Want You for the U.S. ArmyI Want You for the U.S. ArmyJames Montgomery FlaggJames Montgomery Flagg19171917
True Sons of FreedomTrue Sons of FreedomCharles Gustrine, 1918Charles Gustrine, 1918
Destroy This Mad BruteDestroy This Mad BruteH.R. Hopps, 1917H.R. Hopps, 1917
Over The Top For YouOver The Top For YouSidney H. Riesenberg,Sidney H. Riesenberg,19181918
Rivets Are Bayonets Drive Them Home!Rivets Are Bayonets Drive Them Home!J.E. Sheridan, 1918J.E. Sheridan, 1918
Fight or Buy BondsFight or Buy BondsHoward Chandler ChristyHoward Chandler Christy19171917
History Rhymes
• Anger toward Germans during WWI
• Sauerkraut became “Liberty Cabbage”
• Hamburgers became “Liberty Burger”
• Anger toward the French during the start of the war in Iraq
• French Fries became “Freedom Fries”
• French Bread became “Freedom Bread”
Over Here
• Victory on front depends on mobilization at home• Wilson consolidates federal authority to organize
war production and distribution• Wartime laws to repress dissent
– Espionage Act– Trading with the Enemy Act– Sedition Act– 1500 dissenters imprisoned, including Eugene Debs
• 1918–1919: “Red Scare” resulted in domestic suppression of “radicals” (Bolshevik Revolution)
A Bureaucratic War
• Cooperation between government and business the norm– War Industries Board and other agencies
supervised production, distribution to maximize war effort
– Government seized some businesses to keep them running
• Business profits from wartime industry
Labor in the War• Union membership swells• Labor shortage prompts
– Wage increase– Entry of Mexican
Americans, women, African Americans to war-related industrial work force
• Great Migration to northern factories– Blacks must adjust
industrial work pace– Encounter Northern racism
Europe after The Treaty Versailles, 1919
The Treaty of Versailles
• Wilson’s Fourteen Points call for non-punitive settlement
• England and France balk at Fourteen Points– Want Germany disarmed and crippled– Want Germany’s colonies– Skeptical of principle of self-determination
• Wilson failed to deflect Allied punishment of Germany in treaty
• Treaty created Wilson’s League of Nations
Rejection in the Senate
• Senator Henry Cabot Lodge (R-MA) led “strong reservationists” that demanded major changes, including League of Nation (Article X)– William Borah (R-ID) led “irreconcibles” who opposed the
treaty on any grounds– No compromise by Wilson – Treaty fails, separate treaty made with Germany
• To the next generation the war seemed futile, wasteful
• Americans welcome Warren G. Harding’s “return to normalcy”