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TheThe NewNew Immigration Immigration
Who Were the Who Were the NewNew Immigrants?Immigrants?
Those immigrants who came to Those immigrants who came to the United States in the late 19the United States in the late 19thth and early 20and early 20thth centuries. centuries.
1860/1880/1890 until 1920. 1860/1880/1890 until 1920. **depending upon historians view point.depending upon historians view point.
Who were the OLD Who were the OLD Immigrants?Immigrants?
The first immigrantsThe first immigrants
Those who had traveled across the land bridge Those who had traveled across the land bridge that once connected North America and Asiathat once connected North America and Asia
The first immigrants from The first immigrants from the Old Worldthe Old World
Columbus & SpanishColumbus & SpanishThe conquistadoresThe conquistadoresmissionariesmissionaries
The EnglishThe EnglishVirginia CompanyVirginia CompanyPuritansPuritansQuakersQuakers
The DutchThe Dutchtraderstraders
The FrenchThe FrenchFur trappers Fur trappers missionariesmissionaries
African slavesAfrican slaves
““Old Immigrants”Old Immigrants”
Old ImmigrantsOld ImmigrantsIMMIGRANTS PRIOR IMMIGRANTS PRIOR
TO 1890TO 1890Primarily from Primarily from Western & Western & Northern EuropeNorthern Europe
They came from They came from IrelandIreland
GermanyGermany
EnglandEngland
WalesWales
ScotlandScotland
Irish immigrationIrish immigration
In Ireland, the In Ireland, the potato famine was potato famine was wreaking havoc. wreaking havoc. Across the rest of Across the rest of the continent, the the continent, the economy was economy was changing. Big changing. Big landowners landowners pushed peasants pushed peasants off their land. New off their land. New factories made factories made craftsmen obsolete craftsmen obsolete
German immigrationGerman immigration
Irish and German Irish and German immigrants, who were immigrants, who were seeking to escape seeking to escape from wars, economic from wars, economic dislocations and dislocations and religious and ethnic religious and ethnic discrimination in their discrimination in their own countries, were own countries, were attracted to the City attracted to the City by the abundant by the abundant demand for unskilled demand for unskilled labor and the militant labor and the militant commitment of the commitment of the democratic party to democratic party to Democratic equality. Democratic equality.
The New ImmigrationThe New Immigration
“The greatest free migration of people in human history”
1880-1920
During these years approximately 20 million Europeans immigrate to the United States.
What were the Reasons the What were the Reasons the New Immigrants came to the New Immigrants came to the
United States?United States?
Hope for a better life. Hope for a better life.
To escape poverty. To find To escape poverty. To find employment. employment.
To escape famine and land To escape famine and land shortages in Europe.shortages in Europe.
The chance to own land in America.The chance to own land in America.
To escape religious persecution. To escape religious persecution.
To escape political persecution. To escape political persecution.
The New Immigrants came The New Immigrants came from from
Southern and Southern and Eastern EuropeEastern Europe
ItalyItalyRussiaRussiaAustria-HungaryAustria-HungaryPolandPolandGreece Greece TurkeyTurkeyRomaniaRomaniaIreland *Ireland *
The New Immigrants also The New Immigrants also came fromcame from
AsiaAsiaChinaChina
JapanJapan
Latin AmericaLatin AmericaMexicoMexico
Caribbean Caribbean nationsnations
European ImmigrantsEuropean Immigrants
European ImmigrantsEuropean ImmigrantsEscaping Religious Escaping Religious
PersecutionPersecutionThousands of Thousands of European Jews European Jews immigrated to the immigrated to the United States to United States to escape POGROMS escape POGROMS in Russia & Poland. in Russia & Poland.
Anti-SemitismAnti-Semitism
Religious persecution Religious persecution of the Jewish peopleof the Jewish people
European ImmigrantsEuropean Immigrants
Left Europe’s Left Europe’s rigid social rigid social class system class system
Came to Came to America where America where a person could a person could better their better their social/economic social/economic status. status.
European ImmigrantsEuropean Immigrants
L A N DL A N DImmigrants left Immigrants left Europe because a Europe because a lack of available lack of available farm land to gain.farm land to gain.The United States The United States offered the offered the possibility of possibility of owning LAND. owning LAND.
Homestead Act of Homestead Act of 1862. 1862.
European ImmigrantsEuropean Immigrants
R E F O R MR E F O R MProgressive and Progressive and democratic reforms democratic reforms taking place in the taking place in the United States inspired United States inspired Europeans to come to Europeans to come to have a greater say in have a greater say in how they are governed how they are governed and to live better lives.and to live better lives.Old Monarchies and Old Monarchies and Political Turmoil in Political Turmoil in Europe dismayed many Europe dismayed many younger Europeans younger Europeans who felt there was no who felt there was no chance for change. chance for change.
““Birds of Passage”Birds of Passage”
Chinese ImmigrantsChinese Immigrants
Why Chinese Immigrants came Why Chinese Immigrants came to “Gold Mountain”to “Gold Mountain”
California Gold Rush California Gold Rush (1850s)(1850s)
Work on Work on Transcontinental Transcontinental Railroad and Railroad and railroad building.railroad building.
Work on farms and Work on farms and in mines in the in mines in the West.West.
To operate To operate businesses in businesses in America.America.
Chinese ImmigrationChinese Immigration
Peak years of Peak years of immigration immigration was 1851-1883was 1851-1883
Approximately Approximately 200,000 200,000 Chinese Chinese Immigrants Immigrants enter the enter the United States.United States.
Reaction to Chinese Reaction to Chinese ImmigrantsImmigrants
During difficult During difficult economic times of economic times of 1870s, unemployed 1870s, unemployed Americans targeted Americans targeted their anger against their anger against Chinese labors who Chinese labors who they saw as taking they saw as taking their jobs.their jobs.
Anti-Chinese riots Anti-Chinese riots broke out in a broke out in a number of cites. number of cites.
The Chinese The Chinese Exclusion ActExclusion Act
Banned all Chinese Banned all Chinese Laborers.Laborers.
Only Chinese allowed to Only Chinese allowed to enter the United States enter the United States
were 1) students, 2) were 1) students, 2) teachers, 3) merchants, teachers, 3) merchants, 4) government officials, 4) government officials,
and 5) tourists. and 5) tourists.
Angel IslandAngel Island
Thomas Nast cartoons on Thomas Nast cartoons on Chinese ImmigrationChinese Immigration
Thomas Nast on Chinese ImmigrationThomas Nast on Chinese Immigration
““Every Dog (No Every Dog (No Distinction of Color Distinction of Color )has his Day.” )has his Day.”
Red Gentleman to Red Gentleman to Yellow Gentleman. Yellow Gentleman. “Pale face ‘fraid you “Pale face ‘fraid you crowd him out, as crowd him out, as he did mehe did me
““And Still They Come”And Still They Come”
Japanese ImmigrantsJapanese Immigrants
Japanese ImmigrationJapanese ImmigrationJapanese were Japanese were recruited to work on recruited to work on Hawaiian fruit and Hawaiian fruit and sugar plantations. sugar plantations. When Hawaii became When Hawaii became a United States a United States territory allowed territory allowed opened up Japanese opened up Japanese immigration to the immigration to the West Coast of the West Coast of the United States. United States. By 1920, By 1920, approximately 200,000 approximately 200,000 Japanese immigrants Japanese immigrants living on the West living on the West Coast of the United Coast of the United States. States.
San Francisco School San Francisco School Board Incident & The Board Incident & The
Gentlemen’s Gentlemen’s AgreementAgreement
Immigrants from the West Immigrants from the West IndiesIndies
Between 1880 and Between 1880 and 1920, more than 1920, more than 260,000 West 260,000 West Indians Indians immigrated to the immigrated to the United States.United States.Jamaica, Cuba, Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Haiti, the Dominican the Dominican Republic and other Republic and other islands.islands.Jobs. Jobs. Jobs.Jobs. Jobs. Jobs.Settled largely in Settled largely in Florida, New Florida, New Orleans, Gulf Orleans, Gulf states, and NEW states, and NEW YORK CITY. YORK CITY.
Immigrants from MexicoImmigrants from Mexico
MEXICAN IMMIGRANTSMEXICAN IMMIGRANTSTREATY OF TREATY OF GUADALUPE GUADALUPE HIDALGO (1848)HIDALGO (1848)United States United States acquired Mexican acquired Mexican Cession from the Cession from the Republic of Mexico Republic of Mexico for $15 million for $15 million dollarsdollarsAll Mexicans living All Mexicans living in the Mexican in the Mexican Cession were Cession were granted United granted United States citizenship.States citizenship.
Mexican ImmigrationMexican Immigration
Newlands Act, aka Newlands Act, aka The National The National Reclamation Act of Reclamation Act of 1902. 1902.
Provided advance Provided advance irrigation to irrigation to agricultural areas of agricultural areas of the Desert Southwest the Desert Southwest of the United States. of the United States.
Thousands of Thousands of Mexicans immigrate Mexicans immigrate to work on farms in to work on farms in the American the American Southwest. Southwest.
Mexican ImmigrationMexican Immigration
The Mexican The Mexican Revolution.Revolution.Thousands left Thousands left Mexico to escape Mexico to escape political, political, economic and economic and social turmoil.social turmoil.7% of entire 7% of entire Mexican Mexican population population immigrates to immigrates to United States. United States.
The Journey to the New WorldThe Journey to the New World
The New ColossusThe New ColossusEmma LazarusEmma Lazarus
Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame,Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame,With conquering limbs astride from land to land;With conquering limbs astride from land to land;Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall standHere at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall standA mighty woman with a torch, whose flameA mighty woman with a torch, whose flameIs the imprisoned lightning, and her nameIs the imprisoned lightning, and her nameMother of Exiles. From her beacon-handMother of Exiles. From her beacon-handGlows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes commandGlows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes commandThe air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame.The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame."Keep ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she"Keep ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries sheWith silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor,With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor,Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me,Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me,I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"
Ellis IslandEllis Island
This became the primary entry point This became the primary entry point for millions of Europeans who for millions of Europeans who immigrated to the United States.immigrated to the United States.
Immigrant InspectionImmigrant Inspection
G H E T T O SG H E T T O S
Most immigrants settled Most immigrants settled in communities settled by in communities settled by fellow immigrants from fellow immigrants from their homelands. Many their homelands. Many would settle in the cities would settle in the cities of their ports of entry. of their ports of entry.
The Challenge of CitiesThe Challenge of Cities
Between 1880 & 1920, 11 millions left the economic hardships Between 1880 & 1920, 11 millions left the economic hardships of the farms for the opportunities that cities offered. of the farms for the opportunities that cities offered.
The SuburbsThe Suburbs
Residential communities surrounding the cities. Residential communities surrounding the cities. Motorized transportation made living outside of Motorized transportation made living outside of cities and commuting to work in cities possible. cities and commuting to work in cities possible.
Chicago 1871Chicago 1871
Chicago 1916Chicago 1916
Skyscrapers: Cities grow Skyscrapers: Cities grow upwards as well as outwardsupwards as well as outwards
The elevator, invented by Elisha Graves Otis in 1852, made skyscrapers The elevator, invented by Elisha Graves Otis in 1852, made skyscrapers possible. The Chicago Home Insurance Company building (1885) and the possible. The Chicago Home Insurance Company building (1885) and the
Wainwright building (1891) in St. Louis were two of the first skyscrapers built.Wainwright building (1891) in St. Louis were two of the first skyscrapers built.
Living in the CitiesLiving in the Cities
How the Other Half LivesHow the Other Half Lives
Jacob RiisJacob Riis Danish immigrant, Danish immigrant,
photojournalist, photojournalist, writer, reformer, writer, reformer,
PROGRESSIVEPROGRESSIVE
N A T I V I S MN A T I V I S M
Favoring native-born Americans over immigrants.Favoring native-born Americans over immigrants.
The American The American Protective AssociationProtective Association
•Targeted immigrants Targeted immigrants as unwanted. as unwanted. •Called for teaching of Called for teaching of English language only English language only in schools. in schools. •Wanted tougher Wanted tougher conditions for conditions for citizenship.citizenship.•Wanted stricter laws Wanted stricter laws on employing on employing immigrantsimmigrants•Particularly despised Particularly despised Catholics. Catholics.
IMMIGRATION RESTRICTION IMMIGRATION RESTRICTION LEAGUELEAGUE
Formed by Harvard Formed by Harvard graduates in 1894graduates in 1894
Wanted a literacy Wanted a literacy test used to exclude test used to exclude immigrants immigrants considered unfit.considered unfit.
Particularly disliked Particularly disliked immigrants from immigrants from Southern and Southern and Eastern Europe (the Eastern Europe (the “New Immigrants”)“New Immigrants”)
P U C K
““Looking Backward”Looking Backward”
City Politics & CorruptionCity Politics & Corruption
The Political “B O S S”The Political “B O S S”Individual who organizes, Individual who organizes, manages, leads and dominates manages, leads and dominates a political party in given area a political party in given area (city, county, state, or national (city, county, state, or national level). level).
““Boss” TweedBoss” TweedHeld numerous jobs including being a Held numerous jobs including being a chairmaker, a bookkeeper, a member of father's chairmaker, a bookkeeper, a member of father's brush-man firm, and a volunteer fireman. brush-man firm, and a volunteer fireman. Became an alderman to New York city in 1851 Became an alderman to New York city in 1851 and rose quickly through the ranks and rose quickly through the ranks Major Accomplishments: Major Accomplishments: Built his power in Tammany Hall through the Built his power in Tammany Hall through the appointment and election of his friends (called appointment and election of his friends (called the 'Tweed Ring') the 'Tweed Ring') Conned and plundered the city of New York out Conned and plundered the city of New York out of between 30-200 million dollars of between 30-200 million dollars Significance: Significance: Controlled all Democratic New York state and Controlled all Democratic New York state and city nominations from 1860-1870 city nominations from 1860-1870 Used illegal means to force election of his choice Used illegal means to force election of his choice for New York governor, New York City mayor, for New York governor, New York City mayor, and speaker of the assembly and speaker of the assembly Raised public indignation against graft and was Raised public indignation against graft and was convicted and sentenced to prison (Note: He was convicted and sentenced to prison (Note: He was also sued by the city of New York in a civil suit. also sued by the city of New York in a civil suit. He escaped from jail and fled to Spain. He was He escaped from jail and fled to Spain. He was identified there from a cartoon drawn by Thomas identified there from a cartoon drawn by Thomas Nast. He was returned to New York and died in Nast. He was returned to New York and died in jail there.) jail there.)
Tammany HallTammany Hall
Tammany Hall was the name Tammany Hall was the name given to the Democratic given to the Democratic political machine that political machine that dominated New York City dominated New York City politics politics
Immigration & “Boss” politicsImmigration & “Boss” politics
Immigrants Immigrants ANDAND
Political Political Machines & Machines &
“Boss” politics“Boss” politics
“THAT’S WHATS THE MATTER”Boss Tweed, “ As long as I count the Votes, what are
you going to do about it? Say?”
JOBS, PLACES TO LIVE, JOBS, PLACES TO LIVE, OTHER ASSISTANCEOTHER ASSISTANCE
VOTE EARLY AND VOTE OFTENVOTE EARLY AND VOTE OFTEN
Corruption in Municipal ElectionsCorruption in Municipal Elections
Arrest of Arrest of the Bossthe Boss
Social Reform Social Reform Helping the NeedyHelping the Needy
Charity Organization Charity Organization MovementMovement
Made charity a Made charity a scientific scientific enterpriseenterpriseKept detailed files Kept detailed files of those poor that of those poor that were worthy of were worthy of helpinghelpingWanted immigrants Wanted immigrants to adopt American to adopt American middle-class middle-class standards of child-standards of child-rearing, cleaning rearing, cleaning and cooking. and cooking.
Social Gospel MovementSocial Gospel MovementSought to apply Sought to apply the teachings of the teachings of Jesus Christ to Jesus Christ to directly help directly help improve society.improve society.Focused on ideals Focused on ideals such as justice & such as justice & charity, and sought charity, and sought labor reformslabor reformsWanted improved Wanted improved living and working living and working conditions for conditions for workers, including workers, including larger share of larger share of national wealth for national wealth for workers.workers.
The Settlement MovementThe Settlement Movement
Settlement House: Settlement House: kind of community kind of community center, offered center, offered social servicessocial services
Hull House: Hull House: opened by Jane opened by Jane Addams & Ellen Addams & Ellen Gates StarrGates Starr
Offered education, Offered education, culture, and hope culture, and hope to slumsto slums
Hull HouseHull House
Temperance & ProhibitionTemperance & Prohibition
Temperance Temperance Movement was an Movement was an organized organized campaign to campaign to eliminate alcohol eliminate alcohol consumption. consumption.
Prohibition PartyProhibition Party
Women’s Christian Women’s Christian Temperance MovementTemperance Movement
Anti-Saloon LeagueAnti-Saloon League
P R O H I B I T I O N P R O H I B I T I O N
A ban on the manufacturing A ban on the manufacturing and sale of alcoholic beverages!and sale of alcoholic beverages!
Carrie A. Nation Carrie A. Nation crusaded against the crusaded against the evils of alcohol with a evils of alcohol with a hatchet and the Biblehatchet and the Bible
P U R I T Y C R U S A D E R SP U R I T Y C R U S A D E R S
Those that lead the Those that lead the fight against immoral fight against immoral or corrupt behavior, or corrupt behavior, VICE.VICE.
Drugs, gambling, Drugs, gambling, prostitution and other prostitution and other forms of corrupt & forms of corrupt & decadent behaviordecadent behavior
Began attacking Began attacking political machines for political machines for corruption in city corruption in city politics.politics.
Anthony Comstock founded the New York Society of the Anthony Comstock founded the New York Society of the Suppression of Vice. Suppression of Vice.
The Comstock LawThe Comstock Law
• Prohibited Prohibited sending obscene sending obscene materials through materials through the mail (this the mail (this included any included any material that material that included included descriptions of descriptions of birth control). birth control).
