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The National Marine Sanctuary ProgramSuccessful Trends in the Ecological Reserves in the
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary
Billy D. Causey, Ph.D.Southeast Regional Director
Office of National Marine SanctuariesSan Juan, Puerto Rico
November 3, 2009
US Coral Reef Task ForceSteering Committee Meeting
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary
• 2900 nm2 / 9800 km2
• Jurisdiction to mean high tide• Surrounds Florida Keys• Co-trustee Management with
State of Florida• 60% State Waters• 40% Federal Waters• 1600 Keys / 1800 miles of shoreline
Threats to Coral Reefs
• Climate Change
• Land-based Sources of Pollution
• Habitat Loss and Destruction
• Overfishing
Threats to Coral Reefs
OverfishingCan be Managed
AtLocal Levels
An “average day”of fishing in theFlorida Keys inthe 1930s-1950s.
What the Florida Keys reef fishery used to be?
Ault et al, 2008
Commercial Fishing
Commercial lobster vessel cited for possession of egg bearing and undersize spiny lobster
Recreational Fishing
Southeast Florida Regional Reef Fish Landings Composition
Reef Fish Landings68% Recreational5% Headboat27% Commercial100% Total
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Regist
ered
Ves
sels
Recreational
Commercial
0
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
S. F
L Po
pulation
Size
02000000400000060000008000000
10000000120000001400000016000000
1830 1860 1890 1920 1950 1980 2010
Year
Popu
lation
Size
Florida South Florida
South Florida Fishing Fleet
Florida’s Human Population Growth Dynamics
Dade, Broward, Palm Beach,Monroe, Collier,
Ault et al. 2005. Bulletin of Marine Science
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
BlackConeyGagGoliathGraysbyN
assauRedRed H
indRock H
indScam
pSpeckled H
indYellowedgeYellowfinYellowm
outhBlackBlackfinCuberaD
ogGrayH
ogfishLaneM
uttonRedSchoolm
asterSilkVerm
illionYellowtailM
argateBluestripedCottonwickFrenchSailorsTom
tateW
hite
Exploited Coral Reef Fishes
% S
pawn
ing
Pote
ntia
l Rat
io
Ault, J.S,, Bohnsack, J.A., and G.A. Meester. 1998. Fishery Bulletin 96:395-414(Best Publication Award in Fishery Bulletin & NOAA Certificate of Achievement 2002)
Ault, J.S., Smith, S.G., and J.A. Bohnsack. 2005. ICES Joournal of Marine Science 62:417-423
Current Management Benchmarks: FL Keys Multispecies Reef Fish Community
GROUPERS SNAPPERS GRUNTS
Overfishing (30% SPR)
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary
Marine Zones• Sanctuary Preservation Areas• Special-Use Areas• Ecological Reserves• Wildlife Management Areas• Existing Management Areas
FKNMS Marine Zoning Plan
• 18 Sanctuary Preservation Areas• 4 Research-Only Areas• 2 Ecological Reserves
(1997 and 2001)
• 27 Wildlife Management Areas• 19 Existing Management Areas
TakeNo
Zones
Ecological Reserves• 2 Areas - 9 snm and 151 snm
• Areas of high habitat and species diversity
• Representative Keys marine ecosystem
• Generally good water quality
• Encompass large enough areas to include a range of habitats
• Provide natural spawning, nursery, andpermanent residence areas for thereplenishment and genetic protection ofmarine life
• Protect and preserve all habitats andspecies particularly those not protected byfishery management regulations.
Ecological ReservesWestern Sambo Ecological Reserve - 9 snm
Tortugas Ecological ReserveImplemented
July 1, 2001518 sq k
151 sq mi
7 Separate Jurisdictions• South Atlantic FMC• Gulf of Mexico FMC• Highly Migratory FM• Nat’l Park Service• Nat’l Marine Sanctuary• State of Florida – FWC• State – Gov & Cabinet
Dry Tortugas NPMarch 200842² nm RNA
Fishery Reserves for Spiny Lobsters:
Are they Effective?
Carrollyn CoxFlorida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission
Fish & Wildlife Research Institute
Western Sambo Ecological Reserve
0 5 10 15 20 Kilometers
N
EW
S
Key West
Hawk ChannelHawk Channel
Reef tract
Reef tract
Western SamboEcological Reserve
9 ² nautical mile32 ² km
Abundance of legal-sized Lobsters
Reserve
Fishery
Western Sambo Ecological Reserve
20052004
20032002
20012000
19991998
1997
Abun
danc
e (n
lobs
ters
/hr +
/-SE
) 70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Cox & Hunt 05
Size-Frequency of Male Spiny Lobsters
Reserve Fishery
Freq
uenc
y
2550
75100
125
25 50 75 100 125
Western Sambo Ecological Reserve
10
20
30
50
40
‘97’99
‘01‘97
’99‘01
‘05‘03 ‘03
‘05
Cox & Hunt 05
Black Grouper, Exploited, Protected and Fished
-0.05
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
1996 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Mea
n D
ensi
ty
1994 -1997
**
** *
*
**
***
* *
Fishery Regulations minimum length: 1985 - 18”, Feb 1990 - 20”,Dec 1998-24”, Jan 1 2001 – 22”; 1986 - 5/fisher/day
(Ault & Bohnsack 2008)
Yellowtail Snapper, Exploited, Protected and Fished
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Mea
n D
ensi
ty
* **
*
1994 -1997
Fishery Regulations: 1985 - 12” Minimum length, 1986 – max 10/day
(Ault & Bohnsack 2008)
Reef Fisheries, Coral Reef Ecosystems & Hurricanes?
2004
2005
Tortugas Ecological Reserve
Schooling permit in Tortugas Bank Ecological Reserve, June 2004.
Building Sustainable Fisheries in Florida’s Coral Reef Ecosystem:Positive Signs in the Dry Tortugas
Jerald S. Ault
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Dep_grid-3 - 0
-6 - -3.01
-9 - -6.01
-12 - -9.01
-15 - -12.01
-18 - -15.01
-21 - -18.01
-24 - -21.01
-27 - -24.01
-30 - -27.01
-33 - -30.01
-36 - -33.01
-39 - -36.01
-50 - 39.01
-1418 - -50.01
No Data
DryTortugas
Tortugas BankFished Dry Tortugas
National Park
Tortugas Bank NTMRBaseline RVC Surveys: 1999 and 2000
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Black Grouper 20000#S
0.001 - 0.75#S
0.75 - 1.5#S
1.5 - 3#S
3 - 5.25#S5.25 - 7.5#S
DryTortugas
Black Grouper 2000
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Black Grouper 20040#S
0.001 - 0.75#S
0.75 - 1.5#S
1.5 - 3#S3 - 5.25#S5.25 - 7.5#S
DryTortugas
Black Grouper 2004
Bank Fished Bank MPA National Park Total Domain Signif.Black Grouper + 84% + 120% + 128% + 124% ***Red Grouper - 43% + 38% - 9% - 2% nsHogfish - 27% + 6% + 50% - 19% nsMutton Snapper - 45% + 303% + 142% + 109% ***Yellowtail Snapper - 19% + 367% + 132% + 181% *Gray Snapper - 96% - 51% + 270% + 39% nsWhite Grunt + 7% + 24% + 2% + 4% nsBluestriped Grunt + 50% + 13% + 242% + 159% nsSpotted Goatfish + 133% + 326% + 175% + 198% ***Redband Parrotfish + 121% + 26% + 26% + 56% nsFoureye Butterfly + 86% - 18% + 32% + 13% nsPurple Reeffish + 31% + 42% + 263% + 76% ***
Percentage Population Size Change in 2004 relative to 1999-2000 Baseline Estimates
(Ault, et al, 2004)
Fished Area
Tortugas Ecological Reserve Tortugas Ecological Reserve
Dry Tortugas National Park Dry Tortugas National Park
Response of Tortugas Reserves to Protection
Exploited PhasePre-exploited
Phase
Fork Length (cm)
Fished Area
Pre-Implementation: 1999-2000 2008 RVC Survey
25.0%
36.2%
8.0%
18.8%
64.0%
37.3%
Rel
ativ
e Fr
eque
ncy
2007-2008 Annual ReportMeasuring impacts of the Tortugas North Ecological
Reserve: A comparative analysis of differing levels of protection on coral reef and adjacent ecosystems of the Tortugas Banks,
FL Principal Investigators:John Selden Burke, [email protected] Shay Viehman, [email protected] A. Piniak, [email protected] J. Christopher Taylor, [email protected]
• Significant changes have occurred in the reef fish community following the establishment of the TNER
• Increase in abundance of large fishes• A general decline in abundance of small fishes was evident • These opposing trends suggest that mortality rates of prey species increased
due to the observed increases in predator abundance • These observed trends provide strong correlative evidence of a reserve effect and
suggest that the TNER has achieved an important initial objective • To reverse the decline of commercially exploited fish stocks around the Tortugas
Findings:
Currents – Dispersal HighwaysFLORIDA
Everglades Nat'l Park
Cape Sable
Bisc
ayne
Bay
Marquesas KeysDry Tortugas
Key West
Florida Bay
Pourtales Terrace
Florida Current
Yucatan
Cuba
Bahamas
Florida
Loop Current
Florida Current
Gulf Stream
Gulf of Mexico Regional Circulation
(Lee and Williams - Univ of Miami)
Current Meters
Bathymetry
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary
Marine Zones• Sanctuary Preservation Areas• Special-Use Areas• Ecological Reserves• Wildlife Management Areas• Existing Management Areas
South Carysfort Reef – February 13, 2009
Photo: Bill Precht - FKNMS
South Carysfort Reef – February 13, 2009
Photo: Bill Precht - FKNMS
Questions?