1

The New Nation’s Relations with Native Americans

2

1. Why did William Apess think that whites were responsible for the way his grandparents treated him?

2. What name did William Apess think his people should be called?

3

Before and after the Seven Years’ War (1756-63)

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Proclamation of 1763

Source: National Atlas of the United States of America (1970).

-No colonists wests of the Appalachians-Only authorized traders in Indian territory-Land sales must be approved by British superintendents

5

Portrait by George Romney, 1776. National Gallery of Canada

Joseph Brant (Thayendanegea)

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Standards of international law – 18c.

• Right of discovery• Right of conquest• Treaties between sovereign nations– Indians treated as inferior

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Geographic expansion

• Republican theorists: political independence depends upon land ownership

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Northwest Ordinance 1787

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Northwest Indian Wars(1785-1795)

‘Western confederacy’

Treaty of Greenville (1795)

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Indian Land Cessions

http://college.cengage.com/history/primary_sources/us/indian_land_cessions.htm

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Alexander McGillivrayScottish father, Creek mother

Became officer of British army during the Revolution

Wealthy trader and influential Creek leader

Florida Historical Society

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U.S. Constitution (1787): Congress had exclusive right to negotiate treaties with Native Americans Treaty of New York (1790): U.S. promised to protect Creeks from Georgia settlers

Shift from ‘right of conquest’ to treaties

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‘Civilization’ policy

Agricultural tools and livestock were distributed to Indians who settled on farms.

14

Trade and Intercourse Acts (1790-1802)

• Set up government trading posts• Specified punishment for whites who

encroached on Indian land or committed crimes

• Regulated sale of Indian land• Authorized gifts: tools, farm animals, spinning

wheels, etc.– > role of ‘agents’

15

Thomas Jefferson (President, 1801-1809)

Ideal of the agrarian republic

Goal of civilizing the Indians--Farming--Gender roles

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Louisiana Purchase (1803)