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Ninth Indian Expedition to Antarctica, Scientific Report, 1994 Department of Ocean Development, Technical Publication No. 6, pp. 1-20
The Ninth Indian Scientific Expedition to Antarctica — Events & Achievements
RASIK RAVINDRA
Expedition Leader
Exploration is the physical expression of the intellectual passion. If you have the desire for theknowledge and the power to give it physical expression, go out and explore. If you march your Winterjourneys, so long as all you want is a penguin egg, you will have your reward.
(Cherry Garrard in Worst Journey in the World)
Introduction
India launched its Ninth Scientific Expedition to Antarctica on 30th November 1989 as
its continued effort to further the advancements made in multidisciplinary fields of science
and technology in this icy continent by previous eight expeditions. The Ninth Expedition
was successful in achieving all its set goals and objectives, inspite of several hardships
forced on to it by nature and destiny. Among the major achievements of the expedition were
setting up of a modern meteorological observatory and a Green house at Maitri, exploration
of deep interior mountains of southern Humboldt, establishment of a surface route to
northern Humboldt and carrying out geological, glaciological, geophysical and meteoro-
logical investigations in this area during winter. Year long studies on human adaptations and
physiological changes under extreme cold conditions and astrophysical studies were initi-
ated for the first time. Record surface transportation of 250 kilo litre fuel from Dakshin
Gangotri (DG) to Maitri, smooth decommissioning of DG and transfer of stores from DG
supply base to Maitri were additional landmarks.
Assignments
Based on the long-term objectives of Indian Antarctic Programme, the following tasks
were identified for the Ninth Expedition and its wintering component (Seventh Wintering
Team):
A. Scientific tasks
i) Geoscientific studies:
Earth science programme included geological, structural, geochemical and radio-
metric studies in Schirmacher and Wohlthat mountains, geological mapping during
winter in Wohlthat mountain and continuation of ongoing glaciological pro-
gramme.
2 Rasik Ravindra
ii) Atmospheric studies:
Measurement of total ozone, atmospheric gases and extent of UV radiation;
synoptic observations of routine meteorological parameters; launching of
ozonesonde and radiosonde balloon ascents, VLF and boundary layer experiments.
iii) Astrophysical studies;
Observations of supergranulation and its relationship with Sun's magnetic field.
iv) Biological studies:
Ecological and physiological aspects of the invertebrate fauna, studies on their
adaptation to the Antarctic environment with special reference to population
cycles, respiratory metabolism and cold tolerance etc.
v) Microbiological investigations:
Study on primitive microorganisms in the lakes of Schirmacher Oasis.
vi) Polar medicine:
Studies on polar medicine particularly on physiological and psychological changes
in humans under extreme cold conditions.
B. Logistic tasks
i) Establishment of meteorological observatory at Maitri.
ii) Construction of a Green House.
iii) Conversion of DG Station into a supply base for use in Summer and periodic use
in Winter.
iv) Maintenance of the Maitri Station and all its services.
v) Maintenance of all vehicles at DG and Maitri.
vi) Logistic support to scientific activities.
vii) Transportation of stores and fuel from DG to Maitri.
The Voyage
The expedition was flagged off with 81 members onboard M.V. Thuleland on 30th
November 1989 for Antarctica. The ship crossed equator on 4th December 1989. It had to
halt at the outer anchorage of Port Louis for a few hours to replenish some of the life saving
drugs requisitioned by the Sixth Wintering team from Maitri. The voyage was smooth with
its normal share of minor turbulent sea through the 'forties' and 'fifties'. Ship received
regular facsimile charts, up-to-date cloud picture on APT and other charts on weather
conditions from Pretoria and Molodezhnaya, which warned us about incoming depressions
and associated storms.
On 17th December 1989, the expedition got the news of Lt. Attar Singh, a member of
Sixth Wintering team at Maitri, having suffered a heart attack. From then on, it was a race
against time in trying to reach Antarctica as quickly as possible to provide much needed
supply of medicines. The nature played against us. We faced the worstever pack ice
The Ninth Indian Scientific Expedition .... 3
conditions experienced by any Indian expedition so far, reducing our progress to one
nautical mile per hour and even less.
The voyage period was fruitfully utilized in planning the execution of scientific tasks and
fixing the priorities for cargo handling. A core group, drawing representatives from three
services and scientific organisations, constituted for this purpose, helped immensely.
Christmas brought hopes with opening of a narrow passage. On 26th December, while
still 100 nautical miles away from our destination, we carried a few reconnaitory flights with
Chetak helicopters and finally decided to fly MI-8 to the two Indian Stations — Dakshin
Gangotri and Maitri to rush the medical supply and hand over much awaited mail to the
Wintering members. The Wintering teams at both the stations were jubilant on seeing fellow
countrymen after a year long period of isolation. Mission accomplished, we returned to the
ship and finally entered the Polynya on 27th December 1989 at 1710 hrs.
Launching of Expedition Programme
The scientific studies, in fact, had started during the voyage itself as scientists from
BARC, NPL, IMD, GSI and DIPAS had their onboard experiments to be conducted on
particulate matter and aerosol size, UV radiation, meteorology, iceberg monitoring and
polar medicine respectively.
At Antarctica, the operation of stationing field oriented scientists at Maitri commenced
simultaneously with the arrival of Ship at Polynya. The scientists of Indian Institute of
Astrophysics (IIA), U.P. State Observatory, National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Atomic
Minerals Division (AMD) and Geological Survey of India (GSI) were shifted to summer
camp at Maitri on 27th December itself to achieve optimum utilization of fair weather days
— so rare in Antarctica. The National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI) got priority
in utilization of air support with Chetak helicopters as both of these helicopters were
required later for operations in the interior areas of Wohlthat mountains. Few members from
scientific institutions like Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), Defence Institute of Physiologi-
cal and Allied Studies (DIPAS), Defence Agricultural Research Laboratory (DARL),
National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), Delhi University (DU) and Jadavpur University
(JU) operated from ship, initially till accommodation and other infrastructural facilities
could be provided to them at Maitri. The GSI team had planned major sphere of activities
at Southern Humboldt. The weather did not permit reconnaissance of Humboldt mountains
for selection of a camping site prior to 5th January 1990.
On 5th January, the GSI team was flown in the study area and a camping site was selected
at 71°45'S and 11° 12'30"E: By 6th January, this camp was made fully operational with two
MFC tents, one for kitchen and the other for living purpose, HF and VHF facility for
communication, spare sets of batteries, a 4.5 KVA Honda generator set for emergency and
food stock for 30 days. Shri V.K. Shrivastava, Geologist, was appointed the Camp Com-
mander. Naval technician, Shri N.C. Joshi, POEL (R) was stationed at camp to manage the
communication system. The other scientists in the camp were S/Shri B. L. Sharma, Geologist
and A.K. Bedi, Geophysicist. All these camp inmates lost their lives due to the tragic events
of the night between 7th and 8th January because of carbon monoxide poisoning. Stunned
and shocked at the sudden and unfortunate turn of events, expedition prepared for the ways
4 Rasik Ravindra
and means of preserving the bodies. These were later evacuated on 12th February by theRussian aircraft IL-14 from the Russian air strip close to Maitri station. A tearful farewellto the bodies was given by all the members.
Maintaining high morale, the members resolved that best way of paying homage to thedeparted souls was to fulfill all the tasks left unfinished by them. The entire expedition goton to its foot right from the next day.
Scientific Tasks
I. Astronomy and Atmospheric Sciences
A. Astrophysics : Two astrophysicists from Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Banga-lore and one from U.P. State Observatory, Nainital; established a solar telescope atMaitri near the wind-mill site and were successful in taking rare pictures of the Sunin Calcium K-line for 7 continuous days (24 hours cycle) with an interval of 10minutes. These scientists were able to capture sunspots, Calcium K plages andfeatures identifying supergranulations.
B. Meteorology: Collection and transmission of synoptic meteorological data, on-board ship and at Maitri is an ongoing assignment of IMD, which was continued.Fourteen radiosonde ascents were taken during onward cruise while vertical ozoneprofiles were obtained on 53 occasions. Upper air radiation flux by radiometer-sonde was continued in Winter.
All the surface instruments, self recorders, APT unit, DCP, Ozonesonde equipmentand Global radiation recorders were installed in record time. Successful radio andozonesonde ascents were launched from the new observatory.
C. Atmospheric Science : Scientists from NPL erected a permanent meteorologicaltower at Maitri with sensors at different levels to collect the weather parameters onsurface layers through computer terminals. The boundary layer experiments werealso carried out at DG.
The studies on solar radiation intensity, UV-B observations and the solar zenithangle variation were undertaken onboard ship and at Maitri using different sun-photometer and spectro-radiometer. The surface aerosol samples enroute toAntarctica and at Maitri were collected for studying the global atmospheric circu-lation. Since no scientist from NPL wintered at Maitri, the members of Winteringteam maintained their data loggers during the austral Winter.
II. Biological Studies
A. Microbiology: These studies, carried out in the Polynya and in fresh water lakes ofSchirmacher Oasis, included the investigations on primary productivity, phyto-plankton ecology, physicochemical properties, microbial ecology, microbialheterotropic activity, bacterial species composition, zooplankton type and biomassas well as the microbenthos mainly in the limnetic environment. Extensive sam-pling in Polynya was carried out from 8 different stations. Water and zooplanktonsamples were collected from various depths.
The Ninth Indian Scientific Expedition.... 5
Water samples were analysed for various aspects of phytoplankton and microbial
ecological processes. Diurnal variations of many parameters of the phytoplankton
and bacteria were monitored at two stations at close intervals of time. Over 150
strains of bacteria were collected for the analyses of Maritime Antarctic bacterial
communities.
Water and sediment samples from 45 fresh water lakes around Schirmacher were
collected for various studies.
B. Antarctica Fauna: Zoologist from ZSI collected around 180 soil samples from
different lakes in Schirmacher Oasis. Few of the samples were subjected to
extraction in the temporary laboratory set up in Maitri.
A total of 32 species of Antarctic birds were recorded. Nesting pattern of skua was
studied at 14 different nesting points. The droppings of Adelie and Emperor
penguins were collected for studying the protozoan fauna. Few dead birds were
collected and preserved for further study.
C. Horticulture: Scientist from DARL had planned to draw a long term plan for plant
support system for different ecological conditions and to lay out the experiments
on vegetables and ornamental plants/grass legumes. For this purpose, a green
house was erected adjoining the main building at Maitri. Unfortunately, the
scientist sustained a fracture in his left arm necessitating his repatriation to main-
land. The Wintering member from RDE(E) was however successful in establishing
the environmental control system in green house and thereby producing the
different varieties of vegetable and ornamental plants.
D. (i) Physiological Studies : The DIPAS physiologists studied changes of various
physiological functions and some of the biochemical parameters of blood on the
wintering and summer members of expedition. The observations on HR-ECG, BP.
MAP, BMR, CPR, EEG, Oxygen intake etc. were taken regularly throughout the
Wintering period.
(ii) Immunity and reproductive physiology: Five rabbits were taken onboard and
exposed to extreme cold, alteration in day/night ratio and other stresses to record
their behaviour pattern, immunological and other biochemical changes in blood.
Blood samples from 20 human volunteers were also drawn for further study on
levels of proteins, hormones like LH, FSH, TSH, PRL, GH and steroids. The
studies were undertaken by a research scholar from Delhi University.
III. Earth Sciences
(i) Geological and glaciological studies: GSI conducted iceberg monitoring pro-
gramme onboard during the forward journey to record 291 icebergs with their size,
shape, location and classification as per the international norms. The main area of
operation, south of Humboldt, was taken up late in January when about 1000 sq
km area lying between 71°40'S and 71°58'S and 10°45'E and 12°0'E was covered
utilizing 40 air drops. High grade metamorphic rocks were mapped and 110 rock
samples were collected for various geological studies.
6 Rasik Ravindra
(ii) A 2 member team from GSI supported by four EME personnel, was successful in
reaching northern Humboldt mountains on snow vehicles during winter. A camp
was established at Nordvestoya, which was operational for about a month during
which scientists conducted geological, geomorphological, geophysical and mete-
orological studies.
(iii) Geomorphological investigations involving observation of morphological fea-
tures, morainal levels and glacial environmental studies were also carried out by
them.
(iv) Glaciological investigations included monitoring of stakes on polar ice cap at
Maitri and at shelf in DG, monitoring of snout of Dakshin Gangotri glacier and
collection of snow accumulation/ablation data along Maitri-DG and Maitri-Hum-
boldt routes.
(v) The Geologist from Jadavpur University carried out detailed geological survey
over 35 sq km area in Schirmacher to study the time relationship between events
of deformation, migmatization and metamorphism. She also visited Humboldt
mountains to collect samples to establish a relationship between the deformational
episodes in two geographically separated areas.
(vi) Geoscientists from AMD sampled 140 stations in Schirmacher, using four channel
gamma ray spectrometer, Scintillometer and Geigercounter for georadiometric
studies.
(vii) Geophysical Studies: NGRI conducted helicopter supported gravity surveys south
of Schirmacher Oasis. Nearly one hundred gravity stations along five profiles
covering 270 km in length, were taken and data stored for further calculation of
bouguer gravity anomaly and interpretation.
(viii) GSI conducted ground magnetic surveys to delineate the shear and mylonitized
zones. Two magnetic profiles were also run between Maitri-northern Humboldt
and DG-Maitri.
IV. Environmental Science
BARC Scientist's work included measurement of atmospheric Radon through samples
of airborne particulates, assessment of the levels of radioactivity (Cs137 and Be7) in water,
sediment, lichens and mosses, direct gamma dose measurement, estimation of trace metal
(Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Cr, Se etc.), concentration in the atmospheric particulate matter and aerosol
size studies. Sampling was conducted onboard ship and around Maitri in Schirmacher.
Logistic Tasks
I. Summer Assignments
A. Cargo handling: The cargo handling operation commenced from Mormugoa Port
itself. The assorted cargo consisted of 450 MT of aviation fuel and general cargo
including construction material, snow vehicles, machinery, scientific equipment,
food stock etc. The disposition of this cargo on the ship was as under:
The Ninth Indian Scientific Expedition....
1. Bin with 39 barrels of fuel.
2. Tank containers with fuel.
5. Bins with 39 barrels each.
5 tanks containing 20,000 lt. fuel each.
415 loose barrels with 200 lt. fuel each.
12 bins with 39 barrels of fuel each.
3 Vehicles-Pisten Bullys.
2 Sledges.
- General cargo.
24 containers.
09 tank containers.
11 containers.
- general cargo.
Helicopters and snow vehicles were extensively used in shifting the stores. The two
MI-8 helicopters of Indian Air Force airlifted a total cargo of 440 MT comprising
fuel and other items to Maitri; apart from dumping 95 KL of fuel at DG from the
ship. Nearly 75 KL of fuel and some heavy machinery equipment were off-loaded
onto the shelf ice, which was subsequently shifted to DG by surface route. The two
Chetak helicopters, also of IAF, carried a total cargo of 6 tonnes to DG and Maitri.
The loading and unloading operation, both at ship and at stations, was assisted by
all the members.
B. Helicopter support to scientific tasks: The MI-8 and Chetak helicopters of Indian
Air Force did a commendable job not only in cargo transportation but also in
lending support to scientific programmes. A total of 774 and 504 passengers were
handled by these helicopters respectively. The scientific support in terms of flying
hours to NGRI amounted to 50.35 hours while GSI and other organisations took
105,05 hours. The route reconnaissance to Nordvestoya, positioning of fuel along
proposed route of Wintering camp, establishment and winding up of advanced
camps, shifting and positioning of 'SATCOM Dome' and emergency/casualty
evacuation were some of the other areas where helicopters were used.
C. Decommissioning of Dakshin Gangotri Station: The conversion of India's first
permanent station Dakshin Gangotri, to a supply base was a painful and emotional
operation. The inventory of stores handed over by the previous Wintring team was
made and the transfer of sophisticated medical, communication and audio-visual
equipment to Maitri was completed by the end of January 90. The final decommis-
sioning of station was done on 25th Feb. 90 with flushing of pipes and shutting
down of heating and power systems.
Hold-1 Forward Tier:
Aft Tier
Deck
Hold-2
Deck
7
Rasik Ravindra
D. Construction of shelter accommodation at DG: The construction of a preplanned
accommodation inside C & N Hangar at Dakshin Gangotri, for providing suitable
shelter to 8-member Winter convoy party, was accomplished in record time. A 20'
x 16' living complex inside the hangar and a service module outside the structure,
both joined by a link block was envisaged.
The construction activity commenced with shifting of material on 29th Dec. 1989.
The transportation of material was over by 19th January and the construction was
completed by 16th Feb. 1990. The accommodation was left in ready-to-use shape
with eight beds, a lounge, well furnished kitchen, toilet facilities and SATCOM
terminal with phone and telex facilities.
E. Green House construction : A green house was constructed and linked to the main
station to undertake experiments in the field of plant growth and horticulture under
controlled climatic conditions. The superstructure, measuring 10.6m x 2.66m
made up of prefabricated panels, was erected on steel telescopic columns. Glass
windows were provided over maximum possible area on the walls to allow natural
sunlight for plants. The environmental control systems installed in the green house
did not function due to technical snags, yet optimum conditions suitable for plant
growth were stimulated by enforcing a control on temperature, relative humidity
and irradiation lights. The Wintering team was successful in growing some orna-
mental plants and vegetables, details of which are given in the body of this report.
F. On-job training on station systems and snow vehicles: Practical demonstration of
functioning of various station systems viz. heating, water supply, power genera-
tion, sewage disposal, fire fighting, communication and snow vehicles etc. was
imparted by VII Wintering team to the expedition members of the incoming team.
The training included joint operations of the life support system at the station and
the maintenance of vehicles.
G. Communication: The communication from the ship with India and Indian Antarc-
tic Stations was established by 5th Dec. and 7th Dec. 1989 respectively. This
communication was excellent and trouble-free. The Naval communication teams
of the previous Wintering (VIth Wintering) and the present expedition, dismantled
the equipment at DG and completed shifting of all the stores to Maitri by middle
of January' 90. The SATCOM dome at DG main station was shifted to Maitri and
installed on a 2m high structure erected at the summer camp site. The second
SATCOM terminal at C&N Hangar, DG, was left undisturbed for subsequent use
by the visiting Winter convoy parties. The HF communication from Maitri to DG,
Ship and Humboldt worked satisfactorily.
II. Winter Assignments
The Logistics constitute an important task of Wintering team as basic survival of the
members depends on sound logistic support. The major logistic assignments undertaken
during the winter were as follows:
8
The Ninth Indian Scientific Expedition.... 9
A. Construction and Renovation Activity
(i) Utility block renovation : The wooden flooring of utility block was earlier covered
with jute matting which used to get wet due to spillage of water from drier
room/bath modules and wash basins. The flooring was covered with checker board
and vinyl sheet was fixed in the corridor between kitchen and utility block. The
crude looking pot urinals were replaced by modern types (shifted from DG) and
fitted with flushing systems.
(ii) Setting up of library/video room : One of the living rooms was converted into
library by providing replaceable shelves. More than 1200 books, 735 video and 530
audio cassettes were arranged in order. All books, including regional ones, were
catalogued. This room also housed reserve/spare electronic goods like music
system, T.V. etc. However, since 8th Wintering Team had to accommodate 25
members, the library was later shifted to two bays in the loft. The entire space was
sealed and insulated by spreading PU foam sheet. Shelves for new library were
fixed for display of books, cassettes etc. An additional door at the entry point of
new library was also provided.
(iii) Commissioning of laboratories; Meteorology Observatory, DIPAS Lab, X-ray lab,
and dark rooms were established within the main building using all available space
in Maitri station. Space constraints did not permit housing of weather Fax receiver
and DCP within the Meteorology Observatory. These equipments were installed in
communication workshop and loft respectively. DCP unit had to be shifted later to
the link passage between Green House and the main block. X-ray machine had also
to be shifted subsequently to M.I. Room as DIPAS Lab was winded up at the end
of our wintering for accommodating new wintering members.
(iv) Modular hut construction : Four new modular huts named Aravalli, Vindhya,
Nilgiri and Siwalik were erected and one old hut, Mishmi, was completely reno-
vated to house the summer expedition members of 10th Antarctic Expedition. The
three existing summer huts were furnished for occupation. Extensive repairs were
undertaken in kitchen hut where wash-basin and shelves for stores were provided.
Part of the damaged wall panel was replaced. One bath module (with two tubs),
one chemical toilet and one toilet module with three incinerators were commis-
sioned at summer camp site before the arrival of Tenth Expedition.
(v) Site preparation for new gen-set accommodation and extension of link block : An
area of 20' x 50' lying close to reefer-container was levelled and cleared of all
boulders for the proposed gen-set accommodation. This paved way for in-time
execution of construction activity of the new team. Ground area for two bays in
continuation of 'A' block was cleared and subsequently extension of this block by
two bays with cooperation and assistance of new Wintering team members was
achieved.
(vi) Extension and maintenance of approach road to Maitri: Approach road to Maitri
Col. Jagnnathan Highway — was maintained by regular work parties which
cleared it of boulders etc. Widening of the summer part of the route between
ice-edge and the main road by 2 to 3 m and making the steep slope near the ice-edge
10 Rasik Ravindra
negotiable, were quite arduous assignments. This was completed before onset of
summer of 1991.
(vii) Upkeep and maintenance: Gypsum board panels were fitted in the inner walls and
roofs of seven living rooms to reduce the fire hazards. With this done, all the living
rooms now have a fire retardant running from inside. A working table was provided
in each living room. The rear door at 'B ' block, which used to get damaged
repeatedly due to strong winds was repaired. Additional support was provided at
the junction of 'B' block and lounge where maximum turbulence used to buckle
the wall panel. The pipe lines for heating system & radiators, were often flushed to
clean them, a number of radiators were replaced by new ones and smaller diameter
pipes replaced by larger diameter pipes to ease the flow of water. Extension of pipe
lines and heating system to green house & dark room was also done.
Extreme cold used to freeze the pipelines of utility block, kitchen and disposal
system. The problem was overcome by increasing the insulation and providing
trace heating in more vulnerable areas.
(viii) Additional amenities provided at station : Public announcement system and inter-
com were commissioned during the winter. Speakers were placed at lounge, main
corridor and at the end of 'B' block for covering entire building. A speaker was
also fixed outside the building for announcements to be heard in summer camp.
This proved very beneficial, especially during the summer, in establishing commu-
nication with summer camp inmates.Six sets of intercom were fixed, one each in
Station Commanders office, boiler room, workshop, communication room, lounge
and M.I. Room for facilitating communication within the station. All these systems
were handed over to next team in operational state.
B. Life Support System
(i) Power generation : Four numbers of 62.5 K.VA Ruston gen-sets constituted the part
of main power generating system at Maitri. One 62.5 KVA gen-set was run at a
time and any shortfall was made up by running a stand-by 30 KVA gen-set. Since
the requirement of power was much more than what was generated, the running of
various electrical gadgets was phased throughout the day.
(ii) Heating system : Entire station was centrally heated using hot water boilers, which
were connected to radiators of 1000 K Cal/hour capacity, placed in rooms and other
places. Corrosion was controlled by monitoring the oxygen content and reducing
it by addition of chemicals. Flushing of radiators, pipelines etc. was done at regular
intervals to keep the system rust-free.
(iii) Water supply system: An efficient water supply system exists in Maitri. Leakages
in main water supply line and duct from pump house to main station, were rectified
from time to time. In October' 90, hot water circulation stopped for more than four
hours resulting in drop of temperature inside the duct to sub-zero. The joint of hot
water line, inside the duct, gave way and entire antifreeze mixture leaked out. The
joint was repaired in an overnight operation and system made functional once
again.
The Ninth Indian Scientific Expedition.... 11
(IV) Disposal system (Waste management): The delicate balance in various ecological
systems of Antarctic environment demands special care in waste management. All
possible care was taken to adhere to international standards of disposal procedure
within the means of station. The combustible waste was burnt, while the solid
waste was removed and shipped out. All the toilet waste was incinerated and the
residue was removed out of Antarctic circle. An appraisal of the waste generated
in all areas of activities was carried out as a part of Wintering task. Details are
furnished in this report separately.
(v) Fire fighting: Fire being the greatest hazard, all precautionary measures were taken
to minimise the fire risk. Every fire alarm was attended to, even if false. Regular
fire fighting drills were conducted in the station. Every member had a specified fire
fighting equipment allotted to him and a specific job given to him. Excepting one
minor incident of local fire in the workshop no serious incident of fire took place
during wintering of the present team.
C. Convoys and Vehicle Upkeep
Transportation of fuel, heavy equipment, construction stores and other cargo left at
shelf/DG by the returning team to Maitri, was one of the important and challenging tasks of
our team. With DG station decommissioned, all convoys coming from Maitri to shelf or DG
had not only to negotiate 130 km long stretch of snow and ice but also to prepare load and
maintain accommodation at DG Hangar. Inspite of manpower constraints and limited
capabilities regarding trafficability of different vehicles in extreme cold of Antarctica, the
team was successful in transporting record 250 kilo litre of fuel, apart from three containers,
generators, construction stores etc. in seven well planned convoys.
Two convoys were taken to Wohlthat mountains, deep south, to achieve geological
targets. One of these convoys established a camp at Nordvestoya for 25 days in October and
conducted various scientific investigations. Details of the surface transport are covered in
the text of Maj. Balraj Singh.
Upkeep and maintenance of a fleet of vehicles without the basic infrastructure of a garage
has been in itself an arduous task. All the vehicles except Canadian Foremost crane, were
on road at the time of handing over of station to the new team.
D. Communication
Communication system functioned satisfactorily during winters. Except for breakdown
in HF communication system due to a blizzard for 3 days in July '90 and technical snag in
SATCOM terminal during December '90 there were no interruptions. Effective voice
communication was provided to each surface convoy to Dakshin Gangotri and Wohlthat
mountains, which ensured safety of personnel and offered them confidence. Communica-
tion with neighbouring Antarctic stations, namely George Forster and Novolazarevskaya
was very effective. A daily schedule was maintained with these stations when mutual
information was exchanged. Voice communication with Georg Von Neumayer — the all
women German Base in West Antarctica and Syowa — the Japanese Base, was established
for the first time and monthly schedules followed. Exchange of information greatly en-
hanced scientific knowledge.
12 Rasik Ravindra
E. Medical and Health Care
Our team braved the fury of Antarctica, especially in the polar nights, without a medical
officer. Thanks to the DIPAS physiologist, Dr. D. Majumdar and the medical specialists of
neighbouring USSR Station, without whose medical assistance, the wintering would have been
difficult. During the period of absence of medical officer we had one case of malaria, three cases
of cough, one case of fever, five cases of sprain, three cases of dyspepsia and three cases of
gastritis. A single case of amoebiasis was also reported. There were several cases of myelgia,
joint pain and stiffness, three cases of low back pain, two cases of border line hypertension, a
case of vegetative neurosis, skin infection and traumatic shock each, two cases of minor burn
injuries on fore-hand, several cases of burning eyes and two cases of allergy and inflammation
of eyes. Headache was frequent to some members especially during dark polar nights and long
convoys between Maitri and Dakshin Gangotri. Two members suffered from acute attack of
migraine occasionally. Two members suffered from primary cold injuries on toes. Sleepless-
ness was very common to most of the members during polar nights and the transition period
of continuous light to dark and continuous dark to light days.
Three members had to be hospitalised at USSR station for period varying from five to
twelve days.
F. Material Management
Remoteness of Antarctic base stations necessitate holding stock of different types of
stores which might be required for repair and maintenance of life support systems. Sub-
sequent to conversion of Dakshin Gangotri station to a supply base, essential spares and
equipments lying there were shifted to Maitri. In addition to this a surplus stock of 30% is
generally maintained as a reserve station stock for use in case of emergencies. This gave rise
to considerable stock of stores which had to be properly managed for optimum utilization.
Return Voyage
Having accomplished all the objectives and assigned tasks set for the team, the Expedi-
tion sailed back for mainland on 2nd March 1991. The journey period was utilised by
members in documenting their scientific data. Interim report of the Wintering Team was
finalised. Scientists from Geological Survey monitored the icebergs while those from the
India Meteorological Department continued measuring the weather parameters. Ship halted
every 3 degree latitudes to enable the Oceanographers from N.I.O. take biological observa-
tions along the ship's track. Logistics personnel prepared the inventory of stores brought
back from Antarctica for handing over to Department of Ocean Development. The Expedi-
tion was received at Goa by Prof. V.K. Gaur, the then Secretary, Department of Ocean
Development on 25th March, 1991.
References
Ravindra, Rasik, Unpublished Interim Report of the Summer component of Ninth Indian ScientificExpedition to Antarctica (1989-90).
Ravindra, Rasik, Unpublished Interim Report of the VII Wintering Team of IX Indian ScientificExpedition to Antarctica (1989-91), Deptt. of Ocean Development, New Delhi.
The Ninth Indian Scientific Expedition.... 13
Fig
.L S
hri
P.V
. N
aras
imha
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, H
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Pri
me
Min
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Ind
ia a
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. G
aur,
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Dev
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ith
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eam
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itio
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Rasik Ravindra 14
Fig. 2. M.V. Thuleland — The Expedition ship — in pack ice.
Fig. 3. Panoramic view of the Maitri Complex showing Priyadarshini lake, Pump House, pipe line for water supply, summer huts and main station building.
The Ninth Indian Scientific Expedition .... 15
Fig.5. Dakshin Gangotri Station as in August. 1990.
Fig.4. Indian Antarctic Station — Maitri, preparing for Republic Day celebrations.
Rasik Ravindra 16
Fig. 7. Measuring a stake for glaciological studies.
Fig.6. Ozonesonde ascent in progress.
The Ninth Indian Scientific Expedition .... 17
Fie.8. The Heliostat installed at Maitrifor astrophysical studies.
Fig.9. Snow vehicles, Pisten Bully 270 D, pressed into service for.geological survey in Hjorne-horna hills of Humboldt mountains (October, 1990).
18 Rasik Ravindra
Fig. 10. Leaving the marks on icy terrain. Track marks of Indian convoy returning from Humboldt mountains.
Fig.Jl. MI-8 helicopter taking off from the main helipad at Maitri. Note the four newly constructed huts, two chetak helipads, kitchen and scientists' huts and the alternate SATCOM dome.
The Ninth Indian Scientific Expedition .... 19
Fig. 13. GSI field camp at southern Humboldt (January, 1991).
Fig. 12. Ml-8 helicopter assisting in establishment of advance camp in the interiors of Humboldt mountain.
20
Rasik
Rav
indr
a
Fig
. 74.
Gre
en H
ouse
in b
loom
.