The North• Hindustani – Northern tradition

• But influenced by Islamic values

• Music as sensual pleasure (dangerous)

• Low status of musicians

• Guilds & professionalization

• oral transmission (secrecy)

• Master (Ustad)

• Tansen – court musician of North

The South• Karnatak/Carnatic – Southern tradition

• Traditional Hindu values

• Association w/ Rig-Veda- high status of musicians- vocal music most highly valued

• No secrecy = written composition

• Master (Guru)

• Tayagaraja (amateur)

Kriti (Karnatak Song)

• Opens w/ short Alap• Pallavi in Adi Tal (4 + 2 + 2)

- Mridangam enters- Singer begins in mid-cycle (between 2 + 3)

• Anupallavi- shift to new text (“Tuntavinti”)

• Caranam- return to Pallavi w/ new text- improvisation (some on note names)

Ghazal

• North Indian Tradition (from 12th century)

• Urdu/Persian origin (10th century or earlier)

• “Light entertainment”

• Love Poetry in couplets

• Use of Harmonium (English missionary influence, cf., major/minor shifts)

World Map (Physical Features)

The World

Eurasia

Iran & Middle East

FOUNDATIONS of ISLAM• “Islam” = “Surrender to God”

• Prophet – Muhammad (d. 632)

• His preaching accepted as early as 622

• Emphasis on:- individual’s relationship to God- human relations in society

• Islamic law governs all aspects of life(no distinction between secular and sacred)

BASIC TENETS of the FAITH

• Qu’ran (Koran) – revealed word of God

• Belief in single, monotheistic God

• Belief in angels (agents of God)

• Belief in prophets (Muhammand follows line from Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus...)

• Belief in a final “Day of Judgement”