The New Yorl(Forest OwnerA PUBLICATION OF THE NEW YORK FOREST OWNERS ASSOCIATION

November/December 2003

Just SayNo to High-Grading-Seepage 6for full story.

VOlume41 Number 6FOUNDED 1963

THE NEW YORKFOREST OWNERS

ASSOCIATIONVolume 41, Number 6

Officers & DirectorsGeff Yancey, President32 Oliver StreetRochester, NY 14607; (585) 271-4567

Peter Smallidge, Vice PresidentCornell University, Fernow HallIthaca, NY 14853; (607) 255-4696

John Droke, Secretary6341 Kirkville RoadKirkville, NY 13082; (315) 656-2313

Jerry Michael, Treasurer4 Leonard LaneBinghamton, NY 13901; (607) 648-2941

Debbie Gill, Administrative SecretaryP.O. Box lOSSPenfield, NY 14526; (585) 377-6060

Joan Kappel, Chair Editorial CommitteeP.O. Box 646Altamont, NY 12009-0646; (518) 861-8753

2004Keith Hedgecock, Pleasant Valley, (845) 635-1279Bob Malmsheimer, Cazenovia, (315) 470-6909Geff Yancey, Rochester, (585) 271-4567Paul Yarbrough, Ithaca, (607) 277-3011

2005Jim Beil, Schenectady, (518) 355-4471Jack Hamilton, Wayland, (585) 728-5769Billy Morris, Bath, (607) 776-4992Sharon Wieder, Machias, (716) 942-3006

2006Harry Dieter, Honeoye Falls, (585) 533-2085Jerry Michael, Binghamton, (607) 648-2941Peter Smallidge, Ithaca, (607) 255-4696Alan White, Jeffersonville, (845) 482-3719

Chapter-Designated DirectorsCharlie Mowatt, Allegheny Foothills; (716) 676-3617Joan & Hans Kappel, Capital District; (518) 86\-8753John Druke, Central New York; (315) 656-2313Anne Osborn, Lower Hudson; (845) 424-3683Pat Ward, Northern Adirondack; (315) 268-0902Dave & Jean Preston, Niagara Frontier; (716) 688-492\Christine Wiley, SE Adirondack; (518) 692-9292Larry Lepak, Southern Tier; (607) 656-8504Bob O'Brien, Southern Finger Lakes; (607) 594-4600Ray Cavallaro, Western Finger Lakes; (585) 288-3411

Dan Palm, Executive Director645 Decker Rd.Stamford, NY 12167; 607-538-\305

The New York Woodland Stewards, Inc.(NYWS) is a 501(c)3 foundationof NYFOAand taxdeductibledonationsto thisorganizationwill advanceNYFOA's educationalmission.

All rights reserved. Contents may not be reproducedwithout prior written permission from the publisher.NYFOA does not necessarily support or approve pro-cedures, products, or opinions presented by authorsor advertisers.

© 2003 New York Forest Owners Association

In This Issue •• •

FROM THE PRESIDENTGEFF YANCEY __ 3

NYFOA GIFT SUBSCRIPTION ~

HOW TO: DESIGN A WLNDBREAK _.__. -

FORESTRY PRACTICES TO AVOID: ] ST SAY ~TO m HIG.:::.-G. illITGPETER J, SMALLIDGE _ _................ ._ •..........• 6

NYFOA SAC RECOGNIZES NYS TREE F ,~fERS ._.__. ._.. _

ARRANGING A TIMBER SALEBRIAN BULLARD _••_.. _

A BETTER LOGGERMICHAEL J. BURNS & BRANDON KELLY, _....•..•.•.•• :.=

KEEP YOUR EYES PEELED FOR EMERALD AsH BORERDOUGLAS C. ALLEN ......................................................................•.....•.........••

How TO MAKE AND ENJOY YOUR OWN BLUEBIRD TRA1l..RICH WELLS , ...........................• _. _

2003 NEW YORle FOREST OWNER INDEX OF AKrrCLES _. _0

The New Yorl(Forest OwnerA PUBLICATION OF THE NEW YORK FOREST OWNERS ASSOCIATIOK

The New York Forest Owner is a bi-monthly publication oj The 'elL'}or.- For,Owners Association, P.O. Box 1055, Penfield, N. Y. 14526. Materials 51 •

jor publication should be sent to: Mary Beth Malmsheimer. Edi or. - _-,York Forest Owner, 134 Lincklaen Street, Cazenovia, I?ll' Yor.'-L :~."als may also be e-mailedtommaimshe@syr.edu.Articles.am ore .: '".~- -are invited and if requested, are returned after use. TIle deadlin fijor the January/February issue is December 1, 2003,

Please address aUmembership fees and change of addr1055, Penfield, N.Y. 14526. 1-800-836-3566. Cost ofsubscription is $30.

www.nyfoa.org

2

COVER: Trees in this stand are marked for a L' h di - r limit ut, Harve twill remove most of me sugar maple. berry. - and ash. The residualstand wiJl be dominated by weer birch and beech. For complete articleon Forestry Practices to Avoid see page 6. Photograph courtesy of PeterSmaJlidge.

The New York Forest Owner 41:6 • November/December 2003

FT~PresidentHappy Holidays!

With the wonderful Holiday seasonalmost here, we all tend to look back overthe past year at our successes and our un-successes and think about what we aregoing to do differently in 2004.Well, as an organization of people who

love the outdoors and especially theforests, we have lots to be thankful for.This year, as for the past 100 years, ourstate is covered by more forests. Acentury ago less than 25 % of our statewas forested and today that number isover 60% and headed higher. We have

new meaningfulTimber Theftlegislation ready tokick in next March,which will greatlydiscourage thatawful crime and if itdoes occur, will

more fairly compensate the timberowners. We have resources availablethrough the FLEP program to assist forestowners in the implementation of sustain-able practices that assure the ongoinghealth and improvement of our forests forgenerations to come. The price of goodhardwood timber remains strong and eventhe price of pulp has jumped in the pastseveral months. Happy New Year!!Earlier this fall one of my neighbors

decided to harvest his 18 acres of woodswhich borders me in the far comer of myproperty. As I operated my log splitter ona sunny, chilly, late September day Iheard the unmistakable whine of bigchainsaws and the even growl of biggerskidders. I dropped my firewood in hasteand made off for my West boundary. Ifound that the log buyer had marked theboundary with the customary three slashesin bright blue paint but virtually all of themarkings were on trees on my side of theboundary. With greater haste I hiked upto where the loggers were cutting, whereI fully expected to engage the ENEMY.(I believe in sustainable harvesting, butnot by my neighbor's logger!! .. .in MYwoods!)

What I encountered instead was a verydecent pair of loggers and a friendly andbusinesslike timber buyer. When Imentioned my concern about the bound-ary marking they immediately stoppedand walked down to the boundary withme. On the way down we talked aboutwhat they would cut, what the marketswere, the new timber theft legislation, andtheir concern about doing the "rightthing" as far as neighboring propertieswere concerned. We reviewed theboundaries and exchanged business cardsin case further communication wasrequired.I believe in active management of my

woodlands. I believe that a trainedforester who represents my interests andassures sustainable cutting of my woodlotsis very important to the woods and to myfinancial return, BUT in a not so perfectworld it was a pleasure to meet threedecent hardworking men in the woods,who despite not doing it by the book,shared with me a love of the woods and in"doing the right thing." From my amateurperspective they did a good job ofharvesting, they stayed a good 50 feetfrom my boundary, the log roads havebeen touched up and the forest, thoughdifferent, looks like it has big, beautiful,straight, valuable, hard maples, tulippoplars and hemlocks in its future.

*I just obtained a simple but elegant

small pine table that is estimated to be 193years old. It is partially painted, it is lightas a feather, and it has a look and a feelthat only wood can. When was the lasttime you ran your hand softly across abeautiful piece of furniture or moulding ?Oh, plastic is fme, but this NYFOAN iscommitted to buying as many woodpresents this Christmas as I can for myfamily. They mayor may not last for 193years, but I have an idea that the adjective"treasured" is more likely to be used as adescriptor for wood than plastic. Have agreat Holiday season and enjoy yourwoods this winter!! A -Geff Yancey

President

J · ,NYFOA is a not-for-om profit group of NY State• landowners promoting

stewardship of private forests for thebenefit of current and future generations.Through local chapters and statewideactivities, NYFOA helps woodlandowners to become responsible stewardsand interested publics to appreciate theimportance of New York's forests.

Join NYFOA today and begin to receiveits many benefits including: six issues ofThe New York Forest Owner,woodswalks, chapter meetings, and twostatewide meetings. Complete and mailthis form:

I/We would like to support good for-estry and stewardship of New York'sforest lands

( ) I/We ownland.( ) I/We do not own woodland butsupport the Association's objectives.

acres of wood-

Name: ---------------------Address: -------------------City: _State/ Zip:Telephone: _County of Residence:County of Woodlot:Referred by: _

Regular Annual Dues:( ) Student $10(Please provide copy of student JD)( ) Individual $25( ) Family $30Sustaining Memberships(Includes NYFOA annual dues)( ) Contributor $50-$99( ) Sponsor $100-$249( ) Benefactor $250-$499( ) Steward $500 or moreFor regular memberships, make checkpayable to New York Forest OwnersAssociation. For sustaining NYFOAmemberships, indicate if for individualor family and make check payable toNYWS (New York Woodland Stewards,Inc.) Contributions to NYWS in excessof NYFOA dues are normally taxdeductible. Send the completed form to:

NYFOAP.O. Box 1055

Penfield, New York 145261-800-836-3566www.nyfoa.org

The New York Forest Owner 41:6 • November/December 2003 3

Treat a friend and Build NYFOALet friends and family know you are really thinking of them ... with a one-year gift membership to NewYork Forest Owners Association. To make this easier for you, we make this special offer:

Gift Membership: $10This is a win-win-win offer. Recipients of your gift winby enjoying a full year of membership benefits inNYFOA. This includes six issues of The New YorkForest Owner, other state and chapter publications,an invitation to participate in state and chapter-sponsored events, and full voting rights in theAssociation. You win by knowing your gift will beappreciated for a full year. NYFOA wins the

opportunity to permanently expand its membership,something that is needed to fulfill its mission in comingdecades.

As a current NYFOA member you may purchase asmany gift memberships you like. Recipients must nothave held NYFOA membership during the past twoyears. Gift rates are good for the initial year ofmembership only.

To order, complete the information below, enclose your check and send to:NYFOA . P.O. Box 1055, Penfield, New York 14526 . 1-800-836-3566 . www.nyfoa.org

Please enter my order for __ gift subscriptions at $10 each. My check for $__ is enclosed.Gift letters will be sent to you to present or mail to each recipient. Be sure to include your name and address. NYFOA willsend a welcoming letter and new member information package to each gift recipient.

MYNAME GIFT # 1 For

Please print Please print

Street Street

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Zip Code Phone No. Zip Code Phone No.List additional gifts on a separate sheet

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4 The New York Forest Owner 41:6 • November/December 2003

HOW TO: Design a Windbreak

Willdbreaks are often thought ofas little more than a single rowof trees or shrubs positioned to

provide protection from the wind.However, there is more to their designthan immediately meets the eye.The most important factors in wind-break

design for wind protection are height,density, orientation, length, and species.

HeightWindbreaks reduce wind speeds up to 30

times their height downwind. In general,height increases with age and depends ontree species used. The effective height of amultirow windbreak is that of the tallestrow. Large areas must have windbreaksspaced 10-20 feet apart for every foot ofwindbreak height in order to provide fullprotection (e.g., 30-foot tall windbreaksshould be planted every 300 to 600 feet toeffectively protect a large area).

DensityWindbreak density is the ratio of the

solid proportion of the windbreak to thetotal area affected by the number of treerows, branch and foliage density(determined by tree species), and treespacing within rows.All windbreaks (barring solid fences or

walls) let some wind through. Densewindbreaks are likely to stop more wind;however, density is not always good. Aswind is deflected up and over a windbreak,low pressure on the down-wind side drawswind back to the ground. This low pressureis stronger in dense windbreaks andreduces the amount of area protected.

Thus, letting some wind through reducesthe low pressure and results in a largerprotected area.

Windbreaks with 60-80 percent densitygive very good protection over a fairlysmall area like a farmstead, residential lot,or feedlot. A windbreak with a 40-60percent density can protect a large arealike a crop field. However, windbreakdensities below 20 percent provide littlewind reduction.

OrientationWindbreaks should be oriented at right

angles to the prevailing wind direction toprotect the greatest land area. Rememberthat prevailing wind directions may varybetween summer and winter. Usemultiple-leg windbreaks in areas withvariable-direction winds to give the mostprotection. In hilly areas, locatewindbreaks just upwind of the hill crestfor greatest benefit. Placing a windbreakon the crest will result in a small protectedarea because of extreme low pressure andturbulence created on the downwind anddownhill side.

LengthLonger windbreaks protect more area.

Wind tends to curve around the ends of awindbreak because of the low pressureeffect mentioned above. Therefore,windbreaks should be long in relation totheir height. A length of at least ten timesthe windbreak height is best.

SpeciesTrees and shrubs for windbreak planting

A dense windbreak provides good wind protection and snow drift control. Adapted fromMontana State University Extension Bulletin 366.

MIKE KUHNS

should be selected for hardiness, goodform and foliage, fast growth, longevity,low maintenance needs, and pestresistance. Be sure to choose species thatare suitable for your planting site and thatfit your windbreak design.

Other Design ConsiderationsWindbreaks can be effective with few

rows. Single-row windbreaks can be usedwhere space is limited. These consist of anevergreen row for year -around protection,a single shrub row, or a densely brancheddeciduous tree row. Although deciduoustrees lose their leaves in winter, they stillcan provide some wind and snowprotection. Proper tree spacing andmaintenance are very important in single-row windbreaks. Gaps cannot be allowed,because there are no trees in adjacent rowsto fill them.Another possibility for an area with

limited space is a twin-row, high-densitywindbreak. This design uses two evergreenrows, for example: spruces (Norway,white, etc.), firs (balsam, fraser), Douglas-fir, or northern white cedar, planted closetogether, with a tree in one row filling agap in the next row. This design fills in andbecomes effective very quickly afterplanting and takes little space.

Using several different tree and shrubspecies in a windbreak decreases thelikelihood of serious disease or insectproblems. Wind protection can beimproved by combining a row of low,dense shrubs; a row of medium-tallevergreens that retain foliage on theirlower branches; and a row of talldeciduous or evergreen trees .•.

Adapted from Windbreak Benefits and Design,by Mike Kuhns, a publication of the Utah StateUniversity Extension. For information. contactMike Kuhns, Department of Forest Resources,College of Natural Resources, Utah StateUniversity, Logan, UT 84322-5215; (435) 797-4056; fax (435) 797-4040; mikek@e;xt USU edu

This article originally appearedin the February 2002 issue of"The Forestry Source" apublication of the Society ofAmerican Foresters. It isreprinted with their permission.

The New York Forest Owner 41:6 • November/December 2003 5

Forestry Practices to Avoid:Just Say NO ToHigh-Grading

moves trees of commercial value (sayabove 12 or 14 inches in diameter)before these trees can attain a morevaluable size and add seed and seedlingsto the forest. Selective cutting isanother technique where high-gradingcan occur. Selective cutting (generallynot recommended) differs from theselection system of silviculture (alegitimate technique). Selective cutting,as commonly practiced, involvesselecting the highest quality trees andcutting them. (Technical note: selec-tive cutting by definition can includeother activities such as improvementcuts.) The selection system involvessomeone professionally trained insilviculture to select trees from all ageand size classes, both high and lowquality to produce an uneven-agedforest. Diameter-limit cutting andselective cutting are often rationalizedby arguing to remove the bigger trees sothe smaller trees can grow. However,the smaller trees may be undesirablespecies, in poor form, or in poor health.By any name, high-grading degrades thevalue of the forest regardless of the"logic" used by foresters or loggerstrying to make a quick buck.Why does high-grading happen? A

common cause for high-grading is greedto maximize immediate profits. Begin-ning in the early 1970s, demand forhigh-value timber increased and saw-mills could pay more for certainspecies. Thus, markets for high-valuetrees grew stronger while markets forlow value trees did not. Further, itcosts about the same amount of moneyto cut and haul a $10 tree as it does tocut and haul a $300 tree of the samesize. Another factor is that taxes onforest land not under the NYS 480-aForest Tax Law can create financial

Currently the prices paid fortimber in New York woodlotsare good and harvesting activity

has increased during the last decade.However, what may surprise manyforest and woodlot owners is that someforestry techniques can limit options forfuture benefits and enjoyment - both inthe long run and short term. Whilewell-planned timber harvesting canincrease your benefits, "high-grading"and related practices should be avoided.

Cutting the best trees (those ofhighest value) and leaving the lowvalue, often diseased or malformedtrees, is too common. This type offorestry is called high-grading, wherethe highest grade (or value) trees areremoved. By cutting only the largestand most valuable trees you removethose best suited to that site. The treesthat are less well adapted remain as the

PETER J. SMALLIDGE & MICHAEL GREASON

next forest and the seed source forfuture forests. The financial gain ofhigh-grading exists only briefly, yetownership objectives can be sacrificedfor decades. A similar analogy fromlivestock is the farmer or stable manag-er who shoots the blue ribbon bull orwinning race horse and uses the losersfor breeding stock. The quality of theherd, just as the quality of the forestand woodlot, declines rapidly!

In addition to high-grading, similarpractices exist with different names.High-grading is often disguised underthe name of "diameter-limit cutting."This is a practice that removes all treesabove a certain minimum diameter. Insome rare situations, diameter-limitcutting is appropriate - for example, ifold pasture trees are shading the growthof young hardwood saplings. Oftenhowever, diameter-limit cutting re-

The tree on the left is marked for harvest, leaving the defective tree on the right. Both are sugarmaple and of similar size, but the residual defective tree has a lower financial value, greater risk ofmortality, and not the tree that most landowners would want to produce seed for the next forest.

6 The New York Forest Owner 41:6 • November/December _00-'

High-grading typically results in bigger trees being removed and the smaller less fit treesbeing left behind.

hardships that encourage landowners tomaximize immediate profits. Theresult is that more immediate profit isgained by cutting only the highest valuetrees, but left behind is a legacy of lowquality trees and under-productiveforests. This knowledge helps explainhigh-grading, but doesn't excuse it.What are the consequences of high-

grading - is it really that bad? Oneresult is that the trees that are leftbehind won't grow as quickly as betterquality trees, lengthening the time untilthe next harvest. In addition, the nextharvest will remove the low qualitytrees previously left so the value at thenext harvest will be reduced. If youmagnify the practice of high-gradingacross a region, assuming the demandfor wood products remains steady, thenmore acres must be harvested to meetthe same demand. While timber

harvesting is not bad, acceleratedharvesting is not in the best interest ofour natural resources and conflicts witha growing demand by the public foraccountability of natural resourcemanagement. As the value of the landfor producing timber crops decreases,the incentive to subdivide and developincreases.Although high-grading usually leaves a

forest of tall trees behind, there are otherhidden ecological costs. Because thehealthiest trees with the fewest defectsare removed, the overall health of theforest is reduced. The remaining treesmay be more susceptible to the effects ofinsects, pathogens, strong winds or ice-storms and less able to recover afterthese disturbances occur. Often high-grading emphasizes cutting of a fewspecies and leaves behind other species.This reduction in tree species diversity

271 County Road #9Chenango Forks, N.Y. 13746

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Timber AppraisalTimber Sales

Forest Stewardship PlansForestry 480-A Plans

can have negative consequences forwildlife that depended on the harvestedspecies for food or shelter. Speciessuch as red oak, sugar maple, and blackcherry are economically valuable andproduce seeds that are valued bywildlife. In any particular year, onlyone or a few species may produce anabundant crop of seeds. If those specieswere removed by high-grading, wildlifethat used those seeds will need to findalternative food sources and that seedsource may be permanently gone fromthe woodlot.So what can you do to avoid high-

grading? One step is to work withcompetent and professional loggers andforesters. When you select a newrefrigerator or car you likely considerseveral features, including price,reputation, service after the sale, andother long-term benefits. You'llcertainly go see what the refrigeratorlooks like. You should use at leastthese same criteria when you selectyour forester and logger. Ask forreferences, find out if the foresterparticipates in continuing educationprograms and whether the logger hascompleted the "Trained Logger Certifi-cation" program, make a visit to forestsor woodlots where they have worked,and know that the best price may notprovide the best treatment for yourland. The logger who out bids hiscompetitors for a timber sale by a fewpercent may be more efficient or maynot devote enough effort to ensure yourproperty is left in good condition.Similarly the forester or logger whopromises you maximum short-termprofit likely doesn't have in mind thebest interests for you and your land.The consequences of selecting anincompetent forester or logger will existlonger than a bad choice on a refrigera-tor.Another step to avoid high-grading is

to have a written management plan.Your management plan will state yourobjectives and help keep you on track.The harvesting schedule in your man-agement plan will help you decide whenharvesting is appropriate. Just because

continued on page 8

The New York Forest Owner 41:6 • November/December 2003 7

trees and steps to ensure the forest can beeffectively regenerated when the timecomes. A heavily high-graded forestmay no longer have the tree species youdesire which will require you to createopenings that you then plant to yourdesired species. The size of the openingsand the species to plant will depend onthe specifics of the site. A competentforester and your willingness to investtime and probably money are necessaryto move a high-graded forest back to asustainable forest.For more articles on forest manage-

ment, a virtual tour of sustainableforestry practices, and links to agenciesand organizations to assist you, visit theCornell University Forestry Extensionweb page at www.dnr.comell.edulextlforestrypage. Have fun and enjoy yourforest. •.

a forester or logger offers to cut yourtimber doesn't mean it's the best timefor your interests. The value of treesincreases greatly as trees get bigger,and it's probably a safe assumption thatgood markets will continue to exist forhigh quality trees (although marketsfluctuate). You may be advised that thetrees are "over-mature" or "need to becut." Know that these labels aresubjective and they are only accurate inthe context of your ownership objec-tives.Third, look for creative solutions to

remove the low value trees at the sametime the high value trees are harvested.A harvest that removes high-value andlow-value trees provides financialbenefits from the high- and low-valuetrees and improves the quality of theresidual forest. One way is to have theforester mark and the logger skid thelow value trees to the log landing.Then you can cut them yourself forfirewood, or sell them to a firewoodprocessor. This will require extra efforton the part of the logger and forester,which means you might not make asmuch money, but the benefits, includingeven greater profits, will exist a fewyears down the road.Finally, get assistance from people

focused on your interests to help youdevelop long-term objectives andmanagement plans. Master Forest.Owner Volunteers are forest ownerstrained through Cornell CooperativeExtension to provide nontechnicalassistance to forest owners. They canhelp you think through your managementobjectives and provide sources ofinformation. Also, NYS Department ofEnvironmental Conservation publicservice foresters are available for freeconsultation and can provide technicalexpertise and guidance on forest manage-ment. Both of these groups of peoplecan provide free, unbiased informationand advice that will help you avoid someof the pitfalls of practicing short-sightedforestry. The New York Forest OwnersAssociation and Catskill Forest Associa-tion are landowner groups dedicated tohelping other landowners enjoy theirforest land. Contact your county office

Damage to residual trees isn't unique to high-graded stands. Be sure your logger understandsyou interest in reducing or eliminating damage to trees that remain after logging.

of Cornell Cooperative Extension or thenearest DEC office for more informa-tion. The DEC and the Society ofAmerican Foresters maintain lists offoresters with certain credentials. Theselists include people who have madecertain investments in their professionaldevelopment, but in no way do the listsassure competency. Links to the DECforestry offices, the SAF CertifiedForester program, and an article on howto select a forester are available on theCornell University Forestry Extensionweb page (a copy of the article onselecting a forester also appears in theJuly/August issue of the New York ForestOwner, page 6).What can you do if your woodlot was

previously high-graded? In simpleterms, you need to have a vision forwhat you want your forest to look like,and a planned set of actions to move youtowards that goal. High-grading oftenhappens incrementally, where the firstentry removes the very best trees andmonths or a few years later the rest ofthe valuable trees are cut. Once you getstarted on correcting past exploitations,your actions, which should link directlyto your ownership objectives, depend onwhat you have to work with in yourforest. A lightly high-graded forest mayneed only some thinning around the best

Peter 1. Smallidge is the New York StateExtension Forester at Cornell University. Heis also a NYFOA board member. Michael C.Greason is a Private Consulting Forester,Catskill, NY, a NYFOA member and retiredas DEC Chief Bureau Private Land Services.This article is from the Series: "Looking IntoYour Woodlot." More complete informationis available from the authors, your countyoffice of Cornell Cooperative Extension, orby contacting your local NYS Department ofEnvironmental Conservation office forforestry assistance.

8 The New York Forest Owner 41:6 • November/December 2003

NYFDA SAC Recognizes NYS Tree Farmers

On July 12, 2003, more than 45forest owners, Tree Farmersand friends attended a woods

walk sponsored by the SoutheastAdirondack Chapter (SAC) of NYFOAto recognize long-term tree farmers inthe tri-county area of Saratoga, War-ren, and Washington Counties. Alsorecognized at this event was this year'sOutstanding Tree Farmer of the Year,Jean Vetter of Chestertown.Arthur and Kris Perryman hosted the

event at their tree farm in Wevertown,in Warren County. The day began at9:30 a.m. as John Hastings welcomedthe group and then introduced RoyEsiason, the chairman of the SAC;Dennis Flynn of Fountain Forestry,who is the area chairman for the NYSTree Farm System; and the hosts of thewoods walk, Art and Kris Perryman.Art began by explaining his reasons forpurchasing the property before leadingthe group through the procedures of arecent timber sale. During the wood-swalk, Art stopped in several areasexplaining to the group his philosophyon the timber harvest area. He said thatprior to the timber sale he walked his

woods with both his forester and hislogger while explaining to them hisgoals for his property. He felt it wasimportant that they needed to "think ashe did."Later during the walk while standing

at the base of a 24" white pine tree Artstated, "I am a tree hugger. I like tosee big trees in my woodlot." Howev-er, he also stated the importance of agood forest management plan to growgood trees.After the morning walk, Art led the

group to his "look out" cabin, whichoverlooks Wevertown. While the groupenjoyed the view, Dennis Flynnpresented several Tree Farm awards.Dennis first presented his predeces-

sor Ron Cadieux, who recently retiredas a service forester from the NYS-DEC, with a plaque for being namedOutstanding Tree Farm Inspector ofthe Year. Dennis then presented JohnHastings and Steve Warne, also recentretirees as service foresters from theNYSDEC, each with a Tree Farmdirector's chair for their continuedcommitment to complete more than 10reinspections a year. After presenting

Dennis Flynn of Fountain Forestry and Area Tree Farm Chairman presents landowners Artand Kris Perryman with their Silver Anniversary sign.

the inspecting foresters with theirawards, Dennis also awarded severalTree Farmers with a Certificate ofAppreciation and a silver anniversaryTree Farm sign with a 25-year footerfrom the NYS Tree Farm System. Thissign was to commemorate their partici-pation in the Tree Farm program for25 years or more.Tree Farmers in attendance at the

meeting were hosts Art and KrisPerryman of Wevertown with 27 yearsin the program, Alfred Najer ForestTrust of Chestertown with 44 years,John Rutledge of Queensbury with 46years and Jean Vetter of Chestertownwith 47 years. Tree Farmers who wereunable to attend were John Allison ofCorinth, who has 26 years in theprogram, Emma Albach Estates ofLake Luzerne with 26 years, RobertO'Connor of Saratoga with 26 yearsand Marie Heisler of Rock City Fallswith 46 years.Jean Vetter was also recognized for

being named New York State Out-standing Tree Farmer of the Year in2003. Jean was presented with anengraved wooden plaque from the NYSTree Farm System along with severalgifts from the Stihl Cooperation. KyleCooper, the local Stihl dealer inWevertown, was unable to attend, soDennis presented Jean with a chainsaw safety kit that contained a chainsaw safety helmet, chaps, gloves,safety glasses, and a gear bag to holdthe safety equipment. Jean was furthersurprised when Dennis pulled a newStihl 290 chain saw from under a tarpand handed it to Jean's husband Fred.For more information on the Tree

Farm Program you can contact DennisFlynn of Fountain Forestry and AreaTree Farm Chairman for SaratogaWarren and Washington counties at(518) 581-1055 or e-mailflynnstone@att.net, or Debbie Gill at the NY ForestOwners Association and NYS TreeFarm office 1-800-836-3566 or e-mailnytreefarm@hotmail. com .•.

The New York Forest Owner 41:6 • November/December 2003 9

surveyor existing evidence (fencerows,etc.) you need to know what you ownbefore you can sell it. A timberinventory is the next and most importantstep to a successful outcome. Knowingthe number of trees by species, thevolume they contain, and their current"fair-market" value per thousandboardfeet (MBF) is absolutely essential.When you pick-up the grocery ads youknow what you are willing to pay forbread, milk, corn, etc. Likewise, thetimber buyer knows his monetary limitsfor maple, ash, cherry and oak. The keyis doing your research to know whattimber values are currently and applyingthose values to the volume you possess.With this knowledge, you can make aninformed decision based on the value ofthe offers at hand.Timber values vary dramatically by

species and are influenced by averagetree size, quality, accessibility, and siteconditions (wet, dry, steep, flat, etc.),to name a few. A telephone call to theNYS Department of EnvironmentalConservation office, local consultingforesters, or Cooperative Extension,should result in answers to yourquestions about current timber prices.It is important to note that if you cannotget a straight answer as to the number oftrees, species, volume and value/MBFfrom a would-be timber buyer, then youprobably shouldn't make the deal.

Arranging a Timber SaleBRIAN BULLARD

IntroductionForest cover is the predominant type

of natural vegetation in New York State.According to the 1993 USDA ForestService inventory for New York,approximately 62% of the state isforested. The non-industrial privatelandowner owns about 85% of theforestland in New York. The industrialforestry sector owns about 8% of ourforestlands. Obviously, if the millowner is to provide a continued supplyof raw material (logs) to his mill, hemust aggressively pursue timberpurchases from private landowners.Since most landowners purchase theirproperty for a different purpose(recreation, permanent residence, farm,etc.) the idea of revenue from a timbersale seems very attractive.Unfortunately, many landowners enter

into a timber sale contract without fullyunderstanding the value of the asset orthe contractual controls needed for alandowner to be ultimately satisfied atthe completion of the operation. Theinformation provided herein can be usedto guide a forest landowner toward thesatisfaction that comes from themonetary, ecological and social rewardsof performing good stewardship.

DemandWe have already established the fact

that you hold the key to supply, sowhere does the demand come from?Timber is most commonly purchased

by procurement foresters that work for asawmill, timber and veneer brokersworking for themselves, andindependent loggers. There is alsoanother frontier of folks that havetimber backgrounds and are primarilyconcerned with the purchase of forestedproperty for harvest and resale assmaller acreage recreational property. Ineach case, these people have the interestof the mill or themselves at the heart ofthe timber purchase, not necessarily that

of the landowner. Purchasing timber orlogs at the lowest possible price is theirjob. This is not to say that there aren'tsawmills that can do a good job for youat a fair price. It's just important toknow one's motivation before enteringinto a contract. It is your job to beknowledgeable about your resource.

Landownership ObjectivesFor some reason, many landowners

don't consider their personal objectivesfor their property when someone isstanding at their threshold with a checkfor $10,000-$20,000. Most people owntheir property for hunting, wildlifeobservation, hiking, cross-countryskiing, horseback riding, summer/winterretreat, full-time residence that offers allthe above, and much more. Seldom,however, does the landowner considerhow all of these uses are impacted by thesale of forest products. A managementplan is the primary tool to expresslandownership goals and objectives.Timber harvests are specified atscheduled times in order to balance theowner's goals and objectives. A timberharvest should be a well planned event,not a hasty action in response to an offerto purchase timber.

SupplyIf you are going to sell your house,

you have it appraised. If you are goingto sell your car or truck, you check bookprices, car dealers or swap sheets forcurrent market value. Many peoplespend countless hours and dollars tomake sure that they get the best dealpossible ... except those people that selltimber. Only 10-15% of all timber soldstatewide is handled by a forestryprofessional. Needless to say that manyoperations are conducted where thelandowner probably didn't get the bestdeal possible.A timber sale begins first by knowing

your property boundaries. Whether by

Timber Sale PreparationNow that you know what you own and

how much it is worth, you can decidethat a timber sale is in your best interest.The next step would be to mark the treeto be cut. For your protection, youshould be certain that trees are marked atchest height and on the root collar. Thiprovides additional evidence that a treewas to be harvested long after the tree isgone.Each tree is tallied as marked 0 that

you will have a 100% inventory of what

10 The New York Forest Owner 41:6 • November/December ~OO=

is being sold. The "fair-market" valuecan then be applied to derive value. It isour contention that competitive biddingbrings the highest prices to a landownerfor their timber. For sales with less than10,000 boardfeet (bt), we recommendnegotiating directly with one of severalpotential buyers, depending upon thespecies and dollar value. While 10,000bf of black cherry would be relativelyeasy to sell, 10,000 bf of beech andhemlock would not.When selling by bid, a bid prospectus

is prepared which includes: a mapshowing where the property is located,the location of the timber on theproperty, access to the timber and logstaging area(s), a timber volumeestimate, a bid form, a letter whichdescribes the terms and conditions ofsale and the bid opening date. Uponopening of the bids, the high bidder isawarded the timber unless their bid doesnot meet or exceed the "fair-market"value. The landowner always reservesthe right to reject any and all bids.Upon selection of the buyer, a

contract drawn from the seller'sperspective is needed. The sale contractshould describe the timber to be cut, theprice and payment schedule, penaltiesfor cutting unmarked trees, care andtreatment of haul and skid roads duringand after logging, erosion preventionmeasures, owner imposed conditions-nologging during hunting season, owner'sright to suspend logging operations dueto wet conditions or poor loggingpractices, amounts and proof of Liabilityand Worker's Compensation Insurance,and a cash bond to assure contractperformance may be requested if held byan independent third party trusted byboth buyer and seller.Lastly, show a presence during

logging. Inspect the woodlot at timeswhen no logging is taking place or atsafe distances from cutting and skiddingoperations. Meeting the loggers at thelanding site is a good place to begin sothat everyone knows you are there. Thisgives both of you the opportunity toreview contract items that may havebeen forgotten if the timber is cut manymonths after contract signing.

The NYSDEC can assist with siteinspections, general questions, andtimber sale marking up to 25 acres peryear per landowner. The landowner isthen referred to the DEC's list ofCooperating Consulting Foresters tocomplete the sales process. ConsultingForesters, of course, can assist alandowner from start to finish. Mostconsultants do not charge a fee for aninitial inspection and recommendations.A timber sale which meets the

landowner's objectives can be veryrewarding as it aids in the growth anddevelopment of the woodlot, providesaccess for other activities, enhanceswildlife habitat and provides analternative income. All of theseattributes (and many more) combinedprovide a landowner with a great senseof pride and accomplishment for havingmanaged his or her woodlot inaccordance with accepted foreststewardship guidelines and theknowledge that he or she knew the valueof their timber at the time of sale. 4-

ReferencesTimber Management for Small Woodlands -Goff, G.R., J.P. Lassoie, and K.M. Layer.1994. Cornell Cooperative ExtensionInformation Bulletin. Bulletin No. 147IB180.Resource Center, Cornell University, 7Business and Technology Park, Ithaca, NY14850.

New York State Department of EnvironmentalConservation. Cooperating ConsultingForester Program.

Brian Bullard works for Forecon, Inc. whichprovides Forestry Consulting Services.

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The New York Forest Owner 41:6 • November/December 2003 11

------------- -------------- ---------------

ABetter

Logger?COMPILED BY

MICHAEL BURNS AND BRENDAN KELLY

A many New York ForestOwners' Association, THRIFT(Tug Hill Resources Investment

for Tomorrow) and, Catskill ForestAssociation members know, using aforester is a great way to help you planfor what you want from your forest. Aforester can be your advocate as youassess options in a management plan.We often hear how a forester can helpyou get more for your timber if youdecide to harvest and how they canensure that the management plan focuseson what is left on the land, not just whatis taken from it.But, all the planning the in the world

and the highest bids can still not be aguarantee that the logger won't mess upthe job. Of course, a good forester willkeep tabs on your harvest and the logger,and so can you. Further, many reputablelogger have references and even prior

job sites you can visit. Another tool thatcan help the landholder determine if thelogger is acceptable is to see if the loggeris registered with or has received acertificate from a logger certificationprogram. In New York State, theprogram is the Trained Logger Certifica-tion (TLC) of New York LoggerTraining (NYLT), Incorporated.New York Logger Training (NYLT) is

a cooperative effort of timber harvesters,forest industry, government, educators,and foresters working together to deliverresources that will allow loggers to learnenvironmentally sound practices andimproved skills, enabling a safer meansto greater productivity, increasedprofitability, and a better quality of life.

NYLT was incorporated in 1994 as anon-profit organization, allowing it tofunction with a clear mission and focus,and making the program responsible for

Susan J. Keister, L.L.C.Forestry Consulting and Environmental Management Services

Specializing in the sale and harvest of low grade hardwood timberNYS-DEC Cooperating Consulting Forester SAF Certified

Services Include:Timber Stand Improvement

-Marking-Implementation

Damage Appraisals-Strategy and advice-Stump Cruises-Valuations

Land Clearing/Development

Management Plans-SIP-480a

Commercial Timber Harvests-High Quality Hardwoods-Low Grade Hardwoods-Softwoods

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General permit and environmental management advice includingwetlands, mining, local timber harvesting and special use permits.

585-728-3044 ph/fax • 7025 Harpers Ferry Road • Wayland, N.Y. 14572susanjkeister@usadatanet.net

its own fmancial viability. Public traininggrants have allowed them to subsidizethe costs of several courses, and registra-tion fees are designed to cover directworkshop expenses. Contributions fromsupporters and sponsors have allowed theprogram to continue for nearly 10 years.

The TLC program was developed torecognize loggers who complete atraining schedule involving three coreareas of know ledge and skills.

During the three-year validation periodof TLC, these individuals make acommitment to continuing their educa-tion in order to improve themselves andmaintain their TLC status. TLC is avoluntary program, allowing participantsthe opportunity to gain recognition forand satisfaction from their achievement.The core areas are Chainsaw Opera-

tion, Safety, & Productivity; Environ-mental Concerns; and Adult First Aid &CPR. An individual completing thesethree workshops is eligible to receiveinitial TLC recognition. TLC is availableby attending NYLT sponsored work-shops, or by providing documentation ofcompletion of approved workshopsoffered by other organizations. It is anindividual's responsibility to provideproof of course completion to NYLT forany workshops not hosted by NYLT inorder to receive proper credit.

Continuing education is the backboneof TLC. After initial certification isachieved, 3 Continuing Education creditsover the next 3 years are required, inaddition to maintaining current First Aid& CPR status, to prevent certificationfrom expiring.This program has been designed and

12 The New York Forest Owner 41:6 • November/December 2003

crafted to take advantage of the widevariety of training already in place withinthe forest industry, and to make theseresources more effective and efficient.The core requirements and continuingeducation topics incorporate training thathas been available for the last severalyears. Every effort has been made tominimize the cost of participation andprovide training opportunities throughoutthe state.TLC applies to individual loggers, not

the companies they work for. Anyperson is eligible to be certified uponcompleting TLC training, and is provid-ed with a certificate and an ID card todemonstrate the accomplishment.Although this program is designed forloggers, any interested individuals mayparticipate.

In fact, landholder participation isencouraged, as many of the programs aresuitable for weekend warriors withchainsaws or those merely looking toenjoy their woods more. For instance,First Aid/CPR, Forest Ecology &Silviculture, and Game of Loggingclasses can all be very useful to thelandholder looking to become safer,know more about their woods, and moreproductive with a chainsaw. If you haveever wondered what the best manage-ment practices (BMPs) really are, theForest Ecology & Silviculture class willtell you. Attending these courses alsoenables landholders to become morefamiliar with loggers and what to expecton a job from a logger.The TLC program was designed with

the following objectives in mind:• To improve skills, productivity,

safety, and abilities of timber harvesters;• To address public concerns about

timber harvesting by encouraging the useof best harvesting techniques, andpreclude unnecessary regulations;

• To help keep timber harvestersviable in New York;

• To increase the use of Best Manage-ment Practices for Timber Harvesting;

• To protect soil and water qualityduring and after forest managementoperations;

• To address OSHA logging standardsand requirements for employers;

• To attain potential cost reduction ininsurance (Workman's Compensation)premiums and/or increase the access tosuch insurance;

• To achieve increased public andgovernment satisfaction with the qualityof timber harvesting operations; and

• To increase environmental protec-tion.

At the present time NYLT is lookingto find out what course individuals areinterested in taking next year. If you area landholder, logger, or forester contactyour local NYLT area chair and tellthem what interests you. You can fmdout the contact information for your areachair at www.nyloggertraining.org/home/contactus.asp. A list of presentlyschedule courses can be found atwww.nyloggertraining.org/search/workshops. asp.This information was taken primarily

from the New York Logger Trainingwebsite at pages www.nyloggertraining.org/home/default.asp and www.nyloggertraining. org/home/ getcert. asp. Addition-al information was gathered from theSociety of American Forester brochure,Foresters: Helping You Plan for theFuture of Your Forest .•.

A NYFOA member, Mike Burns is theProgram Manager of NYLT at ESFPA. He isa consulting forester and the state chair ofthe NYS Tree Farm program. Brendan Kellyis also a NYFOA member, a THRIFTmember, and is a Senior Forester with theNYSDEC. He is assigned to forest productsutilization and marketing concerns inNYSDEC Region 6.

NYS Maple Producers ConferenceScheduled for January 9- 10, 2004

The NYS Maple Producers Winter Conferencehas been scheduled for January 9!h and lOdl, 2004,at the Vernon- Verona-Sherrill Central School,Verona, NY. The winter conference providesnumerous workshops on a wide range of relatedmaple topics and showcases maple equipment andsupplies at its annual trade show. Last year, morethan 400 maple enthusiasts from 8 states andCanada attended the workshops and 18 vendorswere featured at the trade show.

Highlighting this year's conference will be avariety of topics addressing producer-oriented issues.In light of the poor maple sap season throughoutareas of the Northeast, topics such as the use ofmicro-taps and vacuum techniques willbe presentedfocusing on increased profits for maple producers.Other conference topics will include forestrymanagement techniques, tubing installation andcleaning, vacuum systems for tubing, marketingstrategies, value-added products, Maple Weekendtips, and the latest in maple research.

The V.V.S. High School is located betweenUtica and Syracuse, New York on State Route 31jnst two minutes from NYS Thruway Exit 33.Overnight accommodations are within five minutesof conference site. More infurrnation on conferencetopics and presenters, contact V.V.S. FFA advisorKeith Schiebel at (315) 829-2520 ext. 262, emailat kschiebel@vvs~csd.high. moric. org, or visit theschool's website at: www.vvscentraischools. org.

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Tel: (716) 852-3540 • Fax: (716) 852-3546dcolligan@watsonbennett.com wwwforcstrylaw.com

The New York Forest Owner 41:6 • November/December 2003 13

Frestowners throughout thenortheastern United States arewell aware that green, white or

black ash are an important componentof many northern hardwood forests.Ash (Fraxinus spp.) typically is subjectto few major insect problems, exceptas a minor host for many generalistdefoliators. The principle malady mostof us associate with these trees is thedisease known as ash decline.A new invasive called the emerald

ash borer (known to entomologists asAgrilus planipennis (ah-grii-liss plan-i-pen-iss), however, poses a potentiallyserious problem for New York's forestowners. First discovered insoutheastern Michigan during thesummer of 2002, it was found morerecently in Ontario and northeasternOhio. A native of Asia, it probably

Figure 2. Side view of adult.

arrived in North America as ahitchhiker in materials used toconstruct wooden crates. It isimportant for forest owners to be ableto recognize emerald ash borer (EAB)and its damage in order to facilitateearly detection should it move into ourregion.

DescriptionThis inner bark borer belongs to a

family of insects known as metallicwood-boring beetles or flatheadedborers. Though the beetle is larger andmore brightly colored than our nativespecies of Agrilus, it is a close cousinto familiar pests such as the bronzebirch borer and two-lined chestnutborer (Forest Owner Sept.!Oct. 1997),commonly associated with stressedbirch and oak, respectively.The adult (Figs. 1,2) is a beautiful

bright green with a brassy to goldencast, slender and 0.4 to 0.7 of an inchlong. The larva (Fig. 3) attains alength of 1.3 to 1.6 inches and isdistinctly segmented and flattened witha pair of small, brownish, pincer-likeappendages on the last segment. Thethree body segments nearest theposterior are more or less bell-shaped.

BiologyAdults emerge in mid- to late May

through late June. Females depositeggs on branches and tree trunks,either on the bark surface or in barkcrevices. Soon after emerging fromthe egg, each larva chews through thebark and feeds underneath it on tissuesessential for growth and transport ofwater and nutrients. In doing so theyeventually girdle the tree or branch.When populations are high a tree canbe killed very quickly. Larval

Figure 1. Top view of emerald ashborer adult.

galleries (Fig. 4) are tightly packedwith frass (a mixture of wood particlesand fecal material). A single larvalgallery usually winds back and forthand may be as long as 15 inches. Fullgrown larvae overwinter beneath barkin shallow chambers excavated on thesurface of the sapwood. Beetles

Figure 3. Sketch of an emerald ash borerlarva (top view, A - "head", b - bell-shaped segments, C - posterior hooks).

14 The New York Forest Owner 41:6 • November/December 2003

Figure 4. Frass-packed larval gallerieson underside of bark.

emerge in the spring through a D-shaped hole approximately 11161h of aninch wide (Fig. 5).

DamageA major difference between EAB

and native species of Agrilus is the factit attacks healthy hosts. Native species

in this group require a host that hasbeen severely stressed by heavydefoliation, drought, age or some otherevent.Larval feeding eventually destroys

tissues under the bark that are essentialfor growth and sustenance. The endresult, and first external evidence of aninfestation, is discolored foliage andthe appearance of dead branches in theoutermost margins of the crown,characteristic of a symptom calledcrown dieback. After two to fouryears, the tree will die.

ManagementAn essential first step for restricting

the spread of EAB is early detection ofinfested trees. Secondly, ash logs,firewood and nursery stock should notbe imported from areas known to beinfested with EAB. Finally, once aninfestation is confirmed the tree shouldbe felled and chipped as soon aspossible, stumps ground up and anysuckers that emerge from survivingroots treated with a herbicide.Remember, however, EAB has not

yet been reported from New YorkState. Also, crown dieback issymptomatic of ash decline, a verycommon problem in New York. Only

Figure 5. D-shaped emergence hole. This image has been enlarged.

if an ash has emergence holes like thatshown in Fig. 5 or evidence of long,winding galleries beneath the bark,should a forest owner contact TheNew York State Department ofEnvironmental Conservation foresteror bring it to the attention their CountyExtension Agent. 4-.

This is the Zlst in the series of articlescontributed by Dr. Allen, Professor ofEntomology at SUNY-ESF. It is possible todownload this collectionfrom the NYS DEeWeb page at.http.r/www.dec.stote.ny.us/websiteld/flprivland/jorprotlhealthlnyfolindex.himl.

NYFOA Scholarship FundAs of October 1, 2003, the NYFOAEndowed Scholarship Fund that isadministered by the SUNY ESFCollege Foundation, Inc. has a fundbalance of $18,740.96

Lake GeorgeForestry

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Phone/Fax: 518-668-2623

The New York Forest Owner 41:6 • November/December 2003 15

How To Make and Enjoy YourOwn Blue Bird Thill

w many of us have seen auebird recently? The greatajority of young people today

have never seen a bluebird. Yet 70years ago, bluebirds were among themost common songbirds in America.Bluebirds are an asset to farmers and

gardeners because their diet consistsalmost entirely of insects in the springand summer. In the late fall and winterthey live largely on wild berries.The eastern bluebird population may

have plummeted as much as 90% due toshortage of natural cavities for nesting,competition from house sparrows andstarlings, and pesticides. What is neededis a widespread effort to help thebluebird in its struggles and an easy wayto help is to provide nesting sites.Bluebird trails are becoming increas-

ingly popular and are a source of greatpleasure and satisfaction to those whooperate them. A bluebird trail consistsof a number of nesting boxes spaced 100yards or more apart and so located thatthey can be conveniently monitored bygoing from box to box by car, bicycleor on foot.

RICHARD WELLS

A bluebird trail may consist of only afew nesting boxes on one's ownproperty or of hundreds of boxes spreadover a distance of many miles. Bluebirdpopulation has increased dramaticallyalong the routes of virtually all bluebirdtrails that have been operated success-fully for a number of years. What isneeded is a great increase in the numberof bluebird trails, so that bluebirds canagain raise their families in the vastareas where the natural nesting cavitieshave either been destroyed, or havebeen usurped by the alien starlings andhouse sparrows, against which thebluebird cannot successfully compete.To operate a successful bluebird trail

it is important to know the characteris-tics of the bluebird and the problemsinvolved in maintaining a productivetrail.

The Bluebird Nesting SeasonBecause of their early return to the

northern parts of their range, thebluebird today remains a symbol ofspringtime. The lengthening days oflate February and March bring with

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Society of American Foresters • Pennsylvania Forestry AssociationMember NY Forest Owners Association

them the arrival of bluebirds in searchof suitable nesting sites. The maleusually returns before the female andimmediately starts searching for severalunoccupied cavities or nesting boxes heconsiders suitable for nesting. Bluebirdsare a cavity-nesting species and theynest and raise their young in holes ofdead trees, fence posts, or in nestboxes.Bluebirds are insectivores; they feed

on a large number of insects that areharmful to crops (especially cutwormsand grasshoppers). An exposed post,wire or branch is used as a perch forscanning the ground for insects.

CourtshipThrough singing and tail and wing

displays, the male urges the female,upon her return, to explore the cavityhe has shown her. The male will showthe female several sites, and hopefully,she will choose one of them. If sheapproves, the female accepts him as hermate and the pair will then stay closeby until nest building begins.

Nest BuildingDays and often weeks elapse between

selection and actual start of nestbuilding. In most areas nest building isgenerally underway in early May.The female builds the nest almost

entirely by herself. However, the malewill accompany her while she collectsthe nesting material. The 3-4 inch widenest is made of woven grasses andoccasionally pine needles, whereavailable. It usually takes 5-6 days forthe nest to be completed.Bluebirds time their activities so that

the first egg is laid 4 to 5 days after thenest has been completed. One egg islaid each day until the clutch is com-plete. Three to six, commonly four orfive, pale blue (occasionally white)eggs are laid. Incubation begins as

16 The New York Forest Owner 41:6 • November/December 2003

oon as the last egg has been laid. Therime of incubation is generally 14days.

The Fledgling PeriodOn the day they are hatched, young

bluebirds are virtually naked. Theyweigh roughly one-tenth of an ounce.They are fed small, assorted insectsevery few minutes from dawn to dusk.The male bird does most of the feedingat first since the female must spend agood part of her time brooding thebabies to keep them warm. Withinabout 12 days, the weight of the youngbird approaches that of the adult. Thenatal down has been shed and replacedby the beautiful soft gray and bluejuvenile plumage.

Young bluebirds usually leave theirnests at the age of 17 or 18 da s. Onthe day of fledging, the parent birdsseem to encourage their young to leavethe nest by restricting their food andby calling to them repeatedly in anenticing manner from a short distance.Each young bird at the moment itleaves the nest makes a valiant andusually successful attempt to fly to a

Typical Bluebird NestingTimetable for This Area

March 15 Bluebirds sighted inthe area.

March 30 Female accepts box -bits of straw in box.

April 22 Female building nest.

APIU29 Five blue eggs (usual-ly one a day for 5days).

May 18 Young hatching, fe-male carries awayshells and fecal sacs.

May 21 Female continuesbrooding the young -both adults feed youngfrom dawn to dusk.

June 6 Young bluebirds haveleft the nest - clean outthe box

June 20 Female begins build-ing new next and pro-cess is repeated.

nearby tree or bush. Most youngbluebirds are capable of flying 50 to100 feet on their first attempt. Thenewly fledged bluebirds soon worktheir way into the higher branches ofnearby trees and remain high off theground, flying from tree to tree to gainstrength.For the first 7-10 days out of the

nest, the young are fed by their atten-tive parents. The bluebird fledglingsstart finding a small part of their ownfood when they have been out of thenest for about two weeks. Withinanother week or 10 days the youngbirds learn to obtain all of their ownfood. Bluebirds have strong family ties,so the young birds usually remain fairlyclose to their parents throughout thesummer and early autumn. Often notmore than 3 or 4 days elapse betweenthe time the young of one brood arefledged and the nest for the next broodis started. Usually a second brood israised by the same parents and some-times also a third.

It is recommended that after theyoung have left the nest, the box shouldbe cleaned as this increases the chancesthat a second brood will be raised in thesame box.

Mounting the BoxWhere you choose to place the box is

as important as how the box is de-signed. Bluebirds are birds of openareas. They rarely nest in woodedareas, but will nest in clearings. Openareas with scattered trees are best. Openfields are suitable if there are posts orwires for perching. Look for any areawhere the vegetation is kept short bymowing, or grazing such as parks,campgrounds, pastures, large lawns,cemeteries, golf courses and abandonedorchards. Generally bluebirds nest onlyin rural areas and the very outer edgesof suburban developments. Properplacement of your nesting box (boxes)can encourage bluebirds and discourageother competing birds and predators.Bluebirds - We recommend that

nesting boxes be mounted on 6 to 6-1/2feet pipe. The boxes should be mounted

4 to 5 feet from the ground. It isrecommended that they be placed 100yards apart because bluebirds establish aterritory during the nesting season and anesting pair will not allow otherbluebirds to enter their territory.

Tree Swallows are the birds mostoften found in bluebird boxes. Tomaximize your chances of attractingbluebirds amidst competition fromswallows we recommend placing twoboxes 5-8 feet apart. Swallows willexclude another pair of swallows fromnesting this close. Swallows onlydefend their nest site itself. This leavesthe adjacent box open to bluebirds.House Wrens like more bushy areas.

To avoid competition with the housewren place the bluebird nestbox inmore open areas at least 50 feet or moreaway from brush and woods.

Face the box towards a tree, shrub orpole so the young can fly toward it.Your nesting box should be put up andready for use by the end of March ifpossible. If they are put up later thanthis time, they still should be attractiveto bluebirds who are raising theirsecond or third broods. Be patient, itmay take several seasons for bluebirdsto find your box!

Bluebird Nestbox Construction TipsBack 14 x 6W', Sides lOW' &9'/2" X 5" Top 12" x 8" Base 5 x 5"Front 9%" x 61/2" Entrance exactly11/2" diameter located 11/2" downfrom top. Lower sides 1JI" from topfor air vet. Nip off corners of basefor drainage.

This plan can also be used for a side-opening box with a 4" x 4" floorsimply by making all boards one inchnarrower and the top and bottom boardsone inch shorter. For those who cansecure the construction materials andhave the tools to work with, it is anenjoyable project to build nestingboxes. For others, it is more practicalto purchase the nesting boxes.For detailed nest box plans for a

side-opening box or a Peterson box orfor the purchase of a nest box, contactNew York State Bluebird Society,

continued on page 18

The New York Forest Owner 41:6 • November/December 2003 17

mately 80% of the nests were infested.The larvae feed on the fledglings forapproximately 8 days and then go into adormant stage for 3 days where theybecome leathery and enter the pupastage.After 10-12 days the adult blowfly

emerge from the puparia and flyawayin search of fresh bird nests where theywill be able to repeat the 3 to 4 weeklife cycle. Therefore, the incidence ofblowfly infestation usually increases inthe second and third nestings as thesummer progresses. A heavy larvaeinfestation may kill the nestlingsoutright or seriously weaken them sothey are unable to leave the nest.Monitoring your nesting boxes for

blowfly larvae is one of the mostimportant things that you can do toincrease the bluebird population. Oncethe nestlings are hatched, check thenesting box every 3 to 4 days (Do notdisturb the nestlings after 12 days orthey may fly from the nest premature-ly.) Open the nesting box, lift the nestslightly and carefully scrape the chafffrom the bottom of the nest into yourhand. If blowfly larvae are evident,change the nest.Remove the nest and nestlings and

clean the box thoroughly. Next, build anew nest of dried lawn clippings similarto the shape of the original nest andpack it down tightly. Gently replace thenestlings. The parents don't object;songbirds have a very poor sense ofsmell. Be sure to destroy the fly larvaeand the old nest.Raccoons. Raccoons are a common

predator of Eastern Bluebirds and othercavity-nesting birds using nestboxes. Atthe present time the raccoon populationis excessively high and nestboxes aremore susceptible to the ravages of theraccoon. Raccoons commonly willclimb up to the nestboxes and removeeggs, nestlings, or even incubatingadult birds. Even when raccoons cannotreach into the box they may harassincubating or brooding adult birdsenough to cause nest abandonment.When mounting a nextbox on a pipe,

7638 Erie Street, Pulaski, NY 13142,315-298-2277 .

Predators and CompetitorsBluebirds have to deal with many

predators. Several mammals, reptilesand even insects prey on adults, youngand eggs of bluebirds. These animalsinclude raccoons, red squirrels, domes-tic cats, and a parasitic insect called theblowfly. House (English) sparrows andstarlings are vicious competitors.House Sparrows and Starlings.

Competition between the bluebird andthe starling and house sparrow forthose few nesting places that remainhas been a major factor leading to thedecline of bluebirds. These twospecies, both brought here fromEurope, are very aggressive and oftenforce bluebirds always from nestingsites. Starlings, although larger thanbluebirds, also compete for nestingcavities and food. During the winter,large flocks of starlings can stripplants of their berries leaving nothingfor other birds.Competition for nesting sites between

bluebirds and starlings can be con-trolled by making entry holes exactly 1inches in diameter. Unlike the naturalcavities, which often have slightlylarger openings, the starling cannotenter a box of this size. This openingstill will leave bluebirds vulnerable tostarling predation if the entry hole isless than six inches from the floor.Unfortunately, the house sparrow is notso readily excluded from a nesting boxbecause they can easily enter an open-ing of 11/2 inches.When a house sparrow wants a cavity

occupied by bluebirds, it will attemptto drive the native species away. Thebluebird's small bill makes it a poorcompetitor in flights when facing thestrong and heavy-billed sparrow.Frequently house sparrows will punc-ture and remove bluebird eggs, or killthe nestlings or brooding adults bypecking their heads. Placing nestingboxes away from human habitation,especially barns, will reduce the chance

of having this species usurp nestingboxes. Also, keep the nest box low (4-5feet). Sparrows prefer to nest at ahigher site. These precautions are onlysomewhat successful.Starlings and house sparrows, unlike

all native birds, are not protected byfederal law. It is recommended that allhouse sparrow nests be removed frombluebird nesting boxes as soon asnesting is initiated. Repeated removalof nesting materials may discouragehouse sparrow use, leaving the boxavailable for native species. This is notlegal to do with any native birds such astree swallows or house wrens whilethey are actively nesting.Nest removal may help in some

instances, but the most efficient meansof controlling sparrows is to trap them.Sparrow traps have been designed foruse both within nesting boxes and onthe ground. Trapping sparrowsthroughout the year can lead to greatincreases in bluebird productivity anddistribution. Removal of sparrows froman area is the most effective means ofincreasing bluebird numbers. Andfinally, any bluebird box, when housesparrows are allowed to successfullyproduce young, is worse for thebluebirds than no box at all.Blowfly Larvae. Blowfly larvae

parasitism has been severe in recentyears. We have found many nestswhere blowflies have contributed to thedeath of nestling bluebirds or swallows.The female blowfly will lay 50-200eggs in the bluebird's grass nest,usually when the fledglings are firsthatched. More than one blowfly maylay eggs in the nest. The eggs hatch in1 to 2 days into tiny tan colored larvathat turn brown as they approach 3/8"long.The larvae attach to the nestlings'

feet, legs, underside of wings and beaksand draw out the blood and bodyfluids. The larvae attack the nestlings atnight and hide in the nesting materialduring the daylight hours. Researchershave found as many as 250 larvae inone nest. During recent years, approxi-

18 The New York Forest Owner 41:6 • November/December 2003

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pplying a heavy grease on the pipeappears to be effective. You can putsheet metal guards on the pole belowme box to keep predators from climb-ing up. Recent experiments havedemonstrated that a 5" extended over-hang of the roof acts as a deterrent andyet is acceptable to the bluebird.The raccoon attacks from the top of

me box and the 5" overhang deters theraccoon from reaching in the entrance.The longer overhang is also a help inkeeping rain or hot sun from enteringthe box.

Monitoring Bluebird Nesting BoxesYour box may contain any of the

following nests:1. Bluebird. Neatly constructed of

grass, the 4-5 eggs are pale blue oroccasionally white. If it has been over15 days since eggs hatched and youfind a well-flattened nest not disturbed,this indicates that the nestlings havefledged. Remove the old nest (only ifthere is no sign of a new nest beingbuilt) promptly because this willencourage bluebirds to nest again inthat box.2. House Wren. The nest is large

and made of twigs. The 6-8 eggs arewhite, speckled with brown.

3. Tree Swallow. The nest is ofwoven grass, and lined with feathers.The 4-6 eggs are white.4. House Sparrow. A mixture of

coarse grass, feathers, and trash makeup these very large woven nests.Usually there are 5-6 gray-white eggs,speckled with brown.5. Chickadee. The nest is made of

moss, plant down and lined with hairand animal fur. The 5-8 white eggs arespeckled with reddish-brown.It is important to the recovery of the

bluebird that all nesting boxes befrequently monitored to detect blowflyand/or use by house sparrows. Uncon-trolled, these species will continue toplace the survival of the bluebird njeopardy. Bluebird boxes that areplaced in the field and not monitoredmay do more harm than good tobluebirds.It's a good idea to inspect the nestbox

after a heavy or prolonged rain. If youfind the nest quite damp or wet changethe nest. Remove the nest and nestlingsand build a new nest of dried lawnclippings and replace the nestlings. Youmay lose the nestlings with respiratoryproblems in a wet nest if you don'tfollow this procedure.Check in early spring to see if the

The New York Forest Owner 41:6 • November/December 2003

deer mouse or white-footed mouse hasoccupied the nestbox during the winter.If so, remove the contents. Then yourbox will be ready for the next bluebirdoccupants.

For further reading order TheBluebird, Its Fight For Survival byLawrence Zeleny, The Bluebird Bookby Lilian Stokes, each $9.95 plus 10%handling, prepaid. Available from theNorth American Bluebird Society, Box6295, Silver Springs, Maryland 20906.

The New York State Blue BirdSociety was formed in 1982 in order topromote and develop an active bluebirdconservation program that would helpinsure the continued growth of thebluebird population. For more infor-mation on the New York State BlueBird Society, visit their web site atwww.nysbs.com. The organization'sgoals include cooperation with theNorth American Bluebird Society, andmembership in that group is encour-aged. (NABS, Box 6295, SilverSprings, MD 20906.) 4.

Rich Wells resides in East Concord, NY andis past president and lifetime director of theNew York State Blue Bird Society

19

The New YorkForest Owner - 2003Volume 41, Numbers 1-6INDEX

EntomologyAdaptive Forest Management & Forest Pest Management, Douglas C. Allen, January/February, p. 16The Red Turpentine Beetle, Douglas C. Allen, March/April, p. 16The Carpenterworm: A Wood Boring Caterpillar, Douglas C. Allen, May/Iune, p. 16The Pitted Ambrosia Beetle, Douglas C. Allen, July/August, p. 16Forest Insect Pest Alerts, Douglas C. Allen, September/October, p. 16Keep Your Eyes Peeled for Emerald Ash Borer, Douglas C. Allen, November/December, p. 14

Forest Policy and LawThe Knots of Timber Tax, Lloyd R. Casey, May/June, p. 5Three Timber Theft Bills Introduced in NYS Legislature, Robert Malmsheimer, May/June, p. 6Forest, Farm Land Protected by Conservation Easement, Andrew Zepp, May/June, p. 8The Knots of Timber Tax, Lloyd R. Casey, July/August, p. 5NYS Legislature Enacts Timber Theft Bill, Robert Malmsheimer, Iuly/August, p. 6The Knots of Timber T<L~,Lloyd R. Casey, September/Ocrober, p. 5

MiscellaneousThe State's Toughest Tree Test, Dan Anderson, May/June, p. 4Answers to the State's Toughest Tree Test, Dan Anderson, Iuly/August, p. 4

NYFOANewsNYFOA Is Moving Ahead, Ron Pedersen, JanuaryjFebruary, p. 5Plan of Merger - NYWS & NYFOA, January/February, p. 6NYFOA General Director Candidates - Ballot Included, January/February, p. 12NYFOA Annual Spring Program, January/February, p. 13Building Bridges, Ron Pedersen, March/April, p. 4NYFOA Awards, May/June, p. 10Western Finger Lakes Spring '03 Woodswalk, Chuck Winship & Gary Goff, September/October; p. 18NYFOA SAC Recognizes NYS Tree Farmers, November/December, p. 9

NY ForestryHelp is a Phone Call Away, March/April, P: 18NYFOA Toasts DEC Foresters at Retirement Brunch, Gretchen McHugh, May!June, p. 14Forestry Awareness Day in Albany, May/June, p. 18

StewardshipOne Man's Battle With Invasives, James Engel, March/April, p. 825 Years Certified Tree Farms, March/April, p. 11Need for Communication, Michael Greason, March/April, 12Why Are They Putting Goats in the Woods?, Charlie Mowatt, July/August, p. 8Managing a Private Forest: Profile of a Landowner/Logger Partnership, Douglas R. Allen, July/August, p. 102003 Spring Planting, Wanda and Edward Piestrak, July/August, p. 18A Better Logger, Michael J. Burns & Brandon Kelly, November/December, p. 12

20 The New York Forest Owner 41:6 • November/December 2003

Woodlot Management & AssistanceHOW TO: Manage Storm Damage, [anuary/Pebruary; 7\laple Syrup Prodution For The Beginner, Anni Davenport and Lewis Staats,January/February, p. 8ATV Logging, Brendan Kelly,[anuary/February, p. 14Signs and Access, Dan Palm, Ianuary/February; p. 18Money Does Grow on Trees, Renee J. Bouplon, [anuary/Pebruary; p. 20Controlling Access to your Property Through Posting, Jim Ochterski & DanielPalm, March/April, p. 5HOW TO: Buy the Right Chainsaw, March/April, p. 6Forest Crops: The Other Money from your Forest, Robert Beyfuss, March/April,p. 18FFA Forestry Workshop, March/April, p. 20HOW TO: Care for Seedlings, May/Iune, p. 13The Swallow-worts, Fran Lawlor, Iuly/August, p. 14HOW TO: Treat Reactions to Poison Ivy, July/August, p. 17Working With Foresters, Peter J. Smallidge, September/October, p. 6A Landowner's Guide to: New York's Forest Land Enhancement Program,September/October, p. 8HOW TO: Know When to Fertilize Your Forest, September/October, p. 14HOW TO: Design a Windbreak, November/December, p. 5Forestry Practices to Avoid: Just Say No to Highgrading, Peter J. Smallidge,November/December, p. 6Arranging a Timber Sale, Brian Bullard, November/December, p. 10How to Make and Enjoy Your Own Bluebird Trail, Rich Wells, November/December, p. 16

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