The official portrait of Major General JohnH. Russell, Jr., 16th Commandant of the Ma-rine Corps, paintedfrom life in 1935 by BjornEgeli, appears on the front cover (Depart-ment of Defense Photo [USMCJ A 413194)

JOHN H. RUSSELL, JR.1872- 1947

REGISTER OF HIS PERSONAL PAPERS

Compiled byLtCol R. T MacPherson, USMC (Retired)

Edited byJ. Michael Miller

HISTORY AND MUSEUMS DIVISIONHEADQUARTERS, U.S. MARINE CORPS

WASHINGTON, D.C.1987

PCN 19000317300

Other Volumes in the Marine Corps

Manuscript Register Series

Captain Charles F. W. Coker, USMCR, compiler. Henry Clay Cocbrane,1841-1 947. (1968).

Doris S. Davis and Jack B. Hilhiard, compilers. Samuel Miller 1814-1856.

(1970).Charles A. Wood and Jack B. Hilliard, compilers. Mclirne Tilton, 1861-1914.

(1970).Doris S. Davis, compiler. John Lloyd Broome, 1849-1898. (1971).Doris S. Davis, compiler. George C. Reid, 1898-1960. (1971).Doris S. Davis, compiler. Levi Twiggs, 1834-1850. (1971).Martin K. Gordon, compiler. W'ilburt Scott Brown, 1900-1968. (1973).Martin K. Gordon, compiler. Louis McCarty Little, 1878-1960. (1973).Martin K. Gordon, compiler. Joseph Henry Pendleton, 1860-1942. (1975).Lieutenant Colonel Merrill L. Bartlett, USMC, compiler. George Barnett,

1859-1930. (1980).Charles A. Wood, compiler. Clifton Bledsoe Cates, 1893-1970. (1985).

A catalog of the personal papers collection is available on request to theHistory and Museum Division: Charles A. Wood, compiler. Marine Corps

Personal Papers Collection Catalog (1974, revised 1980).

11

FOREWORD

The papers of Major General Commandant John H. Russell, Jr., were donated to the Marine Corpsby the general's daughter, Mrs. Vincent Astor, and the general's grandson, Mr. Anthony D. Mar-shall. Covering the period of the general's naval career, 1888-1936, plus his retirement years,1937-1947, and including some documents from the career of his father, Rear Admiral John H.Russell, USN, they reflect nearly a century of naval history. Documents such as these, giving detailedinsights into the evolution of the nation and the naval service, form an important part of the MarineCorps Personal Papers Collection maintained by the Marine Corps Historical Center. Donations ofpapers of former Marines are vital to the understanding of the heritage of the Corps and are alwayswelcome at the Center.

The compiler of this register, R. 1. ("Sandy") MacPherson, graduated from the University of SouthCarolina and was commissioned in the Marine Corps in 1954. He was medically retired in 1979.Lieutenant Colonel MacPherson received a Marine Corps History and Museums Division researchgrant to catalog the Russell papers. He was assisted in the project by J. Michael Miller, Curator ofPersonal Papers at the Center, who provided significant advice on structure and content.

The index to this register was produced by Bems M. Frank, head of the Oral History Section ofthe History and Museums Division. Mrs. Catherine A. Kerns of the Publications Production Sectiontypeset the manuscript and, for the first time using computer technology new to the division, com-pleted the layout for printing.

E. H. SIMMONSBrigadier General, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired)Director of Marine Corps History and Museums

111

Department of Defense Photo [USMC] 302059

John H. Russell, Jr., son ofRAdm John H. Russell, USN, a member of the first graduat-ing class of the US. Naval Academy, was himself a graduate in 1892. The younger Rus-sell went on to become commander of the Marine Guard of the American Legation inPeking in 1910, American High Commissioner to Haiti and Ambassador Extraor-dinary for nearly nine years beginning in 1922, and, as shown here, Major GeneralCommandant of the Marine Corps from 1 March 1934 until 30 November 1936.

PREFA CE

The John H. Russell, Jr., Papers (P.C. 114) provide a background for understanding the transfor-mation of the Marine Corps from a conglomeration of small detachments into a major naval arm;from the source of ad hoc expeditionary units into a type command capable of task-organizing flexi-ble, balanced projection forces to meet the needs of the fleet. While this collection does not detailthe development of the Fleet Marine Force concept, it identifies many aspects of the milieu in whichthe concept evolved. More especially, it limns the career of the leader who nurtured the ideas, codi-fied them into a practicable doctrine, negotiated their adoption, and ensured implementation incombined fleet exercises. From theory to operational fact, it was Russell who sired the Fleet Marine Force.

The collection is an incomplete and largely unstructured accumulation. It is strongest in areas whichRussell apparently viewed in retrospect as worthy of documentation; there are indications of belatedgathering of materials related to specific topics, rather than across-the-board files of given periods.The papers retained from early service in Haiti pertain primarily to defending his command againstproblems he inherited. Papers retained from his commandancy are dominated by the relatively minorproblem of Smedley Butler. These two topical areas provide focal points of interest in the collection.

Certainly the papers from Haiti are the most intriguing segment of the collection, as much forwhat they do not say as for what they do. From the American side, they reflect the boring day-to-dayroutine —spiced with moments of high drama —which characterizes almost any military operation.From the Haitian side, they expose the reader to a flamboyant political opportunism. There are ran-dom samples from an arena in which ignorance, greed, superstition, counter-racism, anti-colonialism,and pride in a decayed culture all melded into a rhetoric of the underdog who had something togain and nothing, absolutely nothing, to lose. The student of this volatile society will find nuggetsamong these folders. There are some contemporaneous translations included. Additional documentshave been translated by Nancy Gordon Heini [Mrs. Robert Debs Heini, Jr.], who has retained a delight-ful fluency in the Haitian Creole which she acquired during the occupation period.

The fascinating documents relating to retired Major General Butler are like a preview of what wouldcome long after his time. Butler would have found much more sympathy among a post-Vietnamaudience than he did in the 1930s, when his name became anathema to many veterans of the WorldWar. The record would suggest that Butler vindictively slandered his rival, Russell, while the lattermagnanimously refrained from punishing the renegade. It is easily— and correctly, I think— inferredthat Russell was more concerned with protecting the Marine Corps from calumny than he was inretaliation. Butler seemed dependent upon publicity. By deferring action, Russell (and Navy Secre-tary Swanson) denied him that gratification.

Russell's "second career" as a pundit afforded him an irresistible teaching platform from whichhe could propound strategic theory in the lively context of current events. It is here that he provedhimself as a mature naval strategist, not constrained by either Navy or Marine Corps parochialism,but able to blend their diverse tactics into a synergistic whole.

The collection includes 342 weekly columns from the San Diego Union, published during the514-week span of his newspaper employment. Other papers published many of these columns onthe same or later dates. In all cases, the headlining (including "kickers" and subheads) are not Rus-sell's, but reflect editorial impressions of his messages expressed according to protocols of space andtype size. The collection includes examples of the same column as published in two different papers(6, 8 October 1946).

v

Naval historians studying the Civil War will delight in Russell's collection of documents pertain-ing to his father. Russell's own family and personal life are barely perceived in the collection, exceptfor an occasional mention in correspondence.

The collection is comprised of an oversize container of certificates and commissions, plus fourmanuscript boxes. These pertain, in order, to Russell's overall career, his service in Haiti, and hiswritings for publication.

R. T. MACPHERSONLieutenant Colonel

U.S. Marine Corps (Retired)

vi

Table of Contents

Foreword . iiiPreface vTable of Contents vii

Biography: Major General Commandant John Henry Russell, Jr., USMC 1

Descriptive Inventory 5

General Career Documents 5Career Milestones 5Letters of Instruction 6Letters of Commendation 6

Commandant's Controversy Correspondence 7The Butler Problem 8

Retirement Report 10

Material on Rear Admiral John I-I. Russell, USN 10

Other Naval Writers 11

Other Newspaper Columnists 12

Miscellany 12

Haiti 12

Background on Occupation of Haiti 12

Proclamations 12

The Occupying Force 13

Daily Diary Reports by Commander, 1st Provisional Brigade 14

Special Correspondence with Higher Headquarters 16

Russell Describes the Occupation 17

Documents of Haitian Officialdom 18

Civilian and Caco Documents 19

Investigating the Occupation 20

Senate Investigation 22Relations with The Nation 22Investigation into Conduct of Lieutenant Colonel Wise 22

Congressional Correspondence 23Binder of Items Compiled December 1928-December 1929 23Haitian Treaty with Dominican Republic 33

vii

The Forbes Commission . 33

Scrapbook 33

Miscellany 33

Writing for Publication 34

BinderUndated Manuscripts of the Late 1930s (Facsimiles) 35

Columns from The San Diego Union, April 1937-October 1938 35

The San Diego Union Columns, January-June 1940 39

The San Diego Union Columns, July-December 1940 39

The San Diego Union Columns, January-June 1941 40

The San Diego Union Columns, July-December 1941 41

The San Diego Union Columns, January-June 1942 42The San Diego Union Columns, July-December 1942 43

The San Diego Union Columns, January-June 1943 43The San Diego Union Columns, July-December 1943 44

The San Diego Union Columns, January-June 1944 45

The San Diego Union Columns, July-December 1944 46The San Diego Union Columns, January-June 1945 47The San Diego Union Columns, July-December 1945 47

The San Diego Union Columns, January-June 1946 48The San Diego Union Columns, July-December 1946 49The San Diego Union Columns, January-March 1947 50

Miscellany 50

Personal Documents 50

Appendix I, Chronology 53Appendix II, Decorations and Awards 55

Index 57

viii

BIOGRAPHIC SKETCH

John Henry Russell, Jr., was born at Mare Island, California, on 14 November 1872, the third childand only son of John Henry Russell (182 7-1897) and Cornelia Pierrepont 'IIeadway Russell.

His father was a member of the U.S. Naval Academy's first graduating class in 1850. AlthoughMaryland-bred, he remained loyal and achieved considerable fame in the U.S. Navy during the CivilWar. He ultimately retired in Washington as a rear admiral on 27 August 1886 and died on 1 April1897. He made a strong impact on his son, and later was memorialized as the namesake of the USSRussell (DD 414), which was launched on 8 September 1938 by his granddaughter, Mrs. CharlesH. Marshall (flee Roberta Brooke Russell).

John HenryJr., was educated in private schools in Washington, D.C., and by age 14 was dedicatedto obtaining admission to the Naval Academy. Finding that all appointments from his home stateof California were filled, he sought and received an audience with President Grover Cleveland, andasked for a presidential appointment. "I'm a little disappointed over this Annapolis business:' thePresident told him. "Some of the youngsters I've sent there haven't turned out so brilliantly." Un-deterred, Russell promised: "I will succeed."

He entered the Naval Academy on 18 May 1888, and completed the academic requirements on3 June 1892. Thus qualified, Russell embarked upon the two-year training cruise required of a navalcadet. Serving in the cruiser New York, he distinguished himself by bravery on 31 August 1893, sav-ing a sailor from drowning when a boat capsized. After.a cruise which included visits to Rio deJaneiro,Nicaragua, and the West Indies, Russell completed his post-cruise final examinations and was gradu-ated on 30 June 1894.

Vacancies in the naval officer ranks were few, as a delayed result of the Civil War. The OfficerPersonnel Act of 1882 restricted the overall number of Navy officers, and restricted Marine Corpsofficer accessions to graduates of the Naval Academy. Russell had been encouraged, as a youngsterat Mare Island, by Marines who carved wooden rifles to equip a "company" which young "Johnny"had organized among the naval officers' sons, and counted leathernecks among his earliest friends.As a graduating naval cadet, he surprised no one by applying for a commission in the Marines. Hewas appointed a second lieutenant on 1 July 1894 and was posted to Marine Barracks, Washington,to attend the Marine Corps School of Application with the second class convened; he graduated on14 May 1895.

During this period, he established a reputation as a student of military science. After graduation,he was retained at the school for a year to teach noncommissioned officer classes. This began a pat-tern of assignment to instructional duty which recurred frequently during his career.

On 1 June 1896, Lieutenant Russell was assigned to the USS Massachusetts for his first sea dutyas a Marine officer. During the Spanish-American War, his ship was part of Admiral Schley's "FlyingSquadron" in blockade operations around the West Indies and the bombardment of the forts of San-tiago, Cuba. His captain commended Russell's coolness under fire in a letter to the Secretary of theNavy.

Detached on 10 October 1898, Russell was assigned to Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, promot-ed to first lieutenant on 14 November 1898, and sent on brief tours to the shipyards at Philadelphia,Norfolk, and Washington. He was embarked in USS Yosemite early the following year, organizinga provisional battalion for service in the newly acquired mandate of Guam. He was promoted tocaptain on 28 March 1899, before the ship completed fitting out as a station ship for the develop-ment of a coaling station in the Marianas. On 8 April 1899, the Yosemite steamed to New Yorkto embark additional supplies and personnel, including Captain R. P. Leary, U.S. Navy, the appoint-ed Governor of Guam.

1

Yosemite departed New York on 10 May 1899. After a leisurely transit, with calls at Gibraltar,Port Said, Colombo, Singapore, and Manila, she arrived at San this d'Apra, Guam, on 7 August,delivering the Governor and his Marines. Captain Russell established his garrison ashore under veryprimitive conditions, while Captain Leary undertook to convert the Spanish colony into a useful Ameri-can base. Russell departed on 1 December, to the Naval Hospital in Toyko via the Philippines, andthence to Washington. His months of association with Captain Leary, observing the establishmentof a government, would stand him in good stead.

Arriving in Washington early in 1900, Captain Russell was assigned once more to "Eighth andEye," and became the Officer-in-Charge of the School of Application. While serving in Washington,he met, courted, and on 12 June 1901 married Miss Mabel Howard. Early in 1902 the Russells wereposted to the Mare Island Naval Station in California. Their only child, Roberta Brooke, was bornin March 1902, and in August of that year Russell was onée again assigned to sea duty.

As commanding officer of the Marine Detachment, USS Oregon, he sailed on a flag-showing tourof Asia. Visiting Yokohama, Woosung, and Hong Kong to support American interests in China, theOregon was a ringside seat for watching Japanese naval preparations for war with Russia. Observa-tions from the Oregon gave Russell a view of what to expect from Japanese militarists in later years.

Leaving the Oregon in the Far East, Russell returned to Annapolis on 20 May 1904 to take chargeonce again of the School of Application, which had moved to the Marine Barracks there. His promo-tion occurred on 6 July 1904, and on 23 August of that year Major Russell took command of theMarine Barracks, Naval Station, Hawaii. After a year, he was transferred to Panama on 13 July 1907to command the Marine Detachment at Camp Elliott in the Canal Zone. As unrest developed, hisdetachment grew from 193 officers and men to a provisional battalion of over 400, and was rein-forced by the arrival of a 785-man battalion before Russell departed on 26 July 1908.

On 26 September 1908 he reported for duty with the instructional staff of the Naval War Collegeat Newport, Rhode Island. Two years in the academic atmosphere established by Mahan imbuedRussell with a global outlook which would reveal itself in his years as major general, active and re-tired. In this same period, the Naval War College adopted an applicatory method of instruction whichRussell would later employ at Quantico.

More foreign duty followed, as Major Russell arrived in Peking, China, on 4 November 1910 tocommand the Marine Guard at the American Legation. Here he was to observe the dynamics of revo-lution, as the Ch'ing dynasty fell and the Republic of China was born. He would later joke abouthis career as a diplomat by describing his meeting with Chinese Premier Yuan Shik-kai who toldhim: "I'm always glad to meet a man in uniform because I know he speaks the truth. When I amin uniform I adhere to the truth, but when I have on my civilian clothes and become a diplomatthen it is another matter."

Upon returning to the United States, Russell became the Marine officer in the Office of NavalIntelligence on 22 July 1913. But revolutionary unrest in Mexico caused most Marines to turn outfor expeditionary duty. He was seconded to Philadelphia to organize and command a battalion andon 30 April 1914, he landed his 2d Battalion, 3d Regiment at Vera Cruz. Attached to a larger U.S.Army brigade, the Marines were poised watchfully outside the Mexican city to ensure order. As per-sonnel were shifted about, Major Russell briefly commanded the regiment, 21 September through15 October. When the Marines withdrew on 5 December 1914, he returned to his normal dutiesin the Office of Naval Intelligence.

Promoted to lieutenant colonel on 29 August 1916, near the end of his Washington tour, Russellwas next sent to the Dominican Republic to take command of the 3d Provisional Regiment on 21March 1917. Six weeks later he went to Santiago de los Caballeros, taking command of the 4th Regi-ment and of the Dominican Department of the North on 5 May. In this role he was promoted tocolonel on 3 October 1917. One month later, on 3 November, Colonel Russell took command ofthe 1st Provisional Marine Brigade at Port-au-Prince in Haiti. This began his involvement with thatcountry, which would dominate his career for over a decade.

As the United States' involvement in the European war increased, Marines serving in the Caribbe-an backwaters felt left out and presumed their careers would suffer from non-participation in the

2

main event. Like his contemporaries, Russell repeatedly requested assignment to the forces in France,and was repeatedly refused. It was not until 1 December 1918 that his relief was effected.

He returned to Washington and was assigned to the Planning Section at Headquarters, U.S. Ma-rine Corps. Faced with a drastic reduction of the Corps from 75,000 to 20,000 men following theWorld War, General Barnett had Russell convene a "plucking board" to select officers for retention.The Russell Board report, recommending potential leaders at the expense of the combat-experiencedformer NCOs, raised a bitter controversy, and was shelved. The report of a later board was acceptedin 1921, but Russell's idealism had earned him some long-term enemies.

The new brigade commander in Haiti, Brigadier General Catlin,. was suffering from wounds receivedat Belleau Wood, and abruptly retired in the summer of 1919. Soon the State Department, citingRussell's past success, was urging that he be returned to Haiti. The Navy Department agreed, andRussell arrived at Port-au-Prince on 1 October 1919, resuming command of the 1st Brigade.

Reorganizing the brigade staff, pushing aggressive anti-guerrilla operations, and revoking the un-popular road-building corvee, Russell made rapid progress at suppressing the new wave of banditry.His plan to trap the Caco leader Charlemagne Peralte was fortuitous; his Marines killed the brigandon the night of 31 October 1919. With patient tact to balance the power-seeking ploys of the localpoliticians, he was able to largely stabilize conditions in the dismal little republic.

Any American adventure such as the occupation of Haiti attracts congressional attention, and itwas a Senate investigating committee which ultimately recommended Russell's employment as a civiladministrator of the treaty which we had imposed to stabilize the island democracy Called to Washing-ton on temporary duty inJanuary 1922, Russell was promoted to brigadier general, seconded to theState Department, and on 11 February appointed by President Harding as American High Commis-sioner to Haiti and Ambassador Extraordinary. In a dual role, he retained command of the 1st Brigadefor another 13 months, and exercised operational control thereafter.

The Secretary of State tasked Russell to reorganize the operations of treaty officials, stabilize Haiti-an finances, arrange gradual withdrawal of occupying forces and improvement of the local gendar-merie, effect economic development, reform the judiciary if possible from within, enhance the systemof education, and improve communications and sanitary conditions.

In the nine years that followed, these "impossible" goals were largely met. The Haitian nationaldebt was nearly halved, exports increased, a modern educational system was instituted, over 1,000miles of roads were built, and hospitals and clinics were opened and reduced the three major dis-eases of malaria, hook-worm, and yaws. Neither the judiciary nor the attitudes of local politicianswere wholly reformed. Nonetheless, despite deep-rooted poverty, superstition, overpopulation, reli-ance on a single export crop, and lack of a democratic tradition, it was 12 years after the Marinesleft before the volatile island society erupted once again in revolt, in 1946.

The beginning of American disengagement from Haiti allowed Russell to return to more routinemilitary duties. On 23 December 1930 he was assigned to command Marine Corps Base, San Diego,California, and on 1 December 1931 moved to the command of Marine Corps Base, Quantico, Vir-ginia. Here his years of trying to define doctrine and refine policy were imprinted on the rising gener-ation of commanders. While expanding physical facilities, he made more significant change byinitiating the Advance Base Problem program between Marine Corps Schools and the Naval WarCollege,

On 1 February 1933 he was assigned to Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps to serve as the Assistantto the Major General Commandant, and was promoted to major general on 16 September. He con-tinued to expand Quantico's involvement in the future of the Corps, stressing doctrinal studies, andestablishing the Equipment Board to encourage and evaluate specialized hardware. In August 1933,Russell formalized his long-held concepts in a letter to the Chief of Naval Operations; this led topublication of the Secretary of the Navy's General Order No. 241, establishing the Fleet Marine Force,on 7 December 1933. Meanwhile, Russell suspended classes at Quantico on 14 November 1933 sothat both staff and students could concentrate on producing "rules and doctrines governing landingoperations." This they did, and the Tentative Manual for landing Operations was published, in mime-graph form, in January 1934.

3

A battalion landing team from San Diego took part in fleet maneuvers starting on 19 February1934— the first Fleet Marine Force unit to do so. By May 1934, Atlantic units were likewise engaged,and units from both coasts continued to do so. But while he was still Acting Commandant, MajorGeneral Russell had welded together the organizational concepts, the doctrinal processes, and thetrained units whose amphibious capabilities would dominate World War II in the Pacific.

The Marine Corps, including Russell himself, had been surprised when President Roosevelt nomi-nated Russell instead of Brigadier General Dion Williams for promotion to two stars in September1933. It was not such a surprise when the President followed this in February 1934 with a nominationof Russell as the replacement for retiring Major General Commandant Fuller. Anti-Russell elementssurfaced in the Senate confirmation hearings. Newly retired Major General Smedley Butler, an oldrival, still harbored ill-will from the 1919 retention board controversy. Senator King of Utah blamedRussell for the 1927 refusal of Haitian President Bomo to admit King on a visit. Senator (later SupremeCourt Justice) Hugo Black of Alabama was a friend of both Butler and King, and led the attackin the Senate. But Senators Millard Tyclings of Maryland and Peter Gerry of Rhode Island refutedevery charge made against Russell, and Senator Huey Long of Louisiana commenced a filibuster toblock further attacks by Black. The acrimony was laid to rest with a vote passing the confirmation.

Now firmly in place, the Major General Commandant pushed through adoption of an officer pro-motion selection process similar to that used in the Navy for years. The passage of this legislationaccomplished what previous Commandants had been striving for since 1916. Russell was thus ableto force out many ineffective officers and encourage potential leaders.

In other major moves, he revitalized the Marine Corps Reserve, obtaining uniform allowances anddrill pay for reserve units; inaugurated the Platoon Leaders' Class and Marine Aviation Cadet pro-grams; and created a separate Division of Aviation within Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps. His majoremphasis, however, remained with the development of the Fleet Marine Force, the refmement ofamphibious doctrine, and the insistence that the Navy fulfill its side of the concept of the Marinesas a "type command."

A small but nonetheless disproportionate amount of the Commandant's time was diverted to theproblem of Smedley Butler, who had become a maverick pacifist, preaching on the left-wing lecturecircuit and publishing anti-war propaganda. Butler's activities were the object of continuing scrutiny,requiring investigations and reports, but it was felt that he could best be deterred by officially ignor-ing him and minimizing his publicity. A lesser man might have found this situation intolerable;General Russell was too dignified to admit that it was more than a nuisance.

Retiring at the compulsory age of 64, Major General Russell settled in Arlington, Virginia, butsoon told his wife he felt too close to the graveyard where he would always be on call as a pall-bearer.When a chance meeting with the publisher of the Copley newspapers led to an offer to write militaryanalyses for the San Diego-based chain, Russell seized the opportunity to return to his home state,and moved to Coronado, California.

Far from withdrawing from military affairs, he merely adapted his life-long interests to a new fo-rum. Well-armed with professional insights, ideally located to maintain contacts and to observe newdevelopments, and free to let his imagination roam, he was the ideal pundit. He produced luciddescriptions, cogent arguments, and credible predictions, often with a message reminding his publicof the concepts of sea power and amphibious potential. His writings reflected his personality: calm,deliberate naval conservatism balanced with an open-minded view toward the future. He continuedthis form of teaching to a mass audience for 11 years, until his death of a heart attack on 6 March 1947.

4

DESCRIPTIVE INVENTORY

ManuscriptBox 1 General Career Documents

Folder 1 Career Milestones

13 Sep

1893 Newspaper article: "A Young Cadet's Bravery," Philadelphia Evening Bulletin.14 Sep1893 Newspaper article: "Cadet Russell Shows Pluck," New York Times16 Sep1893 Magazine article: "Brave Act of a Naval Cadet," Army and Navy Journal.14 May1895 Certificate of Proficiency: Second Lieutenant J. I-I. Russell, Jr.; completion of

Marine Corps School of Application; signed by Charles Heywood, Colonel Com-mandant, U.S. Marine Corps.

10 Oct1898 Orders: Second LieutenantJohn H. Russell detached ftom Marine Guard of Mas-

sachusetts; with endorsements.9 Dec1899 Orders: CaptainJohn H. Russell detached from Guam Marine Battalion in com-

pliance with findings of Medical Board of Survey; sent via USS Solace to Mani-la, thence to U.S. Naval Hospital, Yokohama; with endorsements.

24 Jul

1908 Orders: MajorJohn H. Russell detached from Panama Expeditionary Regimentupon recommendation of surgeon; sent via steamer to Naval Hospital, New York;with endorsements.

7 Mar1917 Orders: Lieutenant ColonelJohn H. Russell detached from Office of Naval In-

telligence for service in Santo Domingo; with endorsements.27 Jun1917 Adjutant & Inspector to Russell: regretting inability toassistwith orders to France;

signed G. H. Lauchheimer.29 Jun1917 Major General Commandant to Lieutenant ColonelJohn H. Russell, 4th Regi-

ment: request for expeditionary duty duly noted; signed by John A. Lejeune.11 Feb1922 Typed copy: Brigadier General John H. Russell appointed as the High Com-

missioner and Ambassador Extraordinary, by President Harding.18 Jun1930 Knowles A. Ryerson, U. S. Department of Agriculture, to Russell: encourage-

ment in face of press criticism.13 Sep1933 Major General Commandant Russell: transmitting commission to rank ofmajor

general.

5

22 Feb1934 Newspaper artide: "Russell of the Marines Justifies Cleveland's Faith," New York

Times.

19 Sep1940 Harrison Harding, Register and Tribune Syndicate, to Russell: declining oppor-

tunity to syndicate Russell's weekly columns.7 Mar1947 Newspaper article: "Gen. Russell, Former Head of Marines, Dies," New York

Herald-Tribune.9Mar1947 Newspaper photograph, captioned: "Body of General Russell Begins Final Jour-

ney," San Diego Union.

Folder 2 Letters of Instruction

11 Feb1922 Secretary of State to Russell: letter of instruction for the performance of duties

as High Commissioner to Haiti; 10 pages; signed by Charles E. Hughes.21 Mar1922 Major General Commandant to Russell: letter of instructions for operational

control—separately—of the 1st Brigade, the Constabulary Detachment, and theGendarmerie d'Haiti. Signed by John A. Lejeune; emended by memorandumendorsement.

22 Mai1922 Memorandum, Correction of letter of Instructions, 21 March 1922. Signed by

W. C. Neville.

Folder 3 Letters of Commendation

19 May1920 Major General Commandant to Russell: forwarding copies of commendatory let-

ters from Secretary of State.9 Oct1920 Major General Commandant to Russell: forwarding copy of letter of apprecia-

tion from Secretary of War Newton D. Baker; signed by John A. Lejeune.12 May1922 Letter of appreciation to Russell from President Dartiguenave21 Feb1923 President Harding to President Louis Borno of Haiti: acknowledging Borno's

letter of appreciation for Russell's work.24 Dec1923 President Borno commendatory letter to Russell, with translation.26Dec1923 Russell to Secretary of State: forwarding Borno's letter.12 Oct1928 Presidential secretary Everett Sanders to Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg: ac-

knowledging copy of letter from Secretary of State to Secretary of the Navy, com-mending Russell.

30 Oct1928 Secretary of the Navy Curtis D. Wilbur to Secretary of State: concurring in com-

mendation of Russell.

6

24 Oct1928 Assistant Secretary of State to Russell: forwarding copies of Secretary of State's

letters to President and to Secretary of the Navy; signed by Francis White.3 Nov1928 Assistant Secretary of State to Russell: Reply by Secretary of the Navy enclosed;

signed by Francis White.30 Aug1929 Rosalie Slaughter Morton to President Hoover: reporting her favorable impres-

sion of progress observed in Haiti.24 Aug1929 Rosalie Slaughter Morton to Mr. Rowe: reporting her favorable unpression of

progress observed in Haiti.17 Jan1930 Major General Commandant to Russell: commendatory letter from bishop of

Protestant Episcopal Church in Haiti has been put in record; signed by W. C.Neville.

6 May1930 President Borno commendatory letter to Russell.7 May1930 Russell; to Secretary of State forwarding Borno's letter.13 May1930 Major General Commandant to Russell: forwarding copy of letter from W. Came-

ron Forbes; signed by B. H. Fuller.5 Nov1930 Haitian Secretary of State for Foreign Relations to Russell upon resignation.6 Nov1930 Haitian President Eugene Roy to Russell upon resignation.31 Sep

1931 Major General Commandant to Russell: noting with approval the annual in-spection report on Marine Corps Base, San Diego from Commandant, 11th NavalDistrict; signed by B. H. Fuller.

ca.1932 Typed list: "Chronological File of Letters of Commendation of BrigadierGeneral

John H. Russell." List of 33 various official and private communications sub-mitted to Russell's superiors: 5 September 1898 to 19 November 1931.

Folder 4 Commandant's Controversy Correspondence

4 May1934 Boake Carter of Radio Station WCAU, Philadelphia to Russell: acknowledging

letter of 20 April and promising to treat the Marine Corps equally with othertwo services in broadcasts.

ca.1934 G. D. Jackson, Jr., to Russell: offering to testify against Captain Cukela in refu-

tation of General Butler's complaints about results of selection board.18 Feb1935 Russell to Major General John A. Lejeune, Superintendent ofVirginia Military

Institute: appreciation of Lejeune's supportive testimony before Senate NavalAffairs Committee in regard to results of selection board.

20 Feb1935 John A. Lejeune holographic to Russell: commenting on past failure to pass suita-

ble officer selection law; encouragement in face of controversy.

7

Folder 5 The Butler Problem

16 Nov1934 Tallahassee, Florida chapter of Reserve Officers' Association resolution condemn-

ing speech by Smedley Butler.22 Nov1934 U.S. Representative Millard Caldwell of Florida to Secretary of the Navy Claude

A. Swanson: requests to know action contemplated against General Butler.30 Nov1934 Secretary Swanson to Congressman Caldwell: it is not thought advisable to take

action at this time.8 Dec1934 James K. Lawton to Secretary of the Navy: recommending action in Butler case.

4Jan1935 Secretary 6f the Navy to James K. Lawton: acknowledgement and assurance of

consideration.

4Jan1935 Major General Commandant to Congressman W. J. Sears: acknowledgement

and assurance of consideration of resolution by Tallahassee Reserve Officers' As-sociation.

27 Jul1935 Typescript: "Conclusions of Earl Browder and His Associates from the Official

Minutes of the Political Bureau of the C.P.U.S.A.July 27, 1935 meeting at theSecret Headquarters of the C.P.U.S.A. in the Offices of the 'Daily Worker."[Note: source of this document is not explained, and it is suspect, but was citedin General Russell's file index.]

Oct1935 Statement of Passaic, NewJersey Herald News reporter Carl Ek, substntiatig

content of his news report of Smedley Butler's speech on 21 October 1935.31 Oct1935 Statement of the Rev. E. van Halsema, concerning content of General Butler's

speech on 21 October 1935.1 Nov1935 Transcript of General Butler's speech of 1 November 1935 made by James H.

Fowler, reported for Passaic Herald News.2 Nov1935 Statement of officers of Veterans of Foreign Wars Post 504, verifying accuracy

of Carl Ek's news reports of General Butler's speech of 21 October 1935.2 Nov1935 Percy A. Bivins to Lieutenant ColonelJohn Miller Arthur, investigating officer:

statement of reaction to General Butler's recent speech in Passaic, New Jersey.4 Nov1935 Thomas F. Finn to Secretary ofthe Navy: American Legion complaint concern-

ing General Butler's speech in Passaic, New Jersey.9 Nov1935 Lieutenant Colonel John M. Arthur, Assistant Adjutant & Inspector, to Major

General Commandant: "Report of Investigation of Speech delivered by MajorGeneral Smedley D. Butler, U.S. Marine Corps, Retired, at Passaic, NewJerseyon 21 October 1935.

*See also Box 2, Folder 13: Cumberland correspondence October-November 1929.

8

12 Nov1935 Newspaper article: "Canfield Strikes Back at Butler; Recalls Famous Father's Re-

marks," Passaic Herald News.16 Nov1935 J. Gordon Canfield to Major General Commandant: forwarding newspaper ar-

ticles regarding Butler controversy.4Jan1936 Assistant Secretaiy of the Navy H. L. Roosevelt to Judge Advocate General: three

items on General Butler's writings and speech forwarded for comment.9 Jan1936 Navy Judge Advocate General C. C. Bloch to Assistant Secretary of the Navy:

commenting on possible charges against General Butler.14 Jan1936 Commandant, Ninth Naval District to Chief of Naval Operations (Director of

Naval Intelligence): report of "Third U.S. Congress Against War and Fascism."Lacking enclosures.

14 Jan1936 Major General Commandant to Major General Butler: requesting confirmation

of reported statements in speeches at Passaic, NewJersey, 21 October 1935; Pater-son, New Jersey, 29 October 1935; and Rutherford, New Jersey, 1 November1935; plus 11 January 1936 edition of Liberty magazine.

22 Jan1936 S. D. Butler to Major General Commandant: general acknowledgement of public

utterances and writings.29 Jan1936 Major General Commandant to Major General Butler: requesting confirmation

of reported statements in speech at Cleveland, Ohio, 3 January 1936 Third UnitedStates Congress Against War and Fascism.

7 Feb1936 Smedley D. Butler to Major General Commandant: disclaimer of certain words

and phrases alleged; general acknowledgement of public utterances.13 Feb1936 Affidavit of Anna M. Coppola, stenographer, authenticating her transcript of

speech made on 1 November 1935, with reservations.Mar1936 Unidentified report concerning American League Against War & Fascism meet-

ing in Cleveland 3-5 January, with enclosed stenographic report of speeches 3January 1936, including General Butler. [File indicia refer to 9th Naval Districtcorrespondence.]

5 Apr1936 Typed transcript: "Town Hall of Washington, D.C." meeting with panel of

speakers which included General Butler.13 Apr1936 Newspaper article: "European War Sure, Declares General Butler." Associated

Press item; newspaper not identified.15 Apr1936 Typed copy of newspaper article from "Seattle, Washington (P-i)" describing

speech of General Butler.28 Apr1936 Typed copy of newspaper article: "Butler Insincere' Says Valor Legion Chief,"

Los Angeles Herald Express. Three copies.

9

12 Aug1936 Newspaper editorial: "What Price Publicity?" Salem, Oregon Capital News

Journal.ca.1936 Typed list: "Contents of this File, Belonging to Major General John H. Russell,

USMC." Lists 26 of foregoing items.

Folder 7 Retirement Report

2 Sep1939 "Final Report of Major General Commandant John H. Russell to the Secretary

of the Navy. Printed; 13 pages.

Folder 8 Material on Rear Admiral John H. Russell, U.S. Navy

14 Oct1844 C. K. Stribling, Acting Captain, U.S. Frigate United States, to Midshipman

John H. Russell, U.S. Navy: letter of commendation; original plus certified copyby Russell.

2Oct1846 Commanding Officer, USS St. Mary'i, to Midshipman John H. Russell, U.S.

Navy: letter of commendation.Ca.

1872 Chronology of service ofJohn H. Russell: 18 April 1861 through 25 April 1871;rough draft; missing first page.

7 May1861 Order to command steamboat Mount Vernon on reconnaissance of the Potomac;

from Jno. A. Dahigren to Lieut. J. H. Russell.27 Jan1862 Orders to LieutenantJohn H. Russell, commanding USS Kennebeck, to sail to

join Western Gulf Blockading Squadron; signed by Gideon Welles.26 Apr1862 Flag Officer Farragut letter of appreciation of Western Gulf Blockading Squa-

dron for their performance 24-2 5 April.5Jul1862 Flag Officer Farragut orders to "Lieut Commd'g Jno. H. Russel [sic] Comd'g

U.S. Str 'Kennebec" to transit and reconnoiter Mississippi River, Vicksburg toNatchez and return.

12 Dec1862 Secretary of the Navy to Lieutenant Commander Jno. H. Russell, denying 22

November 1862 request for detachment; signed by Gideon Welles.15 Apr1864 Secretary of the Navy to Lieutenant CommanderJohn H. Russell: revoking ord-

ers to command USS Cimarron; granting one month leave of absence; signedby Gideon Welles.

1 Jun1864 Secretary of the Navy to Lieutenant CommanderJohn H. Russell: orders to com-

mand U.S. Steamer Pontiac; signed by Gideon Welles.11 Sep1864 J. W. Shirby, Surgeon, USS Pontiac, to Rear Admiral Dahlgren, recommend-

ing Russell be sent to northern climate on sick leave.

10

10 Jan1867 Rear Admiral H. K. Thatcher to Secretary of the Navy: commendation for per-

formance of Lieutenant Commander John H. Russell while commanding theKennebec in Western Gulf Blockading Squadron.

26 Oct1875 Orders: Captain John H. Russell detached from U.S. Steamer Plymouth and

awaiting orders.12 Jan1891 Superintendent, U.S. Naval Academy to Rear Admiral John H. Russell: a lot

will be assigned in Naval Cemetery currently being laid out.

Undated Typed copy: "Charles B. Boynton, History of the United States Navy —Duringthe Rebellion, Vol. II, Chap. VII, 'A Gallant Exploit. The Destruction of theSchooner Judah.

Undated Typed copy: extracts from pages 650-75 of Series I, Vol. 16, Official Recordsof the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion and fromthe log of the Colorado, 1861.

Undated Rough pencil draft account of raid on the Judah; six pages; apparently by J.H. Russell, Jr.

l4Feb1881 46th Congress, Senate Bill 73: to authorize prize money to officers of Farragut's

fleet for destruction of enemy vessels in April 1862.29 Jun1892 52d Congress, Senate Naval Affairs Committee Report 583: to authorize pay-

ment to Rear Admiral Russell of the highest pay of his grade.14 Mar1894 53d Congress, Senate Naval Affairs Committee Report 256: amendment to Rus-

sell pay bill.7 Feb1895 53d Congress, House Naval Affairs Committee Report 1778: Russell pay bill.16 Mar1896 54th Congress, Senate Bill; Russell pay bill.

16 Mar1896 54th Congress, Senate Naval Affairs Committee Report 480: Russell pay bill.

14 Jan1936 Officer-in-Charge, Naval Records and Library to Major General Russell: thanks

for copies of documents pertaining to Rear Admiral Russell's Civil War service.17 Mar1938 Secretary of the Navy to Mrs. Charles H. Marshall [granddaughter of Rear Ad-

miral Russell; daughter of Major General Russell]: designating Mrs. Marshallas sponsor for USS Russell (DD 414), to be launched about January 1939.

Undated Evidence in support of House Bill 10.580, Record of Rear Admiral Russell.

Folder 9 Other Naval Writers

Jan1937 Manuscript, rough draft: 'The Cruise of the USS Iroquois, One Hundred and

11

Ten Days from Honolulu to Puget Sound, Bound for Samoa," by Captain Wil-liam W. Gilmer, U.S. Navy (Retired). The cruise occurred in 1889-90. Theofficers included Second Lieutenant George Barnett and Naval Cadet Ben H.Fuller. A dassic tale of engine failure, months of privation while at the mercyof storms at sea.

21 Jun1937 Memorandum from Commander Aircraft, Base Force, USS W'iight to Major

General Russell: forwarding a copy of chapter, "U.S. Naval Aviation," whichhad been submitted to Brassey's for inclusion in naval annual; signed byKing.

Folder 10 Other Newspaper Columnists

1930s-40s Miscellaneous collected columns, 39 items.

Folder 11 Miscellany

Undated Typed anecdotes, one page.

Undated Two pages and a cut-out paragraph of miscellaneous partial documents.15 Jul1917 Pamphlet: "Military Publications Price List, Army Service Schools, Fort Leaven-

worth, Kansas."2Jan1945 Four letters, one draft of correspondence with California state officials: Russell

advocating much stronger emphasis on vocational training in high schools.

1935 Membership card, Marine Corps League: Major General CommandantJohn H.Russell; valid to 30 September 1936.

Undated One page of an anti-isolationist manuscript.

Undated Brochure, "Alumni House, United States Naval Academy."

ManuscriptBox2 Haiti

Folder 1 Background on Occupation of Haiti

Undated Typescript: "Draft of a letter in Regard to Relations Between the United Statesand the Republic of Haiti from 1914 to Ratification to be signed by Mr. RobertLansing." Historical treatise on intervention. [While possibly drafted by Rus-sell, it appears equally likely that this document was given him as backgroundfor his assignment in Haiti.

Folder 2 Prodamations

3 Sep1915 Prodamation of Martial Law by Rear Admiral Caperton, U.S. Navy; Colonel

Littleton W. T. Wailer, commanding U.S. Expeditionary Force, designated toenforce.

12

3 Sep1915 Order restraining disruptive expression in the local press; published by the Grand

Provost, Captain Alexander S. Williams, U.S. Marine Corps.10 Sep1915 Order prohibiting canying firearms or deadly weapons without U.S. military

authorization; published by the Grand Provost.22 Sep1915 Order prohibiting possession of rifles or rifle ammunition in the communes of

Port-au-Prince and Petionville; requiring these items to be turned in by 27 Sep-tember; published by the Grand Provost.

15 Oct1919 Leaflet containing proclamation by Russell, as commander of 1st Provisional

Brigade, abolishing corvee system and stressing goals of occupation; translationby Mrs. Robert D. Heini, Jr.

1921 "Proclamation to the Haitian People in the Districts Where There Are Bandits."Recommends citizens turn in bandits to avoid raids upon their settlements; pub-lished by Colonel R. S. Hooker, U.S. Marine Corps [Chief of Gendarmerie d'Hai-ti]; translation by Mrs. Heinl.

Folder 3 The Occupying Force

25 May1918 Brigade Commander in Chief, Gendarmerie d'Haiti: forwarding copy of draft

of new constitution.

1918 Penciled translation of 1918 constitution of Republic of Haiti.20 May1918 Chief, Gendarmerie d'Haiti circular letter, encouraging the Gendarmerie to

popularize support of constitution, ensure regularity at polls, cease corvee workSaturday night 8 June, pay off the workers, fete them with refreshments, andcall no corvee work for week beginning 9 June.

12 Jun1918 Town-by-town tabulation of vote on constitution: 98,225 in favor; 768 against.26 Apr1919 Letter from Homer L. Howell, District Commander, District of Port de Paix:

vouching for character of two "former generals under Charlemagne Peralte" re-cently arrested.

Ca.

1919 Interrogation report: a caco from Jaco.ca.1919 List of five prisoners awaiting action from Washington on sentences.ca.1919 Memo: Hooker to little, concerning a report of interrogation.1 Nov1919 Second Regiment message 1 November 1919 1255 P.M., to Brigade Port-au-

Prince: "Charlemagne Peralte killed by Capt Hannekin twelve midnight nearGrand Riviere

11 Feb1920 Pharmacist's Mate 3d Class Marsee Arthur Cox, Marine Aviation Medical Depart-

ment, to Colonel Russell: report of injuries (badly bruised all over) of StenovilEstinville.

13

18 May1920 Military Governor of Santo Domingo to Russell: discussing and concurring with

items cited in Daily Diary Report 11-20 April, [cited report not among thosein collection,] signed by Rear Admiral Thomas Snowden, U. S. Navy.

l5Sep1920 Brigade Commander to Commanding Officers, 2d Regiment and 8th Regiment,

"Subject: Provost Courts— Exercise of Authority of;" limiting court powers, stress-ing treatment of Haitians with firmness, courtesy, dignity.

20 May1921 Brigade Law Officer report on Flag Day insults to Gendarmerie d'Haiti and the

occupation: Speech by Vely Thebaud advocated force, accordingly ordered ar-rest and military trial; signed by Second Lieutenant James B. Hardie.

25 May1921 Brigade Law Officer letter: legal guidance and policy for units exercising mar-

tial law; signed by Second Lieutenant James B. Hardie.16 Jun1921 General Receiver to Brigade Commander, "Subject: General Monthly Report

to Collector of Customs, Miragoane for May 1921": report indicates mood ofpopulace is receptive to occupation; signed by A.J.M. (?).

20 Sep1921 List: "Haitian Newspapers of Recent Publication." Tabulates name, address, edi-

tor's name, political/financial backing, political stance.16 Oct1926 Gendarmerie d'Haiti General Order No. 45: revoking General Orders 26 and

27 [reorganization by Harllee] as illegal.13 Feb

1930 S. F. Streit to Russell: appreciation for courtesies during visit.5 Nov

1930 Financial Advisor to Government of Haiti, to Russell: ". . . politics played by

you and Haiti a shabby trick." Signed by W. W. Cumberland.

Folder 4 Daily Diary Reports by Commander, 1st Provisional Brigade

[Note: file consists of signed flimsy copies of periodic reports covering a fewdays or a few weeks. Significant entries were reported to Admiral Knapp, butfrequently there was "Nothing of military or political importance to report."]

20 Mar1920 (1-20 March)

Undated (3-13 June)13 Oct1920 (28 September-13 October). 28 September: Charles Zamor called, was granted

permission to live in Cap Haitien. 7 October: gave Barnave Dartiguenave [presi-dent's brother, Minister of Interior] opinion on who should be kept or dismissedfrom the Cabinet.

2 Nov1920 (25 October-2 November)l5Nov1920 (3-15 November). Russell accompanied Rear Admiral H. S. Knapp on inspec-

tion tour 3-6 November; Rear Admirals Mayo and Oliver plus Major GeneralW. C. Neville on tour 8-12 November.

14

29Nov1920 (16-18 November)12 Dec1920 (6-11 December). 7 December: Lieutenant Jones of Gendarmerie d'Haiti was

killed at 0135. Investigation in progress.20 Dec1920 (12-20 December)3 Jan1921 (21 December-2 January)15 Jan1921 (3-15 January)20 Jan

1921 (17-19 January)28 Jan1921 (20-27 January)

2 Feb

1921 (28 January-i February)

19 Feb

1921 (2-28 February)

8 Mar

1921 (19 February-7 March)15 Mar

1921 (8-14 March)

4 Apr

1921 (15 March-3 April). 24 March: visit by C. A. Burroughs, American black agita-tor from Union Patriotique. 2 7-30 March: visit by Secretary of the Navy EdwinDenby.

Undated (4-9 April)

28 Apr1921 (10-28 April). 15 April: Burroughs is connected with The Nation. 25 April: call

by Mr. Benoit, ex-Commissaire du Gouvernement.21 May1921 (3-17 May) Two copies.31 May1921 (18-28 May). 26 May: issued proclamation against incendiary speeches or publi-

cation. [Original plus draft also in file.]3 Jun1921 (29 May-2 June)

9 Jul

1921 (21 June-8 July)21 Jul

1921 (9-20 July)

1 Aug

1921 (21-31 July)

13 Aug

1921 (1-12 August)

24 Aug

1921 (13-23 August)

6 Sep

1921 (24 August-S September)

15

19 Sep1921 (6-18 September)30 Sep1921 (19-30 September)21 Oct1921 (1-21 October)7 Nov1921 (22 October-6 November). 6 November: Brigadier General Richards arrived.17 Dec1921 (26 November-17 December). 29 November: Senate Investigating Committee

arrived in USS Argonne; departed 7 December for Dominican Republic.31 Dec1921 (18-31 December). Inspection tour suggests no aftermath to agitation during

Senate Committee investigation.

Folder 5 Special Correspondence with Higher Headquarters

17 Jun1918 Brigade Commander to Chief of Naval Operations, via Major General Com-

mandant, "Subject: Adoption of the new constitution in Haiti": large majorityvote in favor is outweighed by lack of public understanding of issues.

Undated Manuscript: Russell's description of adoption of constitution.

10 Oct1919 Russell to Brigadier General Charles G. Long: analysis of situation after inspec-

tion tour.17 Oct1919 Russell to Major General Commandant: analysis of progress since arrival; tacti-

cal evaluation of Charlemagne Peralte's force.4 Dec1920 Brigade Commander to Chief of Naval Operations, "Report on the political sit-

uation in Haiti in its relation to the military, November 1920": banditry wanedwith killing of Benoit Batraville in April; Haitian President trying to throw offfinancial controls; Russell recommends tighten controls or end occupation.

18 Jan1921 Brigade Commander to Chief of Naval Operations: situation is gradually worse,

tranquil but with undercurrent of unrest; Russell recommends forcing Haitiangovernment to admit their courts' unwillingness to enforce laws, and proposesstronger military controls.

lOct1921 Russell to Secretary of the Navy, "Memorandum Regarding a Constructive Poli-

cy for Haiti": recommends establishment of office of high commissioner to makethe treaty and the constitution work for stability.

12 Dec1921 Russell to Major General Commandant: description of events with the Senate

Committee of investigators.23 Dec1921 John A. Lejeune personal to Colonel Russell: as expected, Senate Committee

seems commendatory. Only "atrocity" was case of Captain Merkie in SantoDomingo. Holographic postscript authorizing provision of supplies to Red Crossin emergency. Signed by Lejeune.

16

6 Sep1922 High Commissioner to Secretary of State: report on use and need for martial

law and provost courts to impose stability in Haiti.16 Oct1926 Russell to Major General Commandant: have overruled reorganization of Gen-

darmerie proposed by Colonels Harllee and Turrill.23 Dec1926 Russell to Major General Commandant: discussing leadership problems of

Colonel Harllee.3 Nov1928 Assistant Secretary of State to Russell: forwarding blind copy of Secretary of

Navy's note.13 May1930 Correspondence among American High Commissioner, Secretary of the Navy,

Major General Commandant, and Colonel Edward B. Manwaring (2d Regiment)with endorsements through 31 March 1931: concerning Secretary of Navy dis-pleasure at assignment of staff officers as general court-martial members in caseof Lieutenant Commander Theodore E. Cox, Medical Corps, U.S. Navy.

12 Aug1930 W. D. Castle, Department of State, to Russell (on leave in France): President

thinks Russell may have done all that can be done in Haiti and may not wantto return.

6 Oct1930 Russell to Secretary of State: tendering resignation as High Commissioner.

Folder 6 Russell Describes the Occupation

ca.1919 Penciled draft, incomplete, on the challenge of the occupation.Jun1921 "Political Problem of Haiti, June 1921."ca.1921 Outline for paper on Haiti and U.S. intervention; 2 pages.ca.1921 Penciled draft of memorandum on Haitian labor costs.ca.1921 Assessment of six years in Haiti; 2 pages.11 Dec1921 Typed! penciled draft: "The Political Aspects of the Situation in Haiti," 11 De-

cember 1921.27 Mar1922 Script: remarks of American High Commissioner at dinner given by M. Barau,

Minister of Foreign Relations.1 Apr1922 Script: speech at dinner given by Russell; President Dartiguenave among guests.ca.1923 "Outline for Study on Haiti."ca.1925 Untitled article on improvements in Haiti.ca.1928 Draft: refutation of document —possibly a Senate resolution —byBryce (not fur-

ther identified). 21-page draft; first page missing.

17

Folder 7 Documents of Haitian Officialdom

29 Mar1915 President (by Caco coup) Vilbrun Guillaume Sam to Commandant, Lascahobas

Arrondissement: seeking surrender to new regime.17 Apr1915 President Sam to Commandant, Lascahobas Arrondissement: seeking accom-

modation.17 Aug1915 President Philippe Sudre Dartiguenave: proclamation. 'Wrapping himself in

the flag." With translation.18 Aug1916 Typed translation of draft constitution; 21 pages.2Feb1918 President Dartiguenave to Russell: appreciation, upon relief.15 May1918 Printed circular on voting procedures issued by Osmin Cham, Secretary of In-

terior.SJan1919 Memoire (penciled copy plus translation): 23-page document citing grievances

referred to U.S. Secretary of State in November 1918; primary complaint, Finan-cial Advisor A. J. Ruan doesn't give them desired budget. Typed translationby Mrs. Heini.

22 Jan1919 Benoit, Secretary of State for Exterior Relations, to Envoy Tertullian Guilbaud

at Paris Peace Conference: instructions to seek indemnities independent of U.S.claims.

Apr1919 Envoy Guilbaud to President Dartiguenave: describing political interplay at Paris

conference. Translation. Incomplete.27 May1920 President Dartiguenave to Russell: complimenting discipline noted during visit

to Mirebalais and Lascahobas.

8Jan1921 President Dartiguenave to Russell: proposing suppression of opposition press,

by "other means" if necessary.2 Mar1921 Secretary of State for Foreign Relations to Russell: forwarding a letter of interest

from Cuba. [Letter not attached.]12 Mar1921 President Dartiguenave to Russell: complaining of insults in free press, wants

Gendarmerie to suppress.14 Dec1921 Affidavit of Andre F. Chevallier: President Dartiguenave complained to General

Wise, Chief of Gendarmerie, about journalistic attacks.30 Dec1921 Delegates of the Government of Haiti to Russell: letter of commendation.26 Mar1922 Letter to Russell from Louis Borno discussing loan of $40 million.9 Sep1924 President Louis Borno to Russell: religious essay leading to bid for budget sup-

port of cathedral and monument construction. With translation.

18

15 May1929 Borno to Russell: translation of note of thanks.21 Feb1930 President Borno to General Russell: expression of solidarity in face of hostile

press; translation of original.

Folder 8 Civilian and Caco Documents

[Note: Caco documents were seldom literate, often penciled on low-grade paper,repeatedly folded, smuggled in sweaty pockets. Names and other details extractedfrom them are problematical.]

May1916 Newspaper Le Moniteur. Copy of proposed constitution plus related art-

icles.14 May1919 Caco proclamation: translation of item posted in Port-au-Prince on night of 14

March 1919.22 Mar1919 Translation of letter found on the body of General Celisma Pierre, from

Charlemagne Peralte to General Aspelly Joseph.23Mar1919 Note of Auguste Bernadot (captured item).27 Mar1919 Charlemagne Peralte to General Benoit.29 Mar1919 Caco proclamation: item posted on town gate of San Michel.30 Mar1919 Orders to General Benoit to attack Mirebalais; presumably issued by Charlemagne

Peralte.2 Apr1919 Charlemagne Peralte to General Benoit.7 Apr1919 Charlemagne Peralte to General Jules Trouejou.14 Apr1919 Editorial, Courrier Haitien: delight at departure of Colonel Hooker. Transla-

tion by Mrs. Heinl.18 Apr1919 Charlemagne Peralte to General Riphin Dubuisson: urging aggressive action in

Lascahobas Arrondissement. With translation.20 Apr1919 Petite Auge Jean Toussant to General Tonnont.20 Apr1919 Benoit to General Tonnont.3 Jun1919 Charlemagne Peralte to British Consul, Port-au-Prince: seeking support. With

translation.7 Jun1919 Sinlma Joseph ("Pichoute," Chief of Cacos from Sec. Carnai) to General Ores-

tin Remisin.

19

14 Jun1919 General Zamor to Division Chief, Cercie-la-Source: concerning arms and am-

munition. Translation by Mrs. Heini.

Undated Note of Madame Casimir Lacroix.

Undated General Ceius Lacroix, Chief of Division, to Charlemagne Peralte.

Undated Notecard receipt from Marius Francois to Charleus Bataille for two rifles donat-ed to revolution. With translation.

Undated List by Charlemagne Peralte of 18 officers and noncommissioned officers of theGendarmerie whose heads he wants; they will not be pardoned by the Cacos.

Undated Translation of three letters from Widow Massena Peralte to Charlemagne Per-alte, urging him to avoid arrest, send money.

Undated Penciled copy of Caco tactical plan. With translation.ca. May1919 List: "Letters Captured from Bandits." Fourteen typed entries including many

of foregoing items, plus five additional items written at end.10 Jun1919 Leois Joseph, Delegate Extraordinary of the Department of the North, to Au-

cestin Remisinte: appointing Remisinte as chief of division of action being mount-ed against Americans. Translation by Mrs. Heini.

14 Jun1919 General Sainte le Pierre to General Estavien Bien-Aime: disavowing involve-

ment in some proposal. Translation by Mrs. Heini.16 Jun1919 Orestin Remisinte, General of Division of the third section of Boismari, Com-

mune of Cercie Ia Source, to Charlemagne Peralte: requesting five carbines, toblock Lamielle Road. Translation by Mrs. Hem!.

8Jan1920 Proclamation issued by Papillon Fils, urging gendarmes to desert and join him.30 Mar1922 Newspaper L'&ho National. Single sheet. Supportive of Russell.

Undated Bandit Proclamation, 5 pages, untranslated.

Folder 9 Investigating the Occupation

27 Sep1919 Assistant to Commandant, to Russell: alerting Brigade to inquiry arising from

court-martial argument of Lieutenant Spear, regarding unlawful treatment, kill-ing of Haitians; signed by Chas. G. Long.

2 Oct1919 Major General Commandant personal to Russell: concerning statement that

"practically indiscriminate killing of natives has gone on for some time," direct-ing corrective action; signed by George Barnett.

15 Oct1919 Brigade commander's circular prohibiting unjustifiable force and requiring in-

struction of all hands; issued by Russell.

20

24 Dec1919 Adjutant and Inspector to Russell: recommending gathering of evidence.Ca.

1920 "Statement of Colonel John H. Russell, U.S. Marine Corps, Commanding 1stBrigade, U.S. Marines, Port-au-Prince, Haiti": a history of occupation achieve-ments; 9 pages.

1 Aug1920 First Provisional Brigade General Order No. 16: providing for trial of Marines

of Brigade or Gendarmerie d'Haiti for unjustifiable killing, maltreatment; re-quiring publication to all ranks; issued by Russell. Two copies.

Sep1920 "Paraphrase of a Despatch from Secretary of the Navy to Flag Minnesota [Rear

Admiral Knapp]": directing investigation upon return of Haitian Minister toHaiti.

Sep1920 Typed list of questions "taken from the letter of Mr. Charles McKinley, Depart-

ment of Politics, Reed College, Portland, Oregon": concerning allegations ofillegality. Two pages.

Sep1920 "Memorandum Answer to Questions Propounded by Mr. Charles McKinley, Reed

College, Portland, Oregon": single typed draft with answers to first three of 14questions; several additional pages would have been required to complete sub-ject [Style appears to be that of Russell: deliberate, pedagogic. J.

ca.1920 "Memorandum in the Case of Ernest J. Lavoie": discussing possible extradition

to Haiti of former Marine private accused of crimes while serving as captain ofGendarmerie d'Haiti. Author unidentified; memorandum probably submittedto Russell. Single page, typewritten.

Ca.

1920 "Memorandum, Case of Lavoie": expanded discussion of options available inLavoie case. Two typed pages, possibly prepared by Russell based upon preced-ing document in this folder.

2 Oct1920 R. S. Hooker, Acting Chief of the Gendarmerie d'Haiti, memorandum for Ad-

miral Knapp: submitting a numbered series of responses to questions, appar-ently those propounded by Charles McKinley.

14 Oct1920 Newspaper article: "Reports Unlawful Killing of Haitians By Our Marines," New

York Times.15 Oct1920 Newspaper article: caption missing, text continues discussion of General Bar-

nett's disclosures to Secretary of the Navy. New York Times.22 Oct1920 Russell to Rear Admiral S. H. Knapp: concerning loss of report forwarded on

20 March 1920.11 Nov1920 U.S. Naval Communication Service commercial radiogram: Simpson to Associat-

ed Press, New York, reporting Haitian President Dartiguenave's testimony be-fore naval court. Three message pages.

17 Nov1920 Russell to Major General Commandant: concerning loss of report forwarded on

20 March 1920.

21

6 Dec1920 Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps letter, subject: "Loss of Report of Investiga-

tion of the Affairs in Haiti, forwarded from Port-au-Prince, Haiti, on 20 March1920."

Dec1920 "Excerpts from Report of Court of Inquiry into Haitian Matters, 1920"; issued

by Rear Admiral H. 1. Mayo.9 May1921 Newspaper article: "Marines Accused of Haytian Crimes." New York Times.11 May1921 Newspaper article: "Rot,' Denby Says of Haitian's Charges." Trenton, NewJer-

sey Evening Times.

Undated Paragraph of Senate resolution to send a committee of inquiry to Haiti andDominican Republic.

ca.1921 "Statement by Colonel John H. Russell." Annotated draft, quoting General Bar-

nett's testimony and commenting thereon.

Undated Envelope, empty, labelled "newspaper clippings".

Folder 10 Senate Investigation

22 Jan1922 67th Congress, Senate Select Committee on Haiti and the Dominican Repub-

lic, Report 794: "Inquiry into Occupation and Administration of Haiti and theDominican Republic."

Folder 11 Relations with The Nation

24 Apr1920 Secretary of the Navy to Russell: forwarding The Nation article "The Conquest

of Haiti" and requesting a statement.27 Jul1920 CaptainJ. L. Perkins, U.S. Marine Corps, to Brigade Commander: "Account

of patrol made in company with Mr. HerbertJ. Seligman, 3-7 April 1920": al-leges that writer attempted to instigate killing of civilian woman, other crimes;two pages.

13 Dec1921 CaptainJesse L. Perkins to Commander, Department of the South: sworn state-

ment concerning The Nation representative Seligman on 3-7 April 1920 patrol,amplifying details of allegations.

Folder 12 Investigation into Conduct of Lieutenant Colonel Wise

3Mar1921 Letter to Russell complaining about accusations and threats made by Colonel

Wise. Author presumed to be Mr. H. P. Davis, American businessman in Port-au-Prince.

4 Mar1921 Major Edward A. Ostetmann to Brigade Commander: reporting on 26 February

22

1921 incident in which Lieutenant Colonel Frederic M. Wise slandered Mr. H.P. Davis.

12 Mar1921 Major Ostermann memorandum to Colonel Russell: reporting Wise's intoxica-

tion at Caserne Dartiguenave 12 August 1920.12 Mar1921 "Questions Asked Captain Knighton by the Brigade Commander." Four-page

transcript of questions and answers concerning behavior of lieutenant ColonelWise 28 February 1921 and other occasions; generally exonerates Wise.

31 Mar1921 Major General Commandant Lejeune to Mr. H. P. Davis, Port-au-Prince: ac-

knowledging complaint and expressing regret; noting Wise detached from Haiti.

Folder 13 Congressional Correspondence

12 Dec1921 F. C. Baker to Senator Atlee Pomerene: American businessman in Haiti provid-

ing anecdotal evidence of backwardness of Haitians.7 Jun1923 Congressman Harold Knutson to Russell: complaining of delays in facilitating

a business transaction, threatening to call for congressional inquiry into occu-pation.

28 Jun1923 Russell to Congressman Knutson: brusque reply, inviting the congressman to

admit that he is using threats to obtain business monopoly.25 Mar1925 American Financial Advisor to Haiti to High Commissioner: reporting visit of

Congressman Harold Knutson 21 March 1925 in which Knutson suggested Cum-berland as a successor to Russell in return for favorable assistance in investmentsin Haiti; two pages; signed by W. W. Cumberland.

ca.1926 One-page report on refusal by Haitian President Borno to permit Utah Senator

W. H. King to visit Haiti.ca.1926 Two-page report on refusal by Haitian President Borno to permit Utah Senator

W. H. King to visit Haiti.Feb1929 "Memorandum on a Resolution and Accompanying Statement Presented to the

United States Senate, on 22 February 1929." Submitted by Richard U. Strong,five-page analysis of King's proposal to investigate occupation, and to terminateit.

Feb1929 "Memorandum on a Resolution and Accompanying Statement Presented to the

United States Senate on 22 February 1929." Russell's twelve-page refutation,point-to-point, of Senator King's speech. Probably based upon Strong'smemorandum [supra].

Folder 14 Binder of Items Compiled December 1928-December 1929

20 Dec1928 Maryland Representative Stephen W. Gambrill to Russell: enclosing copy of

House of Representatives Bill 13685 "To regulate the distribution and promo-

23

tion of commissioned officers of the Marine Corps ...," plus printed reportof hearing before Committee on Naval Affairs in which General Lejeune praisedRussell's work in Haiti; also suggests plan to get a torpedo boat or minesweepernamed for Russell's father.

4Jan1929 Russell to Congressman Gambrill: appreciation for support.17 Dec1928 R. Stuyvesant Pierrepont to Russell: announcing renewal of gift subscription to

Barron 's W/eekly; discussing stock market.

4Jan1929 Russell to Pierrepont: thanks for subscription.29 Feb1929 Pierrepont to Russell: discussing investments, family matters.7Jan1929 Panama Canal executive H. Burgess to Russell: thanks for entertaining Mrs. Bur-

gess in Port-au-Prince.18 Jan1929 U.S. Department of Agriculture horticulturist Knowles A. Ryerson to Russell:

request for aerial photographs of the Citadel King Cristophe's mountain-topfortress] for himself and for Lieutenant Kini :early Marine aviator in Haiti];discusses progress in sisal and problems in 1eapple farming.

Undated C. M. Graves, editor of New York Times Sunday Pictorial Section: form letterrequest for picture of Russell.

24 Jan1929 H. H. McCubbin, Secretary of American High Commissioner, to New York

Times: submitting photo.28 Jan1929 Robert Niles, Jr., to Russell: introducing Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth Norton who

will visit Haiti in February.28 Jan1929 Ch. Peignot, Paris, to Russell: inviting renewal of subscription to Arts et Meti-

ers Graphiques magazine.8 Feb1929 Russell to John Allnutt & Co., London: acknowledging receipt of three cases

forwarded from Kingston.11 Feb1929 Russell to Brigadier General Rufus H. Lane: requesting confirmation of unoffi-

cial infonnauon that Secretary of State had sent letter of commendation to Secre-tary of the Navy.

15 Feb1929 F. H. Cooke, Public Works Officer, Philadelphia Navy Yard to Russell: forward-

ing derogatory article from New York Wtorld, 10February; six-page typed copyof artide by Napoleon Bonaparte Marshall, former clerk in U.S. Consulate, Port-au-Prince, denouncing the occupation in general.

5 Nov1929 Lieutenant Colonel C. B. Matthews to Russell (on Commandant's stationery):

thanking Russell for requesting Matthews as relief for Colonel South in Garded'Haiti; Commandant has disapproved.

12 Feb1929 Representative Kiess to Russell: forwarding Directory, gratis.

24

23 Feb1929 Russell to Representative Edgar R. Kiess: thanks for Congressional Directory.25 Feb

1929 Russell to U.S. Ambassador to Cuba Noble Brandon Judah: thanks for letterof 7 February, and for rail and steamship reservations.

7 Feb

1929 Ambassador Judah to Russell: confirming reservations.

28 Feb

1929 Barron's Weekly form letter to "Dear Subscriber": sending booklet.

5 Mar

1929 Russell to John Gardner Murray, Presiding Bishop of Protestant Episcopal Church

of the U.S.A.: enjoyed your visit.16 Jan1929 Bishop Murray to Russell: thanks for hospitality.6 Mar

1929 L. S. Rowe, Director General of Pan American Union, to Russell: congratula-

tions on admirable publication "Come to Haiti."7 Mar

1929 NationalCyclopaedia ofAmerican Biography form letter: follow-up request for

biographic data; annotated "Sent March 21/29 C."13 Feb1929 National Cyclopeadia of American Biography form letter request for data.9Mar1929 Russell to investment banker Auville Eager: Haitian government is not com-

templating loan at this time; sisal and cotton production are accelerating.1 Feb1929 Auville Eager to Russell: citing favorable observations on Haiti from Bishop Mur-

ray and others, offering services to underwrite development enterprises.9 Mar1929 Russell to Mr. M. Butterman: acknowledging Christmas card.

Undated Christmas card from M. Butterman.

9 Mar1929 Russell to Mr. Glen Abbey at American Consulate, Johannesburg: thanks for

Christmas card; Haiti progressing since you left.

Undated Christmas card from G. Abbey.

9 Mar1929 Russell to Colonel John T. Meyers: Seabrook's book is full of fable reported as

fact and is disliked by both Haitians and Americans; he abused our hospitality.7 Feb1929 Colonel Meyers to Russell: forwarding newspaper article [not included]; doubt-

ing report from Honolulu that Smedley Butler will retire; speculating on as-signments of Generals Butler, Lejeune, Dion [Williams], and Feland. Inquiryon Seabook book.

29 Mar

1929 Russell to Charles Howard: appreciation for stock recommendation.

29 Mar

1929 Russell to Major P. H. Torrey: glad you're being sent back here.

25

29 Mar1929 Russell to Dr. Alexander Wetmore, Smithsonian Institution: thanks for pamph-

let; comment on cave explorations.

Undated Alexander Wetmore, "Zoological Exploration in Hispaniola," reprint from pages33-40 of Explorations and Field- Work of the Smithsonian Institution in 1927.

29 Mar1929 Russell to Captain Charles S. Butler, Medical Corps, U.S. Navy: thanks for shark-

bite data; concur.11 Mar1929 Captain Butler to Russell: forwarding shark bite article from The Military Sur-

geon, March 1929, to refute Dr. Beebe's lecture claim that shark threat couldbe ignored.

12 Apr1929 Major General Commandant to Russell: belated thanks for message of congratu-

lation; signed by Wendell C. Neville.9 Feb1929 Russell to General Neville: congratulations on appointment as Commandant..12 Apr1929 Dr. W. W. Cumberland [former Financial Adviser to Haiti] to Russell: introduc-

ing Mr. and Mrs. Jackson Fleming.11 May1929 Russell to Cumberland, replying letter 22 April 1929: concur H. P. Davis' ac-

tivities a joke; recent visitors all seem to be seeking disagreeable items to report;Mr. de Ia Rue seems delightful, efficient, energetic.

22 Apr1929 Cumberland to Russell: met de Ia Rue en route to Haiti—he seems able.; H.

P. Davis has been to Secretary of State seeking High Commissionership —Stimsonshould see through him; stock market restless, recommend hang on.

25 Jan1929 Russell to Cumberland: Davis's article in The Herald fails to identify that only

failures in Haiti were those in which he was interested; expect favorable stockmarket in spring.

12 Jan1929 Cumberland to Russell: citing H. P. Davis article in New York Herald- Tribune

6 January 1929: blames military for lack of progress; Cumberland glad to beout of "blame zone" after four years of daily vilification.

13 Dec1928 Cumberland to Russell: nothing in news about Haiti; you must be glad Demo-

crats not elected —they would be reorganizing —haven't even noticed SenatorKing fulminating; regret your difficulties with my successor, Millspaugh; stockmarket appears sound. Coffee unstable so not interested in establishing plan-tation.

17 Apr1929 S. C. Marsh, Stroud & Co. (investors) to Russell: offering services of Interconti-

nents Power Company to invest in Haitian hydroelectric and irrigation projects.20 May1929 Marsh to Russell: acknowleging 7 May letter: price too high.7 May1929 Russell to Marsh: Haytian Corporation of America recently refused $1,200,000

for their properties; no other projects under serious consideration.

26

3 Apr1929 Russell to Major Calvin B. Matthews, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps: appreci-

ate any assistance to aide, Lieutenant Watson, in request for Keyport as firstduty station.

26 Apr1929 Russell to Mrs. Fields: appreciation of prize bull given to Haiti.7 May1929 Russell to I.P. Roosa, U.S. Despatch Agent, New York: acknowledge receipt

of letter and box.27 Apr1929 I.P. Roosa to Russell: concerning shipment of electrical items.10 May1929 Winthrop F. Scott, State Department, to Russell: thanks for information on bus-

inesses investing in Haiti; Cadastral law is under study.7 May1929 Russell to Scott: request telegraph reply to leave request; need lead time for

reservations in Europe.5 Mar1929 Russell to Scott: welcome to assignment handling Haitian affairs; annual report

will help answer questions; maps are being sent.9 Feb1929 Scott to Russell: assigned to Latin American Division and handling Haiti and

Santo Domingo; please sent up-to-date maps.11 May1929 Financial Adviser-General Receiver S. de la Rue to Russell: forwarding copy of

letter to Collector of Customs.11 May1929 General Receiver to Collector of Customs, Port-au-Prince: instructions not to

open or delay packages to diplomats.10 May1929 S. de Ia Rue to Russell: investigation of Haitian Customs having opened pack-

age to Mrs. Russell.11 May1929 Russell to W. D. Harlan, Port Arthur, Texas: Gulf Oil has no connections in

Haiti; maybe in Santo Domingo.1 May1929 W. D. Harlan to Russell: requesting information on obtaining job with Gulf

Oil in Haiti.11 May1929 Russell to Charles H. Marshall: concur, better to sell stock at loss; anticipate

arrival New York Ca. 1 July and sail for Europe 9th; will need money.30 Apr1929 Russell to Marshall: thanks for 17 April letter and statement showing "healthy

advance in my account."29 Mar1929 Russell to Marshall: thanks for 5 March letter; tourism is busy; market must be

chaotic.

Undated Two formal invitations for Port-au-Prince events in May 1929.

27

18 May1929 Julius Fleishman, Cincinnati, to Russell: thanks for photographs of Citadel.20 May1929 Russell to Captain Dudley W. Knox, U.S. Navy: advising widely decentralized

trade in charcoal makes important and distribution of substitute product unlikely.4 May1929 Knox to Russell: inquiring about market for charcoal substitute.24 May1929 Daiia G. Munro, State Department, to Russell: delaying action on 14 March

1929 instructions in view of Russell's comments.10 Jun1929 Telegram, Stimson to Russell: inquiring if Russell can leave Haiti early, spent

part of last week in June in Washington.24 May1929 High Comnuissioner's secretary McCubbin to Editor, Financial W/ori'd, regard-

ing conflict in bills for renewal of subscription with related correspondence.13 Feb1929 Financial Worldto McCubbin: referencing 28 January letter; mistake appears

corrected.21 Jan1929 McCubbin to Financial World: General's renewal billed as new subscription to

"Mister" Russell.4 Jun1929 Financial World to Russell: error corrected.25 May1929 Russell toJ. T. White & Co., publishers: declining to have portrait with biogra-

phy in National Cyclopaedia of American Biography.15 May1929 F. B. Kane toJ. B. White & Co., to Russell: National Cyclopeadia sells for $15;

invitation to include portrait.8 May1929 Russell to J. B. White & Co.; returing corrected proof of biography.24 Apr1929 J. B. White & Co. for letter to Russell: promoting publication National Portrait

Gallery; returning proof of biography for corrections.29 May1929 Russell to Washington Loan and Trust Company: enclosing check and deposit

slips.1 Jun1929 S. de Ia Rue to Russell: forwarding copy of Sir Gordon Guggisberg's plan for

rehabilitation of British Guiana.3 Jun1929 Russell to W. R. Scott: except to sail on S.S. Ancon 26 June, arrive New York

1 July and Washington 2 July for three-four days.24 May1929 Scott to Russell: telegram approving leave was sent.12 Jun1929 Haitian Secretary of State for Foregin Affairs to Russell: acknowledging leave

itinerary. Translation by Mrs. Heini.14 Jun1929 Russell to Mr. Rossbottom, Panama Railroad and Steamship Line: try for reser-

vations on Ile de France 6 July; $725.50 is steep; is there diplomatic rate?

28

13 Jun1929 Telegram, Van Reed to PRACIREM, New York: Russell desires reservations on

lie de France.15 Jun1929 Russell to Carrier, Inc., New York: acknowledging receipt of cigarette case.28 May1929 Carrier, Inc. to Russell: inquiring if Mrs. Russell received gold and enamel

cigarette case via diplomatic pouch 30 March.15 May1929 Russell to Mr. H. S. Rubens, President, Consolidated Railroads of Cuba: thanks

for offer of use of private rail car.28 May1929 Cable, Stimson to Russell: 90 days leave granted.15 Jun1929 Cable, Russell to Secretary of State: sailing 16 June via Cuba; except arrive

Washington on or before 24 June.1 Feb1929 Cable, KELLOGG, DCO GITMO to Russell: acknowledging message.5 May1929 Russell to Secretary of State: request 90 days leave,10 Oct1929 Cable, Russell to Secretary of State: arrived this morning.21 May1929 Secretary of State to Russell: leave approved.3 Jun1929 Russell to D. G. Munro: intend leave 26 June, arrive Washington 2 July for talks.17 Jun1929 Cable, Charge d'Affaires Gmmmon to Secretary of State: Russell sailed yesterday.4 Jun1929 Russell to Secretary of State: will probably sail 26 June.11 Jun1929 Russell to Haitian Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs: expect leave 26 June-i

October.

Undated Russell to President Borna: have been asked to leave early; probably leaving 16June via Cuba.

10 Jun1929 Russell memorandum to Lieutenants Watson and Chapelle: security measures

for house and cars during leave of absence.10 Jun1929 Russell memorandum to aides (Watson and Chapelle): send routine reports to

secretaries (McCubbins and Mrs. Place).)10 Jun1929 Russell memorandum to Mr. Grummon: disbursements during leave: McCub-

bins's salary $250; Mrs. Place's salary $150; rent $150.10 Jun1929 Russell memorandum to Lieutenant Watson: pay for seven servants $102 plus

three part-time helpers $20.80.10 Jun1929 Russell memorandum to Senior Aide: Charge d'Affaires take over all High Com-

missioner functions except military; Senior Officer Present assumes militarycommand.

29

10 Jun1929 Russell memorandum to Grummon: assigning Charge d'Affaires.10 Jun1929 Russell to Lieutenant Chapelle: supervise overhaul of barge.11 Jun1929 Russell memorandum to all treaty officials: itinerary and chain of command.25 Jun1929 Russell to General Receiver de Ia Rue: returning customs declaration with evalu-

ation of silver cup imported.20 Jul1929 Paymaster, U.S. Marine Corps, to Russell (in Paris): two of three months leave

will be excess. Due to Comptroller General decisions eliminating half-pay dur-ing excess leave, pay will cut off after July; this includes allotments of $515 toWashington Loan & Trust and $18.10 to Navy Mutual Aid.

28Aug1929 Charge d'Affaires Grummon to Financial Adviser de Ia Rue: forwarding letter

from American Club for information.27 Aug1929 Randolph Coyle, President of American Club of Port-au-Prince to High Com-

missioner: disavowing any derogatory statements by individual members againstoccupation or officials.

28 Aug1929 Grummon to Colonel Randolph Coyle, G2rde d'Haiti: thanks for letter 27 Au-

gust 1929.25 Oct1929 Grummon to Copenhaver [Engravers], Washington, D.C.: for 200 place cards.27 Sep1929 H. B. Ode, Vice President, International Telephone and Telegraph (owners of

subsidiary operating New York-Haiti cable): inviting Russell and de Ia Rue tobusiness lunch.

4 Oct1929 Deputy General Receiver to Haitian Collector of Customs: request every courte-

sy be extended to diplomatic agents.Oct1928 [misfiledj Dr. Walter Franklin Prince, Boston Society for Psychic Research, form

letter with "census" questionnaire to 10,000 persons listed in Who's W'ho; an-notation "Answered NO. JHR."

15 Oct1929 L. S. Rowe, Director-General, Pan American Union to Russell: congratulations

on progress cited in 7th annual report.17 Dec1929 K. C. Welborn, attached to Haitian Public Health Service, memorandum to

Russell: forwarding copies of uncle's letters to senators, Secretary of State, etc.,for Russell's enjoyment.

21 Oct1929 Russell to Collector of Internal Revenue, Baltimore: forwarding amount due.29 Oct1929 Russell to National City Bank, New York, Chairman Charles E. Mitchell: for-

warding copy of "my last report."290ct1929 Russell to Episcopal news director William Hoster: shocked to learn of Bishop

Murray's death.

30

8 Oct1929 William Hoster to Russell: Bishop Murray died 3 October.29 Oct1929 Russell to W. E. Dunn: thanks for economic chart.27 Jun1929 W. E. Dunn, Redmond & Co., to Russell: forwarding economic chart.4 Nov1929 Russell to Saks & Co., 5th Avenue, New York: forwarding payment.5 Nov1929 Russell to Colonel Presley M. Rixey: agreeing to consider Rixey in selection of

relief for Colonel Evans, but not due until 1930; would be glad to see you return.10 Oct1929 Rixey to Russell: requesting consideration as Evans' relief.9 Nov1929 Russell to Tiffany & Co.: request engraving of tennis trophy.10 Nov1929 Russell to National City Bank: requesting sale of stocks.30 Oct1929 National City Bank, New York to Russell: request instruction on proposed stock

trade.12 Nov1929 Internal Revenue Service, Baltimore: returning money order for $7.51.6 Nov1929 Russell to Internal Revenue Service: enclosing money order for $1.80; request-

ing return of money order for $7.51.13 Nov1929 Russell to Panama Pacific Steamship Line: requesting schedule of sailing Pana-

ma to San Franciso during January-February.

Undated National Geographic Society form letter invitation to join: annotated: "27 Nov1929 Paid $3.00."

20 Nov1929 Russell to Lieutenant Colonel H. N. Manney, Jr.: acknowledging request to be

returned to Haiti; no vacancies anticipated in Garde or Brigade.11 Nov1929 Lieutenant Colonel Manney to Russell: requesting assistance in obtaining reas-

signment to Haiti.25 Nov1929 Russell to Montgomery Ward, Inc.: ordering catalog items.26 Nov1929 Russell to C. Leviele, New York: paying for brushes, though not received.26 Jun1929 Julius Fleischmann to Russell: reaffirming offer to donate purebred Guernsey

bull calf to Haiti; planning to visit again on winter cruise.27 Nov1929 H. L. Van Winckie, Secretary of Society of California Pioneers, to Russell: ac-

knowledging order for 18K gold badge.4 Nov1929 Russell to Van Winckle: forwarding $5 for Pioneer Society badge19 Jun1929 Van Winckle to Russell: form letter offering badges.

31

4 Dec1929 Russell to Copenhaver [Engravers], Washington, D.C.: ordering calendar pads.

9 Dec1929 W. W. Cumberland to Russell: best wishes in trying times.

5 Nov1929 Russell to Cumberland: only paper loss in market slide, expect recovery; antici-

pate Buell's book will be mass of misinformation; regarding Smedley Butler,"It seems incomprehensible that a sane person should make such remarks."

30 Oct1929 Cumberland to Russell: fowarding copy of remarks sent to R. L. Buell.

30 Oct1929 Cumberland to Buell: commenting on inaccuracies in manuscript on Haiti.

24 Oct1929 Cumberland to Russell: quoting extreme statements from speech by Smedley

Butler 23 October.24 Oct1929 Cumberland to Russell: enclosing quotes from Buell's manuscript.

23 Oct1929 Cumberland to Russell: reporting de Ia Rue's visit; market has had drastic decline.

10 Dec1929 Former Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg to Russell: thanks for 27 November

letter; anticipate history will acknowledge Russell's accomplishments in Haiti.27 Nov1929 Russell to Kellogg: congratulations on honorary degree to our "greatest Secre-

tary of State."11 Dec1929 Russell to Washington Loan & Trust: check and deposit slips.18 Nov1929 —Same.6 Nov1929 —Same.Dec1929 Assorted Christmas greeting cablegrams.5 Nov1929 Russell to Washington Loan & Trust: requesting deposit slips.23 Dec1929 Russell to Bishop Carson: thanks for supportive letter.23 Dec1929 Russell to Secretary of State: requesting Bishop Carson's letter be placed in mili-

tary record.19 Dec1929 The Right Reverend H. R. Carson, Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church

of Haiti: commending handling of Cayes incident; two copies.26 Dec1929 Telegram, William Pulliam to Russell: inquiring status of J. Daalder.27 Dec1929 Telegram, Russell to Pulliam: Daalder is Honorary Consul General of Holland.

32

Folder 15 Haitian Treaty with Dominican Republic

5 Jun1929 Haitian Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs to Russell: forwarding copy of treaty

with Dominican Republic; signed by Camille J. Leon. With translation.

Folder 16 The Forbes Commission

4 Feb1930 Message, Acting Secretary of State Cotton to Russell: quoting President Hoover's

announcement to press that a commission be appointed to study withdrawalfrom Haiti prior to expiration of treaty in 1936.

13 Mar1930 Smooth draft, American High Commissioner to Chairman of the President's

Commission for the Study and Review of Conditions in the Republic of Haiti:22-page refutation of testimony of 11 Haitian political figures who had present-ed complaints to the Commission.

16 Mar1930 Message from Haitian [Forbes] Commission on board USS Rochester to Russell:

appreciation for cooperation.26 Mar1930 Report of the President's Commission for the Study and Review of Conditions

in the Republic of Haiti. Washington: U.S. Department of State, 1930.

Folder 17 Scrapbook

1930 Scrapbook purchased from Public Service Clipping Bureau, New York, containing82 pages of clippings, 25 February to 17 March 1930, covering the Forbes Com-mission. Also included are six segments of Haitian newspapers, plus followingcorrespondence:

21 Mar1930 Russell to Charles H. Marshall: expressing thanks for rapport with Commission.

[Marshall became Russell's son-in-law in 1932.]26 Mar1930 W. Cameron Forbes to Charles H. Marshall: commendation for the secretary

of the Commission.26 Mar1930 Invitation to Charles I-f. Marshall from USS Rochester.

Folder 18 Miscellany

various Six untranslated items of social invitations and complimentary notes on Rus-sell's service.

various Three untranslated items; speeches and correspondence.

Undated Transcription, popular song, "The Land of the Haitien." One page.

Undated Transcription, popular song, "Gelico." Translation by Mrs. Heinl. One page.

Undated Sheet music, "Hymne du Centenaire ... Paroles et Musique . . . de Mr. LouisBorno . . . Accompagnement de Mr. Justin Elie." Four pages.

33

Undated Page 5 of a narrative about Jack and Yvonne trying to escape Haiti with a treas-ure chest.

Undated Handbill. One-page advertisement for Sea Sodoms by Rev. G. L. "Golightly"Morrill, revealing "the unblushing shamelessness of the natives of the Caribbean."

Undated Two folders labeled "Personal file of Col Russell," with list of formeE contents.

Undated Carbon copy of cross reference concerning proclamation of 26 May 1921.

Undated Three unidentified documents relating to Russell's tour of duty in Haiti.

Undated Subject headings for newspaper files with attached unidentified photograph.

Undated Mailing envelope, United States Naval Academy and letter of transmittal.

ManuscriptBox 3 Writing for Publication

Folder 1

ca.1905 Paper: "Recent Developments in Modern Tactics" by CaptainJohn H. Russell,

USMC. School of Application, Annapolis; Copy No. 11; three pages.

Folder 2 Binder

2 Feb1923 "Address by General Russell on Haiti," commercial record (Master Reporting

Service): speech to investors in Haitian bonds; 18 pages.Ca.

1920 "Some Truths About Haiti," refutation, apparently by Russell, of H. J. Selig-man's article "The Conquest of Haiti" in The Nation, 10 July 1920.

4 May1936 "History of the Fleet Marine Force": Russell's compilation of the correspondence

which led to Navy Department General Order 241, 7 December 1933, "TheFleet Marine Force."

Ca.

1936 Typescript, "The Birth of the FMF": Russell's description of the situation upto 1933; Quantico and San Diego brigade exercises in 1934; publication of Land-ing Operations Manual.

Ca.

1946 Manuscript, draft of Russell's column for 7 April 1946.ca.1945 Manuscript, draft of Russell's column for 24 June 1945.Ca.

1946 Manuscript, draft of Russell's column for 9 June 1946.ca.1946 Manuscript, draft of Russell's column for 5 May 1946.18 Jul1947 "The Best Way to Use Eyes at Night": pamphlet published by Science Service

and apparently purchased for 10 cents at the Armored Force School Bookshop.

34

Jan1923 "A Duck Hunt in Haiti," byJ. Dryden Kuser, Forest and Stream,January 1923.

[Kuser was Russell's son-in-law.]16 May1934 Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Fleet letter A16-3 1917: congratulations upon con-

clusion of Fleet Problem XV; ". . . the Fleet Marine Force has earned a placein the U.S. Fleet on the same footing as the other forces into which the Fleetis organized."

Folder 3

ca.1929 Typescript, "Port-au-Prince": Russell's 92-page draft, with penciled marginalia.

Folder 4

ca.1934 Speech script, Russell's address to new Marine Corps Officers; 13 pages.

Folder 5

ca.1935 Typescript, "Why We Went to Haiti" by Major General CommandantJohn H.

Russell, as told to Captain Charles P. Williamson: expresses pride in our ef-forts, pessimistic outlook for stable democratic goverement; rough draft withpenciled annotations; 19 pages..

Folder 6 Five undated manuscripts by General Russell, probably drafted in the late 1930's(facsimile copies).

"A Marine Looks Back on Haiti." 70 pages; two copies."A History of Haiti." 65 pages, plus four final pages obtained inJuly 1949 fromRussell's daughter, Mrs. Charles H. Marshall; two copies."A Laboratory of Government." 39 pages; two copies."U.S. Navy at Haiti— 1915." eight pages; two copies."Revolutions." four pages; two copies.

Folder 7 Spiral-bound notebook containing General Russell's columns from the San DiegoUnion, April 1937-October 1938.

18 Apr1937 "Why U.S. Navy Must Be Kept Equal To Any."25 Apr1937 "Navy's Defense Problems Are Fast Changing."2May1937 "Navy Travels On Stomach; Supply Vessels Important."9 May1937 "Strategic Bases Held As Vital As Ships."16 May1937 "Marine Corps Praised As Fighting Ships' Aid."23 May1937 "Navy's Peacetime Duties Take Fleet To Far Waters."

35

30 May1937 "What the Day Means to Americans." (Decoration Day)6 Jun1937 "Rebuilding of Merchat [sic] Marine One of Outstanding Problems Of U.S."13 Jun1937 "New Battleship Types Are Evolving; Main Battery May Be Amidships."20 Jun1937 "Britain's Larger Asia Fleet Means New Base Is Ready."27 Jun1937 "Drydocks for South Coast Urged by Maj Gen. Russell."4 Jul1937 "Navy Studying Efficacy of Planes on Battleships."13 Jul1937 "Little Chance for Amelia to Make Land if Down At Sea."18 Jul1937 "Plane Carrier Vulnerable but Powerful on Offensive."25 Jul1937 "U.S. Not Lagging in Navy Building; Fleets Compared."1 Aug1937 "Naval Officials Divided Over Use of Dirigibles."8 Aug1937 "Northern China Fulfills Japan's Colonizing Needs;"15 Aug1937 "Small Manchoukuo Navy Foreseen as Aid to Japan."22 Aug1937 "Marines' Need for Transports Disclosed by China Emergency."29 Aug1937 "Patriotism Said China's Chief Need; Japan Well Prepared for Campaign."5 Sep1937 "Danger to United States Is Pointed in Canceling Naval Equity Policy."12 Sep1937 "Japan Fast Gaining Power to Shut 'Open Door' on Other Nations."

19 Sep

1937 "Mediterranean Control Is Italy's Aim; 'Piracy' Patrol Seen as Set-Back."

26 Sep1937 "Anglo-Italian Relationships Again Tense as Foreign Warships Patrol Italy."3Oct1937 "Nations See Fast Motorboat Fleet as New Element in Naval Power."10 Oct1937 "Events Forcing U.S. to Increase Warship Tonnage" (accompanied by Associat-

ed Press Story).Ca.

1937 "Great Powers Building 25 Capital Ships."17 Oct1937 "Psychological Hour Spurs Japanese to 'Sacred Duty."24 Oct1937 "Naval Equality Essential for Security, Says Russell."31 Oct1937 "U.S. Must Spend Money to Gird for Peace Fight."7 Nov1937 "Anti-Aircraft Ships Seen New in Navy Defense."

36

14 Nov1937 "Larger U.S. Naval Reserve Urged to Prepare for War."21 Nov1937 "Navy Must Be Maintained on War Basis, Says Russell."28 Nov1937 "Russell Sees Orient Peace by Chinese New Year's Day."5 Dec1937 "Bureau System Favored for U.S. Naval Set-Up."12 Dec1937 "Stronger Japan Predicted After Conquest of China."19 Dec1937 "Arming of Merchant Ships Poses International Riddle."26 Dec1937 "Japanese Move Toward Canton; Britain Affected."2Jan1938 "Sinking of Panay To Cost Japan Loss of Supremacy."9Jan1938 "Speedy Tankers' Need of Navies in Distant Waters."16 Jan1938 "Netherlands Fears Japanese Attack on East Indies." [Incomplete].23 Jan1938 "Gen Russell Sees Singapore Cruise of Three U.S. Warships as Historic Move."30 Jan1938 "Days of Honorable Declaration of War Are Gone, Says General."6 Feb1938 [San Diego Union editorial] "On Naval Defense."6 Feb1938 "Complete Naval Program Before Making Any Mote Treaties, General Urges

Congress."13 Feb

1938 "U.S. Must Play Winning Game—Build Navy Second to None, General Rus-

sell Declares."20 Feb1938 "Battleships Vulnerable, But Necessary."27 Feb1938 "Nation's 'Defense' Must Protect Its Citizens Abroad, Says Russell."6Mar1938 "Most Probable Enemy' Spurs Navy Building."l3Mar1938 "Coast Drydocks Needed to Care for New Ships."20 Mar1938 "Japan Faces Momentous Decision."27 Mar1938 "Foreign Powers Outstrip U.S. in Naval Race."3 Apr1938 "Coast Cities Must Be Armed for Air Raids, Says Russell."10 Apr1938 "Destroyer Built Larger, May Soon Become Cruiser."17 Apr1938 "Probability Slight for Race in Mammoth Battleships."

37

24 Apr1938 "General Russell Says: Italy, Great Britain Both Obtain Concessions in Recent

Agreement."1 May1938 "Defense: Fortified Guam Important, Says General Russell."8 May1938 "Defense Against Air Raids Needs Unison of Factors." [Incomplete].15 May1938 "Czechoslovakia Seems Doomed; Germany Expected to Gain Objective, Says

General Russell."22 May1938 "Naval Annual Ranks U.S. Higher than Britain's; New Tactics Detailed."29 May1938 "China's Forces Seem Doomed as Japanese Armies Move."5Jun1938 "Naval Powers' Opinions Differ on Cruiser Size, Armament."12 Jun1938 "General Russell Tells Why Fleet Drill Grounds Changed."19 Jun1938 "Providence Blocks War."26 Jun1938 "World Peace Dependent on Oil Supply."3 Jul1938 "Germany, Italy Bluffing, But Fight if Cornered, in Opinion of General Russell."10 Jul1938 "'Lone Wolf Most Dangerous Spy, Says General Russell."17 Jul1938 "Air Flagship May Carry Admiral in Next Sea Battle, Says Russell."24 Jul1938 "International Law Revision Needed for Navy Airplanes."31 Jul1938 "Aid to Chiang Kai-shek Seen as Russia Takes Firmer Stand Against Japanese

Demands."7 Aug1938 "Russell Sees Danger in 'Battleship Poker"14 Aug1938 "Far Eastern Spotlight Is Moved to Changkufeng, But No Real' War Foreseen

By Gen Russell."21 Aug1938 "Germany Develops Basque Area; Threat to France Seen in Move."28 Aug1938 "More Drydocks Needed by Navy."4 Sep1938 "Must Protect 'Life Lines."11 Sep1938 "Grand Fleets On Way Out."

17 Sep

1938 "Rome-Berlin Axis Shaky, Says Russell."

18 Sep

1938 "Spanish Loyalists Due to Fall Soon, Says General Russell."28 Sep1938 "Nation's Alignment Like 1914; Strategical Problems Are Different."

38

2 Oct1938 "Roman Sea Power Rises Again; Air Base at Cueta Is Threat Against Gibraltar."9 Oct1938 "Duce In Game? Didn't Mobilize" [Incomplete] [Accompanied by Associated

Press sidebar comparing national forces and newspaper map of Europe.]16 Oct1938 "Spread of Dictatorship Over Europe Seen as British, French Attitudes Change."

Folder 8 General Russell's San Diego Union columns: January-June 1940

28 Jan1940 "War Clouds Over Black Sea Presage Russ-Turk Tangle."24 Mar1940 "Week of Peace Spurs War; More Air Activity Foreseen."30 Mar1940 "Life of Britain Depends on Struggle in Atlantic."

.31 Mar1940 "Hitler Does Own Encircling to Extend German Empire."7 Apr1940 "Allies Intensifying Economic Warfare Against Germany."14 Apr1940 "German, British Air Forces Face Genuine Test of Power."21 Apr1940 "Hitler's Success in Norway Seen as Incentive to Duce."28 Apr1940 "War Misinformation Sifted; Next Hitler Coup in Sweden."19 May1940 "Invasion of Britain 'Unlikely' Despite German Advantage."26 May1940 "Allied Leaders Awakened to Need of Offensive Policy."9 Jun1940 "Loss of Arms in Flanders Trap Delays British Aid."16 Jun1940 "U.S. Aid May Turn War Tide, If Britain Faces Lone Stand."23 Jun1940 "Nazi Plans Against Britain Weighed; Russia Still A Factor."30 Jun1940 "Attack, Defense Aims Cited as Battle of Britain Nears."

Folder 9 General Russell's San Diego Union columns: July-December 1940

7 Jul1940 "Tradition Steels British Arm; Nazi Softening Task Hard One."14 Jul1940 "Britain Holds Hitler at Bay as French liberty A Memory."21 Jul1940 "Destruction Threat Result of Hitler's Frustration."11 Aug1940 "Weather May Change Map as Britain Balks Invasion."18 Aug1940 "British Ability in Night Raids Seen Vital in War Balance."

39

25 Aug1940 "Near East May Be Aflame When Winter Plans Mature."1 Sep1940 "Britain Is Growing Stronger Daily, Says Gen Russell."8 Sep1940 "'Swap Aids U.S., Britain' as Jap Aggression Hindered." [Incomplete]15 Sep1940 "Nazis, Aiming at Sea Mastery Still Must Conquer in Air."22 Sep1940 "Storms Aid Britain as Nazis Lose First Phase of Battle."29 Sep1940 "Axis Widens to Sever Empire; Hitler Uses Japan as Wedge."

6 Oct1940 "Japan Pact Seen as Result of Nazis' Invasion Failure."3 Nov1940 "Planes Seen Deciding Factor in Mediterranean Conflict."10 Nov1940 "Gibraltar Grab Is Nazi Goal; Spain Bases Seen Available."17 Nov1940 "Hitler Looks For Russ Aid as Winter Bogs Campaign."24 Nov1940 "Greece Faces Nazi Invasion; Stalin Delays Real Decision."1 Dec1940 "Britain 'Not Gravely Hurt;' Axis Strength Seen Waning."8 Dec

1940 "Britain Bears Down on Italy But Perils Own Life Line."29 Dec1940 "Britain Balks Italian Navy While Facing Home Blockade."

Folder 10 General Russell's San Diego Union columns: January-June 1941

26 Jan1941 "Behind Scene Developments in War Significant for U.S."16 Feb1941 "Quick Nazi War Move Seen to Rescue Italian Partners."23 Fe&1941 "Nazi Subs, Planes Increased as Invasion Attempt Near."2 Mar1941 "Sea Campaign Seen as Final Deciding Factor of Victory."30 Mar1941 "Effective Aid to Britain May Bring U.S. into War."6 Apr1941 "Nazi Naval Theory, Periling British Lifeline, Dooms Japan."20 Apr1941 "Japan's 'Peaceful' Attitude Seen Inspired by Hitler."27 Apr1941 "British Mediterranean Fleet Still Tough Nut to Crack."4 May1941 "Loss of Mediterranean May Strengthen England."18 May1941 "Hess Hop Not Hottest News of War, Says Commentator."

40

25 May1941 "Germany's Assault on Crete 'Result Of Careful Planning.1 Jun1941 "Portuguese Island Offers British Real Opportunity."15 Jun1941 "Inglewood Strike Victory Offered Defense Plan Hopes."22 Jun1941 "Hitler's Next Move Awaited; Major Offensive Expected."29 Jun1941 "Hitler, Stalin Learn Errors in Pact; Britain to Benefit."

Folder 11 General Russell's San Diego Union columns: July-December 1941

6Ju11941 "War's Turn Aids Baltic States as Collapse Threatens Russia."13 Jul1941 "Commercial Ships Gather in Home Port for Attack."20 Jul1941 "Russia Provides 'Incident' to Justify War Declaration."27 Jul1941 "Forest Fire of War' Perils Additional Nations Daily."3 Aug1941 "Smoke Screen' Fails to Hide Information on War's Trend."10 Aug1941 "Russia Feels Nazi Onslaught Despite British Feint to Aid."17 Aug1941 "Japan's Asiatic Conquest Called Menace to America."24 Aug1941 "U.S. Showdown with Japan Expected Over Aid To Russia."31 Aug1941 "Occupation of Iran Seen as Justified by Necessity."7 Sep1941 "Britain Can Take Offensive in East, But Not in Europe."14 Sep1941 "Winter Expected to Halt Hitler's Campaign in North."21 Sep1941 "German Air Power to Test Soviet Fleet in Black Sea."28 Sep1941 "Time for U.S. to Wake Up.to War Facts, Says General."SOct1941 "Churchill Statement Recalls Chance to Conquer Britain."12 Oct1941 "Chance for America to Hit Japan Seen by Observer."19 Oct1941 "U.S. Must Run in High Gear, Says Gen. Russell."26 Oct1941 "Russian Stand at Moscow May Decide World Puzzles."2 Nov1941 "Opportunity Knocks For U.S. to Upset Axis in Pacific."9 Nov1941 "Japan Staffing Desperately Pending Red-Nazi Decision."

41

16 Nov1941 "Impasse in Far East as War Depends On Tokyo Actions."23 Nov1941 ''Gross Stupidity' of Strikers Seen Periling U.S. in Crisis."30 Nov1941 'Japan Waits for Nazi Score But Russians Take Ball."7 Dec1941 "Japan Air Service Extension to Timor New Pacific Threat."14 Dec1941 "U.S. Fleet Seen as Still Superior to Japan's Forces."21 Dec1941 "Singapore Goal of Japanese as War In East Develops."28 Dec1941 "Air Carriers Seen as Possible Nucleus of Future Fleets."

ManuscriptBox 4

Folder 12 General Russell's San Diego Union columns: January-June 1942

25 Jan1942 "Allies Will Strike Final Blow at Axis on Continent."1 Feb1942 "Tokyo Moves for Domination of Major Far East Bases."15 Feb1942 "Expert Surprised at Speed of Jap Success in Singapore."22 Feb1942 "Air Control in Pacific Needed to Turn Tide Against Japs."iMar1942 "Dutch Indies, Philippines Gaining Time for Allies."8 Mar1942 "Japs Face Difficult Problem in Protecting Broad Front."15 Mar1942 "Japan's Fleet Vulnerable, Military Expert Reasons."22 Mar1942 "American Troops in Australia Offer Serious Threat to Japs."5 Apr1942 "Critical War Period Seen though Few Realize It."12 Apr1942 "Need for Oil May Send Hitler Spring Drive South."19 Apr1942 "Plane Carrier's Day Here; Great Help to Fleet."25Apr1942 'Writer Lists Ramifications of U.S. Fighting War in Southwest Pacific."26 Apr1942 "Red-Nazi Campaign of 1942 To Be Settled in Far North."3 May1942 "Balloon Empire of Japanese Seen as Easily Punctured."lOMay1942 "Fight Now On in Earnest for Lines of Communication."17 May1942 "Nipponese Move to North Lets U.S. Gain Strength."

42

24 May1942 "Fight for Russia's Oil Depends on Nazi Planes."31 May1942 "Shipbuilding Speed-Up to Curb U-Boat Activities."7 Jun1942 "Midway, Dutch Harbor Raids May Presage Major Attack."14 Jun1942 "Battle of Midway Marks New Era in Navy Warfare."

Folder 13 General Russell's San Diego Union columns: July-December 1942

12 Jul1942 "Better to Have Saved Tobruk than Hit Bremen? British Ask."19 Jul1942 "Nazis Seeking to Destroy Russia by Strangulation."2 Aug1942 "Nazi Drive On in Russia with 11 Fresh Divisions."9 Aug1942 "Straggering Blow by Germans Can Be Expected Momentarily."16 Aug1942 "Solomon Islands Actions Set Pace for U.S. Attacks."23 Aug1942 "Red Counter-Attacks Show Nazis Far from 1942 Goal."30 Aug1942 "Success of Stalingrad Drive Held Vital to German Plan."13 Sep1942 "Stalingrad Siege Stands Out as Pivotal Point in War."27 Sep1942 "Stand at Stalingrad Saves Red Forces for Spring Blitz."18 Oct1942 "Critic Takes Hopeful View of South Pacific Struggle." [Note: Foul copy notes

included with this column].25 Oct1942 "Battle For Solomon Islands Held Struggle for Oil, Destiny ofJapanese Empire."1 Nov1942 "Up to U.S. Navy Now to Win Solomons Battle from Japs."6 Dec1942 "Crucial 1943 to Provide Challenge on Home Front."20 Dec1942 "Ways Considered to StrikeJapanese Base at Truk, Stronghold for Foe's Fleet."27 Dec1942 "Japs to Strike at Russia; Germans to Hit Turkey; New U.S. Carriers To Be Felt."

Folder 14 General Russell's San Diego Union columns: January-June 1943

3 Jan1943 "Rainbows of Early War Ending Don't Lead to Victory Over Axis General Wars."17 Jan1943 "Failure to Value Fleet Air Power Right StartsJapan's Gamble Toward Collapse."

24Jan1943 "Credit Given Russia for Big Change in War But Allies Still Face Much Hard

Fighting."

43

31 Jan1943 "Direct Attack on Japan to Lure Fleet Out Favored by Critic Reviewing War

Plans."7 Feb1943 "Long, Hard Fight Looms in War of Pacific, Declares Gen. Russell; Must Crush

Jap Navy."14 Feb1943 "Great Russian Drive Kept Going So Fast Allies May Not Be Able To Keep Pace."18 Apr1943 "MacArthur Warning of Foe's Plan to Gain Air Control Viewed as 'Most Dis-

quieting."2 May1943 "Allied Outlook in 1943 Hinges on Ability of Russia, China to Stave Off Axis

Armies."9 May1943 "Plenty of Action in Pacffic Area Predicted as Crisis Grows Near in China's

Struggle."16 May1943 "Sweeping Axis from Mediterranean Considered Next Likely Step for Allies."23 May1943 "Cannot Stand Delays in Nation's War Work, Says Gen. Russell, Surveying Sit-

uation."30 May1943 "Invasion of Spain by Axis Held Unlikely by Analyst."27 Jun1943 "Direct Move Across Ocean to Strikejapan Made More Likely by Fleet's Growth."

Folder 15 General Russell's San Diego Union columns: July-December 1943

11 Jul

1943 "Surprise Blow by Nazi Armies Held Likely; Jap Fleet Awaits U.S. Attack onMainland."

18 Jul1943 "Axis Weakness [sic] Signs Seen as Allies Strike in Sicily, Aim Blow at Northern

Italy."25 Jul1943 "Carriers Able Soon to Force Out Jap Fleet, Giving U.S. Planes A Chance to

Rip It Up."1 Aug1943 "Joining Allies to Bring Peace by Ousting Germans Held Only Solution for 'Oc-

cupied' Italy."22 Aug1943 "Craven Desertion of Italy Overshadows Masterly Withdrawal of German Forces."29 Aug1943 "Direct Attack on Japan Favored by Expert, Viewing Possible Steps Taken at

Quebec."5 Sep1943 "Mote Nazi Troops Diverted to Police Work as Allied Gains Spur Revolts in

Europe."12 Sep1943 "Allied Campaign to Free Greece Predicted as Invasion of Italy Gives Position

to Aid."

44

19 Sep1943 "Allies May Soon Have Finished Italy Task; Early Liberation of Greece Held

Likely."26 Sep1943 "Allies Preparing to Start Two Campaigns Against Japs; Mountbatten, M'Ar-

thur Set."3Oct1943 "Nazis Evidently Plan Fight for Satellites While Trying to Spread Tricky

Propaganda."10 Oct1943 "Hard Naval Blow at Japan Seen as Likely While Allied Armies Hammer Foe

in South."24 Oct1943 "Balkans Seen as Weak Point in Nazi Armor as Allied Squeeze on Satellites De-

velops."31 Oct1943 "Predicament of German Forces in Russia, Silence on Burma Drive Outstand-

ing Puzzles."21 Nov1943 "Great Drive AgainstJapan About to Start; Gilbert, Marshall Raids May Be First

Stop."28 Nov1943 "Allies May Bypass Truk, Force Jap Fleet to Fight by Cutting Tokyo-Guam

Lifeline."5 Dec1943 "Time Vital in Keeping New Pacific Drive Rolling; Jaluit, Mili Possible Ob-

jectives."12 Dec1943 "Attack on Japan's Homeland Held Likely as Way to Bring Nippon Fleet into

Open."19 Dec1943 "Noose Tightening Slowly but Surely on Axis, But Many Hard Struggles Seem

Likely."26 Dec1943 "Growing U.S. Naval Power Held Enough to Aim atJap Homeland, Draw Out

Fleet."

Folder 16 General Russell's San Diego Union columns: January-June 1944

2 Jan1944 "Much Time Needed for Preparing Attacks, Says Gen Russell, Viewing War

Problems."16 Jan1944 "Length of War Likely to be Indicated Soon; U.S. Must Prepare For Protracted

Struggle."23 Jan1944 "Early West Europe Invasion Held Unlikely Due to Many Training, Supply

Problems."30 Jan1944 "Faster Tempo of Pacific War Seen as Likely; Two Schools of Thought Differ

as to Plans."

45

13 Feb1944 "Direct Route to Japan Advanced as Best; Might Lead to Her Complete Collapse."20 Feb1944 "Bombing of Benedictine Monastery Eases Pressure on Cassino; Advances Ex-

pected."2 Apr1944 "Expert Doubts China Best Springboard for Allied Air, Land Attacks on Japan."9 Apr1944 "Carrier-Borne Planes May Force Jap Fleet from Hiding by Attack Near Sacred

Isles."16 Apr1944 "Russian Attempt to March to Berlin Now Weighed Against Logical Wait for

Allies."23 Apr1944 "Direct Sea-Air Blow atJapanese Homeland Logical Strategy; Enemy Defenses

Weak."30 Apr1944 "German Strength Remains as Great Question as Allies Prepare for Three-Sided

Attack."7 May1944 "Allies May Delay Invasion to Crush Morale; Direct Attack Favored to Relieve

China."14 May1944 "Possibility that Japan Will Quit First Seen as Developments Alter Early War

Ideas."11 Jun1944 "Allies Solid Successes Speak Volumes for American Leaders."

Folder 17 General Russell's San Diego Union columns: July-December 1944

20 Aug1944 "Blows at Heart of Japan Viewed as Proper Strategy for Victory."27 Aug1944 "Allies Rapidly Approach German Inner Lines in Sharp Offensive."17 Sep1944 "Rapid Progress on Western Front Prelude to Artillery, Air Drive."24 Sep1944 "Allies Forge Ahead in Europe, Make Good Score Against Japs."1 Oct1944 "Japs Try Hard to Strengthen Their Inner Defense Systems as Allies Close In."g Oct1944 "Allies Temporarily Slowed Down on Western Front; Much Hard Fighting Ahead

in Pacific.15 Oct1944 "Air Attacks on Formosa Prelude to Drive Against Jap Positions in Southern

China."29 Oct1944 "Naval Leaders' Skill Demonstrated Again in Pacific Victories.19 Nov1944 "Fight Against Time Well Started along All European Battle Fronts."

46

26 Nov1944 "Allied Try for Quick Decision on Western Front Gathers Speed."3Dec1944 "Germany's Defenses Softened."10 Dec1944 "Simultaneous Efforts by Allies Necessary to Defeat Germans."24 Dec1944 "All America Waits Results of Furious West-Front Battles."

Folder 18 General Russell's San Diego Union columns: January-June 1945

7Jan1945 "Nazi Lines Pounded by Allies,"28 Jan1945 "Germany Squeezed by Allies."4 Feb1945 "Russians' Big Drive Unchecked."

11 Feb

1945 "U.S. Navy Victories Paying Off."4 Mar

1945 "Successes Continue for Allies."

11 Mar

1945 "Germany Hard Hit at Rhine."

18 Mar

1945 "Japan's Homeland Periled."

25 Mar

1945 "All-Front Victories Reported."

1 Apr

1945 "Germany's Resistance Weakens."

22 Apr

1945 "European War Goals In Sight."

29 Apr

1945 "U.S. Faces Hard Task in Pacific."20 May1945 "Net Closes Near Jap Homeland."

27 May1945 "Terrific U.S. Power Spells Sure Defeat For Hemmed-In Japs."10 Jun1945 "Intensity of Fighting Grows as U.S. Forces Near Jap Homeland."

17 Jun

1945 "Japs Face Squeeze in Final Push."

24 Jun

1945 "Japs Take Terrific Beatings."

Folder 19 General Russell's San Diego Union columns: July-December 1945

1 Jul1945 "Allies Drawing Noose Around Jap Homeland by Bombing, Blockade."8 Jul1945 "Direct Jab at Japan Foreseen."5 Aug1945 "Japanese Face Hard Question."

47

7 Aug1945 "Victory At Guadalcanal Pictured as Outstanding in Naval History."12 Aug1945 "Atomizer' Hastens War's End."19 Aug1945 "MacArthur Faces Big Problems."26 Aug1945 "Japanese Set for Surrender."2 Sep1945 "Surrender End Japs' Aggression."9 Sep1945 "MacArthur to Tame Japanese."30 Sep1945 "Objectives in Japan Clarified."11 Nov1945 "Military Merger Discussed."2 Dec1945 "Military Efficiency Necessary."9 Dec1945 "Submarine Becomes Flagship."16 Dec1945 "Russians' Espionage Deplored."23 Dcc1945 "Situation In China Clearing."30 Dec1945 "Marshall Faces Hard Problems."

Folder 20 General Russell's San Diego Union columns: January-June 1946

3 Feb1946 "National Security Paramount."24 Mar1946 "Russians Gambling to Expand"; two copies.14 Apr1946 "World Has Plenty of Troubles."21 Apr1946 "Merger of Forces Opposed"; two copies.28 Apr1946 "U.S. Naval Readiness Advocated."12 May1946 "New War Strategy Discussed."19 May1946 "Land-Sea Operations Win Praise."2 Jun1946 "Security Rests On Discipline."9 Jun1946 "Readiness Viewed as Paramount."16 Jun1946 "Navy Plan Favored in Merger."

48

Folder 21 General Russell's San Diego Union columns: July-December 1946

7 Jul1946 "Sea Power Retains Supremacy."14 Jul1946 "Russians Re-Making Europe."21 Jul1946 "Undersea Atom Test Arranged."28 Jul1946 "Harmony Needed in Services."4 Aug1946 "Marines' Ambush Untimely."11 Aug1946 "Russian Delegate Stubborn."18 Aug1946 "European Interests Conflict."25 Aug1946 "Sea Power Credited with Playing Major Role in Pacific War."1 Sep1946 "Trouble Fomented by Trade."8 Sep1946 "Polities of World Frenzied."15 Sep1946 "Russians Grabbing at Empire."22 Sep1946 "Strength Salvation for U.S."29 Sep1946 "Stalin's Responses Evasive"; two copies.6 Oct1946 "U.S. Navy Guardian of Peace."8Oct1946 (Same column as above, published in the Elgin, Illinois Daily Courier-News un-

der headline: "U.S. Navy Now Engaged in Preservation of Peace; Without ItThere Might Be World Chaos.")

13 Oct1946 "Military Merger Opposed"; two copies.2 Oct1946 "Reds Aim at World Commerce"; two copies.27 Oct1946 "Political Turmoil in Offing"; two copies.2 Nov1946 "Maritime Strike Hits Sea Power"; two copies.10 Nov1946 "Isolation of Russia Censured"; two copies.17 Nov1946 "Disarming Viewed as Untimely"; two copies.24 Nov1946 "Situation in Greece Disturbing"; two copies.1 Dec1946 "Fighting Strength Essential"; two copies.8 Dec1946 "Retention of Arms Advocated"; two copies.

49

15 Dec

1946 "Pathway to Peace Perilous"; two copies.22 Dec1946 "Disarming Measure Untimely"; two copies.29 Dec1946 "High School Age Training Urged for Preparedness"; two cOpies.

Folder 22 General Russell's San Diego Union columns: January-March 1947 and miscellany

5 Jan1947 "Russians' Good Faith in Doubt"; two copies.12 Jan1947 "National Security Stressed."19 Jan1947 "Merging of Forces Discussed"; two copies.

26 Jan

1947 "Merging Viewed as Perilous"; two copies.2Feb1947 "U.S. Fighting Force Increase Urged until World Peace Assured"; two copies.9 Feb

1947 "Situation in China Perilous."16 Feb

1947 "Increase of Arms Advocated"; two copies.23 Feb

1947 "Plain Talk to Russia Promised"; two copies.2 Mar

1947 "U.S. Arms Decline Deplored."9 Mar

1947 "Destiny of World at Stake" [published posthumously.ca.Fall 1945 "National Defense Discussed."ca.

Spring1946 "Alertness Big Factor in Peace."ca.Summer1946 "King Tells How Navy Beat Japs."ca.Fall 1946 "Atombomb's Safeguard Unavailing."ca.1941-46 Undated fragment of newspaper clippings.

Folder 23 Miscellany

ca.1949 Correspondence relating to original donation of Russell manuscripts.

OversizeBox 1 Personal Documents

6 Mar1885 Diploma of Membership: Commodore John H. Russell, U.S. Navy; Compan-

Sn

ion of the First Class of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the UnitedStates; signed by Wm. T. Hancock, Commander-in-Chief.

3 Jun1892 Certificate of Completion: Naval Cadet John H. Russell, Jr.; completion of

prescribed course of academic study at U.S. Naval Academy.30 Jun1894 Certificate of Graduation: Naval CadetJohn H. Russell, Jr.; completion of train-

ing at U.S. Naval Academy.18 Jul1894 Commission: John H. Russell, Jr. appointed Second Lieutenant in the Marine

Corps; signed by President Grover Cleveland.14 Nov1898 Commission: John H. Russell, Jr. appointed First Lieutenant in the Marine Corps;

signed by President William McKinley.28 Mar

1892 Commission: John H. Russell, Jr. appointed Captain in the Marine Corps; signedby President William McKinley.

6 Jul1906 Commission: John H. Russell, Jr. appointed Major in the Marine Corps; signed

by President Theodore Roosevelt.3Oct1917 Commission:John H. Russell,Jr. appointed Colonel in the Marine Corps; sub-

ject to examination as required by law; signed by President Woodrow Wilson.2 May1918 Commission: John H. Russell, Jr. appointed Colonel in the Marine Corps; signed

by President Woodrow Wilson.20 Jan1922 Commission: John H. Russell, Jr. appointed Brigadier General in the Marine

Corps; signed by President Warren H. Harding.13 Sep1933 Commission: John H. Russell, Jr. appointed Major General (Temporary) in the

Marine Corps; signed by H. L. Roosevelt, Acting Secretary of the Navy.9 Feb1934 Commission: John H. Russell, Jr. appointed Major General (Temporary) in the

Marine Corps; signed by H. L. Roosevelt, Acting Secretary of the Navy, withletter of transmittal.

17 Sep1934 Commission: John H. Russell, Jr. appointed Major General in the Marine Corps;

signed by Claude A. Swanson, Secretary of the Navy.7 Mar1935 Commission: John H. Russell, Jr. appointed Major General in the Marine Corps;

signed by Claude A. Swanson, Secretary of the Navy.21 Jan1929 Treaty fixing border between Haiti and the Dominican Republic (untranslated

French).

51

Appendix ICHRONOLOGY

1872 14 Nov Born: Mare Island, California.1888 18 May Entered U.S. Naval Academy.1892 3 Jun Completed Naval Academy academic program; commenced two-year

naval cadet cruise in USS New York.1894 30 Jun Graduated from Naval Academy.

1 Jul Commissioned second lieutenant, U.S. Marine Corps. Assigned toSchool of Application, Marine Barracks, Washington.

1895 14 May Graduated from School of Application. Remained at Marine Bar-racks, Washington, to teach noncommissioned officer class.

1896 1 Jun Assigned to USS Massachusetts, in North Atlantic Squadron.1898 10 Oct Assigned to Marine Barracks, Washington, with brief tours at

Philadelphia, Norfolk, and Washington Navy Yards.14 Nov Promoted to first lieutenant.

1899 Embarked in USS Yosemite to form provisional battalion.28 Mar Promoted to captain.7 Aug Arrived in Yosemite at Guam, to establish garrison.1 Dec Departed Guam, en route Washington via Philippines, Japan.

1900 Assigned as Officer-in-Charge, School of Application, Marine Bar-racks, Washington.

1901 12 Jun Married Mabel Howard.1902 Assigned to Naval Station, Mare Island, California.

Sep Assigned to USS Oregon until March 1904.1904 20 May Assigned as Officer-in-Charge, School of Application, Marine Bar-

racks, Annapolis.1906 6 Jun Promoted to major.

23 Aug Assigned to command Marine Barracks, Naval Station, Hawaii.1907 13 Jul Assigned as Commander, Marine Detachment, Camp Elliott, Isth-

mian Canal Zone, Panama.1908 26 Jul Departed Panama for treatment at Naval Hospital, New York.

26 Sep Assigned to staff, U.S. Naval War College.1910 4 Nov Assigned to command American Legation Guard, Peking, China.1913 22 Jul Assigned to Office of Naval Intelligence, Washington.1914 Detached to Philadelphia to organize and command battalion for

service in Mexico.13 Apr Landed with 2d Battalion, 3d Regiment, at Vera Cruz, Mexico.21 Sep Took interim command of 3d Regiment.15 Oct Resumed battalion command.5 Dec Marine withdrawal from Mexico; Major Russell returned to normal

duty with Office of Naval Intelligence.1916 29 Aug Promoted to lieutenant colonel.1917 21 Mar Commanded 3d Provisional Regiment at Santo Domingo, Domini-

can Republic until 8 April 1917.5 May Commanded 4th Regiment at Santiago de los Caballeros, Domini-

can Republic until 2 November 1917.

53

3 Oct Promoted to colonel.3 Nov Commanded 1st Provisional Marine Brigade in Haiti until 1 Decem-

ber 1918.1919 Jan Assigned to Planning Section, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps.

1 Oct Commanded 1st Marine Brigade in Haiti until Ca. 15 March 1922.1920 15 Jan Awarded Haitian Medaille Militaire by President Dartiguenave.

1 Nov Awarded Navy Cross for distinguished service with 1st ProvisionalBrigade in Haiti.

1922 20 Jan Promoted to brigadier general.11 Feb Appointed American High Commissioner to Haiti and Ambassador

Extraordinary by President.Harding, serving until 12 November 1930.1930 17 Dec Awarded Navy Distinguished Service Medal for service as American

High Commissioner to Haiti.23 Dec Assigned to command Marine Corps Base, San Diego, California.

1931 1 Dec Commanded Marine Corps Base, Quantico, Virginia, until 29Janu-ary 1933.

1933 1 Feb Assigned to Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps as Assistant to theMajor General Commandant.

16 Sep Promoted to major general.1934 20 Feb Nominated by President Roosevelt to become Commandant.

1 Mar Appointed Major General Commandant upon retirement of MajorGeneral Fuller.

1 Dec Retired from active duty having reached compulsory age of 64.1937 8 Apr Engaged as military analyst by Copley newspaper syndicate.1947 6 Mar Died of heart attack in Coronado Hospital, California.

17 Mar Interred at .Arlington National Cemetary.

54

Appendix IIDECORATIONS AND AWARDS

Navy Cross 1918 HaitiDistinguished Service Medal-Navy 1922-30 HaitiWest Indies Medal (Sampson Medal) 1898 USS MassachusettsSpanish Campaign Medal 1898 USS MassachusettsExpeditionary Medal 1908 Panama

w/bronze star 1911 ChinawI bronze star 1917 Dominican Republicw/bronze star 1921 Haiti

WW II Victory Medal, West Indies Clasp 1917-18 HaitiMedaille Militaire (Republic of Haiti) 1920 Haiti

55

INDEX

Abbey, Glen, 25Argonne, 15Arthur, LtCol John M., 8

Baker, F. C., 23Baker, Secretary of War Newton D., 6Barnett, 2dLt George, 12; MajGen Commandant, 20Bataille, Charleus, 20Batraville, Benoit, 15Benoit, General, 19Bernadot, Auguste, 19Bien-Aime, Gen Estavien, 20Bivins, Percy A., 8Bloth, Navy Judge Advoate General C. C., 9Borno, President Louis, 6-7, 18-19, 23, 29Browder, Earl, 8Buell, R. L., 32Burroughs, C. A., 15Butler, BGen Smedley D., 8-9, 25Butler, Capt Charles S., 26Butterman, M., 25

Caidwell, Congressman Millard, 8Canfield, J. Gordon, 9Caperton, RAdm William, 12Carson, Right Reverend H. R., 32Carter, Boake, 7Caserne Dartiguenave, 23Castle, W. D., 17Cham, Secretary of Interior Osmin, 18Chevallier, Andre F., 18Cimarron, 10Cleveland, President Grover, 51Cooke, F. H., 24Cox, LCdr Theodore E., 17Cox, Pharmacist's Mate 3d Class Marsee Arthur, 13Coyle, Col Randoph, 30Cukela, Capt Louis, 7Cumberland, Dr. W. W., 14, 23, 26, 32

Dartiguenave, Barnave, 14Dartiguenave, President Sudre, 6, 17-18, 21Davis, H. P., 22-23, 26Denby, Secretary of the Navy Edwin, 15Dubuisson, Gen Riphin, 19Dunn, W. E., 31

Eager, Auville, 25Ek, Carl, 8Estinville, Stenovil, 13

Farragut, Flag Officer David, 10Feland, BGen Logan, 25Fils, Papillon, 20Finn, Thomas F., 8

57

Fleischmann, Julius, 28, 31Forbes, W. Cameron, 33Forbes Commission, 33Francois, Marius, 20Fuller, Naval Cadet Ben H., 12, MajGen Commandant, 7

Gambrill, Congressjsan Stephen W., 23Garde d'Haiti, 24"Gelico," 33Gendarmerie dHaiti, 6, 13-14, 16, 21Guam, 5Guilbaud, Envoy Tertullian, 18

Halsema, Reverend E. van, 8Hanneken, Capt Herman, 13Hardie, 2dLt James B., 14Harding, Harrison, 6Harding, President Warren G., 5, 51Harlan, W. D., 27Harllee, Col William C., 17Heywood, Col Commandant Charles, 5"History of the Fleet Marine Force," 34Hooker, Col Richard S., 13, 19, 21Hoster, William, 30-31Howard, Charles, 25Howell, Homer L., 13Hughes, Secretary of State Charles Evans, 6"Hymne du Centenaire ...," 33

USS Iroquois, 11

Jackson, Col Gilder D., Jr., 7Joseph, Gen Aspelly, 19Joseph, Leois, 20Joseph, Sinlma ("Pichoute"), 19Judah, Ambassador Noble Brandon, 25

Kellog, Secretary of State Frank B., 6, 32Kennebeck, 10-11Kiess, Congressman Edgar R., 25King, Senator W. H., 23Knapp, 21Knapp, Adm H. S., 14, 21Knighton, Capt Joseph W., 23Knox, Capt Dudley W., 28Knutson, Congressman Harold, 23Kuser, J. Dryden, 35

Lacroix, Gen Ceius, 20Lacroix, Madame Casimir, 20'Land of the Haitien, The:' 33Lane, Brigadier Rufus H., 24Lansing, Robert, 12Lascahobas Arrondissement, 18Lavoie, Ernest J., 21

Lawton, James K., 8Lejeune, MajGen Commandant John A., 5-7, 15, 23-25Leon, Camille J., 33Long, BGen Charles C., 15, 20

Manney, LtCol H. N., Jr., 31Manwaring, Col Edward B., 17Marine Corps Base, San Diego, 7Marine Corps Units

1st Brigade, 6, 212d Regiment, 144th Regiment, 58th Regiment, 14

Marshall, Charles H., 27, 33Marshall, Mrs. Charles H., 11

Marshall, Napoleon Bonaparte, 24Massachusetts, 5Matthews, LtCol Calvin B., 24, 27Mayo, Adni Henry T., 14, 22McCubbin, H. H., 24, 28McKinley, Charles, 21McKinley, President William, 51Meyers, Col John T, 25Mirebalais, 19Mitchell, Charles E., 30Morton, Rosalie Slaughter, 7Mount Vernon, 10Munro, Dana G., 28-29Murray, 30-31Murray, Bishop John Gardner, 25, 30-31

Neville, BGen Wendell C., 6-7; MajGen Commandant, 14, 26Niles, Robert, Jr., 24

Ode, H. B., 30Ostermann, Maj Edward A., 22-23

Panama Expeditionary Regiment, 5Paris Peace Conference, 18Peralte, Charlemagne. 13, 15, 19-20Peralte, Massena, 20Perkins, Capt Jesse L., 22Petionville, 13Pierre, Gen Celisma, 19Pierre, Gen Sainte Ic, 20Pierrepont, R. Stuyvesant, 24Plymouth, 11Pomerene, Senator Atlee, 23Pontiac, 10Port-au-Prince, 13, 21, 27Prince, Dr. Walter Franklin, 30Pulliam, William, 32

Remisinte, Aucestin, 20Remisinte, Gen Orestin, 19-20

58

Richards, BGen George C., 15Rixey, Col Presley M., 31Rochester, 33Roosa, I. P., 27Roosevelt, Assistant Secretary of the Navy Henry L., 9, 51Roosevelt, President Theodore, 51Rowe, L. S., 25, 30Roy, President Eugene, 7Rubens, H. S., 29Rue, Financial Advisor-General S. de Ia, 27-28, 30Russell, RAdm John H., 10Ryerson, Knowles A., 5, 24

Sam, Vilbrun Guillaume, 18San Michel, 19Scott, Winthrop F., 27-28Sears, Congressman W. J., 8Seligman, Herbert J., 22Shirby, Surgeon J. W., 10Snowden, RAdm Thomas, 14Solace, 5South, Col Hamilton D., 24St. Mary's, 10Stimson, Secretary of State Henry, 29Stribling, Acting Captain C. K., 10Strong, Richard U., 23Swanson, Secretary of the Navy Claude A., 8, 51

Thatcher, RAdm H. K., 11Thebaud, Vely, 14Tonnont, General, 19Torrey, Maj Philip H., 25Toussant, Petite Auge Jean, 19Trouejou. General Jules, 19Turrill, Col Julius S., 17

United States, 10

Van Winckle, H. L., 31Virginia Military Institute, 7

WaIler, Col Littleton W. T, 12Welborn, K. C., 30Western Gulf Blockading Squadron, 10-11Wetmore, Dr. Alexander, 26White, Assistant Secretary of State Francis, 7Wilbur, Secretary of The Navy Curtis D., 6Williams, BGen Dion, 25Williams, Capt Alexander S., 13Williamson, Capt Charles P., 34Wilson, President Woodrow, 51Wise, Chief of Gendarmerie Frederic M., 18, 22-23Wright, 12

Zamor, Charles, 14, 20

The device reproduced on the back cover isthe oldest military insz'nia in continuous usein the United States. It first appeared, asshown here, on Marine Corps buttons adopt-ed in 1804. W7ith the stars changed to fivepoints, this device has continued on MarineCorps buttons to the present day.