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T H E N E W N A T U R A L I S T
WILD FLOWERS Botanising in Britain
JOHN GILhlOUR M.A., V.M.H.
Former Director of the University Botanic Garden and Fellow of Clare College, Cambridge
MAX WALTE.RS M.A., PH.D.
Director of the University Botanic Garden and FelIow of King's College, Cambridge
Bloomsbury Books London
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1 THE ANATOMY OF FIELD BOTANY
2 How OUR FLORA WAS DISCOVERED
3 THE BIOLOGY OF OUR FLORA
4 How OUR FLORA CAME TO BRITAIN
5 WOODLANDS AND HEDGEROWS
6 MOORS, HEATHS AND COMMONS
7 CHALK Downs AND LIMESTONE UPLANDS
14 How TO Go FLTRTHER
APPENDIX I: WAYS AND MEANS
PAGE
xi ...
Xll l
I N D E X - G,LOSSARY
All page-references to wild plants are given under their Latin names. Some of the commoner Latin synonyms are also indexed, followed by the name used in this book. English names are indexed under their Jirst word, e.g., '' great burnet " under " great ", and are followed by their Latin equivalents, under which page-references will be found.
Books are, as a rule, indexed under authors, and not titles. Only place-names of particular botanical interest are indexed. The'more important page-references are in bold type; references to illustrations are in italics. Words which have been defined in the text are not, as a rule, defined again. Names of the principal parts of a flower, e.g., petal, sepal, etc., are not defined.
AARON'S ROD, see Verbascum thapsus
Abbot, C., 18 Abies alba Mill., 48,55 achene: a small, dry,
indehiscent, single-seeded fruit
Acorus calamus L., 142, 161 Actaea spicata L., 72, 106 adder's tongue fern, see
Ophioglossm Adoxa moschutellina L., 64 Aegopodium podagaria L., I 91,
212,214 Aethusa cynapium L., 212, 214 agave, 30 agg. (aggregate) = sens. lat.
(sensu lato); written after the name of a species to indicate that the name, as there used, includes two or more closely allied taxa which have been treated as distinct species (cf. sens. strict.)
Agrofiyron junceiforme (A. & D. Uve) A. & D. Love, 168f, 176; pungens (Pers.) Roem. & Schult., 176; repens (L) Beauv., 191
Agrostemma githago L., 191 Agrostis, 83, 98 Ajuga reptans L., 39, 66 Alchmilla, I 10; alpina L., 117,
119, III~, 130; arvensir see Aphanes amensis; conjuncta Bab., 122; faeroensir Bus., 1n2f; glabra Neyg., 125; glaucescens Wallr., 108; tiulgaris agg., I 22
alder, see Alnw glutinosa alder-buckthorn, see Frangula
alnus alexanders, see Smyrnium algae, 148, '54, '74 alien plants, 1g8f AlisnzagramineumC. C. Gmel.,
162f; lmeolatum With., 162f; natam see Lwoniwn
natans; plantago-aquatica L., rt i9f -v- -
Allium, 184; ursinm L., 72f allo-~olyploid~, 45, 163, !74 all-seed, see Radzola lzmzdes Alnw glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.,
5.49 76f alpine butterwort, see Pin-
guicula alpina; club-moss, see Lycobodium albinum: meadow, i I 3, I z5 ;m&dowi grass, see Poa alpina; saw- wort, see Savsswea alpina; sow-thistle, see Cuerbita al@na
Althaea oficinalis L., 177; rosea (L.) Cav., 177
Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link, 39, 159, 166, 168f
Anacamptis pyramiddis (L.) L. C. Rich., I04
Amgallis, go; arvensir L., I 70, 180
~ Z z m e d a polifolia L., 140 Anemone nemorosa L., 59, 60,
62, 67; pulsatilla L., 203 Angelica sylvestris L., I 25, 2 I 2,
214 annual meadow grass, see
Poa annw; plants, 30, I I I,
1x5, 149, 164, 167, 1706 '94, 195f.
Antennana dzoica (L.) Gaertn., 95
Anthrism neglecta Boiss. & Reut., 213, 214; sylvestris (L.) Bernh., 58, 79, 2x2; 213, 214
Anthyllis vulneraria L., I 01 Aphanes mensir L., 111;
mictocarba Boiss. & Reut.. I11
apomixis: reproduction by seed formed without fer- tilisation; sometimes ex- tended to cover all asexual reproduction, including vegetative, 33, 45, 56, 65, 110, 122, 186
229
Aquilegia uulgaris L., 64 Arabidopsis thaliana (L.)
Heynh., 195 Arabis turrita L., 1g7f Arber, A-, 153, 154, I59 Arbutus unedo L., 10 Arctostaphylos uua-wsi (L.)
S p r ~ g . , E7 Arenana, 169 Anneria maritima (Mill.)
Willd., 125, 127, 176, 176, I 78
~rmbracie r u s t k m Gaertn., Mey. & Schr*., 196
Arnoseris minwna (L.) Schweigg. & Koerte, 221
arrowgrass, see Trigochix arrowhead, see Sagittaria sag-
ittifolia Artemisia mrvegka Fr., I24 Arum rnaculatum L., 46, 80;
neglectum (Towns.) Ridl., 80 ash, see FrwQYEnus excelsior Ashby, M., 210 Asperula ~ h i c a L., 70f;
odorata L., 70 Asplenium, 197; viride L., 125 Aster tripolium L., 175; var.
discoideus Rehb., 175 Rrtragalus danicus Tetz., IOI~ ,
187; glycyhyllos L., r87f Atlantic distribution: a dis-
tribution in Western Europe, not extending far ilito Central or Eastern Europe, 55, 62, 87, 95, 168, 169, 180; penod, 53, 54, 56, '29
Atriplex glabriuscula Edmonst., 167; hastata L., 167; laczniata L., 167; patula L., 167
Atropa belladonna L., 190, 196 autecology, 202 auto-polyploidy, 45 autumn crocus, see Colchicum
mcsWnnale autumnal hawkbit, see Leon-
todon autwnnnlis
d~vebury , Lord, 210 Avem pratensis see He1ictot~-
chon f l a t m e Avon Gorge, 98, 198 awlwort, see Subularia aquatica Azolla, 155 BABINGTOX, C. C., 13,21,22,
209 back-cross: fertilisation be-
tween the progeny of a cross and one of the parents
Baker, H. G., go Baldellia ranunculoides (L.) Yd., 143, 162
Ballota nQra L., 80 balsam, see Impatiens bamboo. 90 banebe&$ see Actaea spicata Banks, J., rg Barbarea vulgaris R. Br., 196 barren strawberry, S&
Potentilla sterilis Bartsia a@im L., 14 Bauhin, C., 16 beaked hawks-beard, see
Crepis vesicaria subsp. tarau- . acifolia
bearberry, see Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
beech, see Fagus sylvatica bee orchid, see Ophrys apijiia bell-heatlier, see Erica cinerea Bellis perennis L., 40, 44 Fkn Lawers, 107, 111, 121 bent, see Agrostis Bentharn, G., 20, 22, 209 Beny Head, I 02, 105 Beta maritim L., 168 betony, see Stmhys o#cimlis BeMa, 52, 53, 76, 84, "4,
129; tenta L., 75; pendula Roth, 74;pubescemEhrh., 74
biennial, 30,167, rggf bilberry, see Vaccinium
rnH1lu.s bindweed, see Convolvulus
arvensis Biological Flora of the
British Isles, 27, 202 birch, see Betula birchwood, 74, 14, 129 bird's-eye primrose, see
Primutc~ farinosa bird's-foot trefoil, see Lotus
comiculutus bird's nest orchid, see Neottia
nidus-m's bishop's weed, see Aegopodivm
qodag~aG bitmg stonecrop, see S e d m
acre
INDEX
black horehound, see Ballota Blackstone, W., 17 bladder campion, see Silene
vulgaris bladdenvort, see UtriGularia Blakeney Point, 168, 169,
172, I73 blanket bog, 37, 82, 129, 132,
133f Blechnum spicant (L.) Roth, 93 bloody cranesbill, see Geran-
ium sanguineum bluebell, see Endymion blue moor-grass, see Sesleria bog, 37, 82, 129, I 1, 1326
Z42, 147, !52; %phodel, see .Narthecaum osiijiragum; whortleberry, see Vaccin- ium uligimsurn
bombed site plants, 194 Bonnier, G., 209 Boreal period, 53E, 76, I 10,
129 Boswell, J. T. I., see Syme,
J. T. I. B. Botanical Society of the
British Isles (B.S.B.I.), qf, 25, 201, 202, 204
Botrycliium lunaric (L.) SW., 931
Boulger, G. S., 210 Bowles, E. A., 185 Bowles, G., 10
Bra~igpodium pinnutuna (L.) Beauv., 99; sylvaticum (Huds.) Beauv., gg
bract: a leaflike organ in an inflorescence
bracteole: a small brad bramble, see Rubus fruticosus Brassua oletpcea L., 158, 178f Braunton Burrows, 168 Brean Down, Ior Breckland, 53, 76, W, go,
919 94, 99 Brewer, S., 16 Briggs, D., 151, 210 bristly ox-tongue, see P h i s
echioides Britten, J., 210 B%a media L., 98 Broads, 76, 14% 143, $49,
152, 160 B r o w erectus see < e m erecta brookweed, see Samolus broom, see Sarothamnus broomrape, see Orobanche Brown, Littleton, 16
buckthorns, see Rhamnw cath- art ic~ and Frangula alnus
Buddle, A., 15 Buddleia davidii Franch.. IQ&
bugle, see Ajuga reptaw* " '
bulb: an undermound stor- age organ containing next year's bud and a stem surrounded by a number of fleshy leaf-bases or scale leaves
bulbil: a small bulb or tuber on the aerial part of a plant, e.g., in a leaf axil or in an inflorescence
bulrush, see Typha? and Schoenoplectus l d n s
Bunium brrlbocastanum L., 105 Buplerum ofmum (Ces.) Lange,
105; rotund$olium L., I 05 bur chervil, see Anthrism
caucalis burnet rose, see Rosa spinosis-
sima; saxifrage, see Pim- pinella saxifiga
bur-reed, see Sparganium Burren, 134 Butcher, R. W., 66, 209 Butomus umbellatu L., 8, 159 butterbur, seepetasites hybridus buttercup, see Ranunculus butterwort, see Ping2iicula B u m sempexuirew L., I og CABBAGE, see Brmsica oleracea Cactmeae, I gr Cairngorms, 87, I I@, I 16f.
I21 Cokile maritim Scop., 166f Calamintha ascendens Jord., 80 caicicole: usually growing
on, or confined to, limy soils calcifuge: not usually grow-
ing on limy soils Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull, 39,
67, 74, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86f, 953 98, 124
Caltha palustris L., 58, 183 Calysegia sepium (L.) Roem.
& Schult., 76, 78; soldanella (L.) R. Br., 170; sy1vesh.s (Willd.) Roem. & Schult., 78 I -
Cambridge, 7, 10, rnff, 15, 101, 143, 175, 183, 197; Professors of Botany, 16,252
Camden's " Britannia," 14 Campanula la t i jX i L., 64;
rotundiJolia L., 89, I 25; trachelium L., 64
Canadian waterweed, see Bloden canadensis
INDEX
CapselEa bursa-pastoris L., 30, 191, 1943 '95
Carboniferous, 47f; lime- stone, 71, 97
Cardamine hirsuta L., 195; pratensis L., 34, 183
Cardaria draba (L.) Desv., 196 Carex, zg7ff; arutiJormis
Ehrh., 139; arenaria L., 84, 139, 170; bigelowii Torr., 118; binervis Sm., 139; caryophyllea Latour., 99, 139; disticha Huds., 138; elata All., 138; e k e - torum Poll., 99, 129; extensa Good., 139; Jacca Schreb., 99, 106, 139; glauca see C.$adca; hirta L., 138; nigra (L.) Reichard, 139; otrubae Podp., 139; penduk L., 19, 66; praecox see C. caryo- phyllea; rigida see C. bige- lowii; riparia Curt., 139; rostrata Stokes, 52; sylvatica Huds., 139; vulpina see C. ~. otrubae
Carpinuj betulus L., 67 carr, 76f, - 143 carrot, see Dausus carota Carum' bulbocastanum see Bun-
ium bulbocastanum; segehwn see Petroselinum segetzcm
cat-mint, see ~Vepeta cataria cat's-ear, see Hypochaeris Caucalis spp., see Torilis Centaurea cyanus L., 53, 191 Centaurium erythraea Rain, 31, 71, I 71 ; littorale (Turner) Gilrnou, I 7 I
centaury, see Centaurium Centunculw minimus L., 8gf Cephabnthera damasonium
(Mill.) Druce, 69 Cernstium alpinum L., 126;
articum Lange, 126; cera- rtioides (L.) Britton, 126; semidecandrum L., 170; vul- gatwn L., subsp. f o n t a m Baumg., 126
Chaerophyllum temdum L., 79, 211, 214
chaffweed, see C e n t d u s minimus
chalk, 68, g6ff Clzamaenerion angustifolium (L.)
$COP., 194, '95 Chandler, M. E. J., 48 Chapman, V. J., 173 charlock, 'see Sinapis mzlensis Cheddar Gorge, 97, 98, 108,
log, 111
Cheddar pink, see Dianthus gratianopolitanus
Cheiranthus cfzeiri L., 158, 198 Chelsea Physic Garden, 15,
18 Chenopodium, 167, 176 Cheyne, Lord, 15 chickweed, see Stelloria;
wintergreen, see TrientalG europaea
chlorophyll : the green colour- ing matter in plants, 193
Christy, N., 61 chromosome, e f , 162, 163,
184, 185, 204 Chyanthemum leucan them
L., 125; segetum L., 191, '93
Cicendia filifonis (L.) Delarbre, go
Cicerbita alpina (L.) WalIr., '25
Circaea lutetiana L., 66 Cirsium anglinun see C. dis-
sectum; dissectum (L.) Hill, 73; eriophmum (L.) Scop., subsp. britannicum Petrak, 187; heterophyllum (L.) Hill, 73 ; palustre-(L.) .Stop., 73; pratense see C. dessectum
Cladium mariscus (L.) Pohl, 67,137f, 141, 14% 144, I45
clary, wild, see Salvia hor- minoides
Clapham, A. R., xiii, xiv, 207-9
Clarke, W. A., 11, 14 cleistoganaous fiowers, 3p,g1, - . = 35 Clematis vidalba L., 78f climate, 36f; changes in
British, 48ff, 95, 104, 142; mowtain, 114
dimax, biotic, 40, 182; climatic, 40, 59; edaphic, 40
climbing plants, 76, 77f Qinopodium vulgare L., 80 done: a group of individuals
derived ve etatively from a single infividual
closed community (habitat) : a community in which the plants grow close together and competition between them is heavy, 129
clover, see Tnyolium club-moss, see Lycopodh Cochlearia see Amoracia cock's-foot grass, see Dactylis colchicine, 45, 185 Colchicurn autumnale L., 184f
collecting, gf, 6, 2ogf coltsfoot, see Twsilago farfma columbine, see Aqdlegia cornfrey, see symphytum common butterwort, see Pin-
guicula vulgaris; calamint, see Calmninth accendens; lady's mantle, see Alchemilla mlgaris; gorse, see Ulex europaew; mallow, see Malva sylvestris; mullein, see V e r b m m thnpm; reed, see Phragmites communis; rock-rose, see Helianthemum chamaecistus; teasel, see Dipsums fullonurn subsp. svlvest7is
cokunity, plant, 26, 36, 38% 129
Compositae, 35, 122, 179, 187; yellow, 3, 71, 770, 186, 218ff
Conium maculatum L., n I I, 2 I 5 Com#odium rnajus (Gouan)
Lor. ; Barr., 212, 215 Continental distribution:
a distribution mainly in Central and Eastern Europe, 55, 85, 100, I O I ~
Cornallaria majalis L., 72, 102 Convolvulus men& L., 182,
19:; s e p k see Calystegia septum; soldanelZa see Caly- stegia soldanella
Cook, C. D. K., 151 Cook, W. R. I., 99, 210 Corallorhiza tnjrda Chatel., 74 coral-root orchid, see
Cwallorhiza trijida cord-grass, see Spartinu corm : a swollen, bulb-like
underground stem corn caraway, see Petrose-
l h segetum; cockle, see Agrostemma githago; grom- well, see Lithosjemum arveme; marigold, see Ch~santhemum segetum
cornflower, see Centawea cyaflU(
Cornish heath, see Erica v a g m L.
Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm., 195; spamatus (Forsk.) Aschers., 195
Corylus avellana L., 33, 34, 539 59
C O S ~ O S , 32 Coste, H., 201 cotton-grass, see Eriophorum Cotyledon umbilicus see
Umbilicus rupestris
couch grass, see Agropyron repens
Council for Nature, 5 Council for the Promotion of
Field Studies, 106 cow parsley, see Heracleum cowberry, see Vaccinium vitis-
idaea cowslip, see Primula veris Crabbe, G., 172 Crambe maritima, L., 167 cranberry, see O~cossus Cratatys, 29 creeping buttercup, see
Ranunculus re@; willow, see S d k repens; yellow- cress, see Rorippa sylvesl*
Crepis, 3; biennis L., 219, 221 ; capilloris (L.) Wallr., 218, 219, 221; foetida L., 221; mollis (Jacq.) Aschers., 221 ; ijaludosa (L.) Moench, 220, 221; vesicmia L., subsp. taraxacifolia (Thuill.) Thell., 219, 221
Cretaceous, 48 Crithmcun mrwitimum L., 179 " critical " groups, 150,
INDEX
dandelion, see Taraxacum Dandy, J. E., 209 Daphne lmrreola L., 70,
mezereum L., 70 dark mullein, see Verbascum
nigrwrt Darlington, C. D., 210 darnel, see Lolium temulentwn Darwin, C., and Darwinism,
20, 26, 4 4 47, 77, 128, 135, I53
Damus carota L., 105, 143, 179, 213, 215; gtngidtum L.. I70 \
~ a i 6 , P ~ H . , 201 1 de L'Obel, M., sek L'Obel Deacodr, R. J., 209 deadly nightshade, see Atropa deciduous : dropping off, used
especially for losing leaves in the autumn
deer-grass, see Trichophrum caespitosum
Deering, G., 17 Deschampsia caespitosa (L.)
Beauv., 124, 146; flexuosa (L.) Trin., 89
devil's-bit scabious, see zoof Succisa pratensis
C r o m nud$Torus Sm., 184; Dianthus caesius see D. grati- sativus L., 184 anopolitanus; deltoides L.,
Cromer forest beds, 48 78, I 08; grat impoli tam cross: a loose tenn applied Vill., 108, log
to fertilisation between Diapemia laplonica L., 124 two different kinds of Dillenius, J. J., 15f plant, usually between dimorphous: having two different species
Cross, W. R., 143 cross-leaved heath, see Erica
tetralk crowberry, see Empetrum crown imperial, see Fritillaria
impcrialis Crunj%roe, 158, 19.@ cuckoo-flower, see Cardamine
platen& cuckoo-pint, see Arum macu-
lat um curled dock, see Rumex crispm Curtis, W., 18f, 167 Cuscuta epilinum Weihe, 193;
epithymum (L.) Mm., 193; europaea L., I g3
Cymbalaria muralis Baumg., 174, '97
Cuperaceae, I 37ff Cybribedium calceolus L.. 10
Cj;t0iogy, 25f, 42f, 204 ' Dactylis glomerata, L., 45 daffodil. see Narcissus daisy, sde Bellis perennis Dale, S., 16
forms dioecious plants: plants
having the sexes on dif- ferent individuals: Empet- rum, 120; Petmantes, 161; Salix, 126; Stratiotes, 160; Trinia, 105
diploid, e f , 45, 101, 163, 1 84
Diplotavis muralis (L.) DC.. . ,
195 Dipsacrrr, 170; fullonum L.,
187; pilosw L., 187 dispersal of seeds and fruits,
3566, x53f, 164, 194, 198 distribution, different for
male and female, 16of; groups in British flora, 55; water-plants, r53f
dock, see Rurnex dodder, see C m t a dog's mercury, see Mercurialis
perennis dog violet, see Viola Dony, J. G., 22 Doody, S., 15
Dorset heath, see Erica ciliaris Draba venm see Erophila u e m dropwort, see Oenanthe Drosera, 136, 146; aanglica
Huds., 31, 110, 135; inter- media Drev. & Heyne, 31, 135; rotundifolia L., 31, 135
Druce, G. C., 24f, 208, 209 Dryas octopetala L., 52, 126
127. 128 ~ ~ o d i e r i s thebpterk see
Thelypteris palustris duckweed, see Lemma dune-slacks, 1 45, 171 durmast oak, see Quercu
petraea dwarf cudweed, see Gnapha-
lium supinum; willow, see Salix herbacea
Dyer, W. T. T., 15, 22 EARTHNUT, see Conofiodium
m a p eco-dine, 44 Ecological Society, British,
26, 27, 202 ecology, 25f, 28,36ff, 202,204 ecotype, 26, 44, 67, 98, 100,
1p3, '25, 127, I73 Edlm, H. L., 210 Edwards, S., 19 Elatine, I 52 ~leoc~~aris~an'cularis (L.) Roem.
& Schult., 158; palustris (L.) Roem & Schult., 139
- Ellis, E. A., 152 elm, see Ulmus Elodea canadensis Michx., 149,
15.6, 161, 162, 164f Ehmus arenarirrr L., 168f Empetrum, 52, 124, 128,
129, I 34; hermaphmditum (Lange) Hagerup, 11gf; nigrum, L., 95, 119f
enchanter's nightshade, see Circaea lutetiana
endemic pants: plants con- fined as natives to a specified area, 55% 1 10,187
Endymion nvnsm'ptus (L.) Gar- eke, 7, 27, 43, 47, 59, 62f, I 80
English Botany (Sowerby), 19, 22
Eocene, 48 Epilobium adenocaulon Haus-
skn., 66; adnatwn Gris., 66; l m y i F. Schultz, 66; montanum L., 66; tetragonurn see E. adnatum; paruifiorum Schreb., 66; obscurum Schreb., 66
INDEX 23? Epipactis, 69; palustris (L.) flea-bane, see Pulicaria &sen- garlic, wild, see Alliwi,
Crantz, 158, 171 terica ursznurn Equisetum, 94; pal'lstre L., 146 flora: the kinds of plant Gaultheriaprocwnbens L., 75 Eranthis hiemalis (L.) Salisb., occurring in a specified gene, 33, 42f
59266 area genetics, 25f, 42f, 204 Erica carnea L., 87; ciliaris flora, British compared with Getzista, 88
L., 87; cinerea L., 85f, f. of other countries, 21, Gentianella amarella (L.) H. muckayam Bab., 87; tetralix 22, 27, 54f; distribution Sm., 164, 171 L., 85f; uagans L., 86f ~~OUPSY 55 Gentiana nivalis L., I 15
Eriophonfm, 39, 131, 134, 139; Flora : an enumeration, with Gentianaceae, go angusttfolzum Honck., 138; or without further infor- genus (pl. genera), 4of gracile Roth, 138; latifolium mation, of the plants of Geranium prateme L., 72, 108, Hoppe, 138; vaginatum L., a specified area 115; sanguineum L., 72; 82, 83, 138 Flora, British, the first, of, sybaticwn L., 108
Erodiwn marztimum (L.) Ait., 14 Gerard, J., 8, 14 18of Flora Europaea, 201 - . Geum riuale L., 65; urbanwn
Erophila uerna (L.) Chevall., Flora of the Bntash Isles ' L.,65 I95 (Clapham, Tutin & War- Gilbert-Carter, H., 209, 210
Erynigium maritimum L., 39, burg), xiii, xiv, 22, 69, Gifmour, J. S. I., 61, 210
170 I 10, 201, 207, 209 glabrous: without hairs Euphorbia amygdaloides L., 63; Floras, local, 3, 4, g, 1% 18, Gladiolus, 184
paralias L., 170 zoff, 208 glasswort, see Salicornia Euphmia, 3, 201 flowering, conditions of, 32; Glaucim Jauum Crantz, I 72 evening primrose, see Oeno- plants, origin of, 47f, rush, Glechoma hederacea L., 63, 72
them see Butomus urnbellatus globe flower, see Trollius evolution, 20, 26, 41f, 46, Foeniculwn uulgare Mill., 21 I, europaeus
479 204 215 Glycerin declinata Brbb., 152; eyebright, see Euphrasia fool's parsley, see Aethusa maritim see Puccinelliu mari- Fagus syluatica L., 54, 68ff, ~ynupiwn tim
96f Forbes, E., 128 Gbcyrrhga glabra L., I 88 felwort, see Gentianella w r - forest, clearance by man, Gnaphdtum supinum L., I 18,
ella 54; deciduous, 37, 129; 119, 123 fen, conservation, 147, 203; evergreen tropical, 27 goatsbeard, see Tragopogon
drainage, 136, 141, 247; forget-me-not, see Myosotis - pratenris floristic richness, 144; Fowler, W., 143 Godwin, H., 52, 56, 84, 128, meaning of term, 131; Fragaria chiloewis Duchesne, 153, 210 14of; orchid, see Lipans 71; vesca L., 70, 71; golden rod, see Solidago loselii; violet, see Viol1 utrginiam Duchesne, 71 goldilocks, see Ranunculus stagnina fragrant orchid, see Gym- auriconw
Fenland, 67, 136, 141f, 152, nadenia conopsea Good, R. D'O., 60, 121 159, 160 Frangula alms Mill., 76, 143 Goodyer, J., gff
fennel, see Foeniculum vulgnre Fmuims excelsior L., 39, 40, Goodyera repens (L.) R.Br., g, ferns, 935 I97 71ff, 76, 106 74 fertilisation: fusion of a male fringed water-lily, see Nym- goosefoot, see C h m p o d i m
and female gamete, 29 phoides peltaturn goose-grass, see Galium a#& Festuca ovina, L., 83, 98, 106; Fritillaria imperialis L., 183; Gordon, H. S., rrg
rubra L., 176; rubra L., var. meleagris L., 183 gorse, see Ulex arenuria (Osb.) Fr., 170 fritillary, see Fritillaria melca- gout weed, see Aegopodium
Ficaria uema see Ranunculus g& Graminem, 98f, I 16, 134, 137, jcar ia frog-bit, see Hydr~hEharis 158
field layer, 586 67, 74; fuller's teasel, see D$sucus grass of Parrlassus, see Par- milk-thistle, see Soncizus fullonurn Mssia palmtris aruewis; sow-thistle, see Gagea lutea (L.) Ker-Gawl., grasses, see h i n e a r Sonchus arvewi 63 grass-wrack, see <ostera
Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Max.. Gdeobdolan luteum Huds., 8, grazing, cattle, 144, 176, 182; 52, 177, 183 50, 73 deer, 116, 12 j; rabbit, 84,
fir club-moss, see Lycobodium Galium anelicum Huds., 25; 94, 96, 99: sheep, 87, 4f. - . .
selago apwine L., 35; boreala L., 106f; 125, 176, i82 -- - . Fitch, W. H., 209 14; verwn L., 170 great burnet, see Sanguisorba Fitter, R. S. R., 209 gamete: a male or female sex oficinalis; earth-nut, see flag, see Iris pseudacorxs cell Bunium bulbocmtanum flax, see Linum usitutissimum garden escape, 194, 196 Great Orme, 97
= 34 fgreater burnet xaxifrage, see
Pimpinelh major green hellebore, see Helle-
borus uiridis; spleenwort, see Asplenium uiride
Green, J. R., 210
Gregor, J. W., 26, 176 Gronovius, J. F., 75 ground elder, see Aegopodium ground ivy, see Glechoma groundsel, sec Senecw vulgaris guelder rose, see Viburnum
opulus Gunther, R. T., 10, 11, 210 GUPPY, B., I53 Gymdenur conopsea (L.) R.
Br., 104 gynoecium: the female part
of a flower consisting of one or more ovaries with their styles and stigmas
Habenaria compsea see Gp- nadenia conopsea
hairy bitter-cress, see Car- damine hirsuta; hawkbit, see Leontodon leysseri
Halimione portulacoides (L.) Aell., I 76f, 178
halophytes: plants adapted - to saline conditions, 173, 1 78
hard fern, see Blechnum sjicant harebell, see Campanzala rotwldifolia
hawkbit, see Leotttodon hawk's-beard, see &pis hawkweed, see Hieracium;
ox-tongue, see Picns hieracioides
hawthorn, see Crataegus hazel, see Corylus avellana heath (habitat), 82ff; (plant),
see Ericaceae and Erica; false-brome, see Bra&- podium pinnatum
heather, see Callmu vulgaris; moor, 8zf
Hedera helix L., 69 hedge mustard, see Sisym-
brium ofiinale; p-arsley, see Anthriscus sylvestns; wound- wort, see Stacilys sytvatica
Hegi, G., 201
Helianthemum apennznum (L.) Mill., 102; canum (L.) Baurng., 102, 109, 128; chamaecistus Mill., 102, I I o; guttatum L., subsp. breweri (Planch.). Hook, 31 ; n u d u n u r n see H. cham- aecistus; polifolium see H.
INDEX
apenninum; uulgare see H. chmaecistus
Helutotrichon pratewe (L.) Pilger, 98, I 10
Helleborus foetidur L., 34, 63 ; niger L., 63; uiridis L., 63
hemlock, see Conium m u l a - turn; water dropwort, see Oenanthe crocata
Henslow, G., 159 Hepburn, I., 168, 210 Heracleum sphondylium L., 7q, . . . -.
212, 213, 215 herb, Christopher, see 'Actaea
spicata; Paris, s e e p i s herbarium: a collection of
dried plants mounted on paper, 6, f75, 205%
Heslop-Hamson, J., 210 heterophylly : the production
of two or more types of leaf on one plant, 151
Heywood, V. H., 2x0 Hieracium, 3,56, 79, 186,201,
220, 222; pilosella L., 218, 22 I
Hill, J., 17 Himalayan balsam, see Im-
patienr glandulifera Himantoglosntm hircinum (L.)
Sprengel, 104 Hikpocrepis comosa L., IOI Hilpothae rhamnoides L.: I 71 hoary pepperwort, see Car-
daria draba; rock-rose, see Helianthmum canum
hogweed, see Hermleum Holland, R., 2 10 hollyhock, see Aldhea rosea honewort, see Trinia glauca Hodenya fieploides (L.) Ehrh.,
169, 172 Hooker, J. D., 20, 22, 209 Hooker, W. J., 21
Hooper, M. D., 77 hop, see Humulrcs lupulus hornbeam, see Carbinus betulus homed sea see Glm-
cium flavum horse radish, see Annoracia horseshoe vetch, see H@o-
crefiis comosa horsetail, see Equisehm Hottonia palustris L., 159 HOW, W., of Hubbard, C. E., 99, 175, 209 Hudson, W., 14, 16, 17f, 21 Humulus lupulus L., 76, I g3 Hunt Institute of Botanical
Documentation, g Huxley, 3. S., 210 hybridization, Alisma, 163;
Centaurium, I 7 I ; Drosera 135; Epilobium, 66; Frag- aria, 71 ; Geum. 64f; Medi- cago, 61 ; Pinguicula, 137; Primula, 61 ; Silene, 190; Viola, g1 f
Hydrocharis morsur-rance L., '59, 160
hydrosere, 1415 144, '5': Hypericum hirsutum L., 68;
montanum L., 72; perforaturn L., 68; pulchrum L., 68
hypha: one of the thread-like bodies which, interwoven together, constitute the " tissue " of a fungus
t+pochaeris glabra L., I 70, 218;222; radicata L., 186, 218. 222
ICE AGE, 48s. I 11: 122, 130, 142, 152, 180
Illecebrum uerticillatum L.. on , a- Impatiens, 35; capensis Meer-
burgh, 164; glandulifera Royle, I 63f; noli-tangere L., 161; #aruiJora DC., 164
indehiscent fruit: one not opening to release its seeds
inflorescence: the portion of a plant bearing the flowers
Ingleborough, 14, 106, 108, "4.
insect~vorous plants, 135f inter-glacial period, 48, 54 introduced plants, I of, 154,
155, 163~, 19% 291, 194, 197ff
Imla dysentee~ka see Pulicaria &sentarica
involucre: a calyx-like collec- tion of bracts, e.g., below the flower-head in com- posites
Ireland, absences from flora, 55, 102, 175, 188; joined to Britain, 52
Iris, 184; jxeudacorus L., 7, 148, i61, 162
Irish butterwort, see Pin- guicula grandz@ora
Isoefes, I 56f, I 58 ; echinospora Durieu, I 57 ; hystrix Durieu, 157; larustris L., 157
ivy, see Hedera helix ivy-leaved beilflower, see
Wahlenbergia hederacea; crowfoot, see Ranunculus hederaceus; duckweed, see Lemna trisulca; toadflax, see Cymbalaria muralis
JACKSON, B. D., 210
INDEX 235 ,JacobYs ladder, see Pole- Ledum palmtre, L., 140 Rich., IN^
moniwn coeruleum Lees, E., 23 liquorice, see Gbgwhiza Jeffrey, C., 210 Lemna, 149, 150; gibba L., liquorice-vetch, see Astra@w Jermy, C., 209 155; minor L., 153, 154.f; gh&llos Johns, C. A., 2, 209 polyrrhiza L., 155, 160; Listera ovata (L.) R.Br., 8 Johnson, T., 8fF, 14, 23, 98 trisulca L., 155 Lithspennum m e m e L., 31 Jones, J. P., 22 Leontodon, 3 ; autumnalis L., Littorelk u n i i a (L.) Aschers., Juncus, 146; acutus L., r71; 186, 218, 222; hirtus see 556, 158
tr;fidm L., 115 L. leysseri; hispidm L., 219, lizard orchid, see Himanto- Jurassic, 48 222; leyssen' (Wallr.) Beck, glosswn hircinum KEBLE MARTIN, W., 209 21% 223 Lizard Peninsula, 21~86, 157 Keck, see Anthrism s~lvestris Lpidium draba see Car- Ucydiaserotina (L.) Rchb., 123
and Heracleum sphondylim draba L'Obel, M. de, 7f, 14, 63 Kew Gardens, 7, 21, 22, 62 lesser broomrape, see Lobelia, 8; dortmam L., 89, Kew, H. W., 8, 10 Orobancke minor; burnet- 152, 157; e r i w L., 89; kingcup, see Calthupalustris saxifrage, see Pimpinedla urem L., 79, 89, 95 Kingston, J. F., 22 saxzj?aga; calamint, see Lolium temdentum L., 1g1f knotgrass, see Polygonwn Calamintha nepeta; celan- London, 14, 15, 196; Clay, knotted hedge-parsley, see dine, see Ranunculus&nrin; 48; rocket, see Sisymbrium
Tm'lis nodosa spearwort, see R ~ l u s irio a u t h , P. 157 flammula Long, H. C., 185, 193 Kobresia simpEiciuscuIa (Wah- lettuce, wild, see Lactuca lords-and-ladies, see A m
lenb.) Mackenzie, 127 tirosa maculatum Koeleria gracilis Pers., 98 Lewis, P., 209 lotus, rg Koenigia islandica L., 124 Lhuyd, E., 16, 123 Lotus comiculutus L., 89, 99, Labiatae, 67, 79 liane: a vigorous woody xWf; tenuis Waldst. & Kit., Labrador tea, see Ledum climber in a tropical forest xmf; uliginow Schkuhr, Lactucca muralis see Myceli lichens, 119, 197 xoof
muralis; saiigna L., 220, Lid, J., 201 Lousle~, J- E., 4, 967 97, 198, 222; serriola L., 220, 222; life-form, 35 201, 210 uirosa L., 220, 222 Ligus t im scoticum L., 7.79 lovage, see Ligusticum scoticum
ladies' bedstraw, see Galium lily-of-the-valley, see Con- Lower Greensand, 67 u r n valla'a mjal is Lupinus noohtensis Donn, 155
lady's fingers, see Anthyllis lime, see Tilia 163 uulneraria; mantle, see limestone, geological nature, Luronzum natuns (L.) R&., Alchemilla; slipper orchid, 97; grassland, 106ff; pave- 162 see Cypripediutn calceolus; inent, 106, 127, 130 Lusitanian distribution: a tresses orchid, see Spiranthes Limnanthenzum peitntuna see distribution along the
lakes, upland, 149, 151, 152, flymphoides fleltatum extreme western sea- 156, 158 Limonim, 174, I 76; bell& board of Europe, usually
lamb's succory, see Amseris folium (Gouan) Dum., 175; including Spain, Portugal minima binervoswn (G.E.Sm.) C. E. and Western France, and
Lamium galebdolon see Galeob- Salmon, 180; humile Mill., frequently Ireland and the dolon lutem; pu7pureum L., 175;paradom Pugsl., 180; south-west of the British 79 renrruum C. E. Salmon, Isles, 87, 136f
lanceolate (leaf) : narrow, 180; tranrwallianum (Pugsl.) h l a arcuata (Wahl.) Wahl., tapering at each end Pugsl., 180; uulgare Mill., 115, 1z3f
Lankester, E., 13 1657 1757 1787 180 Lychnis alba see Silene &a; Lapsana communis L., 2 19, 222 Limosella, 149 dioica see S. dioica; githago large bindweed, see Caly- Linaria cymbalaria see Cym- see Agrostemma githago
stegia [email protected] and C. syl- balaria muralis; uulgaris Lytop~dium alpinion L., gq; vestris Mill., 179, 197 annotinurn L., 94; clandun
Late Glacial period, 51ff, Lindley, J., 21 L., 94; inundatwn L., 94; 102, 109, I 10, 128ff, 145 ling, see Calluna uulgaris selago L., 94
Lathyrusjaponicm Willd., 166, Linnaea borealis, L., 75 lyme grass, see Ebmus 172; pdustris L., 143f Linnaeus, C., 17ff, 41, 64, arenan'us
Latimer, H., 7 75, 917 1947 198 Lysaght, A:, 4, 23 cc laurel ", 156 Linnean Society, 19; system, L y t h m salacana L., 58, 76f,
Lnuatera arborea L., 177, 1 jg 15, 17f, 20 148 Lawrence, G. H. M., 210 Limm anglicum Mill., 13; M c L I N ~ K , D., 209 least lettuce, see Lactuca usitatissirnum L., I g3 McLean, R. C., 99, 210
saligna Lipars lozselii (L.) L C. Magnesian limestone, 99
236 P Magtwlia, 48 maiden pink, see Dianthus
deltoides Makins, F., 209 Malham, 97, 106, 108, 152 mallow, see M d v a &falva sylvestris L., I 77 man, effect on vegetation,
54, 57, 87, 97, 106, of, 113, 14% 147, 151, 189
marjoram, see Orzganutn marram grass, see A m m -
phila arenaria Marsden-Tones, E. M., 26,
65. 18; . marsh, 132, 146f; bird's foot
trefoil, see Lotus uliginosus; fern, see Thelypteris pal- ustris; hawk's-beard, see Crepis paludosa; horsetail, see Equisetwn palustre; mallow, see Althaea ofici- nalis: orchid. see Orchis latifillia; pea,* see Lathyrus palustris; sow-thistle, see Somhuspalustris; thistle, see Cirsium palustre; violet, see Viola palustris
Mar*, J., 15ff Mat-grass, see Nardus stricta Illatricarip. maritima L., subsp.
inodora (L.) Clapham, 182, 190, subsp. maritima, 190
Matthews, J. R., 55, 209 . meadow saffron, see Col-
chicum autumnale meadowsweet, see Filipendula
ulmaria Mec~nnpsir~cambrica (L.) Vig.,
194, 198 Medicago falcatu L., 61 Meiltle, R. D., 24 meiosis, 43 Melampyrum cristatum L.,
1 2 - . melancholy thistle, see Cir-
siwn heteropiqyllum Melandrium album, see
Silene alba; dioicurn see S. dioica; rubrum, see S. dioica
melic grass, see Melicn Melica unifloa L., 71 Mendel, G., 26 Mentha, 79 Menyanthes trifoliata L., 135,
"9 Mercurialis perennis, L., 7, 35,
59,699 72 Merrett, C., 11, 14 Mertensia mariti?no (L.) S. F. , .
Gray, 172
INDEX
Metcalfe, G., 87 mezereon, see Dajhne mexereon micro-climate, 37, 58, 77 microspecles, 122 military orchid, see Orchis
militaris milk parsley, see Peucedantun
palustre milk-thistle, see Sonchus milk-vetch, see Artregalus
g~cyphyllos Miller, P., 15 mimiuy, 159 Mimulus, 163f; guttatus DC.,
164; luteus L., 16~k Minuartia shicta ( S W . ~ Hiern,
127 mint, see M e n t h mistletoe, see V i s m album Molinia coerulea (L.) Moench,
83,85f, 138 Moneses un$ora (L.) A. Gray,
74 monkey-Rower, see Mimulus Monocotyledons, 158, 159,
160, 161, 201 Montia, 149 Monotropa hypopitys L., agg.,
68f --- moonwort, see Botrychum Morison, R., 14 moschatel, see Adoxa moss ( = bog), I 33 ; campion,
see Silene acaulis Moss, C. E., 82, 209 mosses of snow-patches, r I 7f;
of walls, 197 mossy saxifrage, see Smzraga
hypnnides mountain avens, see Dryas
octopetula; cranesbill, see Geranium syhuticum; ever- lasting, see Antennark dioica; limestone, see Carboni- ferous limestone; pansy, see Viola Iutea; plants, adaptations of, 1146 I 18f, annual, 115; history of, 128f; on cl is , 116, 1 2 4 ; vegetative spread of, 115; with maritime distribu- tion, 126f
sorrel, see Oxpia digynu mouse-ear chickweed, see
Cerastium; hawkweed, see Hieracium pilosella
mud crowfoot, see Ranunculus Iutarius
mud-wort, see Limosella Mulgedium alpinurn, see Cicer-
bzta a l p i ~ mullein, see Verbarcwn
musk, see Mimulus mustard, see Sinapis alba mutation, 43 iL$celk muralis (L.) Rchb.,
71, 2199 223 mycorrhza: an assocation
between a root and a fungus, 69, 74
il@osotis arvensis (L.) Hill, 65; var. umbrosa Bab., 65; palustris L., 148; sylvatua Ehrh., 65
Myrrhis odorata (L.) Scop., 2'3, 215
NAKED LADIES, see Colchicwl~ names of plants, after persons,
75; English, 73, 75, 86 Ararcissus obvallaris Salisb.,
I 85; pseudonarcissus L., 178, r 84f
Nardus strictu L., 83, 89, 124 XartheFium ossiiragum L., 38,
I40 Nas~urtium sylvestre see Rorippa
sylvestris native plants, I IO~, 184, 190,
197f Natural History Societies, local, 3f, 21, ~ 3 f , 153, 161
Nature conservancy, 5, 77, 203
nature conservation, 5, 85, 147, 203; reserves, 136, - 14x3 '43, I47
navelwort, see Umbilicus nectary: an organ which
Secretes nectar, a sweet liquid exuded from various parts of many plants
.Nebmbo nuayera Gaertn., 29 Neottia nidus-avis L., 68f Nepta cataria L., 80; gtechoma
see Glechoma hederacea nettle, see Urtica nettle-leaved bellflower, see
Campanula trachelium new species, discovery of, in
Britain, 27, ggf, I24 Xewton, I., 12 Nidd, J., 12f nipplewort, see Lapsetza N u p h r lutea (L.) Sm., 148,159 A~vmphaea alba L., 147, 148.
14% f59 ~~~mp/zozdes peltatum (Gmel.)
Q. Kuntze, 8, 13, 159 OAK, see Querm Obione bwtulacoides see Hali-
mi~~eportulacoides ochrea: a sheathing stipule,
typical of the family Pobgormeae, 168
Oenanthe aquatica (L.) Poir., I 77 ; crocata L., I 77 ;Jstulosa L., I 77;fluviatilis Coleman, 159, 177; lachenalii c. c. Gmel., 159, 177; phel- landrium see 0. aquatics; pimpinelloides L., I 77; silai- folia Bieb., I 77
Oenothera, 34 old man's beard, see Clematis
vitalba Oliver, F. W., 210 onion, see Allium oolitic limestcne, 64, 68, 70,
97, 101, 108, 187 open community (habitat) :
a community in which the plants do not grow close together and competition between them is light, 129, 18gf
O~hioelossum vu(<atum L., 8, - 93f
Ojhrys upifera Huds., 104 Opuntia, 19 1 orache, see Atriplex Orchidaceae, 69, 104 Orchis incarnta see 0. stricti-
folia; latifolia agg., 145; mascula L., 178; militaris L., 4; strict$olia Opiz, 145, 146
Origmuwn vulgare L., 70, 80 Orobamhe minor Sm., 167, I 93 ovary, 34 ovate (leaf) : egg-shaped, with
the broader end at the base
ovule: a structure enclosing an ovum and developing after fertilization into a seed, 297 34f
ovum: an egg, 29 Oxalis acetosella L., 66, 68 ox-eye daisy, see Chrysan-
thmum leucanthemwn Oxford, 15f, 25, 62, 166,
182, 183, r97f; Botanic Garden, 198; Professors of Botany, 14, 16; ragwort, see Senecio squalidus
oxlip, see Primula elatior; false, 62
Oxyoccus macrocarbus (Ait.) Pers., 139
Oxyio digyna (L.) Hill, .125 ovster vlant. see Mertensza ALE BUTTERWORT. see Pin-
guicula lusitanica ' pansy, wild, see Viola arz~ensis
& V. tricolor Papaver rhoeas L., 183, 192
I N D E X
parasite (pi+): a plant deriving its food from another living organism, to which it is attached, I93
Parey, A., g Parietaria dzyusa %ext. &
Koch, 197 Paris quadrifblia L., 35, 64,
102 Parkinson, J., 10, 12 Parnassiapalustris L., 146,163,
171 parsley piert, see Afienes pasque flower, see Anemone
pulsatilla Pastinaca satiila L., roqf, 177,
211, 215 Peace, T. R., 62 Pearsall, W. H., 113, 116,
210 peat, 49f> 84, 97, '297 131%
'34, 14of, 144, 146, I97 pedunculate oak, see Quercus
robur pellitory-of-the-wall, see
Parietaria dz$iia Pennington, W., 56, 210 pennywort, see Umbilicus pepper saxifrage, see Silawn perennial plants, 35, 167f,
171, 194, 196 perianth: the floral ' leaves '
(calyx and corolla) con- sidered as a unit
periglacial flora: the flora developed round the margin of an ice-sheet, 55
Perring, F. H., 4, 204, 208, 209
Petasztes hybridus (L.) Gaertn., Mey. & Scherb., 161, 163
~etiole: the stalk of a leaf ~etiver, J., 15 Petroselinum segetwn (L.) Koch,
Peucda& palustre (L.) Moench, 143
~hotosvnthesis: the forma- A tion' in plant cells of
food from water and carbon dioxide in the prcsence of chlorophyll and light
Phagmites communZs Trin., 1333 141, 149, '53, '6'
Picris echioides L., 219, 223; hieracioides L., 220, 223
pignut, see Conopodium majtrs Pigott, C. D., 103 pill-wort, see Pilularia Pi1ularia globulgera L., r55f
237 pimpernel, see Amgallis Pimpinella magnn see P. major;
major (L.) Huds., 212,216; saxgraga L., 105, 212, 216
pinewood, 54, 7@, 85, 114, 129
pin-eyed: a condition in primroses and other plants, where the stamcns are shorter than the style, which alone can be seen in the throat of the flower, 76
Pin~icula alpina L., 136; grandij!?ora Lam., 136f; lust- tanica L., Irr, 136; vulgaris L., 135f, 146
pinnate (leaf) : composed of leaflets arranged in two rows along a stalk; in a a-pinnate leaf the primary divisions are themselves pinnate; also3-pinnate, etc.
Pinus sylvestris L., 50f, 52% 74ff, 85,98, 114
plane, see Platanus Plantago, 156; maritima, L., 26, f27, 176, 179
plantam, see Plantago Platanus, 48 Plukenet, L., 15 Poa albina L., 126: annua
L., 190 . podsol; podsolised soil: a
Door. acid soiI with charac- ierisiic layering, due to soluble materials having been washed out of the surface-layers (' A ' hori- zon) and deposited % the deeper layers ('B horizon), 84, I 16
poisonous plants, 70, 72, 1772 185, 191f2 196
Polemonium coeruleum L., 108, 109
pollen e y s i s , qgff, 76, 84, 133 ; diagram, 49, 50, 5 I ; production, 49
pollination: the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma; cross, 33, 34, 76f, 91, 126, 157; insect, 34, 779 88, 157; self, 33, 34, 91, 135, 158; water, 174; water plants, 148, 174; without fertilization, 6 c -J
pollution of rivers, 163f Pobgonum hydropiper L., 152;
maritiirrum L., 168, razz Bab., 168
'polyploidy, 45, 46, ror Polytrichum norvegicum Hedw.,
I 18 pond, 149, 15rfF, 156, 161,
164 pond-weed, see Potamogeton poppy, see Papaver Post Glacial period, 51f Potamogetotl, 35, 52, 159, 174 Poientilla fruticosa L., 127,
118; sterilis (L.) Garcke, 71
Powell, H. E., 8, 10 Praeger, R. L., 102 Price Evans, E., 210 prickly lettuce, see Lactuca
serriola; pear, see Opuntia Prime, C. T., 80, 209 primrose, see Primula vulgaris Primula elatior (L.) Schreb.,
61f; elatior X vulgaris, 61f; farinosa L., 146; ver+ L. 62, 178, 183; vens X vulgaris, 62; vulgaris Huds., 59, Gof, 64, 76, 121
Prunella uulgaris L., 80 Psamma see Ammophila Pteridium aguilinum (L.) Kuhn,
67.. 74? 83.84j.93 Puccznellza marztzma (Huds.)
Parl., '75, '77 Pugsley, H. W., 18, 186,
20 1 Pulicaria &senterica (L.)
Bernh., 146 purple loosestrife, see Lythrum
salicaria; milk-vetch, see Astragalus danicus; moor- grass, see Molinia coerulea
pyramidal orchid, see Ana- camfitis pyrarnidalis
Pyrola media SW., 75; minor L., 75; rotundifolia L., 75; subsp. maritima (Kenyon) E. F. Warburg, 75, 171; secunda see Ramischia se- cunda; uriij7ora see Moneses
QUAKING GRASS, see Briza Quaternary period, 48f Quercus, 38, 40f, 53, 76, 129;
petraea (Mattushka) Liebl., 58f, 66f, 82, 113f; robur L., 38, 584 66f; sessiliflora see Q petraea
quillwort, see Isoetes Kadiola linoides Roth, go ragwort, see Senecio jacobaea Ramischia secunda (L.) Garcke,
h - /3
ramsons, see Allium ursinum Rand, I., 15, 16 Ranunculaceae, 63f, 65, 72
INDEX
Rmumulus, 40f, 44, 63f, 162, 183, 183; aquatilis L., 150; auricomus L., 65; circinatus Sibth., rgof; fiariu L., 51, 59, 60, 72; jEammula L., 146; Juitans Lam., 150; glacialis L., 124; hederaceus L., 150f; lutartus (R6vd) Bouvet, 150; parvi-
frorus L., 30, 31; repem L., 146; subgenus Bat- rachium, 150, 15of
Raphanus maritimus Sm., I 68; rafihanistrum L., 168, 194
rare plants, Breckl$d, 84f; conservation, 143, 203; fen, 1 4 s ; limestone cliffs, 108f; Limoniwn, 180; quarries, 196; Wo@a, 155
Raunkiaer, C., 35 Raven, C. E., I, g, 116 98,
108, 2x0 Raven, J., 210 ray florets: the outer florets
in the flower-head of a composite, usually markedly different from the central, disk florets
Ray, J., 1, off, 16, 17, 19, 20, 84, 108, 168
receptacle: the modified upper part of a stem which bears the parts of a flower
red campion, see Silene dia'ca; clover, see T n o l i u m pro- tense; dead-nettle, see lam- ium pu@rewn
reed-mace, see 7jph.u reed-swamp, 141f, I%, 149,
152, 161 Reid, E. M., 48 R h a m cathartica L., 76;
frangula see Frangda alnus rhizome: an underground
stem of rootlike appearance Rhododendron, 87; ponticum
L., I11 Richardson, R., 16 Riddelsdell, H. J., et al., -- z x Ridley, N., 7 Rishbeth, J., 197 - rock-rose, see He~mnthemum rootstock, see rhizome Rorippa glvestris (L.) Besser,
rn6 -2-
Rosa spinosissima L., 170 rose bay willow-herb, see
Chamaeneriorr an.ust;folim rose-root, see S e d m rosea Ross-Craig, S., 209
Rothiemurchus Forest, X 14 rough chervil, see Chaem-
pltylum temulum; hawkbit, see Leontodon hi~p2~dw; hawks-beard, see Crejis biennis
Rubus frutuom agg., 67, 79, I 2 2
~udbeckia, 32 Rumex, 45? 201; nis@s L.,
var. tngranulatus Syme, I72
rush, see Juncaceae and Juncw Russell. B.. 2 , 7 -
SAFFRON, see Crocus sativm sage, see Salvin Sagittaria sagitt$olia L., 147,
X 62 St. John's-wort, see H y p e r i m St. Vincent's Rocks. 8 --, - Salicomia, I 67, 174f, 1 79 Salisbury, E. J., 31, 7of, 169
180, 190, 199, 210 Salisbury, R. A., 123 Salix, 29, 30; herbacea L., 52,
I I 7f; lanata L., 126; repenr L., 145,. 171
Salsola kalz L.. r66f salt, iduencd on vegetation,
166, 173, 178; marsh, 132, 173ff
saltwort, see Salsola kali Salvia cleistogama de Bary &
Paul, 34; horminoides Pourr., 80; verbenaca see S. howninoides
Samolw valerandi L., I 45 samphire, see Crithmum mari-
timum, Inula tn'thmoides, and Salicomia
sand sedge, see Carex aremria; spurrey, see Sjerpularia
sand-dune, 74, 75, 107, 145, 166ff, 190
sandwort, see Arenaria, Minu- artia and H d e n y a
Sanguisorba 08cinalis L., I 46 Sanicula europaea L., 69 saprophyte: a plant deriving
its food from dead organic matter, 684 74
Sarothnmnus scojarius (L.) Wimmer, 82, 88
Saussurea alpina (L.) DC., 125 Savidge, J. P., 204 Saxifraga aizmdes L., I 2 I ;
CtTnUU L., 124; @@OidtS L., 125; 0pposit;folia L., 14, I 16, ~aof, 125; stellaris L., I 16E, 125, IF
Scandix pdcttn-ueneras L., 212, 216
scarlet pimpernel, see Ana- gallis aruensis
Schemkeria palustk L., 140 Schoenoplectus lancrtris (L.)
139, 150 Schotsman, H. D., 163 Scilla mmr$ta see Endymion
nonscriptus; nutaw see Endy- mion nonscriptus; autumnalis L., 180; verna Huds., 180
Scirpus caespitosus see Tricho- phorum caespitosum; lncrtstris see Schoennplectus lacushis
Scots pine, see Pinus sylvestris sea beet, see Beta maritima;
buckthorn, 'see Hippophat rhammoides; cabbage, see Brussica olaracea; campion, see Silene maritima; carrot, see D a u m gingidium; cliffs, 178ff, 197; couch grass, see Agropyron junce5fime; holly, see Erygium mariti- mum; kale, see Crambe maritima; lavender, see Limonium; lungwort, see Mertensia maritimu; pea, see Lat&yrus japonicus; pink, see Armeria maritima; purs- lane, see Halimione portu- lacaides; radish, see Rap- ham maritimus; rocket, see Cakile maritima; sandwort, see H o h n y a pdploides; spurge, see Euphorbia para- lim; stork's-bill, see Ero- dium maritimum
sedge, see Carex; fenman's, see Cladium
Sedum, 197; w e L., 176; rhodiola see S. rosea; rosea (L.) Scop., 103, 125
seed, dom?ancy, 2gf, 192; germination, ngff , I 69, 180, 197, 203; Output 29, 31, 180, 193; purity of apncultural, 191f, 193; weight, 70f
Selinum caruifolia L., 143 self-heal, see Prunella vulgaris S d , P. D., 4, 209 Senebiera coronapus see Co7ono-
pus squamatus; didyma see Coronopus didymus
Senecio jacobaea L., I 72 ; squalidus L., 194, 195, 198; ~ I g a r i s L., 190, 191, 194
sens. lat., see agg. sens. strict ( = sensu stricto),
after a name means that it is used in a narrow sense (cf. agg.)
INDEX 239 sere7 39 Solidago cambrica Huds., 68; serendipity nicely balanced uirgaurea L., 67
by hope, 4. Sonchus arvewis L., 172, 220, setaceous: br~stle-like 223; asper (L.) Hill, 220, Seseli libanotis (L.) Koch, 223; oleraceus L., 172, 220,
105 223; palustris L., 220, Sesleria coerulea (L.) Ard., 223
I o6f Sorbus, 56; aria L., 109; sessile oak, see Quercus petraea minima (Ley) Hedl., I 10; sheep's fescue, see Festuca rupicola (Syme) Hedl., I 10
ovina sow-thistle, see Sonchus shepherd's needle, see Scandix Sowerby, James, 19
pecten-veneris; purse, see sp. = species (singular) Capsella bursa-partoris Sparganium ramosum Huds.,
Sherard, W., 16 155' shrubby cinquefoil, see Poien- Sparttna alternijiora his., 174;
tilla frukcosa; sea-blite, see marztima (Curt.) Fernald, Suaeda frulicosa 174f; stricta see S. maritima;
Sikrum silaus (L.) Schinz & townrerdii H. & J. Groves, Thell., 143, 211, 216 45, 176
Silene acaulis L., I 14f, 125, speclatlon: the formation of 131; alba (Mill.) Krause, species during evolution, 45, 190; conica L., 31f; ~f cucubalw, see S. uulgarb; species, 40ff etpassim dioica (L.) Clairv., 45, 61, speedwell, see Veronica 73, 124, 190; maritima Spergula arvenrir L., 189 With., 127, 129, 1 72, 179; Spergula7iamarina (L.) Griseb., uulgmi (Moench) Garcke 175f; media (L.) C. Presl., '79f, 204 175f, 178
silver fir, see Abies alba S P k n m , 497 93, 131, 132f, Simpson, N. D., 18, 208 135, 1.36, 139, 146 Sina$is alba L., 158, 194; spiny mlk-hstle, see Sonchus
arvensis L., 192, 194 asper; sow-thistle, see Son- Sison amomum .L., 2 I 3,2 16 chus asper Sisymbrium m o L., 196; Sfiraea ulmaria see Filipnzdula
o@cinal (L.) Scop., 195; ulmaria orientale L., ~ggf: thalianum Spiranthes spiralis (L.) Chev- see Aralidopsis t h a l h d., 181
slender bird's foot trefoil, see spleenwort, see Asplenium Lotus tenuis spore: a small, simple,
Sloane, H., 15 asexual reproductive body, small flote-grass, see Glycerio 156, 157
declinata; hare's ear, see spotted cat's-ear, see Hypo- Bupleunan opacum chaeris mmla ta
Smith, J. E., rgf spp. = species (plural) Smith W. G., 209 spreading hedge parsley, see smooth cat's ear, see Hypo- Torilis amensis
chaerisglabra; hawk's-beard spurge laurel, see D a p h see Crepis capilloris laureola
Smyrnium olusatrum, L., nr I, spurrey, see Sperguh amensis 216 squill, see ScilLa
snake's head, see Fritillaria squinancy-wort, see Asperuh snow buttercup, see Ran- cynanchica
unculus glacialis; gentian, StaGhys oJcinalis (L.) Trev., see Gentiana nivalis 39, 80; sylvatica L., 58, 80
Society for the Promotion stag's horn club-moss, see of Nature Reserves, 5 Lycopodium clavatum
soft hawk's-beard, see Crepis starry saxifrage, see Saxgrqa mollis stellaal-is
Solanum dulcamara L., 76, 173, Siatzce, see Limonium 196; var. m a h u m Bab., 173 Stellaria, 75; media L., 190, I 91 1 1
Soldanella, r I g Step, E., 209
IND'EX
stinking hawk's-beard, see Crepis foetida; hellebore, see Helleborus foetidus
stipule: a leaf or scale-like organ at the base of a petiole
stone parsley, see Sison amomum and Seseli libanotis
stonecrop, see Sedum Stonehouse, W., 10, 14 stork's-bill, see Erodium Stratiotes aloides L., 160, 162 strawberry, see Fragaria;
clover, see Trifolium fragi- ferum; origin of garden, 71; tree, see Arbutus
Strudwick, .F. E., 209 Suaeda fruticosa Forsk., I 72,
17.5; maritima (L.) Dum., 175
Sub-Atlantic period, 54, 56 129. I34
Sub-Boreal period, 54, 134. sub-fossil plant remains, ~ f ,
190 ,
subsp. = subspecies Subularia aquntica L., 158 subulate: awl-shaped, i.e.,
narrow and pointed S u i s a flahnsis Moench, 66,
125 Summerhayes, V. S., 181,
210 sundew, see Drosera sweet cicely, see Myrrhis
odorata; flag, see Acorus cnlamus; peas, 30; violet, see % L a odorata
swine's cress, see Coronopus; su.ccory, see Arnoseris mmzma
Syme, J. T. J. B., 22, 209 Symphytum, 204 TANSLEY, A. G., 26, 38, 39,
40, 76, 173, 208, 210 Taramum, 122, 191, 218,
224 Taxon (pl. taxa): any tax-
onomic category, e.g., a variety, species, genus, family, etc.
Taxonomy: the science of classification; (in biology) the classification of plants and animals into taxa, i.e., the categories embodied in the International Codes of Botanical and Zoological Nomenclature, I 7,26f, 204
Taxonomy, experimental, 2 f l , 203f
Taxtu baccata, L., ~ o g
teasel, see Dipsacas Teesdale, 21, 93, 99, 102,
107, 127, 129, 130 Teesdalia nudicaulis (L.) R.Br., . .
85 Tenby daffodil, see Narcissus
obvallaris ternate (leaf) : divided into
three approx. equal parts, each part being a single leaflet (I-ternate), or itself ternate (2-ternate) ; simi- larly 3-ternate
Tertiary period, 48k tetraploid, 45, IO., 163,
'84 Teumum botrys L., 67; chamae-
drys L., 6 7; scordium L., 67, 134; scomdonia L., 67
thale cress, see Arab&psis Thelypteris palustris Schott,
I45 Thesium humi j i im DC., 13 thorow-wax, see Bupleunun
rotundijiolium Thrimiu hirta see Leontodon
leysren' thrum-eyed: a condition, in
primroses and other plants, where the stvle is shorter than the stamens which alone can be seen in the throat of the flower, 76
thyme, see Thymus thyme-leaved speedwell, see
Veronica serpyllz~olia Thymus, 120; drucei Ronn.,
99, 103, 106, 110; pule- gioides L., I 03; ser&llum L., 103
Tilia, 53, 129 Ti22aea muscosa L., go Torilis anthrism see T. jap-
onica; aruenric (Huds.) Link, 212, 217; infesta see I. aruensis; japonica (Houtt.) DC., 79, 213, 21 7; nodosa (L.) Gaertn., 212, 217
Tournefort, J. P., 16, I ;g tower-cress, see Arabis turrita Tragopogon pratensis L., 2 I g,
224 transplant experiments, 26 Trapa natans L., 48 traveller's joy, see Clematis tree mallow, see Laudera trefoil, see Trifoliurn TriGhophwum caespitosznn (L)
Hartm., 82, 139 - Trientalis europaea L., 75 T7ijolium fragiferum L., 166.
177; marztimwn see T.
squamosum; prateme L., I 93; squamostulz L., 177
Triglochin, I 40 Trimen, H., 15,22 trimorphous : having three
forms Trinia glczrca (L.) Dum., 105 triploid, 162 Trollius europaeus L., I 25, 126,
146 tuber: a swollen portion of
a root or stem, usually underground
tufted hair-grass, see Des- champsia caespitosa; vet&, see Vicia cracca
Tul$a australis Link, I 84; s_ylvestris L., 183f
tundra, 52, 53, 114, 128 Turesson, G., 26, 67 Turner, W., 7, 14, 27, 72 Turrill, W. B., 26, 28, 180,
nod. 208. 210 ~ u s s & ~ o firfara L., rgr, 194 Tutin, T. G., xiii, xiv, 201. -
207-9 Typhu, I 6 I twayblade, see Listera ouata Ulex, 86, 88, 95, 19%
ewopaeus L., 83, 88; gallzz Planch., 88; minor Roth, 88
a m ~ , 53, 129 umbel: an inflorescence in
which the branches all arise from approximately one po~nt
Umbellijierae, 79, 104, 143, 159, 170, 177, 179, 186, 21nff
Umbilicus rup&ris (Salisb.) Dandy, '97
uprlght brome, see < e m erecta; hedge parsley, see Torilis japonica
Urtica, 193 Utriculariu intennedia Hayne, 137;mlgarisL.,135,137,146
V i n i u m X intermedium Ruthe, 88; myrtillus L., 67, 74, 67f, 95,124, 134; ulzgznoswn L., 88; uitis-idm L., 87
Valentine, D. H., 61, 161 vegetative reproduction, Ane-
mone nemorosa, 60; Chamae- net.ion, 194; Circaea, 66; dune plants, 168f; Lotus corniculatus, I oo; Lycopodium selago, 94; mountain plants, 115; Paris, 64; Pterdium, 93; Tulipa, 184; water- plants, 149, 153f, 160; weeds, 191
Verbasmm nigrum L., I 87; thapsus L., 30, 32, 179, 187
vernal squill, see Scilla verna Veronica, 84; agrestis L., I 92;
buxbaumii see V. perszca; hede7ifolia L., 30, 31 ; humifua Dicks., I 26; per- sica Poir., 190, I 92f; #olita Fries, 192f; praccox AU., 85, 174; serpyllifolia. L., 126; spzcata L., 85, 102; triphyllos L., 85
Viburnum opulus L., 76 ViGia c r u a L., 78; sepium L., 79 I"
Villarsia nymphaeoides see Nym- phoides peltatum
Vinca major L., 17; minor L., ' 7
Viola, 43, go$ amensir Murr., 107; canina L., subsp. rnontana (L.) Fnes, 93; var. ericetorum Rchb., 92; X V- T-viniana, gr f ; curtkii (Forst.) Syme, 107; hirta L., 92; lactea Sm., 91f ; laceta X V. riviniana, 91 f; lutea Huds., 107; odorata L., 34, go, 92; palustris L., 93, 146; reichenbachiana Jord., 63, 92; rivinim Rchb., 63, 67, gaff, 124;
subsp. mtnor (Murb.) Valentine, go; subsp. nemorosa Neum., go
rupestris Schmidt, 93, ggf, 127, 128; stagnina Kit., 93, r44; sylvestris see V. reichenbachiana; tricolor L., 107,II4
vioIet, see Viola Vkcum album L.. 70 von Post, L., 5; . Wahlenbergia hederacea (L.)
Rchb., 89 wall lettuce, see Mycelis
muralis; rocket, see Diplo- towis muralis
Wallace, E. C., g9 wallflower, see Cheiranthus
cheiri ?\ialters, S. M., 128, 151,209,
210 Warburg, E. F., xiii, xiv,
207-9 Warming, J. E. B., 26 Warner, R., 22 water avens, see Geum rivale;
crowfoot. see Ranunculus subgenus Batrachiurn; dis- w er sal, 152f; ferns, 155f;
INDEX
forget-me-not, see ib[vosotis palustris; germander, see Teucrium scordium; imper- manence o f habitats, rgrf; lobelia, see Lobelia dort- manna; pepper, see Poly- gonum hydropiper; soldier, see Stratiotes abides; uni- formity o f habitats, 154; violet, see Hottonia palurtris
water plants, distribution, I 53 ; in typically. ' land ' families, 158f; irregular flowering and fruiting 149; over-wintering, 155, 160; plasticity, 15of, 162; pollination, 148, 157f; structural features, 149, 1 56
water-blinks, see Montia water-chestnut, see Trapa water-lily, see Nymphaea and
~Vuphar Watson, H. C., 4, 24, 209 Wat t , A. S., 84, 94 wavy hair grass, see Des-
champsia fielcuosa weeds, '53, 84, 1 I I , 186,
r89ff Welsh poppy, see Meconopsis
cambrica Went , F. W., 33 white camplon, see Silene
alba; helleborine, see Cephalanthera damasonium; water-lily, see Nymphaea alba
White, J. W., 22, 73, 179 whitebeam, see Sorbus whitlow-grass; see Erophila
uerna whortlebeny, see Vadn'mm
myrtillus Wick-en Fen, 137f, 141ff;
158 wild angelica, see Angelica
syluesttis; basil, see Clino- podium uulgare; carrot, see Daum carota; clary, see Salvia hominoides; daffodil, see Nnrcism pseudonarcirsus; garlic, see Al l im ursinurn; hyacinth, Endymzbn nomm'ptus; 'Es , see Iris pseudacorur; lettuce, see Lactuca uirosa; pansy, see Viola arvensis and V. tri- color; parsnip, see Pastinaca sativa; strawberry, see Fra- garia aesca; tulip, see Tulipa sylvestn3
Wild Flower Society, 4
241 Willis, J . C., 210 WiIlisel, T., I I
willow, see Salix willow-herb, see Epilobiwn
and Chamaenerion Willughby, F., 13 Wilmott, A. J., 18 Wilson, J., 17 windflower, see Anemone
nemwosa winter aconite, see Eranthir
hiemalis; annual, 30, 85; buds, 155, 160
winter-cress, see Barbarea vulgaris
wintergreen, 74f Wolfia arrhiza (L.) Wimm.,
I55 wood anemone, see Anemone
nemorosa; avens, see Geum urbanurn; sanicle, see Sani- cula europdea; sorrel, see Oxalis acetosella
Woodell, S. R. J., 61 Wbodhead, N., 123, 157 woodruff, see Asperula odorata wood-sage, see Zeucrium
sco~odonia woodspurge, see fiphcrbia
amygdaloides woody ' nightshade, see Sol-
anurn dutcamwa woolly-headed thistle, see
Cirsium eriophorum work, sugeestions for further,
2f, 200ff; Batrachian Ran- unculi, 150; colonisation o f ponds, 153; ecology o f rare plants, I og ; Gagea, 63 ; Impatiens glandul$era, 164; Lobelia dorfmanna, 157; Primula, 61 ; sea-cliff vege- tation, I 78; snow-patch vegetation, I 19; Viola, 91 f ; water-plants, r64f
YELLOW ARCHARGEL, see Galeobdolon luteum; bid's
' nest, see Monotropa; dead- nettle, see Galeobdolon hteum; iris, see Iris pseuds- corus; rocket, see Bcrbarea oulgaris; saxifrage, see Smijmga aizoides; toadflax, see Linaria vulgaris; water- lily, see Nuphar hies
yew, see TMUS baccafa Young, D. P-, 69,201 Youngman, B. J., 29