The National Policy Page 104. Problems on the new dominion Smaller markets Unemployment Economic slow down Less taxes for the government

The National Policy

Page 104

Problems on the new dominion

• Smaller markets

• Unemployment

• Economic slow down

• Less taxes for the government

RecessionsDifficult economic times

• 1873-1879

• 1882-1885

• 1888-1891

• 1894-1896

• Eight decent years out of 23

The National Policy

• GoalsNational UnityEconomic prosperity

Three “Planks” in the policy

• Increase custom duties

• Build railways

• Encourage immigration

National Policy

• Custom DutiesProtect Canadian industries from foreign producers.

• Encourage local industry

National Policy

• Build RailwaysHelp settlers move into the westIncrease the access to markets

• Canadian Pacific Railway was promised to British Columbia

National Policy

• Encourage immigrationPrevent Americans from simply moving into the west.

Results• Higher prices of goods

• New textile and shoe industries grew

• Railway costs used up most of the capital

• Many Canadians emigrated to the USA

Page 104

Railways

Page 105

Improvements in agriculture

Page 106

Quebec Farms

• Subsistence FarmingEnough to feed the family with very little surplus for the market.

Surplus farming

• Produce more than the family needs and the farm sells the extra.

• The farm becomes a business

Modernizing farms

• Better farming techniques were know so Quebec set up farming schools.

• Agricultural colleges were established

• Agronomists were trained an sent out to educate farmers.

Big switch

• Farms in Quebec changed from growing wheat to dairy farming.

• Butter and Cheese could be sold to Britain and the USA

New business

• Butter and cheese factories grew in Quebec.

• Farms near growing cities had a market for fresh milk.

• Farmers grew hay and oats to feed cattle.

Specialization

• Instead of growing everything farmers grew special crops. Sold the surplus and bought the other goods they needed.

Specialization

• Tobacco in Joliette

• Vegetables near Montreal

• Apples on the south shore

• Farmers switched from sustenance farming to market farming.

Specialization

• Farmers now had more money and bought more capital equipment.

• Productivity increased.

Rural emigration problem

• Young people were still emigrating to the USA.

• Quebec tried to open new farm lands Colonies in QuebecLac St Jean, Gaspesie, Outaouais..

• Poor soils and short growing seasons led to a miserable existence.

Page 106

The first phase of industrialization

Page 107

Industrialization

• Change from cottage industry to factory production

Cottage industry

• Home business Raw materials were brought to a home.

• Also included skilled workers such as weavers, cabinet makers, masons….

Factory

• Capital investment led to the development of specialized places for production.

• Big change was people going to work.

Specialization

• Pin factory

• Specialization leads to simple tasks unskilled labour.Cheap labour

• Mass productionLower cost goods

Factors• Labour

• People moving into the cities and to Canada from Europe provided plenty of cheap labour.

Factors

• InfrastructureTransportation

• St Lawrence River, canals, railways

Factors

• CapitalInvestorsMachinery

Factors

• Water power from the rivers to run the machines.

Factors

• Tariff protection from outside competition

Companies

• Managers tended to be English

• Workers tended to be French or immigrants

Types of business

• Food processingFlour, Sugar, Meat packing, brewing,

• Leathertanning boots shoes

• TextilesSinning and weaving cloth

Types of business

• Tobacco

• Transportation equipment

• Wood

Page 107

Working conditions

Page 108

Working conditions

• Less than 20% of the population lived in the cities in 1867.

• 1900 36%

Working conditions

• Farm work is hardPeople thought city life would be easierMany tales of riches.

• People moved into the citiesThey found conditions very harsh

Working conditions

• Six day work week

• 60 to 72 hours per week

• Machinery was unguarded and unsafe

• Work places were not heated

• Shops were not ventilated

Working conditions• Low wages

$10 per man for a weekLess for some

• Women might get $3 per week and children less.

• Children would start working at 8 years old

• Many factories would hire more women and children

Working conditions

• No insurancenot for sickness or injury

• No unemployment insurance

• No two week vacations

• Managers could place fines on workers.

• Worker could be beaten/ punished

• Dismissed at will

Trade unions

• Unions were illegal Would be dismissed for trying to start one.

• Strike were broken with force.Police or Military

Page 108

Living conditions

Page 109

Living conditions

• Towns had grow slowly for many years

• When industrialization began towns grew quickly

• Conditions varied greatly

Living conditionsWorking class

• Wooden structures built near the factories

• Constant danger of fire


• OvercrowdedNo laws as to how many people could cram in together

• No sewer systemOuthouse was shared by many families

• Often just a bucket


• No water system

• Water was sold by water carriers


• No power

• No refrigerationIce boxes


• Factories had no pollution controls.

• No garbage pick up

• Cats were used to keep the rats in check.


• High mortality rates300 per 1000 children did not live one year

• Malnutrition

• Epidemics disease


• Dirt roads

• Dust in the summer

• No snow removal in winter

• Floods every spring


• Needed animalshorses and cows even chickens pigs

• These animals were kept near peoplemanure, flies and poor hygene

Living conditionsUpper class

• Entrepreneurs, businessmen

• Professionals

• Montreal Golden square mile

• Stone buildings, large rooms

• Many servants

• Stable

Living conditionsupper-class

• Mortality rate was 187 per 1000Still very high compared to today.

• Children had milk

• Medical treatment

• Better hygiene

Page 109

Emigration and colonization

Page 110

Population Growth

• Immigration was part of the National policy, but the population grew slowly

• More people were moving out of Quebec than moving in.

Population Growth

• Few immigrants wanted to stay in Quebec

• More opportunities out west

Population Growth

• Farms were over populatedMechanization reduced the need for farm laborers

• They could look to the city or the rest of Canada for work.

Population Growth

• Most people looking for work came to Montreal.

• Low paid jobs for unskilled workers.

Emigration

• American factories offered better wages and jobs for entire families.

• 1,200,000 Quebecois left for the USA

• 62,000 went to Ontario

• 17,000 went west

Colonization

• The plan was to open new lans in Quebec to encourage people to stay.

• Supported by the Roman catholic church and the government

Colonization• Land offered cheap

Railways were built to make transportation easier

• Soils were thin and poorShort growing seasonno markets

• Only subsistence farming was possible

Colonization

• The plan was tough on people, but good for logging companies who now had a supply of cheap labour in the winter

• The roads and rails also helped the companies

Page 111

Documents

The National Policy Page 104. Problems on the new dominion Smaller markets Unemployment Economic slow down Less taxes for the government