Ministry of Environment, Forests and Physical DevelopmentHigher Council for Environment and Natural Resources

The National Biodiversity Resource Mobilization Plan

2015 -2020For Sudan

August 2014

ContributorsDr. Sayeda Ali Ahmed Khalil Dr. EL Khitma EL Awad Mohammed AhmedDr. Abdelrahman Eltahir Ahmed MusaMrs. Sawsan Khair Elsied Abdel Rahim MustafaMrs. Ekhlass Mohammed AliMr. Jamal din Yousif MohamedMr.Abdelhafiz Eljack OsmanMiss. Tayseer Ismail Idrees Mohamme

I

Table of Contents

Table of Contents …………….....………………………………...………....…… I

List of tables .........................................................................................................III

List of Figures ......................................................................................................IV

List of Abbreviations.............................................................................................. V

Executive summary ............................................................................................VI

Introduction ............................................................................................................1

2 Background and overview.....................................................................................2

2.1 Pressure and status of biodiversity.....................................................................2

3 Reviewing biodiversity policies, institutions and expenditures…......…………..4

3.1 Policy and practice drivers of biodiversity and ecosystem change..………..…4

3.2 Institutional review: key actors and institutions ...............................................7

3.3 Baseline expenditures .....................................................................................10

3.4 Projected future expenditures...........................................................................10

4 Costs of NBSAP..................................................................................................11

4.1 Strategies, actions and costs…………………...………..……………………11

4.2 Financial gap analysis.......................................................................................13

5 mobilizing resources............................................................................................13

5.1 Key enabling policy factors for resource mobilization....................................13

5.2 Finance mechanisms......................................................................................18

5.2.1 Climate Change….................……………………...…………….....…..….18

5.2.2 Biodiversity offset: Environmental impact assessment (EIAs) …....….…..19

II

5.2.3 Environment fiscal reform…………………………….………………..…..19

5.2.4 Private sector involvement…………………......……………......……..…..19

5.2.5 Regional International funding institution ………………....……..…..…..20

5.3 Operational resource mobilization plan……………………………..……….21

Recommendations ……………………….………………………..……….…….22

References ............................................................................................................24

III

List of tables

Table (1) Drivers of changes of biodiversity and ecosystems……….......…………………4

Table (2) Key actors and institutions: Impacts and dependencies of key actors and institutions.....…6

Table (3) Cost of sub-strategies related actions in the NBSAP US$ across the years........11

Table (4) key enabling policy factors for resource mobilization…………................…….13

Table (5) Summary of the prioritized financial mechanisms & revenues ……........…..…20

Table (6 ) Resource mobilization action plan……………….....……………….....…..….20

IV

List of FiguresFig. 1 Baseline expenditures by funding institutions ..........................................................9

Fig 2 Past and projected expenditures.................................................................................10

Fig 3 Cost of sub –strategies…………………………………………….……........……...10

Fig4 Financial Gap…………………………………………………………….......…...…11

V

List of Abbreviations

ABS Access and Benefit sharing REDD+ Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation CBD Contention on Biological DiversityGDP Gross Domestic ProductEIA Environmental Impact AssessmentHCENR Higher Council for Environment and Natural ResourcesFRC Forestry Research Centre FNC Forests National Corporation NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy and Action PlanNAPA National Action Plan of AdaptationMoLFR Ministry of livestock Fisheries and RangelandsMoFEP Ministry of Finance and economic planning M o E P P Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning MoAI Ministry of Agriculture and IrrigationITPGRFA International Treaty of the Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture WCGA Wildlife Conservation General Administration

VI

Executive summary

Resource mobilization plan is prepared to assess the financial resource needs and to promote resource mobilization for implementing the NBSAP. It provided an op-portunity to identify the most promising financing mechanisms for biodiversity conservation and NBSAP implementation. Sudan’ biodiversity is being subjected to a number of threats as a result of human activities. Desertification, deforestation & forest degradation, over consumption and overuse for fuel wood and timber, fire, overgrazing, hunting, overexploitation for agriculture, modern agriculture, petroleum explorations and mining activities were identified as key practices for biodiversity loss. On the other hand, the expan-sion of agricultural schemes at expense of forest and rangelands Wildlife Habitats and Protected Areas, Land tenure policy and land fragmentation, Lack of graz-ing management systems, lack of land use plan are among the key policies that drive biodiversity loss. The key actors include Ministry of livestock Fisheries and Rangelands(MoLFR), Forests National Corporation (FNC), Wildlife Conserva-tion General Administration (WCGA), Ministry of Finance and economic planning ((MoFEP), Red Sea University, Fisheries Research Centre, farmers, Beekeepers; Pastoralists, charcoal traders and Poachers and private sector. The public funding for environmental activities and biodiversity is limited. The donor funding for environmental activities has been significantly reduced in the last years. The resources required to implement the NBSAP is estimated to be 61,406, 078 dollars from different sources including public and private sectors, regional and international organizations. The highest cost is for mainstreaming sub strategy followed by protection. However, the assessment of available resources reveals the existence of a finance gap which is estimated to be 29,921,997 dollars i.e. the available resources are not enough to cover the cost of NBSAP.

Various potential sources of funding exist from national sources including; theGovernment, the private sector and the NGOs. The key financial mechanisms to bridge the gap include; climate funding including (NAPA integration, REDD and REDD+), environmental fiscal reforms such as Park entrance fees, biodiversity offset (EIA), benefit sharing fund of the international treaty of the plant genetic resources for food and agriculture (ITPGRFA), private sector involvement and re-gional and international funding institutions. This is in addition to removal of harm-ful subsidies, Access and Benefit sharing (ABS) which can generate more funding for biodiversity conservation activities. Integration of resource mobilization into national budget and the establish-ment and strengthening of partnership between private sector organizations and conservation groups to deliver real on-the-ground conservation out-comes are most important recommendations identified by the group.

1

1 Introduction

Biodiversity is important for sustainable development as it plays a significant role in sustaining human life. It supplies ecosystem services such as provisioning of food, wood, timber, fiber, bio-fuels, nutrient cycling, climate regulation, carbon sequestration, water purifications, gene harvesting, hunting, soil conservation, recreational and tourism, pest regulation... etc. These services are essential to support human well-being and economic growth. In spite of the important economic, social values of biodiversity and ecosystem services, biodiversity is being lost.The loss of biodiversity is due to lack of awareness of its values for economic growth and for human well-being. However, a study on economic valuation of agro biodiversity was conducted as a part of NBSAP revision process; it established a good base for a useful framework for identifying the various values associated with the agro-biodiversity ecosystem. NBSAP development process will helps in minimizing the loss of biodiversity, but only if the NBSAP is fully resourced and implemented.

Stopping the loss of biodiversity requires a combination of improving existing financing mechanisms, developing new mechanisms with a view to diversify sources of funding for financing the conservation of biological diversity, and reviewing policies and practices that encourage the loss of biodiversity.

In the revising process of NBSAP target 20 of the Aichi Biodiversity Targets which calls for countries to assess the financial resource needs and to mobilize financial resources for effectively implementing the CBD Strategic Plan at a national level was identified as one of national targets of biodiversity strategy and action plan. The development of resource mobilization plan attempts to achieve the target and to promote resource mobilization for implementing the NBSAP by expanding the resource base and identifying other alternative sources of funding to ensure sustainable resource availability for implementing the NBSAP and bridging the finance gap.

2

The plan is composed of an introduction, background and overview which focus on pressure and status of biodiversity in the country. Reviewing biodiversity policies, institutions and expenditures presents policy and practice drivers of biodiversity and ecosystem change, actors and institutions currently responsible for the existing status, baseline and projected future expenditures. Costs of NBSAP related actions identifies the costs of implementing strategies and actions in the revised NBSAP and determines finance gap. Under mobilizing resources, potential biodiversity finance actors, opportunities, key financial mechanisms and the revenue derived from each mechanism were identified. The necessary steps towards their implementation and the timeframe and budget are also reflected under this part.

2 Background and Overview2.1 Pressure and status of biodiversity

Sudan enjoys diversified biological resources including agro-biodiversity, forest, rangeland, Livestock, wildlife, coastal and marine and fresh water biodiversity. Stocktaking report indicates the forestry and rangelands of Sudan support about 104 million heads of cattle, sheep, goats, and camels mostly raised under traditional pastoral system and a wide range of wildlife species.

Reference to Sudan Land Cover Classes (FAO, 2012). Rangelands covered an estimated area more than 48,214,047 hectare1 (25.7% of total country area ) , Most of the country’s forests are open or semi-open habitat, with 4% of Sudan’s land area mandated as forest reserves that receive a special level of protection and management (Badri, Suad. 2012).

The rangelands of importance to traditional livestock raising are confined to the semi–desert, low rainfall savannah, and the northern fringes of the high rainfall areas. In the semi- desert the plant cover is a mixture of grasses and herbaceous plants intermingled with Acacia spp, and shrubs representing the main grazing areas for camel and sheep. Two areas of pure grassland form a distinct feature of this rangeland type namely, the Butana plains (grassland on clay) and Baja area (grassland on sand). The Low rainfall savannah on clay and sand have a plant cover of a mixture of Acacias spp, shrubs and a number of herbaceous plants.

of Herbaceous plants +22,231,327 (trees and shrubs). 25,982,720 ha 1

3

Sudan possesses an immense and diversified wealth of domesticated livestock species, which include cattle, sheep, goats and camels. Other domesticated local types of animals include horses, donkeys, and poultry. There are 20 breeds of cattle, 17 breeds of sheep and 11 breeds of goats. Various species also have different production attributes and uses.

The country also is considered as part of the centers of origin and / or diversity for some of the cultivated crops.

These resources are being subjected to a number of threats as a result of human activities with their negative impact on the environment. Environmental changes, modern agriculture, new developmental constructions, biotic factors are common threats facing plant agro biodiversity, forestry, rangelands and livestock genetic resources.

The indigenous plant agro-biodiversity in Sudan is under pressure of threats of loss and extinction due to a number of factors including natural and human factors. On top of these threats some climate extremes (droughts, floods, heat stress) resulted from natural climate variability (rains fluctuations and temperatures variations. The modern agriculture which is characterized by the use of advanced improved cultivars in a mono-cropping system of agriculture at the expense of indigenous landraces or old cultivars is another threat to agro-biodiversity. This will have an adverse effect on the local genetic resources of crops. Loss of diversity of the Range Plants is being experienced at an alarming rate. Many of the valuable range plants species are endangered .Herbaceous Species which were reported as decreases in Semi Desert and low rainfall savannah Ecological Zones.

4

3 R

evie

win

g bi

odiv

ersi

ty p

olic

ies,

inst

itutio

ns a

nd e

xpen

ditu

res

3.1

Polic

ies a

nd p

ract

ices

rev

iew

: Dri

vers

of c

hang

e Th

e m

ost i

mpo

rtant

pol

icy

and

prac

tice

driv

ers o

f bio

dive

rsity

and

eco

syst

em c

hang

e ar

e su

mm

ariz

ed in

tabl

e (1

).Ta

ble

(1) D

river

s of c

hang

es o

f bio

dive

rsity

and

eco

syst

em

Key

sect

orSp

ecifi

c pr

actic

es th

at d

rive

bio

dive

rsity

loss

Pol

icie

s tha

t dri

ve b

iodi

vers

itylo

ss

Fore

stry

Def

ores

tatio

n &

fore

st d

egra

datio

nO

ver c

onsu

mpt

ion

and

over

use

for f

uel w

ood,

tim

ber e

tcO

vere

xplo

itatio

n fo

r agr

icul

ture

, Exp

ansi

on o

f agr

icul

tura

l sch

emes

at

expe

nse

of fo

rest

, Ove

rgra

zing

, Wild

fires

Mis

man

agem

ent o

f nat

iona

l par

ks, a

nd lo

ss o

f buf

fer z

ones

aro

und

itLa

ck o

f int

egra

ted

man

agem

ent p

roje

cts

Gov

erna

nces

, pol

icie

s and

le

gisl

atio

nsU

nder

estim

atio

n of

the

role

of t

he

fore

sts r

oles

for s

ocio

-eco

nom

ic

deve

lopm

ent a

nd e

nviro

nmen

tal

prot

ectio

n

5

Ran

gela

nds

Ove

rgra

zing

is e

ncou

nter

ed in

the

vici

nity

and

aro

und

area

s of p

erm

anen

t w

ater

sour

ces.

Land

tenu

re le

gisl

atio

n an

d po

licie

s

Gra

zing

sele

ctiv

ity ,E

arly

gra

zing

bef

ore

the

rang

e ve

geta

tion

is re

ady

to

be su

bjec

ted

to a

nim

al u

tiliz

atio

n C

omm

unal

use

,Lac

k of

gra

zing

m

anag

emen

t sys

tem

s

Rec

ent a

gric

ultu

ral i

nves

tmen

t effo

rts h

ave

forc

ed sm

allh

olde

r far

mer

s an

d ag

ro-p

asto

ralis

ts g

roup

s int

o m

argi

nal l

ands

whi

ch a

re m

ainl

y us

ed fo

r gr

azin

g th

us in

crea

sing

com

petit

ion

with

pas

tora

lists

lea

d to

ove

r-gra

zing

agric

ultu

ral i

nves

tmen

t la

ck o

f lan

d us

e pl

an

lack

of c

ompr

ehen

sive

inve

stm

ent

plan

Agr

icul

tura

l exp

ansi

on

at e

xpen

se o

f ran

gela

nds

Agr

icul

tura

l pol

icie

s ,A

gric

ultu

re

inve

stm

ent A

ct

Agr

icul

tura

l pra

ctic

es: w

eed

cont

rol i

n th

e irr

igat

ed sc

hem

es a

nd ra

in fe

d ag

ricul

tura

l whe

re m

any

herb

aceo

us fo

dder

pla

nt sp

ecie

s con

trolle

d as

w

eeds

.

husb

andr

y te

chni

ques

(Wee

d co

ntro

l )

Dev

asta

ting

Popu

lar m

inin

g pr

actic

es

Lack

of l

and

use

plan

and

en

viro

nmen

tal i

mpa

ct a

sses

smen

t st

udie

s

Spre

ads o

f tre

ated

wat

er o

f Pet

role

um e

xplo

ratio

ns a

nd ,

trad

ition

al

Min

ing

are

hig

hly

that

con

tam

inat

ed m

ay a

ffect

pla

nts a

nd c

ausi

ng d

eath

to

live

stoc

k in

som

e ca

ses

Min

ing

Act

,Wea

k en

forc

emen

t of

envi

ronm

enta

l act

and

Pet

role

um

expl

orat

ions

Act

Seed

col

lect

ion

prac

tices

whe

re lo

cal p

eopl

e pr

actic

e ra

nge

seed

s co

llect

ions

from

nat

ural

rang

elan

ds le

ad to

seed

loss

(mos

tly c

olle

ctor

s ha

rves

t the

who

le p

lant

)

No

regu

latio

n fo

r ran

ge se

ed

colle

ctio

n or

pro

duct

ion

Bur

ning

of r

ange

land

s: p

ract

iced

by

man

y la

nd u

sers

for d

iffer

ent

Purp

oses

:Fa

rmer

s bur

ns to

pro

tect

thei

r cro

ps (b

urni

ng u

sed

as b

uffe

r zon

e),

Bee

keep

ers b

urns

for a

piar

y pr

oduc

tion.

Pas

tora

lists

: Car

eles

s coo

king

; ill

egal

cha

rcoa

l pro

duct

ion;

and

Poa

cher

s;

Lack

of r

ange

law

6

Live

stoc

k A

nim

al m

ovem

ent:

Her

ders

sim

ply

mov

ed so

uth

and

as fa

r sou

th a

s the

N

orth

ern

bord

er o

f of n

ewly

bor

n So

uth

Suda

n co

untry

. Thi

s mov

emen

t br

ough

t the

dan

ger o

f exp

osin

g th

e ze

bu n

orth

ern

cattl

e ty

pes t

o cr

ossi

ng

with

the

sout

hern

San

ja so

uthe

rn ty

pes.

Des

ert s

heep

are

als

o un

der t

he

thre

at o

f cro

ssin

g w

ith th

e so

uthe

rn ty

pes

Com

mun

al u

se ,L

ack

of g

razi

ng

man

agem

ent s

yste

ms

Coa

stal

zon

e Fi

sher

ies

(Red

Sea

)

Incr

ease

d m

arin

e ac

tiviti

es, o

ily w

aste

s dis

char

ged

from

ship

s

Wea

k ad

optio

n of

Nat

iona

l Oil

Spill

Con

tinge

ncy

Plan

for S

udan

Agr

icul

ture

Mod

ern

agric

ultu

re; u

sing

adv

ance

d im

prov

ed c

ultiv

ars a

t exp

ense

of

indi

geno

us o

nes.

Far

mer

s ‘ p

ract

ices

usi

ng o

utst

andi

ng st

rain

s of

crop

s thi

s res

ult i

n th

e do

min

ance

of s

ome

geno

type

s, co

nstru

ctio

ns,

cons

truct

ions

mis

man

agem

ent o

f nat

ural

reso

urce

s, de

fore

stat

ion

,ove

r cu

ltiva

tion

of a

gric

ultu

ral l

and

.

Lack

of L

and

use

polic

y ,

land

tenu

re p

olic

y an

d la

nd

frag

men

tatio

n, ,

No

deta

iled

stra

tegi

c ac

tion

plan

has

bee

n de

velo

ped.

Lack

of p

olic

y &

legi

slat

ion

Wild

life

and

pr

otec

ted

area

s

Ove

rgra

zing

, poa

chin

g, h

untin

g, m

inin

g

7

3.2

Inst

itutio

nal r

evie

w: k

ey a

ctor

s and

inst

itutio

ns

Tabl

e (2

) bel

ow re

flect

s diff

eren

t ins

titut

ions

and

act

ors a

nd th

eir i

mpa

cts a

nd d

epen

denc

ies o

n ex

istin

g st

atus

and

the

new

st

rate

gies

rela

ted

to th

e dr

iver

s of c

hang

e.Ta

ble

(2) K

ey a

ctor

s and

inst

itutio

ns: I

mpa

cts a

nd d

epen

denc

ies o

f key

act

ors a

nd in

stitu

tions

Key

dri

vers

of c

hang

eA

ctor

s and

inst

itutio

ns

curr

ently

res

pons

ible

for

the

exis

ting

stat

us

New

stra

tegi

es r

elat

ed to

the

driv

ers o

f cha

nge

Act

ors a

nd in

stitu

tions

like

ly to

be

resp

onsi

ble

for

the

new

stra

tegi

es

Ran

gela

nds

Loss

of r

ange

pla

nt g

enet

ic

reso

urce

s due

to fi

re, o

ver g

razi

ng,

wee

d co

ntro

l, A

gric

ultu

ral

expa

nsio

n a

t exp

ense

of

rang

elan

ds

Farm

ers,

Bee

keep

ers;

Pa

stor

alis

ts; c

harc

oal

trade

rs; a

nd P

oach

ers

MoL

FR, M

inis

try o

f Fi

nanc

e an

d ec

onom

ic

plan

ning

((M

oFEP

), FN

C

New

stra

tegi

es is

resu

lts-b

ased

fr

amew

ork

stra

tegi

es t

hat

crea

te th

e ne

cess

ary

cond

ition

s at

all

leve

ls o

f dec

isio

n-m

akin

g, in

par

tner

ship

with

m

ain

stak

ehol

ders

, to

crea

te

an e

nabl

ing

envi

ronm

ent

that

pro

vide

s inc

entiv

es fo

r R

ange

land

s sec

tor a

nd a

ctor

s to

join

forc

es in

thei

r effo

rts to

co

nser

ve g

enet

ic re

sour

ce o

f ra

nge

plan

ts ,f

arm

ani

mal

s and

fis

herie

s .

Past

oral

ists

, MoL

FR; M

oFEP

; FN

C;A

RC

; FN

C; I

TPG

RFA

;AR

C;

Afr

ican

Uni

on (t

hem

atic

pro

gram

ne

twor

k on

ratio

nale

use

of r

ange

land

s an

d de

velo

pmen

t fod

der c

rop

TPN

3;

NEP

AD

), ge

ne b

ank

of A

RC

, G

EF,

UN

EP,F

AO

IFA

D, W

B a

nd ;E

U,

loss

of

Fa

rm

anim

al

gene

tic

reso

urce

due

to D

isea

ses

MoL

FR, M

oFEP

M

oLFR

; MoF

EP;

Loss

of fi

sher

ies

gene

tic re

sour

ces

MoL

FR,

Min

istry

of E

nviro

nmen

t and

Phy

sica

l Pl

anni

ng(M

oEPP

) M

oFEP

, Red

Sea

U

nive

rsity

, Fi

sher

ies R

esea

rch

Cen

tre

8

Key

dri

vers

of c

hang

eA

ctor

s and

inst

itutio

ns

curr

ently

res

pons

ible

for

the

exis

ting

stat

us

New

stra

tegi

es r

elat

ed to

the

driv

ers o

f cha

nge

Act

ors a

nd in

stitu

tions

like

ly to

be

resp

onsi

ble

for

the

new

stra

tegi

es

Fore

sts

1-Su

dan

RED

D+

stra

tegy

in

clud

ed th

e m

ain

driv

ers o

f fo

rest

ry se

ctor

. The

re is

mor

e de

tails

on

defo

rest

atio

n an

d fo

rest

deg

rada

tion

in re

latio

n to

the

biod

iver

sity

and

loca

l co

mm

uniti

es, a

nd fo

cuse

d on

the

stra

tegi

c op

tions

rela

ted

to th

e dr

iver

s.

2-Te

n ye

ars F

ores

try S

ecto

r st

rate

gic

plan

afte

r sep

arat

ion;

th

is st

rate

gy fo

cuse

d on

the

cons

erva

tion

of fo

rest

ry se

ctor

in

rela

tion

to o

ther

sect

ors r

elat

ed

such

as

rang

e an

d pa

stur

e,

cons

erva

tion

of fo

rest

gen

etic

re

sour

ces &

con

serv

atio

n an

d pr

otec

tion

of fo

rest

eco

syst

em.

FNC

, Rel

ated

NG

Os (

SFS)

, Min

istry

of

Agr

icul

ture

and

Irrig

atio

n (M

oAI)

an

d pa

stur

e, li

vest

ock

and

loca

l peo

ple

soci

etie

s and

ass

ocia

tions

.

Def

ores

tatio

n M

oEPP

, MoF

EP M

oAI,

Min

eral

s, En

ergy

, El

ectri

city

and

Dam

s, , M

oLFR

,Ran

ge a

nd

past

ure,

Far

mer

s uni

on,

past

oral

ists

uni

on, L

ocal

pe

ople

ass

ocia

tions

MoE

PP, F

NC

, MoF

EPD

egra

datio

nM

oFEP

, , ,

FNC

.

Enda

nger

ed tr

ees

FNC

, Fo

rest

ry

Res

earc

h C

entre

(FR

C),

MoE

PP

Facu

lties

of F

ores

try

FNC

, FR

C a

nd A

cade

mia

Loss

of

fo

rest

tre

es

gene

tic

reso

urce

s FN

C, M

oEPP

, FR

CFN

C, F

RC

and

Aca

dem

ia

Agr

icul

ture

9

Key

dri

vers

of c

hang

eA

ctor

s and

inst

itutio

ns

curr

ently

res

pons

ible

for

the

exis

ting

stat

us

New

stra

tegi

es r

elat

ed to

the

driv

ers o

f cha

nge

Act

ors a

nd in

stitu

tions

like

ly to

be

resp

onsi

ble

for

the

new

stra

tegi

es

Soil

degr

adat

ion

Nat

ural

reso

urce

s, M

oAI (

Plan

t pro

tect

ion

Dep

artm

ent)

MoF

EP

5 Ye

ar N

atio

nal S

trate

gy.

Nat

iona

l stra

tegy

for

Des

ertifi

catio

n.

App

lied

Nap

of

dese

rtific

atio

n.

Nat

iona

l stra

tegy

for

natu

ral r

esou

rces

.La

nd u

se sy

stem

pr

ogra

m .

Soil

cons

erva

tion

pro

gram

.

Plan

t pro

tect

ion

Dep

artm

ent a

nd A

RC

MoA

I (D

eser

tifica

tion

Uni

t), M

oEPP

, H

CEN

R, M

oAI.,

FN

CM

oder

n ag

ricul

ture

, D

eser

tifica

tion

and

clim

ate

chan

geM

oAI ,

Des

ertifi

catio

n U

nit,

)MoE

PP, H

CEN

R,

FNC

Dis

ease

s & w

eeds

MoA

I (Pl

ant P

rote

ctio

n U

nit)

MoA

I, na

tura

l res

ourc

es d

epar

tmen

t, Pl

ant P

rote

ctio

n U

nit,

AR

C, M

oAI.

and

Aca

dem

ia &

rese

arch

cen

ters

Loss

of c

rop

gene

tic re

sour

ceM

oAI ,

AR

C

Wild

life

and

pro

tect

ed a

rea

Loss

of w

ildlif

e sp

ecie

s gen

etic

re

sour

ces

Wild

life

Res

earc

h C

entre

(W

RC

), w

ildlif

e Aut

horit

y an

d M

inis

try o

f Tou

rism

Land

use

pol

icy

, no

clea

r and

w

ritte

n po

licy

for w

ildlif

e ,

polic

ies t

hat f

avor

rain

fed

ag

ricul

ture

, m

inin

g , a

nd l

ack

of c

apab

ilitie

s to

enfo

rce

the

law,

lack

of a

war

enes

s an

d kn

owle

dge

of w

ildlif

e va

lues

.

WR

C &

Wild

life

auth

ority

Loss

of h

abita

t W

ildlif

e Aut

horit

y, F

NC

Hun

ting

& m

inin

g To

uris

m, W

ildlif

e A

utho

rity

Dis

ease

s W

RC

Mar

ine

biod

iver

sity

WC

GA

Nee

d ne

w st

rate

gy to

ach

ieve

th

e go

als.

refo

rm o

f Wild

life A

ct

to in

clud

e m

arin

e re

sour

ces

Incr

ease

d m

arin

e ac

tiviti

es,

oily

was

tes d

isch

arge

d fr

om sh

ips

12

Fig. 3 Cost of Sub-strategiesFig. 3 Cost of Sub-strategies

Table (3) Cost of Sub- strategies related actions in the NBSAP US$ across the years

Strategy/Years 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Mainstreaming 8025474 6136403 4942959.12 5115676.1 4206315.79 3702499.12

Protection 3120298.246 3316326 3743070.2 2531754.4 1947062.5 1379666.66

Restoration 474035.088 332280.7 318771.9 275000 275000 275000

ABS 99520 200000 - - - -

Enabling 3343105 2267772 1597544 1329211 1223439 1227895

Total 15062433 299520 10602345 9251641 7651817 6585061

14

Tabl

e(4)

key

ena

blin

g po

licy

fact

ors f

or re

sour

ce m

obili

zatio

n E

nabl

ing

fact

ors

Key

Cha

lleng

esK

ey O

ppor

tuni

ties

Polit

ical

will

Fi

rm p

oliti

cal c

omm

itmen

t to

mai

nstre

am ra

ngel

and

biod

iver

sity

and

ec

osys

tem

as h

igh

deve

lop

prio

ritie

s

Prop

osed

Nat

iona

l Con

stitu

tion

Gov

ernm

ent s

houl

d co

nsid

er e

fforts

to a

ddre

ss ra

ngel

and

biod

iver

sity

an

d ec

osys

tem

an

inte

grat

ed e

lem

ent o

f sus

tain

able

dev

elop

men

t pol

icie

s (m

acro

econ

omic

and

agr

icul

tura

l pol

icy

and

clim

ate

chan

ge).

Man

agem

ent a

nd

cons

erva

tion

of r

ange

land

bio

dive

rsity

and

eco

syst

em fr

amew

orks

nee

d to

be

inte

grat

ed in

to su

stai

nabl

e de

velo

pmen

t pla

nnin

gEs

tabl

ishm

ent o

f pol

icie

s to

prom

ote

biod

iver

sity

con

serv

atio

n an

d su

stai

nabl

e us

ePo

licy

and

stra

tegy

ana

lysi

s: F

oste

r pol

icy

and

stra

tegy

ana

lysi

s and

influ

enci

ng in

or

der t

o im

prov

e th

e ec

osys

tem

con

serv

atio

n.

Ran

gela

nds

Legi

slat

ions

Pr

ovis

ion

of p

oliti

cal e

ndor

sem

ent o

f pr

opos

ed R

ange

land

Con

serv

atio

n an

d Fo

dder

s Res

ourc

es D

evel

opm

ent B

illC

ontra

dict

ory

defin

ition

s of “

fore

sts

and

rang

elan

ds”

Rat

ifica

tion

of R

ange

land

Con

serv

atio

n an

d Fo

dder

s Res

ourc

es D

evel

opm

ent B

ill,

2013

. St

reng

then

ing

enfo

rcem

ent c

apac

ities

of t

he G

over

nmen

t pas

sed

a Fo

rest

and

R

enew

able

Nat

ural

Res

ourc

es A

ct in

200

2

Goo

d go

vern

ance

A

ppro

pria

te ra

nge

use

polic

ies a

nd

legi

slat

ive

fram

ewor

ks

Effe

ctiv

e in

stitu

tiona

l sup

port

Stro

ng c

oord

inat

ion

as a

resu

lt of

con

flict

ing

and

over

lapp

ing

man

date

s.Ef

ficie

nt d

ecen

traliz

atio

n sy

stem

tha

t ha

s res

ulte

d in

use

full

com

mun

icat

ion

and

coor

dina

tion

betw

een

loca

l lev

els

( sta

tes)

and

nat

iona

l lev

el( t

he C

entra

l A

dmin

istra

tion)

Mai

nstre

amin

g an

d ad

optio

n of

the

Past

oral

Stra

tegi

c Act

ion

Plan

(201

4-20

20)

into

eco

nom

ic fr

amew

orks

and

sect

oral

pol

icie

s. O

ne o

f its

feat

ures

is: c

ontro

l de

grad

atio

n of

reso

urce

s, co

nser

ve fo

rage

pla

nts g

enet

ic re

sour

ces,

enha

nce

livel

ihoo

ds o

f pas

tora

l and

agr

o-pa

stor

al g

roup

s, al

levi

ate

pove

rty a

t hou

seho

ld a

nd

com

mun

ity le

vels

and

incr

ease

thei

r res

ilien

ce u

nder

an

envi

ronm

ent o

f clim

ate

chan

ge.

Dev

elop

men

t of n

ewly

Agr

icul

ture

Sec

tor I

nves

tmen

t Pla

n on

e of

its m

ain

Stra

tegi

c O

bjec

tives

is D

evel

opm

ent a

nd p

rote

ctio

n of

nat

ural

reso

urce

s sec

tor t

o en

sure

its

rene

wal

and

sust

aina

bilit

y.Em

pow

erm

ent o

f Pas

tora

lists

and

trad

ition

al fa

rmer

s so

that

they

can

par

ticip

ate

and

cont

ribut

e to

form

ulat

ion

of a

ppro

pria

te p

olic

ies a

nd th

eir i

mpl

emen

tatio

n.

Sud

an h

as li

nks w

ith a

num

ber o

f int

erna

tiona

l and

regi

onal

fram

ewor

ks th

at a

re

rela

ted

to a

gro

biod

iver

sity

incl

udin

g co

nven

tions

, org

aniz

atio

ns a

nd n

etw

orks

.cl

arify

land

tenu

re a

nd re

sour

ce ri

ghts

., S

treng

then

ing

polic

y an

d le

gisl

atio

n to

war

ds n

atur

al re

sour

ces m

anag

emen

t and

land

use

syst

em

15

Ena

blin

gfa

ctor

sK

ey C

halle

nges

Key

Opp

ortu

nitie

s

Info

rmat

ion

ga

p on

ra

ngel

and

biod

iver

sity

an

d ec

osys

tem

Nar

row

ing

the

gap

of In

form

atio

n in

the

field

s of r

ange

land

bi

odiv

ersi

ty a

nd e

cosy

stem

pla

nnin

g an

d de

velo

pmen

t.R

aise

the

awar

enes

s on

the

tota

l val

ue o

f ran

gela

nd

biod

iver

sity

and

eco

syst

emSt

reng

then

ing

inst

itutio

n ca

paci

ties,

cont

inui

ty o

f sur

vey,

m

onito

ring

and

rene

wal

of b

asel

ine

data

whi

ch fo

rm re

gula

r ac

tiviti

es o

f pro

ject

s and

pro

gram

s, an

d lo

ss o

r mis

s-lo

catio

n of

impo

rtant

doc

umen

ts g

ener

ated

by

com

preh

ensi

ve st

udie

s an

d si

tuat

ion

anal

ysis

hav

e in

tens

ified

the

info

rmat

ion

gap.

Prom

otio

n of

qua

lified

tech

nica

l sta

ff in

the

field

s, lim

ited

budg

ets a

nd la

ck o

f app

reci

atio

n by

dec

isio

n m

aker

s and

thos

e w

ho c

ontro

l fun

ds o

f the

val

ue a

nd im

porta

nce

of m

onito

ring

and

upda

ting

data

, som

etim

es a

dd to

this

gap

Ade

quat

e tra

inin

g an

d pr

omot

e ra

isin

g aw

aren

ess o

f tar

gete

d co

mm

uniti

es

Prom

otio

n of

act

iviti

es th

at b

ring

abou

t pay

men

t of

ecos

yste

m se

rvic

es o

r rew

ard

for e

nviro

nmen

tal s

ervi

ces

from

par

ticip

ator

y co

nser

vatio

n an

d re

stor

atio

n of

deg

rade

d ra

ngel

ands

.R

ange

land

bio

dive

rsity

and

eco

syst

em c

onse

rvat

ion

can

only

be

sust

aine

d w

hen

publ

ic a

war

enes

s is r

aise

d an

d po

licy

mak

ers h

ave

acce

ss to

relia

ble

info

rmat

ion

upon

w

hich

soun

d po

licie

s and

dec

isio

ns a

re m

ade.

A

ctio

ns to

con

serv

e fo

rage

pla

nt g

enet

ic re

sour

ces s

houl

d be

pla

nned

and

impl

emen

ted

at a

scal

e de

term

ined

by

ecol

ogic

al a

nd so

cial

crit

eria

. In

form

atio

n an

d kn

owle

dge

syst

ems

Esta

blis

h us

er fr

iend

ly in

form

atio

n an

d kn

owle

dge

syst

ems s

uch

as d

atab

ases

on

rang

elan

ds a

nd fo

dder

cro

p de

velo

pmen

t to

enha

nce

acce

ssib

ility

to e

nd-u

sers

Cap

acity

bui

ldin

g: F

oste

r the

dev

elop

men

t of h

uman

, in

stitu

tiona

l and

tech

nica

l cap

acity

bui

ldin

g in

the

area

of

rang

elan

d m

anag

emen

t and

fodd

er c

rop

prod

uctio

n.

16

Ena

blin

gfa

ctor

sK

ey C

halle

nges

Key

Opp

ortu

nitie

s

Rol

es o

f Pa

rtner

sA

cces

s of k

now

ledg

e be

twee

n go

vern

men

t, do

nors

an

d ot

her a

ctor

s w

hen

allo

catin

g fu

nd fo

r exi

stin

g in

itiat

ives

.

Suffi

cien

t und

erst

andi

ng in

in

terv

entio

ns in

trodu

ced

by o

utsi

ders

of

the

loca

l soc

io-c

ultu

ral s

ituat

ion

and

asso

ciat

ed re

gula

tions

, and

with

ac

tual

ly in

volv

ing

loca

l com

mun

ities

to

iden

tify

wha

t the

y ne

ed a

nd h

ow it

ca

n be

intro

duce

d.

Enha

ncin

g st

rate

gic

inve

stm

ents

and

par

tner

ship

sC

oope

ratio

n be

twee

n di

ffere

nt p

arts

of t

he c

omm

unity

is e

ssen

tial t

o in

crea

se

effe

ctiv

e en

gage

men

t in

rang

elan

ds b

iodi

vers

ity c

onse

rvat

ion.

Mor

e pr

ivat

e ex

pend

iture

on

biod

iver

sity

con

serv

atio

n an

d pa

rtner

ship

s bet

wee

n se

ctor

s are

ne

cess

ary

for s

ucce

ssfu

l out

com

es. G

over

nmen

ts n

eed

to p

artn

er w

ith o

ther

sect

ors

and,

impo

rtant

ly, w

ith th

e pr

imar

y in

dust

ries s

ecto

rTh

e go

vern

men

t, th

roug

h its

ow

n re

sour

ces a

nd in

col

labo

ratio

n w

ith d

onor

co

mm

uniti

es a

nd o

rgan

izat

ions

, sho

uld

prov

ide

capi

tal a

nd in

fras

truct

ure,

intro

duce

ap

prop

riate

tech

nolo

gy a

nd e

nhan

ce n

atio

nal s

taff

abili

ties t

o fo

rmul

ate,

impl

emen

t an

d m

onito

r rel

evan

t act

ions

to m

itiga

te c

limat

e ch

ange

impa

cts a

nd in

crea

se lo

cal

com

mun

ities

’ res

ilien

ce.

Gov

ernm

ent i

nstit

utio

ns, N

GO

s, C

BO

s and

Nat

ive A

dmin

istra

tion

shou

ld p

lay

a le

adin

g ro

le in

com

mun

icat

ing

info

rmat

ion,

shar

ing

know

ledg

e, le

sson

s lea

rned

an

d ex

perie

nces

on

deal

ing

with

impa

cts o

f clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd e

nviro

nmen

tal

dete

riora

tion.

The

y ca

n m

obili

ze c

omm

unity

for j

oint

act

ions

and

act

ive

parti

cipa

tion

in e

fforts

to a

ddre

ss th

e co

nseq

uenc

es o

f clim

ate

chan

ge.

Indi

geno

us

Kno

wle

dge(

IK)

Con

stru

ctiv

e at

titud

es to

war

ds IK

am

ong

natio

nal e

lites

and

fo

reig

ners

who

ope

nly

disp

arag

e th

e re

leva

nce,

use

fuln

ess

and

cred

ibili

ty o

f IK

for c

onse

rvat

ion

of ra

nge

and

natu

ral

reso

urce

s.

Inte

grat

ing

Indi

geno

us K

now

ledg

e, a

nd e

xper

ienc

e in

de

alin

g w

ith ra

ngel

and

biod

iver

sity

and

eco

syst

em c

an

prov

ide

valu

able

kno

wle

dge

whi

ch c

an b

e us

eful

in

desi

gnin

g an

d im

plem

entin

g co

nser

vatio

n Th

e go

vern

men

t sho

uld

supp

ort l

ocal

com

mun

ities

to

plan

and

man

age

in th

eir o

wn

capa

citie

s and

acc

ordi

ng

to th

eir i

ndig

enou

s kno

wle

dge

and

expe

rienc

e. T

hey

are

effic

ient

man

ager

s of t

he ra

nge

reso

urce

s upo

n w

hich

thei

r liv

elih

oods

dep

end.

Supp

ortin

g R

esea

rch

and

Tech

nolo

gy

Tran

sfer

Res

earc

h an

d Te

chno

logy

gap

M

ultid

isci

plin

ary

rese

arch

and

par

ticip

atio

n of

pro

duce

rs is

re

quire

d

17

Ena

blin

gfa

ctor

sK

ey C

halle

nges

Key

Opp

ortu

nitie

s

Util

izat

ion

of

fund

ing

Suf

ficie

nt fi

nanc

ial r

esou

rces

allo

cate

d di

rect

ly re

late

d to

man

agem

ent o

f Ran

gela

nds e

cosy

stem

. p

rivile

ged

prio

ritiz

atio

n an

d al

loca

tion

of re

sour

ces f

orra

ngel

and

sect

or a

nd n

atur

al re

sour

ces.

Avai

labi

lity

and

allo

catio

n cr

iteria

of fi

nanc

ial r

esou

rces

The

Rol

es o

f Par

tner

s Th

e go

vern

men

t, th

roug

h its

ow

n re

sour

ces a

nd in

col

labo

ratio

n w

ith d

onor

com

mun

ities

and

or

gani

zatio

ns, s

houl

d pr

ovid

e ca

pita

l and

infr

astru

ctur

e,Pa

rtner

ship

s will

als

o ha

ve to

be

esta

blis

hed

betw

een

the

publ

ic fi

nanc

ial s

ecto

r and

the

priv

ate

sect

or,

ther

eby

impr

ovin

g aw

aren

ess a

nd p

artic

ipat

ion

of th

e ec

onom

ic p

laye

rs in

volv

ed

18

5.2 Finance mechanisms

Based on the analysis of baseline expenditures, the existing funding will not cover the identified financial needs for NBSAP and therefore, there is a need to seek for other mechanisms to fill out the gap.

There are different of potential sources of finance, therefore, finance mechanisms could be introduced for financing biodiversity conservations and sustainable use these include Public finance (annual budget) , Climate funding including (NAPA integration, REDD and REDD+), environmental fiscal reforms such as Park entrance fees, hunting fees park fees, removal of harmful subsidies , biodiversity offset (mining offset and compensation), private sector involvement, Access and Benefit sharing (ABS), regional and international funding institution.

5.2.1 Climate Change

REDD+ mechanism: Conserving the country’s renewable natural resources particularly forests, woodlands, range resources and wildlife habitats, assessment of their present condition and subsequently subject them to sustainable management and maximizing their direct and indirect benefits in a participative, transparent and equitable manner, by the year 2020 REDD+ mechanism will provide fund about 15 million USD.

NAPA integration: Synergy between climate change and biodiversity projects for implementing. A climate change adaptation projects with 2.8 million Dollars will be implemented up to 2016. The project activities include rehabilitation of rangelands and forest.

The social implication of REDD+ mechanism is targeting work on the livelihood local people, conservation of the biodiversity, safeguards of the environmental & social issues, also it will strengthening the governances. Also the implication is mainly on the vulnerable people to increase their income generation. Environmental implications include the forest conservation, rehabilitation and sustainable management, and the encouragement of carbon stock for voluntary markets to support the forest environment. On the other hand REDD+ strengthening the policies of all the sectors which is counted as forests drivers, the support on the revision of policies and the links policies of all these sectors. Also allows to share the local people in the preparation and the implementation of REDDD. The Mechanism will not have any legal or administrative implications as long as well trained staff for the management of the projects is available.

19

5.2.2 Biodiversity offset: Environmental impact assessment (EIAs)

According to Environment Protection Act an environmental permit is required for any development project or activity that may have negative impact on environment; as it stated in article 17; with respect to permit, by the competent authority, for projects or programs, every person, who desires to enter into any such project, as may probably affect the environment and natural resources negatively, shall present an environmental feasibility study, signed, on the part of the evaluation and follow-up committee . Such projects or activities include industry, mining, oil, construction activities including roads, dams etc. The mechanism can help in mitigating any adverse impacts on environment in general and on biodiversity in particular. Therefore the mechanism is legally and environmentally feasible. However, the mechanism needs to assign an institution for monitoring process. Well trained staff is also needed which may have cost implications. The estimated amount of money to be generated by this mechanism for the next 5 years is 750,000$ to be paid by the project proponent or the investors.

5.2.3 Environment fiscal reform

Environmental fiscal reform includes Park entrance fees, hunting fees and other uses fees , which will be paid by the visitors, community, hunters or any other beneficiaries these are estimated to be 900,000$ in 5 years which will be used for biodiversity conservation. Only commitment from government is needed to allocate part of these fees to biodiversity conservations. Awareness raising of communities and other users and raising of the exiting administrative staff are also needed.

5.2.4 Private sector involvement

The private sector can play a central role in mobilizing resources for conserving biodiversity. It is therefore important to develop innovative financial mechanism to mobilize private finance for implementing NBSAP. This could be achieved through encouragement of private sector to invest and program a financial support over multi-year timeframes as well as make multi-year funding commitments. This can be achieved through Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) which is considered as effective financing mechanisms, especially for biodiversity conservation projects due to the limited public resources to meet the biodiversity finance gap. One of the clear examples for Public-Private Partnerships is sugar industry and its direct role in biodiversity conservation through the development of forest projects on 5% of the total projects’ areas. The estimated amount of expenditures in developing these forest projects is about 2,194,187$ in the past 25 years. It worth to mention that many of private sector organizations are dedicating decent amount of their annual revenues to the CSR activities that could be partially oriented to biodiversity conservation with the guidance of the resource mobilization committee or the relevant authorities.

20

5.2.5 Regional International funding institution

There are some projects and activities related to biodiversity including wetlands and coastal and marine biodiversity funded through the regional organizations such as Regional Organization for environment Protection of Red Sea and gulf of Aden PERSGA, AU, it is expected to generate funds up to $6000. Global Environment facilities (GEF) allocation is amounted to 4.5 million dollars for the period 2015-2020.

This in addition to other potential mechanism that can be introduced to support the funding the biodiversity conservation and sustainable use such as Economic incentives including the encouragement of farmers to grow indigenous varieties instead of improved one.

Access and Benefit sharing ABS: Sudan ratified Nagoya protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization on 7 July, 2014. ABS is regarded as suitable framework that provide the country with a good basis for developing and implementing related policies and plans for safeguarding the genetic resources and enhancing their sustainable utilization for the benefit of the people and providing access on the basis of fair and equitable benefit. ABS could generate different benefits which could be invested in conservation of biodiversity. Biodiversity and the environment can also be used to generate funds, through tourism and recreation activities this is beside Benefit sharing fund of the international treaty of the plant genetic resources for food and agriculture.

On the other hand; reducing the expenditures on pesticides that has negative impact on biodiversity can be considered as a one of key finance mechanism for biodiversity conservations. The annual expenditures on pesticides is estimated to be 40 million dollars, therefore, It is important to put these mechanisms in place to channel these funds back into activities, which support biodiversity conservation activities.

The following table summarizes the prioritized finance mechanisms with the responsible actors and the expected revenue which will generate.

21

Table (5) the prioritized financial mechanisms &revenues Priority Finance mechanisms

Total expected revenue from prioritized finance mechanisms potential revenue generated or cost savings for each mechanism (USD )

responsible actors or institutions involved in deployment

Private sector 2,194,187$ Private sector companies

Climate funding NAPA integration

2.8 Million Donors, Ministry of environment, HCENR, Forest corporation and physical development, Ministry of Agric. ministries at state level

REDD+ 15 Million $ Forests

Biodiversity offset (EIA)

$750,000 Projects owners, relevant ministries

Park entrance and hunting fees

$ 900,000 Ministry of tourism and wildlife, Ministry of finace

Regional and International funding institutions

10,5 million GEF, PERSGA, IGAD

5.3 Operational resource mobilization planIn order to mobilize the identified financial resources for full implementation of the strategies and actions included in the NBSAP and achieving the Aichi Targets certain steps and actions are needed towards implementation of the identified key financial mechanisms

22

Table (6 ) Resource mobilization action planPriority Finance mechanisms

Necessary steps in implementing key financial mechanisms

Budget Time for deployment

Private sector Awareness raising $100,000 2015

Climate funding NAPA integration

Development of project proposals $100,000 functioning

REDD+ Implementation of the projects - 2015Biodiversity offset (EIA)

Approval of EIA regulation , awareness raising

50,000 2015

Park entrance and hunting fees

Building capacities of the management staff, awareness raising,

$100,000 2015

Regional and International funding institutions

Development of project proposals $200,000 2015

Recommendations•Integrating resource mobilization into national budget•Establish and strengthen partnership between private sector organizations and

conservation groups to deliver real on-the-ground conservation outcomes, this include assessments and conservation of unique flora and fauna, research and development, support for protected area site management programs and proactive community development programs to provide sustainable economic and social benefits... etc.•Establish and strengthen key research institutions (biodiversity center, ecotourism

center, biodiversity training and livelihood center, botanical gardens, gene banks, information centers .. etc).•To encourage the establishment of private protected areas. •Biodiversity Offsets, Similar to carbon offsets, in a biodiversity offset the polluter

pays for damage they have done to biodiversity by creating or buying an offset/credit.•A natural capital tax can either impose a price on the extraction of natural resources

(fee on timber extraction, mining) or activities that negatively impact the provision of biodiversity or ecosystem services (development tax).•Encouragement of ecotourism activities which considered as a useful mechanism

for generating money to support the conservation efforts.•Environmental impact assessments (EIAs) are used widely to integrate

environmental, economic and social concerns into decision-making processes. But they often address biodiversity issues in only a general way, without baseline surveys or consideration of possible indirect or cumulative impacts of a proposed

23

project on biodiversity in an area. Private sector can play an important role in improving the coverage of biodiversity concerns in EIAs.•The regulatory bodies has to strengthening its monitoring and enforcement role

to achieve the sustainable development goals•Building capacities of the different stakeholders particularly in financial fields

that are relevant to financing biodiversity ecosystem, hence NBSAP. • Strengthen existing financial institutions and explore new and innovative

financial mechanisms.•Recognition of biodiversity plan projects finance into the national budget. •Prepare studies and project proposals in the different fields regarding biodiversity

conservation activities to submit to the Regional and International funding institutions.•Improvement and provision of financial mechanism to decrease loss of

biodiversity .•Strengthening policies and legislations on natural recourses conservation

24

References Annual Report, 2013. Wildlife General Administration. Khartoum –Sudan.Agricultural Development Program Report 2008-2010. 2011. The Higher Council for Agricultural Development. Khartoum – Sudan.Annual Budget for Ministry Agriculture for the years 2010-2013. Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation.Badri, Suad. 2012. Sudan Environmental Threats and Opportunities Assessment with Special Focus on Biological Diversity and Tropical Forest. USAID, Washington, DC.FAO SIFSIA 2012: Land Cover Atlas of Sudan..Ministry of Finance and National Economy - International Cooperation General Directorate- Coordination Unit. Financial Data for Aid Information Report 2013 Khartoum – Sudan.Government of Sudan, Five Years National Strategy 2012-2016 .

FNC Annual reports (2009- 2014

Global Forests Resource Assessment/Sudan 2010 (FAO/2010)

HCENR, 2013. Stocktaking and Assessment Report for National Biodiversity Targets Setting. Khartoum, Sudan.Readiness Preparation Proposal of Sudan 2014 (FNC)

Ten Years Strategy Plan after Separation of Sudan 2011-2021 (Forests National

Corporation)

UNDP ( 2014) Transforming Biodiversity Finance: The Biodiversity Finance

(BIOFIN) Workbook for assessing and mobilizing resources to achieve the Aichi

Biodiversity Targets and to implement National Biodiversity Strategies and Action

Plans Version 8.0