The Nation Expands [pt.1]

The Nation Expands [pt.1]

AH1 H.3 AH1 H.3 “Expansion and Reform”“Expansion and Reform” •Understand the factors that led to exploration, settlement, movement, and expansion and their impact on United States development over time•The Learner will assess the competing forces of expansionism, nationalism, and sectionalism.

The Louisiana Purchase• Purchased from France

in 1803• Gave US control of New

Orleans, Mississippi River• Doubled size of the

country• Paid about $.03/acre

Lewis & Clark Expedition• Jefferson had ordered Jefferson had ordered

expedition even before US expedition even before US bought Louisiana Territorybought Louisiana Territory

• ““Corps of Discovery” launched Corps of Discovery” launched from Pittsburgh in August from Pittsburgh in August 18041804

• 33 men, 32 of whom survived33 men, 32 of whom survived• Gathered samples of minerals, Gathered samples of minerals,

plants, and animalsplants, and animals• Reached Pacific Ocean in Reached Pacific Ocean in

December 1805December 1805• Returned to St. Louis in Returned to St. Louis in

September 1806September 1806

Pike Expedition

The Oregon Trail• Lewis & Clark’s and Pike’s expeditions opened the way

for American settlers to move to the Pacific coast• Between 1840s and late 1860s, tens of thousands of

settlers traveled the Oregon Trail (and others)• Went into disuse once railroads became extensive

Wagon Trains• Sometimes employed guides,

sometimes followed guidebooks• Usually no more than 20-40

wagons per train• Covered about 15 miles/day for

5-6 months• Wagons were circled at night to

corral animals, not for protection against Indian attacks• Attacks by Native Americans

were rare; more trade took place than fighting “Circle the Wagons

Boys!”

The Donner Party• 87 people• Took a new, untested

route to California• Trapped by winter

snows in the Sierra Nevada mountains• 39 starved, rest

resorted to cannibalism to survive

• From Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico• Same as Oregon Trail in that it was used by settlers in the south west.• Went into disuse once railroads became extensive

The Missouri Compromise (1820)• 1819: Missouri (which allowed

slavery) applied for statehood• US was balanced with 11 slave

states, 11 free states• US agreed to admit Missouri as

a slave state but also admitted Maine as a free state to keep balance• Congress also drew a line

through Louisiana Territory – north of the line, no slavery; south of the line would allow slavery• Compromise driven by Henry

Clay of Kentucky (War Hawk)

Indian Removal Act (1830)• Pres. Jackson wanted

all Indians removed from the east and forced into the Great Plains• Most Native groups

relented and moved west, but the Cherokee resisted

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)• Cherokee sued

government• Supreme Court agreed

that the Cherokee were a separate nation which the US had signed treaties with and were therefore not bound by state law• Pres. Jackson refused to

enforce the court’s decision

The Trail of Tears• Forced removal of

the Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, and Choctaw nations from the east to the Indian Territory (Oklahoma)• 46,000 Indians

moved, thousands died along the way, especially among the Cherokee

MEAN WHILE…. DOWN IN MEXICO…

Mexican Independence (1821)

Imagine… • Today you get home and a stranger has taken over your room.

You ask them who they are and why they are in your room. They respond by saying that they are a part of a growing family next door and their parents and God told them that they could move to your house, take your room and use your resources to live on. You try to argue with them and it doesn’t work so you try to fight them but they have guns, know martial arts moves, and call in other friends to help. You on the other hand only have a knife to defend yourself and have no one else to call.• Now… Write down what you are thinking, feeling, and

expecting will happen in this situation. THEN, compare your experience to that of the Native Americans caught in the Indian Removal Act by answering the question, • What are the causes and effects of migration and What are the causes and effects of migration and

expansion? expansion?


AH1 H.3AH1 H.3•Understand the factors that led to exploration, settlement, movement, and expansion and their impact on United States development over time•The Learner will assess the competing forces of expansionism, nationalism, and sectionalism.

Stephen F. Austin• 1793 – 1836• “Father of Texas”• Arrived in Texas in 1825

with large group of American settlers• Died of pneumonia while

serving as first Sec. of State for the independent Republic of Texas

Sam Houston• 1793 – 1863• Veteran of War of 1812• Led Texan army in fighting

for independence from Mexico• 2 time President of Republic

of Texas, later US Senator and Gov. of state of Texas• City of Houston named after

him

War of Texan Independence (1835-6)• Settlers angered over

Mexico’s efforts to discourage further Americans from moving to Texas and high tariffs placed on goods imported from US

Battle of the Alamo

• Feb. 1836• Around 200 Texans held

off 6000 Mexican soldiers for 13 days before being wiped out – Mexican Gen. Santa Anna ordered no prisoners be taken• “Remember the

Alamo!” becomes Texans battle cry

Mr. Balmer … on the Road Again.

Spanish Missions

Battle of Goliad

• March 1836• Mexican forces

overwhelmed force of 342 Texans, who surrendered• Santa Anna ordered

them all executed• Further galvanized

Texans

Battle of San Jacinto• April 1836• Sam Houston’s forces

defeated the Mexican army by attacking during siesta• Santa Anna was

captured by Texans, forced to sign treaty granting Texas independence

The Republic of Texas• ““The Lone Star Republic”The Lone Star Republic”• 1836 – 1845• Texans voted to ask to join

US, but northern states blocked the move to avoid adding more territory where slavery was allowed• The US recognized Texas as

a nation separate from Mexico

Election of 1844• Whig Party: Henry Clay• Democratic Party: James K.

Polk• Polk promised to annex

Texas, but balance it by also annexing the Oregon Territory in the north; he also promised to try to buy California from Mexico• Polk won… and kept his

promises.

James K. Polk• 1795 – 1849• 11th President• Born in NC, UNC grad• Promised to serve only 1

term, and kept his promise• Would successfully add

Oregon Territory, Texas, California, and the Southwest to US• Died of cholera only 3

months after leaving office

Homework:Homework:Read through “The Alamo Essay” directions.•Write a 2 paragraph response statement from the viewpoint of an American and a different one from the viewpoint of “the Others” (listed on your instructions) on the battle of the Alamo. •You must address these two questions:• How would you have reacted to the news of

the Alamo? • What sort of emotions/feelings would you have

towards the news?



“Manifest Destiny”• Term coined by

magazine editor John Louis O’Sullivan in 1845• Idea that Americans Idea that Americans

had been given North had been given North America by God, who America by God, who wanted them to settle wanted them to settle it all and push out it all and push out Indians, MexicansIndians, Mexicans

Manifest Destiny John Gast, American Progress, 1872

54-40 or Fight!

Oregon Territory• First settlers arrived in the

1830s• Oregon Trail well-established

by 1841• 1846: Territory officially

became part of US after the Oregon Treaty ended the border dispute between US and Britain• 1853: Territory split into the

Oregon and Washington Territories• 1859: Oregon admitted to

Union as a free state

Annexation of Oregon• Britain and US peacefully

resolved their dispute over where the boundary should lie between US and Canada in the Oregon Territory, splitting the region along the 49th parallel.• 1853: Territory split into the

Oregon and Washington Territories• 1859: Oregon admitted to Union

as a free state

Texas annexed• 1845: Texas admitted to

the Union as a slave state• Mexico furious, broke

off diplomatic relations with US• Dispute arose over

where the southern border was between Texas and Mexico

Polk tries to buy California

• Polk sent an envoy, John Slidell, to Mexico City with an offer to purchase California• Mexicans refused to

even meet with Slidell• All chances of a

peaceful exchange died, US would go to war with Mexico

The Mexican War (1846-48)

• “Mr. Polk’s War”• Polk ordered US troops

under Zachary Taylor (aka “Old Rough and Ready”) to secure the Texas border• Mexico considered this

an act of war, attacked US force• May 13, 1846: US

declared war on Mexico

The Mexican War (1846-48)

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo• Feb. 1848• Mexico surrendered after US

forces led by Winfield Scott (aka “Old Fuss and Feathers”) captured Mexico City

• Ended the Mexican War• Mexico ceded 500,000 sq. miles

of territory (California, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico)

• Mexico accepted Rio Grande as southern border of Texas

• In return, US paid Mexico $15 million and assumed $3.25 million in debts Mexico owed to US citizens

Mexican cession

Wilmot Proviso• Proposal by Rep. David

Wilmot that slavery not be allowed in any territories gained by the US from Mexico• Angered southerners,

reopened slavery argument• Failed to pass the Senate

California• John Sutter granted 50,000 acres

by Mexican government in 1839, established settlement of Sutter’s Fort, the first American settlement in Spanish California• “Purchased” from Mexico at the

end of the Mexican War (as part of the Mexican Cession) in 1848• Discovery of gold later that year

would lead to a rush of American settlers• Became a state in 1850 as part of

the Compromise of 1850

Gold Rushes• California in 1849• Pikes Peak in 1858• Arizona, Idaho,

Montana, and Wyoming in 1860s• Triggered surges of

settlers (mostly single, young men) looking to get rich quick in these states

’49ers & Sutter’s Mill• After discovery of gold at

Sutter’s Mill, over 300,000 gold-seekers called “49ers” flooded into California• Led to rise of San

Francisco as a major city, but also to tensions with Native Americans and environmental destruction

The Comstock Lode• Major silver vein discovered

by Henry Comstock in 1859• Virginia City, NV went from

zero to pop of 30,000 then crashed when the lode ran out in 1898 (today, pop. = about 1500)• Comstock himself traded

away his fortune and later committed suicide

Mining Lures Settlers• Colorado – Silver (over $1

billion, led to development of Denver)• Dakotas – gold in the

Black Hills• Montana – copper• Created “boom and bust”

cycles where towns would be built in a short period of time and then abandoned (ghost towns) when the mines were exhausted



Compromise of 1850• If California joined as a free

state, the balance in Congress would be upset• Henry Clay of KY proposed a

series of compromises between North and South that would allow California to become a state• Plan was opposed by John C.

Calhoun of SC, but backed by Daniel Webster of MA

Compromise of 1850• Northerners got:Northerners got:• California admitted as a

free state• New Mexico won

territory from Texas, limiting Texas’ size• Slave trade in

Washington DC banned

• Southerners got:Southerners got:• “popular sovereignty”: each future

state would get to decide for itself on slavery

• Texas’ debts to southerners would be paid by US Government

• Slave ownership in Washington DC remained legal

• Congress not allowed to interfere in domestic slave trade

• Strong Fugitive slave laws allowed southerners to recover runaway slaves in the north

Gadsden Purchase• 1853: US purchases

30,000 sq. mile strip of Mexico for $10 million• Land was needed to

build a southern transcontinental railroad from New Orleans to California

What next???What next???



Growth continues throughout the Civil War…

• Life out west… • Role of Immigrants• Role of Women• Role of African Americans• Technology and Westward Expansion

Sod Houses• Life was difficult• No trees for wood, so houses

were built from sod – bricks of tough grass; burned sod and dried dung• Little surface water, so

settlers had to drill deep wells (300 ft+)• Summer = 100° +, winter = 0°

or less• Prairie fires, swarms of

grasshoppers, tornadoes, blizzards, thunderstorms

Pre-emption Acts of 1830 & 1841

• Many settlers who went west just picked a spot and built a farm – they did not have any legal claim to the land; this is called “squatting”• The Pre-emption Acts

protected squatters by guaranteeing them the right to claim land before it was surveyed by the US government (who technically owned all public land) and buy up to 160 acres for $1.25/acre

Homestead Act• 1862• $10 fee laid claim to 160

acres of public land; occupant received title after living there for 5 years• Anyone could file a claim,

except former Confederates!• 1.6 million homesteads

were awarded

Morrill Land-Grant Act• 1862• States were awarded 30,000 acres of

federal land for each member of the state’s Congressional delegation• States could use or sell that land to

fund the creation of colleges which would teach agricultural and military skills• Colleges started under the Morrill Act

include Auburn, UConn, Florida, Georgia, Purdue, Iowa St., Kansas St., Kentucky, LSU, Maryland, MIT, Michigan State, Nebraska, Ohio St., Penn St., Clemson, Tennessee, Va. Tech, & NCSU

Oklahoma Land Rush• As available land in the west

began to disappear, pressure built to open the Indian Territory (Oklahoma) to settlers• 1889: Congress agreed to open

the Territory to white settlers• April 22, 1889: Thousands

gathered on the border to race to claim a share of 2 million acres; some (called “Sooners”) snuck into the territory early to claim the best lands• "Far & Away"

Women in the West• Outnumbered by men, so they

had more opportunities• Could own property & businesses,

became influential community leaders• Most were farmwives• Some worked as cooks or

laundresses• Some worked at “hurdy-gurdyhurdy-gurdy”

houses• A few were adventurers, such as

Annie Oakley and Calamity Jane Burke

• Born as Libby Thompson in 1855 in Belton, Texas, Squirrel Tooth Alice received her name due to a gap between her front teeth and her penchant for keeping prairie dogs as pets. She was kidnapped as a young girl by the Comanche tribe. Kept for three years, she was shunned by society as a "marked" woman upon her release.

• At the age of 14 years old, she ran away to Abilene, Kansas, and became a dance hall girl and prostitute. After marrying Billy Thompson in 1873, she moved from Kansas to Texas to Colorado.

• In Sweetwater, she and her husband bought a ranch, and she opened a dance hall and successful brothel. She bore nine children (three of which were said to be her husband's), and retired successfully in 1921 at the age of 66.

Squirrel Tooth AliceSquirrel Tooth Alice

Immigrants in the West

• Thousands of Irish immigrants flooded the Midwest in the 1840s through 1870s• Thousands of Chinese

immigrants arrived in California to seek job opportunities• Both groups would play a key

role in building the West’s railroads

African-Americans in the WestAfrican-Americans in the West

• Played a major role in the development of the West• Worked on the railroads• Worked as cowboys• Settled in as farmers• Served as soldiers in the

Indian Wars

“Buffalo soldiers”• 4 all-black regiments of the

US Army created in 1866• Nicknamed “buffalo

soldiers” by the Native Americans they fought against for their dark skin, curly hair and fierce fighting ability, both of which reminded Indians of the buffalo• They became the original

“Cowboys” of the West

Need for a Transcontinental Railroad

• To connect East Coast to Oregon and California• Would reduce travel time from months

to days• Would lead to growth along the rail

line• But where should it be built?• Southerners wanted a route out of

New Orleans, which required purchase of land from Mexico (Gadsden Purchase) arranged by Secretary of War Jefferson Davis• Northerners wanted a route out of

Chicago, but Southerners blocked their efforts in hopes that they could barter the route for an expansion of slavery

Pacific Railway Act• 1862• Provided for construction of a

transcontinental railroad as a joint effort between the Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads• Both companies were given

land along the right-of-way to encourage competition and rapid construction

The Union Pacific• Led by Grenville Dodge,

former union general known for his organizational and managerial skills• Started rail line heading

west out of Omaha Nebraska in 1865

Union Pacific Workers• Civil War vets• Irish immigrantsIrish immigrants• Bankrupt miners and

farmers• 10,000 men living in

camps along the tracks and in rolling dorms• Lots of rough living –

gambling, drinking, fighting

The Central Pacific• Organized in California under 4

investors, including Leland Stanford, future governor of California and founder of Stanford University• Hired 10,000 Chinese laborersChinese laborers• Had drawback of having to

have all equipment for railroad and for construction brought by ship

Promontory, Utah 1869

Time Zones Introduced• Time had been measured

purely by the sun’s position, so what time it was determined locally• 1883: American Railway

Association divided nation into 4 time zones to ease railroad scheduling and improve safety by eliminating wrecks caused by discrepancies in how time was measured

Standardization of Trains• Hundreds of railroads

consolidated into just 7 major companies, increasing efficiency, lowering shipping and travel costs, and allowing the development of improved technologies which further increased efficiency• Railroads tied America’s

regions together after the war, helping end sectionalism


Technology and Westward ExpansionTechnology and Westward ExpansionAH1 H.3AH1 H.3•Understand the factors that led to exploration, settlement, movement, and expansion and their impact on United States development over time•The Learner will assess the competing forces of expansionism, nationalism, and sectionalism.

Dry-farming• Plant seeds deep in the

ground where there is enough moisture to allow them to germinate• Doesn’t require surface

watering or depend as heavily on regular rainfall• Mainly used for wheat and

corn farming in the Great Plains

The Wheat Belt

Range Wars• As farmers moved onto the

plains, they needed to define and enclose their fields• As sheep ranchers moved in,

they needed access to water and pastures• Both groups were in conflict

with the cattle ranchers who depended on the open range to graze and move their herds• Brief but violent range wars

became common

Barbed Wire Barbed Wire Ends the Open Range Era

• Invented by Joseph Glidden in 1874

• Allowed huge areas of land to be fenced off cheaply and easily

• Allowed farmers and sheep ranchers to fence in the prairie and shut down routes (like the Chisholm Trail) for driving cattle

• Forced cattle ranchers to change their practices, organize defined, enclosed ranches

Documents

The Nation Expands [pt.1]