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8/6/2019 The Nature and Purpose of Organizing-Revised
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-nature-and-purpose-of-organizing-revised 1/54
8/6/2019 The Nature and Purpose of Organizing-Revised
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� Division of Work and Specialization
� Coordination
� Plurality of Persons� Common Objectives
� Well-defined Authority and Responsibility
�
Organization is a Structure of Relationship� Organization is a Machine of Management
� Organization is a Universal Process
� Organization is a Dynamic Process
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� the process of arranging and allocating work,
authority, and resources among an
organizations members so they can achievethe organizations goals
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� Helps to achieve organizational goal
� Optimum use of resources
� To perform managerial function� Facilitates growth and diversification
� Human treatment of employees
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� Effective administration
� Growth and diversification
�
Sense of security� Scope for new changes
� Co-ordination
� Clarifies authority
� Well defined jobs
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� Principle of Specialization
� Principle of Functional Definition
� Principles of Span of Control/Supervision� Principle of Scalar Chain
� Principle of Unity of Command
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� Six steps in organizing:1. Establishment of enterprise objectives.
2. Formulation of supporting objectives,policies and plans.3. Identification and classification of activities
necessary to accomplish these
4. Grouping of these activities in the light of human and material resources available andthe best way, under the circumstances, of using them
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5. Delegation to the head of each group the
authority necessary tom perform the
activities6. Tying together of the groups horizontally and
vertically, through authority relationshipsand information flows
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� Division of Work
� Departmentalization
� Hierarchy� Coordination
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� breakdown of a complex task into
components so that individuals are
responsible for a limited set of activityinstead of the task a whole
� fosters specialization, wherein each personbecomes expert in a certain job
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� grouping into departments of work activities
that are similar and logically connected
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� pattern of multiple levels of an organizational
structure, at the top of which is the senior-
ranking managers and lower-rankingmangers are located down various levels of
organization
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� Also known as span of control
� It refers to the number of subordinates that
can be handled effectively by a superior in anorganization.
� And it signifies how the relations are plannedbetween superior and subordinates in an
organization.
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� Narrow span - a single manager or supervisor
oversees few subordinates, which gives rise
to a tall organizational structure.
� Wide span - a single manager or supervisoroversees a large number of subordinates,
whiich gives rise to a flat organizationalstructure.
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� Close supervision
� Close control
� Fast communication between subordinatesand superiors
� more growth opportunities for a subordinateas the number of levels is more
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� Superiors tend to get too involved in
subordinates work
� Many levels of management� High costs due to many levels
� Excessive distance between lowest level andtop level
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Wide Spans
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� Superiors are forced to delegate
� Clear policies must be made
� Subordinates must be carefully selected
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� Tendency of overloaded superiors to become
decision bottlenecks
� Danger of superiors loss of control� Requires exceptional quality of managers
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� Levels are expensive.
� They complicate communication.
� They complicate planning and control.
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� there is a limit to the number of subordinates
a manager can effectively supervise, but the
exact number will depend on the impact of underlying factors.
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1. Subordinate Training2. Clarity of Delegation of Authority
3. Clarity of Plans4. Use of Objective Standards5. Rate of Change6. Communication Techniques7. Amount of Personal Contact Needed8. Variation by Organizational Level
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� Either widen or narrow spans depending on
their limitations
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� process of integrating the activities of
separate departments in order to pursue
organizational goals effectively� there are three basic coordinating
mechanisms: mutual adjustment, directsupervision, and standardization (of which
there are three types: of work processes, of work outputs, and of worker skills)
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� the framework, typically hierarchical, within
which an organization arranges its lines of
authority and communications, and allocatesrights and duties
� determines the manner and extent to whichroles, power, and responsibilities are
delegated, controlled, and coordinated, andhow information flows between levels of
management
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� Functional Organization
� Product/Market Organization
� Matrix Organization
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� brings together in one department everyone
engaged in one activity or several related
activities that are called functions� makes efficient use of specialized resources
and makes supervision easier
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VICEPRESIDENTProduction
VICEPRESIDENTMarketing
VICEPRESIDENTFinance
VICEPRESIDENTHuman Resource
PRESIDENT
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� referred to as organization by division
� brings together in one work unit all those
involved in the production and marketing of aproduct or related group of products, all
those in a certain geographic area or all thosedealing with a certain type of customer
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� Division by product
� Division by geography
� Division by customer
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VICEPRESIDENTProduction
VICEPRESIDENTMarketing
VICEPRESIDENTFinance
VICEPRESIDENTHuman Resource
PRESIDENT
GENERALMANAGERPharmaceutical
Products
GENERALMANAGERPropriety
Products
GENERALMANAGERPersonal-care
Products
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� referred as multiple command system
� a hybrid that attempts to combine the
benefits of both types while avoiding theirdrawbacks
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� involves breaking down a task to its lowest
level and designing jobs around each part
which creates specialization, expertise, andimproved quality.
� Benefits:learning and speed of production
happen fasterreduces quality control costs and
improves production efficiency
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� people can only do one task for they are not
trained to multitask or handle multiple areas
of a workplace� workers under job specialization dont have a
wide array of applicable skills, so it becomeshard for them to adapt to a new function or
need in the organization
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� most fundamental authority within an
organization, reflects existing superior-
subordinate relationships.� consists of the right to make decisions and to
give order concerning the production, salesor finance related behaviour of subordinates
� line authority gives an individual a certaindegree of power relating to the performance
of an organizational task
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(1) line authority does not ensure effectiveperformance
(2) line authority is not restricted to linepersonnel.
- The head of a staff department has line
authority over her employees by virtue of authority relationships between thedepartment head and her directly-reportingemployees.
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- the right to advise or counsel those with line
authority
- gives staff personnel the right to offer advicein an effort to improve line operations
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� key aspect of leadership and a vital skill for
team leaders
�
Meaning(book)
� "I not only use all the brains I have, but all Ican borrow." - W oodrow W ilson
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Positive aspects of delegation include:
�Higher efficiency
�
Increased motivation�Develops the skills of your team
�Better distribution of work through the group
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� Identify a suitable person for the task.� Prepare the person. Explain the task clearly.
Make sure that you are understood. Leave roomin the task description for ingenuity / initiative.
� Make sure the person has the necessaryauthority to do the job properly.
� Keep in touch with the person for support andmonitoring progress. Do not get to close.Acceptalternative approaches.
� Praise /Acknowledge a job well done.
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After delegating:
�Plan - goals, meeting, tasks
�
Direct - your team, keep them on track�Encourage - boost morale
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Job Design- involves systematic attempts to organize
tasks, duties and responsibilities into a unit of work to achieve certain objectives.
- integrates the work content andqualifications required for each job that
meets the needs of employee and theorganization
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Staffing- concerned with acquiring, developing,
employing, appraising, renumerating andretaining people so that right type of people
are available at right positions and at righttime in the organisation.
- In the simplest terms, staffing is puttingpeople to jobs.
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Importance of staffing:
� Filling the Organisational positions
�
Developing competencies to challanges� Retaining personnel - professionalism
� Optimum utilisation of the human resources
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� the transfer of authority and responsibility for
public functions from the central government
to subordinate or quasi-independentgovernment organizations and/or the private
sectoris a complex multifaceted concept
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1. the gradual appearing of a new distribution
of responsibilities among the national,
regional and local levels of governmentthrough the process of deconcentration (an
initial and limited form of decentralization);
2. the disengagement of the state andeconomic liberalization, which favored a
new wave of decentralization through
devolution;
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3. increased involvement of local jurisdictions
and civil society in the management of theiraffairs, with new forms of participation,
consultation, and partnerships.
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� describes the process of defining a job
position salary cost relative to the employer
organization, industry, and location.
� the result of this work and analysis tends tobe determining pay ranges for job
classifications to remain competitive but toalso control labor costs as well.
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� Miscommunication/Workrelationships/Interpersonal problems andpersonality conflicts
� Alienation-the absence of a sense of control.� -too wide a span may mean that managers are
overextended and employees are receiving too littleguidance or control
� When this happens, managers may be pressured toignore or condone serious errors.
� Too narrow a span is inefficient because managersare underutilized.
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� Narrow spans of management create tall
hierarchies with many levels between the
highest and lowest managers. In theseorganizations, along chain of command slows
decision making, a disadvantage in a rapidlychanging environment.
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� Differentiation
Perspective
Time orientation Interpersonal styles
Formality