Warrior Pharaohs

The New Kingdom

Ahmose and Kamose Egyptian rulers between two powerful

nations; Hyksos and NubiansEgyptians viewed foreigners as backwards

and barbarians, images carved on footstools

Hyksos plans

Hyksos plan to crush Egyptians with Nubian help

Kamose leads troops north against Hyksos towards capital of Avaris

younger brother Ahmose trains for ten years before battling Hyksos

1570 BC Ahmose Tutmosis I military

campaigns extended borders further south

Tutmosis II brother and sister married to keep power within family

Married half-sister Hatshepsut

Regent HatshepsutTutmosis III too young to take

throne, Hatshepsut takes power as co-regent and then pharaoh

Queen Pharaoh Hatshepsut temple of KarnakTrading expeditions to Punt

obelisks

RevengeTutmosis III

Series of battles and campaigns along Syrian coast

Napoleon of EgyptTemple of KarnakDestroyed all evidence

of Hatshepsut, eliminate memory and soul

Tuthmosis: Empire

Empire: bringing different territories under the rule of one government

Egypt no longer isolated

Cultural diffusion

Return to Peace and ProsperityTutmosis IV period of peace and

prosperity for Egypt Amenhotep III Thebes Temple to Amun Wealth and great prosperity

Great Hypostyle Hall, Temple to Amun

Colossi of Memnon

The Heretic 1353 BC Amenhotep IV second son of

Amenhotep III, being raised studying religion, changed name to Akhenaten

Akhenaten crowned pharaoh at Karnak, promotes monotheistic religion based on sun worship, Aten

Beauty and the Beast

Wife reputed to the most beautiful woman in the world, Nefertiti

Akhenaten’s appearance is another story

Amarna 1344 BC Amarna period

New capital city built by Akhenaten

Queen Ti, Akhenaten’s mother, acts as regent

foreign affairs neglected Amarna letters

Artistic changes more realistic

Pharaoh seen more feminine, intimate with family

Death of AmarnaReligion of Sun god dies with Akhenatenmemory of Akhenaten erased

King Tut1922 discovery of Tutankhamun’s

tomb by Howard Carter Image of the god of lifeborn Tut-ankh-aten changed name

to show allegiance to old gods

Three’s a CrowdHoremheb military commanderAy vizier and high priestrun country and maintain order Egypt has highly developed

bureaucracy

Tutankhamun dies suddenly at age 20 

To the victor the spoils…Ay desires to marry Tutankhamun’s widow, she

attempts to marry Hittite prince, but fails. Ay becomes next pharaoh, but dies without a successor.

Horemheb assumes the throne, marrying Nerfertiti’s sister.

Reopens temples to Amun at Thebes, destroys temples to Aten

Dies without an heir, appoints Rameses as his successor.

Rameses dies quickly, but produces an heir, Seti I

19th DynastySeti I art and culture flourish building projects rebuilds AbydosAims to reclaim Empire of Egyptfights against Syrians

Rameses II

raised for leadership of Egypt

1279 Rameses II crowned pharaoh

67 year reign more temples and monuments more childrenThe Great Ancestor well prepared by father Seti I

Master Builder

Temple of LuxorTemple of Karnak

Abu Simbel

The wife

 Nefartari, temple at Abu Simbel

vulture headdressPer-Ramessu city

built in the Nile delta with Hebrew slave labour

The Legend of Kadesh

Hittites Kadesh1275 BC 20 000 man armyCelebrated as one of the greatest military

victories in Egyptian history1259 first peace treaty between Egyptians

and HittitesVideo 1Video 2Video 3

II to IIIRameses II dies in 1212 BC age 92,

father of over 200 children. Rameses IIItrouble with the Sea PeoplesSea Peoples overrun the Hittites and settle

along the coast.Ramses III defends Egypt on all fronts

Decline

division within Egyptrise of other empires Libyan, Nubian, Persian pharaohs rule

Egypt.

Persians defeated by Greeks under Alexander the Great.

Upon Alexander’s death, Ptolemy is given control of Egypt; the first pharaoh of the Ptolemaic dynasty.

Til death do us part

Ptolemies built Alexandria Library

Center of learning for the world

Lighthouse of Alexandria

Cleo and Julie

51 BC throne goes to Cleopatra VII and brother Ptolemy XIII

struggle for power results in civil war and Cleopatra fleeing Egypt 

Arrival of Julius Caesar in Egypt brings Cleopatra back (in secret).

Cleopatra allies herself with Caesar (in more ways than one)

Cleopatra invited back to Rome, inadvertently assists in public perception that Caesar wants to be king. Julius Caesar is assassinated.

Cleo and AntonyRoman power falls to Mark Antony and

Octavian AugustusAntony and Cleopatra ally (in more ways

than one)Roman civil war between followers of

Antony and Augustus

The end is nigh…Antony defeated at ActiumRoman fleet enters Alexandria harbourAntony suicideCleopatra suicideLast of the pharaohs.

Egyptian families

Respect for parentsSon responsible for

father’s tombWomen the property of

husbands, but valued producers of children

Rahotep and Nofret (son and daughter in law to Snefru)

Social Roles

Role of Women Well treated and had

considerable legal rightscompared to other civilizations

Same legal rights as men (land, property, divorce)

Left women to be economically independent

Primary role was in domestic life Common title for a married women

in ancient Egypt was “nebet per” meaning “the lady of the house”

Bear and raise children

Role of Men Head of the family Men could have numerous

wives but economically men had only 1 wife

Labourers, craftsmen Jobs were hereditary

Jobs Labour required for

construction projects and was mostly filled by poor, serfs

Stability of Egypt thrived as skilled trades were passed from father to son

Children always learned the trade from parents; seldom could choose occupation

Education

Contributed to stability and continuity of Egypt

All children, regardless of social class, received some education

Followed a moral and ethical guide “Instructions in Wisdom”

Goal for education was to ensure youth exhibited self control and good manners

At 14, young boys followed fathers in jobs, and girls learned from mothers in the household

Children of priests were schooled more formally Literacy was stressed for government jobs Education respected for creating a well rounded

individual

Hieroglyphs

History of Writing: 1) pictograms (sun= sun) 2) ideograms (sun = sun, daylight, warmth, light)3) phonograms: symbols that suggest a particular sound; related ideas and also sound (Sun = sun, son, Sunday)

Each hieroglyph found in pyramids and tombs often symbolized more than one consonant. Not only that, but actual Egyptian hieroglyphs were a combination of sound-signs, pictograms, and ideograms.

Rosetta Stone What is the Rosetta Stone?

The Rosetta Stone is a stone with writing on it in two languages (Egyptian and Greek), using three scripts (hieroglyphic, demotic and Greek). It was carved in 196 BCE.

Why is it in three different scripts? The Rosetta Stone is written in three

scripts (hieroglyphs for religious documents; demotic- common script of Egypt; Greek- language of the rulers of Egypt at that time)

The Rosetta Stone was written in all three scripts so that the priests, government officials and rulers of Egypt could read what it said.

When was the Rosetta Stone found? The Rosetta Stone was found in 1799 by

French soldiers who were rebuilding a fort in Egypt (in a small village in Delta called Rosetta (Rashid)

What does the Rosetta Stone say? The Rosetta Stone is a text written by a

group of priests in Egypt to honour the Egyptian pharaoh. It lists all of the things that the pharaoh had done that were good for the priests and the people of Egypt.