THE OHIO MOTOR VEHICLE INDUSTRY

Research Office A State Affiliate of the U.S. Census Bureau

Gross Domestic Product from Ohio

September, 2017

Intentionally left blank

GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT FROM OHIO

SEPTEMBER, 2017

Don Larrick, Principal Analyst Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency

P.O. Box 1001, Columbus, Oh. 43216-1001 Steven Kelley, Editor

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

Introduction 1

Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 Highlights 3 Gross Domestic Product from Ohio: 1997 – 2016- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 The Composition of Ohio’s Economy in 2016 7 The Distributions of Gross Domestic Products in Metropolitan Areas, 2016- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9

Description of Ohio’s Economy 11 Ohio’s Ranks Among the States and the World- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 12 Comparing the Distribution of Economic Activity in Ohio with That of the U.S. 19

Recent Changes in Ohio’s Economy - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 21

Removing the Effects of Inflation 23 Concentrated Durable Goods Manufacturing - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 25 Other Durable Goods Manufacturing 29 Concentrated Non-durable Goods Manufacturing - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 31 Other Non-durable Goods Manufacturing 33 Natural Resources and Related Industries - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 35

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Infrastructure 37 Transportation and Warehousing – Moving and Storing Freight - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 39 Transportation – Passengers, Couriers and Support Services 41 Information - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 43 Financial, Real Estate, Rental and Leasing Activities 45 Professional and Business Services - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 47 Education, Health Care and Social Assistance 49 Leisure and Hospitality- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 51 Trade and Other Services 53 Federal, State and Local Government- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 55 A Summary of Aggregate Changes: 2007-2009 57 A Summary of Aggregate Changes: 2009-2016 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 59 Aggregate Growth, Recession and Recovery in Metropolitan Areas 61 Past Changes and Forecasts for the Future: Four Parts - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 63

Appendices 74

Terminology - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 75 Detailed Tables 76 Table A1: Ohio’s GDP by Sector, 2016 (current dollars) 77

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Table A2: Ohio and U.S. GDP by Sector, 1997-2016 (chained dollars) 78 Table A3: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry – Durable Goods, 2005-2015 80 Table A4: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry – Non-durable Goods, 2005-2015 82 Table A5: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry – Natural Resources, 2005-2015 84 Table A6: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry – Transportation and Warehousing, 2005-2015 86 Table A7: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry – Information, 2005-2015 88 Table A8: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry – Finance-Insurance-Real Estate, 2005-2015 90 Table A9: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry – Professional/Business Services, 2005-2015 92 Table A10: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry – Education-Health-Social Assistance, 2005-2015 94 Table A11: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry – Leisure and Hospitality, 2005-2015 96 Table A12: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry – Government, 2005-2015 98 Table A13: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry – Infrastructure, Trade, Other Services, 2005-2015 100 Table A14: Ohio’s GDP by Industry – Sorted by 2015 Concentration Ratio 101 Table A15: Ohio’s GDP by Industry – Sorted by Percentage Change, 2005-2015 102 Table A16: Ohio’s GDP by Industry – Sorted by Size in 2015 103 Table A17: Value-Added and GDP in Manufacturing Industries in Ohio and the U.S., 2015 105 Table A18: Value-Added in Manufacturing by Industry Group in Ohio and the U.S., 2015 106 Table A19: Ohio::U.S. GDP and County Business Patterns Concentration Ratios 113 Table A20: Group or Sub-group Employment Concentration Ratios Based on 2015 CBP Employment 115 Table A21: GDP and Population in Ohio and the U.S., 1997-2016 129 Table A22: Growth and Industry Concentration in Ohio’s Economy, 1997-2015 130 Table A23: Percentage Changes in Ohio and U.S. GDPs by Industry, 1997-2015 (chained basis) 133

Notes - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 136

Sources and References Cited 140

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INTRODUCTION

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INTRODUCTION This report provides an overview of Ohio’s economy and its role in the U.S. economy. It looks at the production of goods and the provision of services by people using capital located here; i.e., the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) from Ohio. There are three major sections after this introduction and highlights. The first describes the composition of Ohio’s econ-omy, comparing it with other states and the national distribution of economic activity. The second focuses on output by sector and the major industries therein, noting the relative concentrations in Ohio, the key industries or groups within the major industries, and recent trends here and across the nation. The last is an appendix containing a section on terminol-ogy and data tables for those seeking a more-detailed understanding and recent history of economic activity here. The graphs and most of the discussions herein are based on, and refer to, the appendix tables. The report describes economic activity from 1997 through 2016, but concentrates on 2005-2015 for the more detailed analyses of sectors and the major industries therein. Data were collected and prepared by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). The detailed GDP estimates are based on state and local taxes, value-added reports and company financial data. The BEA also has released initial total and sector-summary estimates for 2016 and the first quarter of 2017. The latter will be further revised when more information becomes available. Many figures in this report have been revised from previous reports based on the BEA’s incorporation of data from 2012 Economic Census and subsequent Annual Surveys of Manufactures as well as state and local government finance data (produced by the Census Bureau), and routine revisions made by the BEA. See Coakley, et.al. (2009) and Woodruff, et.al. (2007) for more details. The U.S. Bureau of the Census, other federal agencies, and several private sector organizations developed additional statistics cited in this report.

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HIGHLIGHTS ▪ Ohio’s Gross Domestic Product for 2016 is initially estimated at $625.7 billion, up 3.0 percent from the revised esti-

mate of $607.3 billion for 2015, and up 82.2 percent from 1997. ▪ Ohio is the 7th largest source for Gross Domestic Product among the 50 states and the District of Columbia, with 3.4

percent of the national total in 2016. ▪ If Ohio was a separate country, it would be the 34th largest national economy in the world.

▪ Manufacturing is the largest of the 20 sectors of Ohio’s economy with 16.9 percent of its total output in 2016; durable

goods were 9.5 percent, while non-durable goods were 7.5 percent.

• Ohio’s manufacturing sector produced $106.0 billion worth of goods – 4.9 percent of America’s manufacturing output in 2016, ranking it 3rd in the nation after California and Texas.

• Ohio is one of the nation’s leading sources for primary and fabricated metal products, as well as plastic, rubber and non-metallic mineral products, electrical equipment and appliances, and motor vehicles and the associated parts, trailers, bodies and accessories.

• Several service industries are concentrated in Ohio: enterprise management (55 Fortune U.S.-1,000 companies have their headquarters here), banking and related services, insurance, utilities, trucking, warehousing and storage, and hospitals, nursing and residential care facilities.

▪ Over one-half of the state’s Gross Domestic Product is created in the three largest metropolitan areas: Cincinnati, Cleveland-Elyria, and Columbus.

▪ Ohio was among the states hit hardest by the recession, but its growth rate in recovery has been greater than the

national average – both due to changes occurring in the highly cyclical durable goods industries, particularly motor vehicles, machinery, fabricated metal products and steel production.

▪ Since 2005, the economies of the Akron, Cincinnati, Columbus and Wheeling metropolitan areas have grown at rates

greater than Ohio’s.

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$38.8 $40.1 $41.5 $44.3 $46.3 $48.1 $50.2 $52.5 $54.1 $55.6 $57.6 $59.8 $60.8 $63.7 $63.8 $65.3 $65.2 $66.0 $67.8 $69.2

$101.6 $107.0 $106.8 $109.0 $101.9 $103.7 $105.2$112.8 $115.2 $117.0 $117.4 $110.4 $98.8 $103.7

$117.9 $119.4 $125.1$139.7 $139.1 $142.3

$203.1$217.9

$230.5$241.8 $250.8

$262.4$273.3

$285.8$298.1

$307.5$317.9 $322.6

$319.9$331.6

$346.9$365.6

$374.4

$385.7$400.4

$414.2

$0.0

$50.0

$100.0

$150.0

$200.0

$250.0

$300.0

$350.0

$400.0

$450.0

$500.0

$550.0

$600.0

$650.0

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016*

in B

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Ohio's Gross Domestic Product, 1997-2016

Government Private Goods-Producing Private Service-ProvidingNote: * - preliminary; prior years may have been revised. Figures may not sum to total due to rounding. Source: U.S. BEA.

$343.5

$365.0

$378.8

$395.1 $398.9

$414.2$428.7

$451.2$467.4

$480.1$492.9 $492.7

$479.5

$499.0

$528.6

$550.3$564.7

$591.5

$607.3

$625.7

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GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT FROM OHIO: 1997-2016 The chart above shows that the total value of goods and services produced in Ohio rose from $343.5 to $492.9 billion in the years 1997 to 2007, but fell to $479.5 billion in 2009 before rising to $625.7 billion in 2016. Figures for goods produc-tion (red and white stripes) show more ups and downs (in billions): up from $101.6 in 1997 to $109.0 in 2000, down to $101.9 in 2001, up to $117.4 in 2007, down to $98.8 in 2009, up to $142.3 in 2016. This contrasts with the more or less steady rise in the nominal value of private sector services (yellow) from $203.1 to $414.2; 2009 was the exception. The value of government services (blue) appeared to rise with little interruption from $38.8 to $69.2. It is important to note that the chart above makes no adjustment for inflation. Consequently, it cannot be determined from the current dollar figures how much of the year-to-year changes seen above are due to real economic growth, and how much are due to simple price increases. That issue is addressed later in the report.

The graph also illustrates the reorientation of economic activity in Ohio’s private sector away from goods production and towards services. The net change in the portion of output was a decrease in goods production from 29.6 to 22.7 percent of output, while private sector services rose from 59.1 to 66.2 percent. Government services fluctuated, but were mar-ginally less: 11.3 percent in 1997 and 11.1 percent in 2016. What happened in Ohio was part of the larger but less-pronounced shift for the nation as a whole. The private goods-producing sectors’ share of total U.S. GDP fell from 22.6 to 18.3 percent, while the complementary share of service pro-viders rose from 64.7 to 69.3 percent. Government services also were marginally less: 12.3 percent in 2016 vs. 12.7 per-cent in 1997 (U.S. BEA, 2017).1

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Ohio's Gross Domestic Product by Sector: Initial Figures for 2016

(in billions, except percentages)

Agriculture, forestry,fishing & hunting:

$3.30--0.53%

Mining: $9.78--1.56%

Utilities: $11.34--1.81%

Construction: $23.26--3.72%

Mfg. durable goods:$59.33--9.48%

Mfg. nondurablegoods: $46.67--7.46%

Wholesale: $37.87--6.05%

Retail:$38.13--6.09%

Mfg. total:$106.00--16.94%

All goods-producingsectors: $142.33--22.75%

Transportation& warehousing:$18.91--3.02%

Information: $17.06--2.73%

Finance &insurance:

$54.47--8.71%Source: U.S. BEA

Note: figures may notsum to totals due

to rounding.

Real estate,rental &leasing:

$68.62--10.97%

Professional& technical:

$32.25--5.15%

Management:$20.99--3.35%

Administrative support &waste mgt.: $20.69--3.31%

Education:$5.17--0.83%

Health care &social assistance:

$53.36--8.53%

Arts, entertainment& recreation:$6.44--1.03%

Accommodation& food services:$15.28--2.44%

Other services:$13.61--2.17%

Government (includesPostal Service):$69.19--11.06%

All service-providing sectors:$483.38--77.25%

Total: $625.72--100.0%Private sector: $556.52--88.94%

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THE COMPOSITION OF OHIO’S ECONOMY IN 2016 The chart above illustrates the distribution of economic activity in Ohio using the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Ohio’s total economic output of $625.72 billion in 2016 is divided into 20 broad sectors of varying sizes. (Durable and non-durable goods manufacturing are two parts of one sector). Manufacturing is the largest single sector, with such establishments producing final goods valued at $106.00 billion last year, which was 16.94 percent of the state’s total economic output. Manufacturers are divided into producers of durable and non-durable goods, with the former producing more than the latter: $59.33 billion and 9.48 percent, compared with $46.67 billion and 7.46 percent. (Durable goods generally are made to last at least three years, while non-durables are expected to last less than three years.) Other goods-producing sectors play smaller roles in Ohio’s economy. They in-clude construction at $23.26 billion and 3.72 percent, mining at $9.78 billion and 1.56 percent, and agriculture-forestry-fishing-hunting at $3.30 billion and 0.53 percent. Combined output of these goods-producing sectors totaled $142.33 billion, or 22.75 percent of the total GDP from Ohio. Services provided by public and private sectors in Ohio were $483.38 billion, or 77.25 percent of its economy. Total pri-vate sector services (i.e., excluding government services) were $414.19 billion, or 66.19 percent of the total. Real estate, rental and leasing is the largest private sector service with a value of $68.62 billion, or 10.97 percent of the economy. Its size indicates the role home-ownership plays in the economy as well as the activity of real estate agents, landlords, les-sors, etc. Finance and insurance is the next largest sector, contributing $54.47 billion and 8.71 percent to the economy, followed by health care and social assistance at $53.36 billion and 8.53 percent. The only other private service sectors providing at least five percent of Ohio’s economic output were wholesale and retail trade, and professional-and-technical services, ranging from 5.15 to 6.09 percent. Other sectors played smaller roles. These include transportation-and-ware-housing, information, enterprise management, administrative-support-and-waste-management, education, arts-entertain-ment-recreation, accommodation-and-food services, and the catch-all category of other services. Services provided by federal, state, and local governments amounted to 11.06 percent of the economy.

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See Table A1

Gross Domestic Products for Metropolitan Areas in Ohio, 2016 (in millions, except percentages)^

Area Total Amount Percent Amount Percent Amount Percent Amount Percent

U.S. $18,456,292 $3,383,740 18.3% $2,175,228 11.8% $12,793,799 69.3% $2,278,753 12.3%

Ohio $625,715 $142,334 22.7% $105,999 16.9% $414,189 66.2% $69,192 11.1%

Akron, OH $37,300 $9,134 24.5% $5,666 15.2% $24,422 65.5% $3,744 10.0%

Canton-Massillon, OH $16,343 $5,093 31.2% $3,934 24.1% $9,698 59.3% $1,552 9.5%

Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN $132,010 $28,146 21.3% $22,490 17.0% $93,083 70.5% $10,781 8.2%

Cleveland-Elyria, OH $129,440 $25,459 19.7% $18,353 14.2% $91,193 70.5% $12,787 9.9%

Columbus, OH $130,758 $16,865 12.9% $11,866 9.1% $97,407 74.5% $16,487 12.6%

Dayton, OH $40,572 $6,905 17.0% $5,509 13.6% $25,642 63.2% $8,026 19.8%

Lima, OH $5,519 $2,260 40.9% $2,019 36.6% $2,759 50.0% $501 9.1%

Mansfield, OH $4,343 $1,275 29.4% $1,013 23.3% $2,447 56.3% $621 14.3%

Springfield, OH $4,317 $960 22.2% $801 18.6% $2,816 65.2% $541 12.5%

Toledo, OH $33,158 $9,426 28.4% $7,728 23.3% $19,965 60.2% $3,767 11.4%

Weirton-Steubenville, WV-OH $4,023 $1,200 29.8% $1,017 25.3% $2,437 60.6% $385 9.6%

Wheeling, WV-OH $7,265 $2,392 32.9% $594 8.2% $4,194 57.7% $678 9.3%

Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA $19,966 $5,449 27.3% $3,876 19.4% $12,118 60.7% $2,399 12.0%

Notes: ^ - initial estimates, subject revision at a later date; * - components may not sum to total due to rounding.

Source: U.S. BEA (2017).

Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Telephone 614/466-2116 (DL, 9/17).

Manufacturing

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Goods-Producing*

Private Sector*

Service-Providing*

Government*

THE DISTRIBUTION OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTS IN METROPOLITAN AREAS, 2016

The BEA also publishes GDP data for metropolitan areas (MAs). The table above shows the GDP for nine MAs wholly in Ohio and four multi-state MAs with at least significant portions in Ohio. Columbus is the largest entirely within the state, closely followed by Cleveland-Elyria and Cincinnati (the last includes portions in Kentucky and Indiana). The three are by far the largest, and combine to produce a value equal to 62.7 percent of Ohio’s 2016 GDP. Akron, Dayton and Toledo clustered between $33 billion and $41 billion, while Canton-Massillon and Youngstown-Warren-Boardman (including the latter’s Pennsylvania portion) were in the $16-$20 billion range. The table above also displays the amounts and percentages of GDP derived from the private sector subdivision: goods-production – particularly manufacturing – and service-provision; government GDP also is shown. Several characteristics are notable in this regard:

• Cincinnati, Cleveland and Columbus are the three largest goods-producing and manufacturing MAs in Ohio;

• Despite their large absolute outputs, the portions of total GDP derived from goods-production and manufacturing for those three tend to be relatively low; in Cleveland’s case, both portions are below the state averages; in Colum-bus’ case, both portions are below the U.S. averages;

• Conversely, the portions of total GDP derived from private sector services for those three are greater than the U.S. and state averages;

• Akron and Dayton also have goods-production and manufacturing portions that usually are less than the state averages.

In contrast, manufacturing plays a more-prominent role in many of Ohio’s smaller MAs. MAs wherein manufacturing ac-counted for at least 20 percent of local GDP include Canton, Lima, Mansfield, Toledo and Weirton-Steubenville. Spring-field and Youngstown derived portions of their GDPs from manufacturing that were a little greater than the state average. These higher-than-average concentrations on manufacturing largely account for the higher-than average portions of GDPs derived from goods production and average to less-than-average portions of private sector services. Wheeling is an exception in this regard. Its proportionately high reliance on goods production combined with a relatively small manu-facturing sector suggests a greater reliance on agricultural, mining and/or construction activities. Federal, state and local governments combined contributions to the MAs’ GDPs ranged from 8.2 percent in Cincinnati to 19.8 percent in Dayton. The relatively high percentage for Dayton incorporates the importance of Wright-Patterson Air Force base in its economy.

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Intentionally blank

10

DESCRIPTION OF OHIO’S ECONOMY

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OHIO’S RANKS AMONG THE STATES AND THE WORLD

States and the Larger Economies in the World, 2016 (in billions of dollars)

Country Estimates States - Totals States - Manufacturing

Percent Percent Rank Area GDP* Area GDP^ of U.S. Area GDP^ of U.S.

World $119,300.0 U.S. $18,456.3 100.00% U.S. $2,175.2 100.00%

1 China~ $21,140.0 California $2,602.7 14.10% California $289.0 13.28% 2 United States $18,560.0 Texas $1,616.8 8.76% Texas $225.8 10.38% 3 India $8,721.0 New York $1,488.0 8.06% Ohio $106.0 4.87% 4 Japan $4,932.0 Florida $926.8 5.02% Illinois $100.4 4.62% 5 Germany $3,979.0 Illinois $791.6 4.29% North Carolina $99.8 4.59% 6 Russia $3,751.0 Pennsylvania $724.9 3.93% Indiana $98.4 4.52% 7 Brazil $3,081.0 Ohio $625.7 3.39% Michigan $93.5 4.30% 8 Indonesia $3,033.0 New Jersey $581.1 3.15% Pennsylvania $85.0 3.91% 9 United Kingdom $2,788.0 Georgia $525.4 2.85% New York $71.3 3.28% 10 France $2,699.0 North Carolina $517.9 2.81% Washington $58.4 2.69% 11 Mexico $2,307.0 Massachusetts $507.9 2.75% Georgia $56.5 2.60% 12 Italy $2,221.0 Virginia $494.3 2.68% Wisconsin $56.4 2.59% 13 South Korea $1,934.0 Michigan $487.2 2.64% Tennessee $53.2 2.44% 14 Saudi Arabia $1,731.0 Washington $469.7 2.55% Louisiana $49.9 2.29% 15 Turkey $1,698.0 Maryland $378.3 2.05% Oregon $49.4 2.27% 16 Spain $1,690.0 Indiana $341.9 1.85% Massachusetts $48.7 2.24% 17 Canada $1,674.0 Minnesota $335.1 1.82% Minnesota $48.2 2.22% 18 Iran $1,459.0 Tennessee $328.8 1.78% Florida $47.1 2.16% 19 Australia $1,189.0 Colorado $323.7 1.75% New Jersey $45.4 2.09% 20 Thailand $1,161.0 Wisconsin $309.5 1.68% Virginia $42.1 1.94% 21 Taiwan $1,127.0 Arizona $303.0 1.64% Missouri $39.4 1.81% 22 Egypt $1,105.0 Missouri $300.9 1.63% Kentucky $37.2 1.71% 23 Nigeria $1,089.0 Connecticut $263.4 1.43% Alabama $35.7 1.64% 24 Poland $1,052.0 Louisiana $235.1 1.27% South Carolina $35.2 1.62% 25 Pakistan $988.2 Oregon $226.8 1.23% Iowa $32.7 1.50% 26 Argentina $879.4 South Carolina $209.7 1.14% Connecticut $28.5 1.31% 27 Netherlands $870.8 Alabama $204.9 1.11% Arizona $24.4 1.12% 28 Malaysia $863.0 Kentucky $197.0 1.07% Kansas $23.8 1.09% 29 Philippines $807.1 Oklahoma $182.9 0.99% Colorado $22.6 1.04% 30 South Africa $739.1 Iowa $178.8 0.97% Maryland $20.7 0.95% 31 Colombia $688.0 Utah $156.4 0.85% Oklahoma $17.7 0.81%

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States and the Larger Economies in the World, 2016 (in billions of dollars)

Country Estimates States - Totals States - Manufacturing

Percent Percent Rank Area GDP* Area GDP^ of U.S. Area GDP^ of U.S.

32 U.A.E. $667.2 Kansas $153.3 0.83% Utah $17.5 0.80% 33 Bangladesh $628.4 Nevada $147.5 0.80% Arkansas $17.3 0.80% 34 Ohio $625.7 District of Columbia $126.8 0.69% Mississippi $17.1 0.78% 35 Algeria $609.4 Arkansas $120.7 0.65% Nebraska $13.2 0.61% 36 Iraq $596.7 Nebraska $115.3 0.62% New Hampshire $8.5 0.39% 37 Vietnam $594.9 Mississippi $107.7 0.58% Idaho $7.8 0.36% 38 Belgium $508.6 New Mexico $93.3 0.51% West Virginia $7.5 0.34% 39 Sweden $498.1 Hawaii $83.9 0.45% Nevada $6.1 0.28% 40 Switzerland $496.3 New Hampshire $77.9 0.42% Maine $5.3 0.24% 41 Singapore $487.9 West Virginia $73.4 0.40% Rhode Island $4.6 0.21% 42 Kazakhstan $468.8 Delaware $70.4 0.38% South Dakota $4.4 0.20% 43 Venezuela $468.6 Idaho $67.3 0.36% Delaware $3.9 0.18% 44 Romania $441.0 Maine $59.3 0.32% New Mexico $3.9 0.18% 45 Chile $436.1 Rhode Island $57.4 0.31% North Dakota $3.7 0.17% 46 Hong Kong $427.4 North Dakota $52.1 0.28% Montana $3.6 0.17% 47 Austria $416.6 Alaska $50.7 0.27% Vermont $2.8 0.13% 48 Peru $410.4 South Dakota $48.1 0.26% Wyoming $2.2 0.10% 49 Norway $364.7 Montana $46.0 0.25% Hawaii $1.8 0.08% 50 Ukraine $352.6 Wyoming $37.9 0.21% Alaska $1.6 0.07% 51 Czechia $350.9 Vermont $31.1 0.17% District of Columbia $0.3 0.01%

Notes: * - Purchasing Power Parity basis, except Ohio; overseas territories and special areas of countries are excluded; U.A.E. - United Arab Emirates; the source for 2016 estimates except Ohio is the U.S. CIA (2017); source for Ohio is U.S. BEA (2017); ^ - preliminary; the source is U.S. BEA (2017); ~ - excludes Hong Kong and Macau. Sources: U.S. CIA (2017), U.S. BEA (2017).

If Ohio was a separate country, it would have the 34th largest economy in the world. The BEA’s initial estimate of $625.7 billion for 2016 places Ohio between Bangladesh and Algeria with estimated GDPs of $628.4 and $609.4 billion, respec-tively (U.S. CIA, 2017).2 The table also shows that Ohio ranked 7th with 3.39 percent of U.S. total GDP, and was the third largest source of manu-factured goods. The $106.0 billion in manufacturing output was 4.87 percent of the corresponding U.S. total, exceeding output of four more populous states: Florida, Illinois, New York and Pennsylvania (U.S. BEA, 2017). More extensive and detailed industry comparison follow.

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Ohio and U.S. Gross Domestic Products by Industry, 2015 (current dollar figures in millions)

2007 Ohio as a Ohio::U.S.

NAICS Percent Concentra- Ohio's

Codes Industry Titles Ohio U.S. of the U.S. tion Ratio Rank Top Five States

11-92 Total $607,326 $17,925,143 3.39% 1.00 7 CA, TX, NY, FL, IL

11-81* Private industries* $539,483 $15,698,669 3.44% 1.01 7 CA, TX, NY, FL, IL

11, 21, 23, 33 Private goods producing industries $139,054 $3,405,427 4.08% 1.21 3 TX, CA, OH , IL, PA

11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing, etc. $3,432 $175,236 1.96% 0.58 19 CA, TX, IA, WA, NB

111-2 Crop & animal production (farms) $2,855 $136,717 2.09% 0.62 18 CA, TX, IA, NE, MN

113-5 Forestry, fishing & related activities $577 $38,519 1.50% 0.44 20 CA, WA, FL, TX, OR

21 Mining $7,598 $327,796 2.32% 0.68 11 TX, OK, PA, CO, LA

211 Oil & gas extraction $5,112 $206,171 2.48% 0.73 9 TX, OK, PA, CO, CA

212 Mining, exc. oil & gas $1,660 $65,762 2.52% 0.75 15 WV, AZ, WY, NV, PA

213 Support activities for mining $826 $55,863 1.48% 0.44 11 TX, LA, ND, OK, CO

23 Construction $22,068 $732,120 3.01% 0.89 8 CA, TX, NY, FL, PA

31-33 Manufacturing $105,956 $2,170,275 4.88% 1.44 3 CA, TX, OH , IL, NC

32p & 33 Durable goods $59,514 $1,176,417 5.06% 1.49 4 CA, TX, MI, OH , IN

321 Wood products $840 $30,178 2.78% 0.82 16 OR, CA, GA, NC, WA

327 Nonmetallic mineral products $2,916 $48,033 6.07% 1.79 3 TX, CA, OH , FL, PA

331 Primary metals $6,091 $55,923 10.89% 3.21 2 IN, OH , PA, AL, TX

332 Fabricated metal products $11,404 $149,180 7.64% 2.26 3 TX, CA, OH , IL, MI

333 Machinery $8,960 $153,145 5.85% 1.73 4 TX, IL, CA, OH , MI

334 Computer & electronic products $2,562 $278,191 0.92% 0.27 17 CA, OR, TX, MA, NY

335 Electrical eqpt. & appliances $4,100 $56,314 7.28% 2.15 1 OH , CA, TN, NC, WI

336 Transportation eqpt. $19,489 $294,253 6.62% 1.95 6 MI, WA, TX, IN, CA

3361-3 Motor vehicles, bodies, trailers & parts $14,236 $163,150 8.73% 2.58 3 MI, IN, OH , TX, TN

3364-9 Other transportation eqpt. $5,253 $131,103 4.01% 1.18 5 WA, CA, TX, CT, OH

337 Furniture & related products $1,009 $28,085 3.59% 1.06 10 CA, MI, NC, IN, TX

339 Miscellaneous mfg. $2,143 $83,116 2.58% 0.76 10 CA, IN, MN, IL, NY

31 & 32p Nondurable goods $46,441 $993,858 4.67% 1.38 5 TX, CA, NC, IL, OH

311-2 Food, beverage & tobacco products $11,846 $257,528 4.60% 1.36 6 CA, NC, VA, TX, IL

313-4 Textile & textile product mills $353 $18,147 1.95% 0.57 15 GA, NC, SC, CA, NY

315-6 Apparel, leather & allied products $124 $10,032 1.24% 0.36 18 CA, NY, TX, NC, MA

322 Paper $2,267 $59,570 3.81% 1.12 8 WI, GA, PA, SC, CA

323 Printing & related support activities $1,869 $38,712 4.83% 1.42 8 CA, WI, IL, PA, MN

324 Petroleum & coal products $8,887 $161,770 5.49% 1.62 5 TX, LA, CA, IL, OH

325 Chemical $15,768 $377,315 4.18% 1.23 9 TX, CA, NC, IN, IL

326 Plastics & rubber products $5,327 $70,785 7.53% 2.22 1 OH , IL, TX, CA, PA

14

GDP





22, 42-811

Private service providing industries1

$400,429 $12,293,243 3.26% 0.96 8 CA, NY, TX, FL, IL

22 Utilities $11,362 $284,331 4.00% 1.18 7 TX, CA, NY, FL, IL

42 Wholesale trade $37,801 $1,093,237 3.46% 1.02 9 CA, TX, NY, FL, IL

44-45 Retail trade $37,500 $1,056,781 3.55% 1.05 6 CA, TX, NY, FL, IL

48-49* Transportation & warehousing* $18,457 $542,528 3.40% 1.00 9 TX, CA, IL, FL, NY

481 Air transportation $1,832 $95,705 1.91% 0.56 18 CA, TX, GA, FL, IL

482 Rail transportation $1,600 $45,795 3.49% 1.03 7 NE, TX, IL, MO, KS

483 Water transportation $133 $18,915 0.70% 0.21 24 FL, LA, CA, TX, NY

484 Truck transportation $7,010 $145,835 4.81% 1.42 4 TX, CA, IL, OH , PA

485 Transit & ground passenger transportation $531 $34,307 1.55% 0.46 17 NY, CA, IL, NJ, MA

486 Pipeline transportation $595 $26,811 2.22% 0.66 10 TX, OK, AK, CO, PA

487-8, 492 Other transportation & support activities $4,011 $118,408 3.39% 1.00 9 CA, TX, FL, NY, IL

493 Warehousing & storage $2,746 $56,754 4.84% 1.43 5 CA, PA, TX, IL, OH

51 Information $16,455 $839,919 1.96% 0.58 13 CA, NY, TX, PA, WA

511 Publishing (inc. sofware, exc. Internet) $5,220 $205,243 2.54% 0.75 13 CA, WA, NY, MA, TX

512 Motion pictures & sound recordings $610 $115,062 0.53% 0.16 21 CA, NY, TX, LA, FL

515, 517 Broadcasting & telecommunications $8,918 $412,561 2.16% 0.64 12 CA, NY, PA, TX, GA

518, 519 Data prcsng., hosting, other info. (inc. Internet) $1,707 $107,053 1.59% 0.47 15 CA, NY, TX, IL, WA

52 Finance & insurance $51,189 $1,293,093 3.96% 1.17 6 NY, CA, TX, IL, FL

521-2 Federal Reserve banks, credit intermediation, etc. $23,626 $503,554 4.69% 1.38 5 NY, CA, TX, NC, OH

523 Securities, commodity contracts, investments $3,431 $236,272 1.45% 0.43 15 NY, CA, MA, IL, TX

524 Insurance carriers & related activities $23,131 $489,274 4.73% 1.40 7 NY, CA, IL, TX, FL

525 Funds, trusts & other financial vehicles $1,002 $63,993 1.57% 0.46 17 NY, CA, FL, TX, NJ

53 Real estate, rental & leasing $66,037 $2,363,276 2.79% 0.82 10 CA, NY, TX, FL, IL

531 Real estate $60,833 $2,157,757 2.82% 0.83 10 CA, NY, FL, TX, NJ

532-3 Rental & leasing srvcs. & lessors of intangible assets $5,204 $205,520 2.53% 0.75 12 CA, TX, FL, NY, IL

54 Professional, scientific & technical srvcs. $30,582 $1,292,778 2.37% 0.70 13 CA, NY, TX, IL, FL

5411 Legal srvcs. $5,311 $241,903 2.20% 0.65 11 NY, CA, TX, FL, IL

5415 Computer systems design & related srvcs. $6,685 $266,186 2.51% 0.74 13 CA, VA, TX, NY, MA

5412-4, 5416-9 Other professional, scientific & technical srvcs. $18,586 $784,689 2.37% 0.70 13 CA, NY, TX, FL, IL

55 Management of companies & enterprises $20,708 $356,243 5.81% 1.72 4 CA, NY, PA, OH , TX

GDP

15





56 Administrative & waste srvcs. $20,434 $558,283 3.66% 1.08 7 CA, TX, NY, FL, IL

561 Administrative & support srvcs. $18,521 $513,224 3.61% 1.07 7 CA, TX, FL, NY, IL

562 Waste management & remediation srvcs. $1,913 $45,059 4.25% 1.25 6 CA, TX, NY, WA, FL

61 Educational srvcs. $5,100 $202,251 2.52% 0.74 13 NY, CA, PA, MA, IL

62 Health care & social assistance $51,095 $1,298,901 3.93% 1.16 7 CA, NY, TX, FL, PA

621 Ambulatory health care srvcs. $22,515 $629,871 3.57% 1.06 7 CA, TX, NY, FL, PA

622-3 Hospitals & nursing & residential care facilities $24,893 $552,570 4.50% 1.33 7 CA, NY, TX, PA, FL

624 Social assistance $3,687 $116,460 3.17% 0.93 8 CA, NY, PA, TX, MA

71 Arts, entertainment & recreation $6,167 $185,791 3.32% 0.98 7 CA, NY, FL, TX, IL

711-2 Performing arts, museums & related activities $2,296 $101,718 2.26% 0.67 11 CA, NY, FL, TX, PA

713 Amusements, gambling & recreation $3,871 $84,073 4.60% 1.36 6 CA, FL, TX, NY, IL

72 Accommodation & food srvcs. $14,574 $524,179 2.78% 0.82 8 CA, TX, FL, NY, IL

721 Accommodation $2,362 $149,001 1.59% 0.47 21 CA, NV, FL, TX, NY

722 Food srvcs. & drinking places $12,212 $375,178 3.25% 0.96 6 CA, TX, NY, FL, IL

81 Other srvcs., exc. government $12,968 $401,652 3.23% 0.95 7 CA, TX, NY, FL, IL

92, 491 Government $67,843 $2,226,474 3.05% 0.90 9 CA, TX, NY, FL, VA

92fc, 92811, 491 Federal government $14,896 $617,885 2.41% 0.71 13 CA, VA, MD, TX, DC

92fc, 491 Civilian (inc. Postal Service) $10,670 $412,989 2.58% 0.76 11 CA, MD, DC, VA, TX

92811 Military $4,226 $204,896 2.06% 0.61 13 CA, VA, TX, NC, FL

92sl State & local $52,947 $1,608,589 3.29% 0.97 8 CA, NY, TX, FL, IL

Notes and abbreviations: * - excludes Postal Service (491); exc. - except; inc. - including; info. - information; p - part; prcsng. - processing; srvcs. - services. Components

may not sum to totals due to rounding.

Sources: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (2017).

Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Phone 614/466-2116 (DL, 6/17).

16

GDP

The table beginning on page 14 highlights the major industries with comparatively large contributions to Ohio’s 3rd rank in manufacturing (NAICS code 31-33) during 2016 and 2015. (2016 data for major industries are not yet available.) They include:

• motor vehicles, RVs and their parts, trailers and accessories (NAICS codes 3361-3, $14.24 billion, 8.73 percent of the U.S. industry total and the 3rd-largest source of such goods in the nation),

• fabricated metal products (322, $11.40 billion, 7.64 percent, 3rd),

• machinery (333, $8.96 billion, 5.85 percent, 4th),

• petroleum and coal products (324, $8.89 billion, 5.49 percent, 5th),

• primary metal products (331, $6.09 billion, 10.89 percent, 2nd),

• plastic and rubber products (326, $5.33 billion, 7.53 percent, 1st),

• electrical equipment and appliances (335, $4.10 billion, 7.28 percent, 1st) and

• nonmetallic mineral products (327, $2.92 billion, 6.97 percent, 3rd). The table also lists service-providing industries making comparatively large contributions to Ohio’s GDP in 2015:

• banks (including the Federal Reserve), savings-and-loans, credit unions, non-depository financing and related activities (521-2, $23.63 billion, 4.69 percent, 5th),

• insurance carriers, agencies and related activities (524, $23.13 billion, 4.73 percent, 7th),

• enterprise management (55, $20.71 billion, 5.81 percent, 4th),

• truck transportation (484, $7.01 billion, 4.81 percent, 4th),

• amusements, gambling and recreation (713, $3.87 billion, 4.60 percent, 6th) and

• warehousing and storage (493, $2.75 billion, 4.84 percent, 5th).

17

0.90

1.01

1.24

0.61

1.09

0.88

1.441.39

1.48

0.95

1.16

1.02 1.030.99

0.57

1.19

0.82

0.70

1.68

1.04

0.74

1.15

0.96

0.82

0.95

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

Rati

o -

Oh

io::

U.S

.

Economic Sector

The Relative Concentration of U.S. Economic Activity in Ohio, 2016

Source: U.S. BEA

Private goods-producing sectors

Private service-providing sectors

18

COMPARING THE DISTRIBUTION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IN OHIO WITH THAT OF THE U.S. A previous section showed the distribution of economic activity in Ohio across sectors of the economy. For example, manufacturing was the largest sector in Ohio at 16.94 percent of GDP in 2016, while agriculture-forestry-fishing-hunting (AFFH) was the smallest at 0.53 percent. This section furthers our understanding of Ohio’s economy by comparing the distribution of output across sectors in Ohio with the corresponding national distribution. The graph above shows the ratios of these percentages for each sector. Continuing with the two examples, output from manufacturing and AFFH comprised 11.79 and 0.87 percent, respectively, of U.S. GDP in 2016. When compared with those for Ohio, these yield ratios of 1.44 for manufacturing (16.94 percent divided by 11.79 percent) and .61 for AFFH (0.53 percent divided by 0.87 percent). There are two ways to express the meanings of these figures. One way is to say that Ohio’s economy is rela-tively more dependent on manufacturing and less dependent on AFFH than the American economy. The other way is to note that manufacturing in America is concentrated in Ohio, while AFFH is not. (A ratio of 1.00 indicates proportional activity, neither concentrated nor sparse.) The concentration of one sector or industry here means that another must be relatively sparse. In this sense, a broad description of Ohio’s economy is illustrated by the chart above. It is driven a bit more by private sector activity than by government activity, as indicated by the concentration ratios of 1.01 and .90, respectively. Although overall goods-pro-duction is concentrated in the state (1.24), this principally reflects the concentration of manufacturing activity here (1.44) – with more emphasis on durable vs. nondurable goods (1.48 vs. 1.39) – with mining mildly concentrated here (1.09). On the other hand, AFFH and construction activity (.61 and .88, respectively) are more or less sparse. The preceding section showed that service-providing industries collectively account for most economic activity in Ohio (77.25 percent with government, 66.19 percent without); yet the graph above shows that, as a whole, the collective con-tribution of non-governmental services to the GDP from Ohio is close to proportional with that of the nation (.96). How-ever, this generalization masks considerable variability. The most notable departure is the concentration of enterprise management (1.68). The utility, finance-insurance and health care-social assistance sectors are somewhat concentrated in Ohio, ranging from 1.15 to 1.19. Other service sectors that are roughly proportional with the national distribution in-clude wholesale and retail trade, transportation-warehousing, administrative support-waste management, arts-entertain-ment-recreation, and other non-governmental services grouped in NAICS 81. Ohio’s economy is comparatively less re-liant on the remaining private service sectors.

19

See Table A1

Intentionally blank

20

RECENT CHANGES IN OHIO’S ECONOMY

21

$447.0

$466.8$476.2

$485.0$477.6

$488.5$496.8

$508.9 $512.2 $511.3 $510.6$501.5

$479.5$492.4

$510.2$518.6 $523.6

$537.8 $543.4$552.5

$386.5

$405.7$415.2

$422.4$415.1

$425.7$433.9

$446.0 $450.1 $449.9 $449.6$440.2

$418.8$430.5

$449.4$457.3

$463.8

$478.9 $484.2$493.2

$121.2 $126.1 $124.7 $126.1$115.8 $118.1 $119.1

$125.7 $124.1 $123.2 $121.1$112.1

$98.8 $102.2$109.9 $107.5 $111.9

$122.4 $123.4 $127.1

$91.2 $95.3 $94.3 $95.2$87.4 $90.1 $91.4

$97.2 $97.5 $98.4 $98.2$89.9

$76.0 $81.1 $87.2 $84.8 $86.4 $95.0 $92.5 $92.7

$264.3$278.7

$289.9 $295.8 $299.2$307.5

$314.7 $320.2 $325.8 $326.6 $328.4 $328.0$319.9

$328.4$339.4

$350.0 $351.8 $356.1 $360.4 $365.7

$61.5 $61.6 $61.3 $62.9 $63.0 $63.1 $63.1 $62.9 $62.2 $61.4 $61.0 $61.3 $60.8 $61.9 $60.8 $61.3 $59.9 $59.1 $59.3 $59.4

$0.0

$100.0

$200.0

$300.0

$400.0

$500.0

$600.0

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001^ 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008^ 2009^ 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016*

GD

P i

n B

illi

on

s,

Sta

nd

ard

ize

d o

n 2

00

9Changes in Ohio's Economic Output, 1997-2016

After the Effects of Inflation Have Been Removed

Total Private industries Private goods producers Private manufacturing Private services providers Government

Source: U.S. BEA ^ - a recession year for the nation; * - preliminary; prior years are revised.

22

REMOVING THE EFFECTS OF INFLATION Removing the effects of inflation permits comparisons across the years of the volumes of goods produced and services provided, revealing in the chart above the expansion and contraction in Ohio’s economic output over the course of two decades. (Figures have been standardized on 2009.) Total GDP figures (gray dots) show real growth in the output of goods and services in Ohio from 1997 to 2000, a recession in 2001, the resumption of growth in 2002 continuing through 2005, almost unchanging output in 2006 and 2007, the “Great Recession” in 2008 and 2009, and the current recovery and expansion in 2010 to 2016. The 6.1 percent plunge from $510.6 to $479.5 billion (2007-2009) wiped out nearly all the net growth from 2001 to 2007. It was not until 2012 that total output in Ohio surpassed the pre-recession peak in 2005. This history almost entirely reflects growth and contraction in the private sector (orange squares); government services (blue dots) fluctuated between $60.8 and $63.1 billion during 1997 to 2012 before decreasing to just under $60 billion in the last four years – slight changes in context of the total economy. The chart above further specifies where changes occurred in the private sector. The collective output of goods producers (dark red diamonds) rose from $121.2 to $126.1 billion (1997-2000), fell to $115.8 billion (2001), then grew to $125.7 bil-lion (2004) before sliding – gradually at first – to $98.8 billion (2009). Aggregate output has since grown, reaching $127.1 billion in 2016. These changes largely reflect variations in manufacturing output (red triangles), and data in Appendix Table A2 show most of the manufacturing volume changes occurred in the durable goods subsector. To wit:

`97-`00 `00-`01 `01-`07 `07-`09 `09-`16 All goods production (billions) +$4.9 -$10.3 +$5.3 -$22.3 +$28.3 Manufacturing (billions) +$4.0 -$7.8 +$10.8 -$22.2 +$16.7 Durable goods (billions) +$4.9 -$7.2 +$8.9 -$24.1 +$16.6.

Much of the residual change among goods producers seen in the chart is due to the long-term net decline in construction – even after including growth in the current expansion – and the phenomenal growth in mining output after 2012. By contrast, the collective output of private sector service-providers (yellow dots) increased nearly every year, declining 2.6 percent by 2009 from the pre-recession peak in 2007. Expansion resumed by 2010, passed the pre-recession peak in 2011 and has continued. Some sectors showed greater-than-average growth during these 20 years: information, finance-insurance, enterprise management and administrative support/waste management; others were around the long-term average of 38.4 percent: wholesale trade, professional-scientific-technical services, and health care-social assistance. Most private sector services declined in the recession, but resumed growing after 2009. Other have fluctuated. More analyses of specific sectors follow.

23

See Table A2

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015*

327: Nonmetallic Mineral Prdcts. $3,089 $2,712 $2,775 $2,837 $2,327 $2,470 $2,716 $2,798 $2,961 $2,893 $2,591

331: Primary Metals $5,517 $4,399 $4,448 $4,518 $2,911 $3,625 $3,943 $3,951 $4,556 $4,524 $5,953

332: Fabricated Metal Prdcts. $12,791 $13,453 $13,420 $13,770 $8,772 $10,382 $11,402 $11,076 $10,683 $11,271 $10,725

333: Machinery $7,917 $7,724 $8,027 $7,802 $5,707 $6,295 $7,363 $7,093 $7,873 $7,893 $7,858

335: Electrical Eqpt. & Appliances $5,064 $4,866 $4,492 $4,876 $3,912 $3,764 $3,673 $3,838 $3,635 $3,841 $3,772

3361-3: Motor Vehicle Industry $16,985 $18,707 $16,644 $11,884 $4,091 $7,648 $11,159 $12,918 $12,251 $13,907 $13,467

3364-9: Other Trnsprttn. Eqpt. $4,742 $4,869 $5,806 $5,137 $4,796 $4,263 $4,529 $3,947 $4,049 $4,514 $4,627

$0

$2,000

$4,000

$6,000

$8,000

$10,000

$12,000

$14,000

$16,000

$18,000

$20,000

In M

illio

ns

Sta

nd

ard

ized

on

2009

Changes in Durable Goods Manufacturing Output in Ohio, 2005-2015(Industries Concentrated in Ohio)

Source: U.S. BEA * - Preliminary; earlier years may be revised

24

CONCENTRATED DURABLE GOODS MANUFACTURING The chart above illustrates the changes in the inflation-adjusted output from 2005 through 2015 of seven durable goods manufacturing industries currently concentrated in Ohio. The collective output of the seven peaked at $56.7 billion in 2006, but fell 42.7 percent to $32.5 billion in 2009. At $49.0 billion in 2015, collective output is 50.7 percent greater than in 2009, but is only 86.4 percent of the 2006 peak. The principal component of these changes was the striking contraction and recovery in the motor vehicle industry: cars, trucks, RVs, trailers and their parts and accessories (NAICS 3361-3, red dots). The changes were the most extreme: plunging 78.1 percent (2006-2009) and rebounding 229.2 percent by 2015. Despite the strong recovery, industry output of 2015 was 72.0 percent of the pre-recession peak. Partial explanations of why industry output remains less than pre-recession levels include the permanent closures of GM’s Moraine assembly and Mansfield parts plants as well as Ford’s Lorain assembly and #2 Cleveland engine plants. Natural disasters and temporary closures also briefly depressed output: Ford closed its Cleveland engine plant #1 for a year beginning in May 2007 (#2 was still operating); floods at east Asian parts plants constrained Honda’s assemblies in 2011-2012; and FCA shut its Toledo North assembly plant for about nine months in 2012-2013 for a major model change-over. Output from four other industries in this cluster also fell to nadirs in 2009: nonmetallic mineral products (327, white dia-monds), primary and fabricated metals (331 and 332, gray triangles and squares, due in part to the fall in motor vehicle industry output) and machinery (333, blue “Xs”). Output from the four has increased, with the primary metals and ma-chinery industries reaching or passing pre-recession levels. Output of other transportation equipment (3364-9, red stars) and electrical equipment and appliances (335, orange crosses) has drifted lower without any notable recovery. What happened in Ohio often was part of similar changes in corresponding national industries. U.S. motor vehicle indus-try output fell 66.1 percent from 2006 to 2009 and has since risen 218.6 percent, surpassing its pre-recession peak. Pri-mary metals production and machinery output fell and recovered to pre-recession levels. However, fabricated metal and non-metallic mineral production, while greater than the recession depths, remains below pre-recession peaks, and elec-trical equipment and appliance output has varied little except for higher output in 2006-2008. In summary, aggregate output of the seven peaked in 2007, fell 26.9 percent by 2009, and subsequently grew 33.0 percent by 2015. At $693.6 billion, output has essentially returned to the pre-recession levels. The combined output of the seven industries constituted 89.1 percent of all durable goods production in Ohio in 2015. Given specific 2016 industry data are unavailable, the fact that the initial 2016 summary figure for durable goods output in Ohio is marginally lower probably indicates mixed changes during 2016 for most if not all the seven. The corresponding

25

national figure for 2016 was marginally greater than the revised 2015 figure. With few exceptions, GDP data provide no information about industry groups within major industries. However, value-added data from the Census Bureau’s Annual Survey of Manufactures (ASM) and employment figures from its County Business Patterns (CBP) files do, providing more specific insights.3 For example, both ASM and CBP data indicate that vehicle assembly (3361) and parts production (3363) are particularly concentrated in Ohio, while manufacturing bodies and trailers (3362) is closer to proportional with the nation (see Appendix Tables A18 and A20). Additional data confirm this concentration in assembly and parts production: Ohio was the 2nd-ranked state with 13.4 percent of the cars, vans, pick-ups and sport-utility vehicles assembled in the U.S. during 2015 at six high-volume plants (Automotive News, 2016), and tens of thousands of medium- and heavy-duty trucks are assembled at three plants; Ohio also has the 2nd largest number of U.S. establishments (regardless of NAICS codes) supplying parts to vehicle assemblers (ELM Analytics, 2016). Similarly, aerospace products and parts (3364) output is mildly concentrated with 4.3 percent of U.S. industry value-added here, but CBP data show only 2.7 percent of U.S. industry jobs in Ohio. This divergence may principally reflect the very high value added with large jet engines. Neither output from, nor employment in, any other transportation equipment group – ships, boats, railroads, ATVs, etc. – (3365-9) is concentrated here (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2017a, 2017b). ASM and CBP data illuminate other major industries as well. All primary metals group activities are concentrated in Ohio: iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production (3311), steel products made from purchased steel (3312), aluminum smelting and subsequent production (3313) as well as producing other common metals (3314, principally copper). Foundry output and employment (3315) also are concentrated here (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2017a, 2017b). Appendix Tables A18 and A20 show the highest concentrations in the four iron and steel, copper and foundry groups. Data from the U.S. Geo-logical Survey (2017) confirm Ohio’s prominent role in steel production: typically, 11 to 14 percent of U.S. raw steel pro-duction has come from Ohio in recent years, ranking it 2nd. Output from all nine fabricated metal groups (332) is concentrated in Ohio to various degrees (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2017a, 2017b). Output includes shaping metal pieces by forging, heat-treating, coating, stamping, bending, forming, ma-chining, engraving and/or welding purchased materials. (Stampings for motor vehicles are classified as motor vehicle parts – 33637.) Products include cutlery, unpowered hand tools, boilers, containers, hardware, nuts, bolts, screws, rivets, wires, springs, valves and plumbing fixtures, bearings, safes, ladders, washers, tanks, and the output of machine shops. (Washing machines and military weapons are classified elsewhere.) In this case, ASM and CBP data lead to the conclu-sion that it is the combination of a variety of goods made in large volumes that results in Ohio’s 3rd rank in industry GDP. Machinery manufacturing output is concentrated to varying degrees in five of the seven industry groups: the more-focused

26

industrial, commercial and service machinery industries (3332 and 3333), and the more widely applicable heating-venti-lation-air conditioning (HVAC) commercial refrigeration equipment (3334), metalworking (3335) and general-purpose machinery (3339) groups. CBP data show employment in the engines-turbines-power transmission equipment group (3336) is concentrated, but ASM data do not (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2017a, 2017b).4 Again, it is the combination of a variety of goods made in large volumes that results in Ohio’s overall 4th rank in industry GDP. Ohio is the top-ranked source for electrical equipment and appliances in the U.S. ASM and CBP data show this rank is due to the overwhelming concentration in household appliances (3352); 23.6 percent of U.S. value-added for the group comes from Ohio and 20.9 percent of U.S. group jobs are located here – by far the largest percentages among the states. ASM and CBP data suggest milder concentrations or nearly proportional activity and jobs in the three other groups: elec-tric lighting equipment (3351); electrical equipment (3353) such as motors, generators, transformers, switching equipment, relays and industrial controls (turbines for generating electricity are classified elsewhere); and other electrical equipment and components (3359) such as batteries, wires and cables (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2017a, 2017b). Manufacturing non-metallic mineral products (i.e., mostly silicates and calcites, 327) is concentrated in Ohio. ASM and CBP data agree that three of the five groups are concentrated here: clay and refractory products such as china, bricks, earthenware, pottery, porcelain, wall tiles, etc. (3271), glass (3272) and other materials (3279, abrasives, cut-stone pro-ducts, fiberglass, stucco, etc.) (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2017a, 2017b). As before, it is the combination of a variety of goods made in large volumes that results in Ohio’s overall 3rd rank in industry GDP.

27

See Tables A2, A3, A14-A16, A18, A20

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015*

321: Wood Prdcts. $821 $788 $855 $794 $680 $713 $790 $651 $576 $660 $653

334: Cmptr. & Elctrnc. Prdcts. $2,278 $2,359 $2,625 $2,918 $1,906 $2,228 $2,082 $2,786 $2,893 $2,857 $2,721

337: Furniture, etc. $1,885 $1,775 $1,713 $1,294 $929 $837 $927 $833 $866 $958 $943

339: Misc. Prdcts. $1,937 $2,057 $1,957 $2,019 $1,971 $1,949 $1,862 $1,942 $1,820 $1,978 $1,974

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Changes in Durable Goods Manufacturing Output in Ohio, 2005-2015(Industries Not Concentrated in Ohio)


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OTHER DURABLE GOODS MANUFACTURING The chart above illustrates the changing output levels of four durable goods manufacturing industries not concentrated in Ohio. Two of the four saw notable output declines sometime during the recession: furniture (NAICS 337, brown triangles) and computer and electronic products (334, blue rectangles); only in the latter has output recovered to levels approaching the pre-recession peak. On the other hand, manufacturing wood and miscellaneous products (327 and 339, gold squares and white diamonds) declined a bit during the recession, but the 10-year patterns of changes do not appear as uniform trends in any one direction. These patterns of change are at least somewhat similar to corresponding national-level changes:

• The growth of computer and electronic products output merely stalled in 2010, and then resumed growing;5

• Furniture, etc. production peaked in 2006 and fell during the recession with only the beginnings of a recovery in recent years;

• Wood products gradually grew to a peak in 2007, fell in the recession, but the recovery has remained below pre-recession levels;

• Miscellaneous products manufacturing grew until 2010, but has since fluctuated at slightly lower levels. Annual Survey of Manufactures and County Business Patterns data show few exceptions to the overall sparse presence of these major industries in Ohio: navigational-measuring-medical-control instruments (3345) output is close to proportion-al, and the production of household and institutional furniture and kitchen cabinets (3371) and other miscellaneous manu-factures (3399 – jewelry, sporting goods, toys, games, office supplies, signs, etc.) appear mildly concentrated here (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2017a, 2017b). Initial 2016 and 2017 summary data for durables goods (32p-33) – regardless of concentration in Ohio – indicate little change from 2015 in Ohio and slight growth for the nation as a whole (U.S. BEA, 2017).

29


2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015*

311-2: Food & Beverages $8,650 $9,914 $10,272 $9,238 $10,090 $9,751 $9,528 $9,690 $10,495 $10,719 $10,097

323: Printing, etc. $2,606 $2,568 $2,492 $2,245 $2,054 $1,895 $2,064 $1,921 $1,885 $1,918 $1,867

324: Petroleum & Coal Prdcts. $3,381 $3,242 $2,311 $1,864 $6,040 $5,315 $5,322 $3,928 $5,569 $8,238 $6,036

325: Chemicals $10,242 $10,681 $12,415 $12,125 $12,363 $12,799 $13,023 $12,308 $10,013 $11,223 $12,614

326: Plastic & Rubber Prdcts. $6,454 $5,648 $5,806 $4,677 $4,779 $4,912 $5,145 $5,381 $5,266 $5,002 $4,705

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Changes in Non-durable Goods Manufacturing Output in Ohio, 2005-2015(Industries Concentrated in Ohio)


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CONCENTRATED NON-DURABLE GOODS MANUFACTURING The chart above illustrates the changing output levels of five major non-durable goods manufacturing industries currently concentrated in Ohio, and presents a marked contrast with that of most concentrated durable goods manufacturing seen in a preceding section. While all five experienced output declines from 2007 to 2008, the output of petroleum and coal products (NAICS 324, black squares) quadrupled to its highest level in 2014, while manufacturing food-and-beverage products and petroleum-and-coal products (311-2, 324, green diamonds and brown triangles) quickly returned to pre-recession levels, although fluctuating since. These contrast with the printing and related activities (323, black-and-white rectangles), which have since fluctuated at levels lower than before the recession. The pattern of change in plastic and rubber products (326, red dots) output falls in between: a slight rise and fall at levels less than pre-recession output. Chemical production (325, brown triangles) fell from 2011 to 2013, but has since recovered. Sometimes these patterns of changes in Ohio are similar to corresponding national level changes: plastic and rubber pro-ducts output trended downward before and during the recession, and saw a slight rise and fall at levels less than pre-re-cession output; printing also have remained below pre-recession levels; post-recession printing and related activities also have fluctuated at levels lower than pre-recession levels. On the other hand, national output of coal and petroleum pro-ducts contracted from 2004 to 2012 with few interruptions; it has risen since, but remained 13.8 lower than in 2005. Com-parison of Ohio with national food, beverage and tobacco products output is incomplete because the Census Bureau does not record tobacco products manufacturing as the principal activity of any establishment in Ohio. Still, tobacco products are a small part of the industry, and recent national production dipped and rose, but at levels below the 2009 peak. U.S. chemical production currently remains below its 2007 and 2010 peaks. Annual Survey of Manufactures (ASM) and County Business Patterns (CBP) data specify which groups drive the overall cluster in the state. Ohio is the top-ranked state in manufacturing plastic and rubber products due to its concentration and 2nd and 1st ranks in each group (3261 and 3262). Food product groups more or less concentrated here include process-ing and preserving fruits and vegetables by freezing, canning, pickling or drying (3114), dairy products (3115), bakeries and tortilla manufacturing (3118), and other food products (3119) such as snacks, coffees and teas, flavorings, or season-ings and dressings, etc. Chemical production is concentrated to varying degrees in all groups except pharmaceuticals (3256) (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2017a, 2017b). In addition, CBP data show both printing industry sub-groups are concentrated in Ohio – actual printing on various materials (32311) and pre-press and post-press activities (32312); and it is products such as asphalt (32412), lubricants, greases, petroleum jelly, coke, etc. (32419) that are concentrated here while petroleum refineries (32411) are relatively sparse.

31


2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015*

313-4: Textile Mills & Prdcts. $359 $348 $411 $374 $287 $353 $301 $294 $336 $334 $313

315-6: Apparel, Leather, etc. $185 $162 $199 $199 $169 $144 $132 $118 $129 $127 $115

322: Paper Prdcts. $2,863 $3,041 $2,902 $2,349 $2,206 $2,023 $2,055 $1,782 $1,738 $1,945 $1,955

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Changes in Non-durable Goods Manufacturing Output in Ohio, 2005-2015(Industries Not Concentrated in Ohio)


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OTHER NON-DURABLE GOODS MANUFACTURING The chart above illustrates the changing output levels of the three major non-durable goods industries and clusters not currently concentrated in Ohio. The impact of the recession is evident in the chart above; all saw output declines from 2007 to 2009. However, the downturns for textiles, apparel, leather, etc. (NAICS 313-6, gray squares, brown triangles) were slight – in absolute terms – compared to the plunge in paper products (322, white rectangles). While output of tex-tiles and textile mill products (313-4) briefly recovered in 2010, relative output from all three industries or clusters currently remains well below pre-recession levels – between 12 to 38 percent below 2005 levels. These patterns of change are similar to corresponding national-level changes; 2015 U.S. output levels for the three remain 20 to 30 percent lower than a decade earlier. Annual Survey of Manufactures (ASM) and County Business Patterns (CBP) data show two exceptions to the overall sparse presence of these major industries in Ohio. Manufacturing other-leather-and-allied products (3169) like billfolds, shoe components, collars, leashes, harnesses, watchbands, luggage, purses, welders’ jackets, etc. is concentrated here, as are converted paper products (i.e., done without manufacturing paper or paperboard, 3222) such as boxes, sheets, pads, envelopes and other office supplies, paper dishes, and fiber cans, tubes and drums – including coated and laminat-ed products, (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2017a, 2017b). Initial 2016 and 2017 summary data for non-durables goods (31-32p) – regardless of concentration in Ohio – indicate little change in Ohio but a slight national contraction (U.S. BEA, 2017).

33


2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015*

111-2: Farming $1,949 $2,196 $1,816 $1,994 $2,988 $2,579 $2,932 $2,142 $2,882 $2,662 $2,399

113-5: Frstry.-Fish.-Hunt. $320 $356 $320 $310 $293 $287 $334 $401 $432 $485 $482

211: Oil-Gas Extrctn. $912 $929 $908 $846 $1,292 $926 $964 $1,038 $2,033 $3,391 $6,985

212: Mining, exc. Oil-Gas $1,429 $1,299 $1,241 $1,372 $1,547 $1,599 $1,773 $1,495 $1,371 $1,549 $1,503

213: Mining Support $323 $477 $621 $613 $483 $417 $400 $396 $522 $808 $769

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Changes in Natural Resources Industries Output in Ohio, 2005-2015(Farming, Forestry, Fishing, Hunting & Mining)


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NATURAL RESOURCES AND RELATED INDUSTRIES The chart above illustrates the varied recent histories of major natural resource and related industries in Ohio. The most obvious change has been the 624.6 percent increase in oil and gas production (NAICS 211, brown crosses) from 2011 to 2015, followed by the 92.3 percent increase in mining support activities (213, white dots).6 ODNR (2017) production data confirm the tremendous increases:

• total oil production rose 473.3 percent from 4.66 million barrels in 2011 to 26.70 million in 2015;

• total natural gas production rose 1,112.1 percent from 83.1 billion cubic feet in 2011 to 1,077.4 billion in 2015. ODNR (2017) credits the increases to the addition of production from the Utica and Marcellus shale in Eastern Ohio. Des-pite these leaps, oil and gas output from Ohio remained relatively sparse, just 2.48 percent of the U.S. total in 2015 (and 0.84 percent of Ohio’s total GDP). This is partly due to the 132.9 percent increase in U.S. oil and gas output from 2005 to 2015. Similarly, support activities across the nation also increased 68.0 percent. County Business Patterns (CBP) data, consistent with GDP data, also show industry and related support employment was relatively sparse in Ohio. Other mining production in Ohio (212, black stars) – principally from coal mines and quarries – fluctuated over the years with no distinct trend but a 5.2 percent net gain in the decade. Corresponding U.S. production also showed little variation and no consistent trend, with output 14.2 percent lower than in 2005. Despite the slight changes, other mining output from Ohio remains relatively sparse at 2.52 percent of U.S. industry GDP. While CBP employment data indicate coal min-ing and quarrying (but not related support jobs) may be mildly concentrated here, actual coal production in Ohio during 2015 was only 1.90 percent of the U.S. total (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2017b; U.S. EIA, 2017). 2016 and 2017 may be different stories. The 2016 sector (21) estimate for Ohio is a 43.1 percent increase from 2015 with further growth in 2017; U.S. levels are lower than 2015. ODNR (2017) data show 2016 shale gas production 45.2 percent above 2015, more than offsetting a corresponding 22.1 percent decrease in shale oil production. These facts may explain why BEA data show sector production as slightly concentrated in Ohio in 2016. (See the chart on page 18.) Farm production (NAICS 111-2, green squares) fluctuated from year to year, but generally has been greater in the last six years than in the first four. Output from the much smaller forestry-fishing-hunting cluster (113-5, green triangles) also has had its ups and downs; the last four years have seen growth from earlier in the decade. Both patterns correspond with national trends. CBP data show all eight farm-support and forestry-fishing-hunting-etc. groups (1131-1153) are more or less sparse in Ohio. However, data from the U.S. DA (2017) prepared by Cornell University indicate one exception in farming: Ohio was the 7th-ranked source soy beans with 6.1 percent of U.S. production in 2016. Initial Ohio and U.S. esti-mates show expansion than contraction in sector (11) output.

35

See Tables A1, A2, A5, A14-A16, A20

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016*

22: Utilities $8,311 $8,672 $9,835 $9,921 $9,348 $9,963 $9,846 $13,038 $12,947 $11,787 $10,564 $10,932

23: Construction $22,549 $20,215 $18,804 $17,614 $16,246 $15,314 $16,339 $17,691 $18,192 $18,297 $18,805 $19,153

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Changes in Infrastructure Sectors' Output in Ohio, 2005-2016(Utilities & Construction)

Source: U.S. BEA* - Preliminary; earlier years may be revised

36

INFRASTRUCTURE The chart above illustrates changing production levels in the two parts of what could be called the infrastructure cluster: those that build it (construction, NAICS 23) and those that supply what is necessary to keep the homes, buildings and equipment operating (utilities, 22). Construction activity in Ohio (gray squares) declined 32.1 percent from 2005 to 2010, but has since risen 25.1 percent. (Appendix Table A2 shows 2005 to 2010 is the end of a longer period of decline starting in 2000.) The decline incorporated (but was not limited to) the fall in residential construction and related specialty trades (2361 and 238) due to the financial crisis and the Great Recession. It is consistent with the 71.3 percent drop in building permits issued for residential construction from 2005 through 2010; building permits have since risen 66.4 percent from 2010, but still remain at about one-half of 2005 levels (U.S. Bureau of the Census, n.d.).7 A similar trend in construction activity was seen for the nation as a whole: falling from 2005 through 2011, it has recovered a bit but remains well below earlier levels. While overall construction activity in Ohio is relatively sparse, County Business Patterns (CBP) data point to non-residential building (2362) and other heavy and civil engineering (2379) construction as exceptions; employment in those groups is essentially proportional with the nation. The chart above also illustrates a generally upward trend in private sector utility services (orange diamonds): generating and distributing electric power, locally distributing natural gas, supplying water and treating sewage. The net change in Ohio was an increase of 31.5 percent from 2005 to 2016. However, data in Appendix Table A2 show 2016 service levels are 8.8 percent below 1997 levels. Similarly, national services in 2016 were 10.7 greater than in 2005, but only 3.9 per-cent greater than in 1997. CBP data point to proportional activity in electric power generation, transmission and distribu-tion (2211) and mild concentration in local natural gas distribution (2212), while private sector water and sewage services (2213) are relatively sparse in Ohio. Preliminary data show construction activity in Ohio holding steady but expanding for the nation as a whole in 2017, while utility services expand in Ohio and virtually hold steady for the nation as a whole (U.S. BEA, 2017).

37

See Tables A2, A13-A16, A20

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015*

482: by Rail $1,354 $1,365 $1,301 $1,327 $1,139 $1,222 $1,236 $1,275 $1,266 $1,310 $1,251

483: by Water $85 $115 $115 $123 $114 $108 $117 $115 $151 $126 $111

484: by Truck $6,398 $6,629 $6,435 $6,142 $5,271 $5,820 $6,272 $6,393 $6,218 $6,351 $6,074

486: by Pipeline $181 $165 $180 $386 $383 $559 $679 $336 $275 $366 $455

493: Warehouse/Storage $2,243 $2,627 $2,512 $2,525 $2,384 $2,523 $2,617 $2,840 $2,980 $3,026 $3,160

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Changes in Transportation and Warehouse Services in Ohio, 2005-2015(the More-Logistical Industries)


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TRANSPORTATION AND WAREHOUSING – MOVING AND STORING FREIGHT Transportation services (NAICS 48-49p, which excludes the U.S. Postal Service) move people and goods in large num-bers. The more-logistical industries in the sector principally focus on moving and storing raw and intermediate materials as well as finished goods. The chart above shows most such transportation services in Ohio are provided by the trucking industry (484, orange squares), followed by railroads (482, charcoal rectangles), pipelines (486, white dots) and ships or barges (483, blue triangles).8 Trucking services clearly show the effects of the recession and subsequent recovery, cor-responding with changes mostly seen in durable goods production. The same may be said, to a small extent, of storage and warehouse (493, dark red diamonds) and rail transportation. These contrast with pipeline and water transportation services, which appear to have been unaffected by the recession. These patterns of change often reflect changing ser-vices levels for the nation as a whole: the contraction and expansion in trucking, the more or less steady growth in ware-housing and storage, the net growth in pipeline and water transportation (Ohio’s growth rate was greater in former and less in the latter), and the relatively steady-state of railroad transportation. Among the industries discussed in this section, County Business Patterns (CBP) data specify only generalized freight trucking (4841) as concentrated in Ohio. Generalized freight trucking moves a wide variety of commodities, often those that can be placed on pallets or in containers. Specialized freight trucking (4842), which uses tankers, refrigerated trailers or specialized equipment for moving household and specific industrial goods, is roughly proportional. Similarly, CBP data specify the overall concentration in warehousing and storage services (493, dark red diamonds) to general and other warehousing and storage (49311 and 49319) as opposed to refrigerated and farm produce storage (49312-3). To a large extent, this is consistent with the general concentration of manufacturing here. Despite the recent increases in oil and natural gas production (212) as well as coal and petroleum products (324), employment in the associated pipeline trans-portation groups remained sparse in 2015 (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2017b).

39

See Tables A2, A6, A14-A16, A20

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015*

481: by Air $1,540 $1,528 $1,766 $1,645 $1,458 $1,384 $1,494 $1,361 $1,400 $1,341 $1,319

485: Pssngr. Grnd./Trnst. $445 $456 $467 $458 $422 $407 $438 $433 $410 $405 $425

487-8, 92: Other & Spprt. $3,641 $3,854 $3,401 $3,586 $3,211 $2,877 $2,889 $2,748 $2,754 $2,794 $3,037

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Changes in Transportation Services in Ohio, 2005-2015(Air, Passenger Ground, and All Other Services)


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TRANSPORTATION – PASSENGERS, COURIERS AND SUPPORT SERVICES Activity levels in Ohio in passenger-oriented industries (NAICS 481, 485 and 487), courier and messenger services (492, mostly moving packages by any mode, but heavily truck-dependent) and those providing support services for transporta-tion modes, singly or in combination (488), varied over the course of the decade. However, the BEA presents the data dif-ferently, as seen in the chart above. It combines sightseeing tours (487, passengers using various modes) with couriers and messengers (492) and support services (488) into one cluster (487-8, 92, gold dots).9 The chart above shows the cluster and air transportation services10 (481, black stars) trended lower during the decade with occasion upticks for a year. The smaller transit and ground industry (485, blue rectangles) showed relatively little change. Changes in Ohio appear to be part of nationwide changes in the cluster and transit and ground industry, but U.S. air transportation saw a net expansion as the industry contracted here. None of these major transportation services is concentrated in Ohio, but County Business Patterns data point to some exceptions. These include non-scheduled air transportation (4812), rail support (4882) and other transportation support activities (4889). Non-scheduled air transportation is the flexible part of the system that will go anywhere at any time regularly scheduled planes do not. Rail services include maintaining and repairing equipment as well as terminal opera-tions. Other transportation support includes packing and crating, arranging van and car pools, independent pipeline ter-minal facilities, stockyards, etc. Initial 2016 and 2017 summary data for the sector (48-49p) show continuing growth from 2015 in Ohio and for the nation as a whole (U.S. BEA, 2017).

41


2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015*

511: Publishing (inc. Sftwr. exc. Internet) $5,031 $4,372 $5,048 $5,186 $5,005 $5,394 $5,543 $5,590 $5,604 $5,000 $5,163

512: Motion Pic./Sound Rcrdng. $520 $531 $562 $580 $565 $484 $457 $485 $530 $581 $590

515, 7: Brdcstng./Telecmmnctns. $6,786 $6,958 $8,035 $8,356 $10,474 $12,374 $13,788 $12,936 $12,770 $9,904 $9,261

518, 9: Data Prcssng., etc. (inc. Internet) $1,808 $1,896 $1,326 $1,494 $1,368 $1,409 $1,446 $1,351 $1,591 $1,703 $1,812

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Changes in Information Services in Ohio, 2005-2015


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INFORMATION The striking expansion and contraction of the broadcasting and telecommunications cluster (NAICS 515 plus 517, blue triangles) from 2008 to 2015 may be more apparent than real. It may be more the outcome of methodological changes by the BEA dealing with the allocation of earned income by state than a measure of where economic activity occurred.11 Fur-thermore, the rise of broadcasting and telecommunications from 2006 to 2007 and the simultaneous drop in data process-ing and other information services (518 plus 519, green rectangles) could be partially explained by regrouping Internet service providers from data processing and hosting (518) into telecommunications (517) with the implementation of the 2007 NAICS (see Office of Management and Budget, 2007: 979-980). The same phenomenon is evident at the national level. Since 2007, data processing, etc., has expanded 36.7 percent in Ohio and 75.2 percent across the country. Also evident in the chart above is the relatively steady activity levels of the publishing (511, black and white squares) and motion picture-sound recording (512, yellow dots) industries. 2006 was the exception for the publishing industry. The relatively steady activity levels in these industries here contrast with their expansions elsewhere in the country. Overall, the four industries are more or less sparse in Ohio. The only exception is the proportional employment by news-paper, periodical, book and database publishers (5111), County Business Patterns (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2017b). Initial figures for the sector (51) show expansions from 2015 through 2016 and the first quarter of 2017 here and across the country (U.S. BEA, 2017).

43


2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015*

521-2: Banks, Other Lenders, etc. $21,491 $21,214 $19,824 $19,860 $22,056 $20,581 $22,041 $22,917 $19,061 $18,403 $17,552

523: Securities/Investments $2,619 $2,827 $2,328 $1,409 $2,370 $2,460 $2,374 $2,579 $2,606 $2,402 $2,377

524: Insurance Carriers, etc. $13,848 $14,082 $15,885 $14,343 $14,652 $15,300 $15,524 $16,295 $16,327 $20,341 $21,252

525: Funds, Trusts, etc. $163 $246 $266 $290 $247 $385 $511 $774 $657 $1,024 $844

531: Real Estate $49,183 $47,675 $50,005 $50,026 $50,015 $52,420 $54,239 $54,941 $55,069 $54,707 $55,254

532-3: Rental/Leasing $5,066 $5,592 $5,239 $5,447 $4,755 $4,464 $4,277 $4,193 $4,448 $4,785 $5,219

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Changes in Financial Services in Ohio, 2005-2015(Banks, Investments, Insurance, Real Estate & Rental/Leasing)


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FINANCIAL, REAL ESTATE, RENTAL AND LEASING ACTIVITIES The chart above illustrates changes in various financial, real estate and rental and leasing activities in Ohio. It is interest-ing to note the largest changes in activity levels – both up and down – often preceded or occurred in the earliest stages of the 2008-2009 recession. Real estate activity (NAICS 531, white squares) contracted in 2006 as the housing market be-gan to collapse, due in part to rising interest rates (Fedprimerate.com, 2017). (GDP numbers for real estate – the single largest major industry in America and Ohio – are much more indicative of the role mortgages play the economy than real estate office activities.12 The decline in real estate activity also is consistent with the drop in building permits that year.) Subsequent credit intermediation activities of banks, etc., (521-2, green rectangles) fell in 2007, perhaps due to reduced demand, while insurance activities (524, blue rectangles) rose, perhaps due to initial claims involving so-called toxic as-sets (unitized and packaged high-risk mortgage loans). The rise in banking and related activities in 2009 may have incor-porated the Federal Reserve’s efforts in stabilizing the financial system; lending (and real estate) might have grown as the recovery gained momentum and interest rates remained ultra-low, while the decline since 2012 may indicate a winding-down of activity related to problematic mortgages. (Regarding the last, Ohio is home to large “back-office” operations). Smaller industries felt the effects of the financial crisis as well. Security and investment establishments (523, gold dia-monds) saw reduced activity from 2006 to 2008 as investors moved to the sidelines, and then returned to financial mar-kets in 2009. Rental and leasing activity (532-3, white dots) peaked in 2006, moved lower thereafter, and is only now returning to pre-recession levels. The tiny funds-and-trusts industry (525, purple triangles) is the lone exception. Many of these changes here were part of similar changes for the country as a whole. This is true for banks, etc., insur-ance, securities and investments, rental and leasing, and even funds-and-trusts. County Business Patterns (CBP) data point primarily to insurance carriers (5241, companies actually writing the policies and assuming the risks) – and secondarily to depository credit intermediation (5221, banks, savings-and-loans, credit unions, etc.) as the groups driving sector (52) concentration here. The presence of Federal Reserve Bank (5211) offices in Cleveland and Cincinnati guarantees the concentration of monetary authority and central banking here. However, the small employment numbers – when compared to credit intermediation (522) – suggest a minor role in sector concentra-tion. Lessors of real estate (5311) and most goods (5321-3) are close to proportional in an otherwise sparse sector (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2017b). Initial figures for 2016 and the first quarter of 2017 show both sectors (52 and 53) growing in Ohio and across the nation (U.S. BEA, 2017).

45


2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015*

5411: Legal Srvcs. $5,172 $5,164 $5,182 $5,649 $5,000 $4,578 $4,582 $4,374 $4,176 $4,083 $4,166

5415: Cmptr. Systems Dsgn., etc. $4,022 $4,497 $5,164 $5,516 $5,637 $5,934 $6,576 $6,075 $6,280 $6,518 $6,933

5412-4, 6-9: Other PST Srvcs. $14,925 $15,252 $15,265 $16,274 $15,247 $15,395 $16,107 $16,221 $16,457 $16,794 $16,989

55: Mgt. of Cos./Entrprss. $15,725 $15,871 $14,561 $14,881 $13,484 $14,510 $15,307 $18,699 $19,327 $20,850 $20,123

561: Admnstrtv./Spprt. Srvcs. $13,276 $13,326 $14,051 $14,318 $13,143 $13,927 $14,995 $16,010 $16,683 $17,007 $17,345

562: Wst. Mgt./Rmdtn. Srvcs. $1,461 $1,295 $1,289 $1,232 $1,202 $1,429 $1,281 $1,316 $1,537 $1,618 $1,637

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Changes in Professional & Business Services in Ohio, 2005-2015


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PROFESSIONAL AND BUSINESS SERVICES The chart above illustrates the changing levels of service provided by six industries from three sectors that are part of or principally serve businesses. At one end, legal services (NAICS 5411, long black and white rectangles) contracted by 19.5 percent over the decade. This contrasts with the nearly uninterrupted 72.4 percent growth in computer systems design and related services (5415, short blue rectangles). The remaining professional, scientific and technical services (PST) (5412-4 and 5416-9, gold squares) also grew 13.8 percent, with the only notable decline during 2009-2010. These trends were part of similar national trends. County Business Patterns (CBP) data indicate that none of the PST services is concentrated here except for Other PST services (5419) such as marketing research, opinion polling, translating, photo-graphic and veterinary services (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2017b). Enterprise management (55, purple diamonds) consists of holding companies and corporate offices for company, regional and subsidiary management. These types of establishments are concentrated in Ohio. This is consistent with the 55 For-tune-1,000 companies headquartered here, which rank Ohio 5th in the nation (Fortune, 2017). The chart above shows services contracting to the recession’s 2009 nadir and subsequently surpassing the pre-recession peak; the same is true for the industry nationwide. CBP data show this sector consists almost entirely of corporate and subsidiary managing offices (551114), which are concentrated here (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2017b).13 Administrative support establishments (561, orange triangles) specialize in providing out-sourced services to businesses. Activities include document preparation, mailing, bookkeeping, collections and repossessions, as well as the functions of call centers, personnel, security, janitorial and clerical staff – among others. The chart above shows that such services expanded 30.6 percent over the decade, with the drop in 2009 the only set-back. This growth pattern mirrors the national trend. While this major industry has a proportional role in Ohio’s economy, CBP data point to services to buildings and dwellings (5617) and other support services (5619) such as repossession, court reporting, stenography, barcoding and fundraising as concentrated here (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2017b). Private sector waste management and remedia-tion services (562, green dots) include collecting, treating, incinerating or otherwise disposing of waste materials (except sewage, which is classified as a utility service). Also included are operating landfills and recovering recyclables. These services have gradually grown with the nation over the decade, but fluctuated with little net change here. This major in-dustry’s concentration here is focused on waste treatment and disposal (5622) (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2017b). Initial estimates show continuing growth of PST services (54) here through the first quarter of 2017 with little change for the other two sectors in contrast to the nationwide growth of all three (U.S. BEA, 2017).

47


2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015*

61: Educational Srvcs. $4,246 $4,418 $4,374 $4,509 $4,656 $4,646 $4,648 $4,537 $4,261 $4,245 $4,237

621: Ambulatory Care $17,235 $18,142 $17,635 $18,272 $18,365 $18,198 $18,626 $19,134 $19,768 $20,269 $21,275

622-3: Hsptls. & Rltd. Fclts. $20,017 $20,837 $20,602 $21,266 $21,056 $21,045 $21,363 $21,592 $21,882 $21,783 $22,244

624: Social Assistance $2,644 $2,812 $2,838 $2,991 $2,962 $2,966 $2,900 $2,937 $3,047 $3,067 $3,136

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Changes in Educational, Health & Assistance Services in Ohio, 2005-2015


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EDUCATION, HEALTH CARE AND SOCIAL ASSISTANCE The chart above illustrates the relatively steady provision of private sector educational services (61, red rectangles) in Ohio during the last decade, peaking in 2009, but with virtually no net change over the decade. (Some people enroll in post-secondary schools to add or improve skills when jobs are scarce.) Corresponding services grew 17.4 percent for the nation. While overall private sector educational services here are sparse, County Business Patterns (CBP) data show services by elementary and secondary schools (6111) and junior colleges (6112) are roughly proportional with the nation (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2017b). The chart also documents the expansion of the two private sector health care sector clusters. Ambulatory health care services (NAICS 621, green diamonds) increased 23.4 percent over the decade, while services provided by hospitals, nursing and residential care facilities (622-3, green squares) increased 11.1 percent. Neither industry was phased by the recession even as their growth rates were less than corresponding national trends. Hospitals, nursing and residential care facilities are more concentrated in Ohio than ambulatory health care. CBP data point to general hospitals (6221) and nursing and community care facilities for the elderly (6231, 3) as the service groups notably concentrated here (U.S. Bu-reau of the Census, 2017b). Underlying the concentration of nursing homes here are their uses as residences for stabi-lized mental patients who have nowhere else to go, and as temporary locations for post-surgical rehabilitation. Nursing homes have aggressively pursued the latter because they see Medicare as a generous source of reimbursement (Suther-ly, 2013). The concentration of home health care services (6216) may reflect the state’s emphasis on their use as an al-ternative to nursing home care (Sutherly, 2013; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2017b). The smaller private sector social assistance industry (624, gold dots) expanded 18.6 percent and, like health care ser-vices, was not really phased by the recession. The expansion here was part of an encompassing national trend. Overall, the industry’s role in Ohio’s economy is close to proportional with the nation’s, with a notable concentration in vocational rehabilitation services (6243) such as job counseling, training and/or work experience for those lacking such; sheltered workshops are included (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2017b). Initial figures show continued expansion through 2015 and the first quarter of 2017 in the health care and social assis-tance sector (62) here and for the nation as a whole; educational services (61) continued contracting here, but fluctuated for the nation as a whole (U.S. BEA, 2017).

49


2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015*

711-2: Arts, Sports, Museums, etc. $2,012 $1,894 $1,837 $1,834 $1,698 $1,690 $1,759 $1,906 $1,841 $2,039 $2,036

713: Amsmnts., Gmblng., Rcrtn. $2,701 $2,384 $2,144 $2,310 $2,768 $3,301 $3,238 $3,442 $3,943 $3,523 $3,611

721: Accommodation $1,729 $1,547 $1,538 $1,549 $1,425 $1,468 $1,496 $1,556 $1,932 $2,022 $2,060

722: Food Srvcs. & Drinking Places $10,165 $9,948 $9,977 $9,455 $8,764 $9,106 $9,670 $10,008 $10,262 $10,431 $10,581

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Changes in Leisure & Hospitality Services in Ohio, 2005-2015

Source: U.S. BEA* - Preliminary; earlier years may be revised

50

LEISURE AND HOSPITALITY A careful look at the chart above shows the varying effect of the 2008-2009 recession on three of the four major industries in this cluster. During hard times, people reduce discretionary expenditures such as:

• travel, which means less use of accommodations (NAICS 721, white rectangles);

• going out, which means less patronage of food services and drinking places (722, light gray dots); and

• participation in arts, sports and museums events (711-2, blue squares). Consequently, such services bottomed-out at the depths of the recession in 2009, and have risen as part of the recovery. The same phenomena are evident nationwide. The exception in Ohio was the growth in amusements, gambling and recreation (713, red diamonds) first seen in 2008. Some forms of gambling (7132) were legalized in Ohio in 2009, with casinos opening in 2012 (Ott, 2013). The latter contributed to the major industry’s net growth, which in turn accounted for nearly all of the encompassing arts-entertainment-recreation (71) sector’s growth during the decade (compare the real net gains of 713 to 711-2 in Appendix Table A11), but the growth of unregulated Internet or sweepstakes cafes (Ott, 2013) may have played a role in growth from 2007 to 2012. Despite legalized gambling’s growth in Ohio, County Business Patterns data show it remains sparse here, with only spec-tator sports (7112), historical sites (71212) and zoos and gardens (71213) concentrated here (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2017b). Initial estimates for 2016 and the first quarter of 2017 show steady or fractionally increased use of sector services (71 and 72) here and across the country (U.S. BEA, 2017).

51


2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016*

42: Wholesale Trade $32,229 $33,569 $34,169 $33,981 $29,178 $29,817 $29,971 $30,463 $31,612 $32,886 $34,011 $34,165

44-5: Retail Trade $35,250 $33,015 $31,879 $30,366 $29,883 $30,263 $30,851 $30,816 $32,064 $32,700 $34,399 $34,714

81: Other Srvcs. exc. Govt. $12,516 $12,217 $11,805 $10,980 $10,226 $10,072 $10,445 $10,703 $10,608 $10,751 $10,963 $11,182

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Changes in Trade and Other Private Services Sectors in Ohio, 2005-2016


52

TRADE AND OTHER SERVICES The chart above illustrates the somewhat similar, somewhat different stories of three sectors. Wholesale trade (NAICS 42, green diamonds) expanded in Ohio from 2005 through 2007, fell in 2009 (erasing the preceding gains), and has es-sentially recovered to the 2007 peak. Unlike wholesale trade, retail trade (44-5, gold dots) peaked in 2005 before con-tracting to its lowest level of the decade in 2009; but similar to wholesale trade, it has nearly recovered to its 2005 level. Similar to retail trade, other private sector services (81, blue triangles) slid from 2005 to 2010 with only a very gradual expansion that, however, remains below pre-recession levels. These trends in Ohio are quite similar to – and part of – corresponding national sector trends, although national wholesale and retail activity has now surpassed pre-recession peaks. Initial data for the first quarter of 2017 indicate continuing expansion here and for the nation as a whole in whole-sale trade (42) and other services (81), while retail trade (44-45) was virtually unchanged in Ohio but was growing for the nation as a whole (U.S. BEA, 2017). Overall activity in all three sectors is largely proportional with the nation. However, County Business Patterns (CBP) data point to interesting wholesale sector variations: wholesalers distributing products of manufacturing industries concentrated in Ohio tend to have employment concentrated here, perhaps as a carry-over effect. Wholesale jobs more or less con-centrated here include those dealing in motor vehicles, parts and tires (4231), metals and minerals (except petroleum) (4235), hardware, plumbing and heating equipment (4237), machinery and equipment (4238), paper and paper products (4241) and chemicals and plastics (4246). The sparse employment among electrical equipment wholesalers (4236) is an exception to this tendency (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2017b). CBP data also indicate the varying concentration of some sector activities in Ohio: lawn and garden equipment and supply stores (4442), pharmacies and drug stores (4461), florists (4531), on-line and mail order houses (4541), vending machine operators (4542), commercial equipment repair and maintenance (8113 – motor vehicle and electrical equipment repair are classified elsewhere), personal care businesses (hair, nails, dieting, 8121), funeral homes and cemeteries (8122), and civic and social organizations (8134) (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2017b).

53

See Tables A2, A13-A16, A20

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015*

92fc, 491: Fdrl. Cvln. (inc. Pstl. Srvc.) $9,193 $9,195 $9,254 $9,261 $9,292 $9,681 $9,503 $9,451 $9,072 $9,214 $9,371

92811: Federal - Military $3,900 $3,693 $3,610 $3,808 $4,094 $4,108 $4,114 $4,087 $4,056 $3,957 $3,882

92sl: State & Local $49,085 $48,501 $48,167 $48,249 $47,370 $48,106 $47,216 $47,776 $46,765 $45,889 $46,082

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Changes in Government Services in Ohio, 2005-2015


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FEDERAL, STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT Taken together, the services provided by federal, state and local government agencies verge on the sparse side in Ohio. However, the graph above illustrates the differences between the three parts of the sector. Between 77 and 79 percent of all government services in Ohio are provided by state and local agencies (NAICS 92c, white triangles).14 Those services contracted 6.1 percent over the decade from $49.1 to $46.1 billion, with seemingly little effect by the recession. Concen-tration ratios at or very close to 1.00 mean that the state and local government services provided here remained in the middle of the range of services provided by all state and local governments in the U.S. By contrast, the civilian part of the federal government, including the Postal Service (92fc and 491, blue squares), plays a relatively small and sparse role in the state’s economy. Such services reached their highest level in 2010 – almost $9.7 billion, coinciding with the peak of Ohio’s unemployment rate in the recession. The military’s role (92811, red dots) is even smaller and sparser, despite the presence of facilities such as the Defense Supply Center (Columbus), Wright-Pat-terson Air Force Base (Dayton), and two Defense Finance and Accounting Service centers (Cleveland and Columbus). The roles of the civilian and military branches of the federal government fluctuated slightly over the decade with no appar-ent long term trends. As with state and local spending, the changes seem almost unaffected by the recession. Data from other sources are consistent with the GDP concentration ratios; in 2015:

• 0.12 percent of the labor force (employed and unemployed persons ages 16 years) in Ohio was in the armed forces – less than the national average of 0.63 percent (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2017c);

• 1.81 percent of all employed civilians ages 16 years and older in Ohio worked for the federal government – less than the national average of 2.45 percent (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2017c; bases for the percentages include self-em-ployed and unpaid family workers);

• 1.42 percent of the value of Defense Department procurement contracts went to firms in Ohio (U.S. FPDS, 2017). The initial summary figures for government services (92) indicate fractional growth from 2015 through the first quarter of 2017 here and for the nation as a whole (U.S. BEA, 2017).

55

See Tables A2, A12, A14-A16

Michigan, -13.4%

Nevada, -12.5%

Arizona, -11.0%

Florida, -9.7%

Indiana, -6.9%

Georgia, -6.7%

Ohio, -6.1%Connecticut, -5.5%

Illinois, -4.9%

California, -4.4%

South Carolina, -4.3%

Rhode Island, -4.3%

Alabama, -4.0%

New Jersey, -4.0%

Wisconsin, -4.0%

Utah, -3.8%

Iowa, -3.8%

Kentucky, -3.8%

Idaho, -3.5%

Minnesota, -3.5%

United States, -3.2%Tennessee, -3.0%

Hawaii, -3.0%

Washington, -2.6%

New Hampshire, -2.5%

Maine, -2.5%

Arkansas, -2.3%

Montana, -1.7%

Kansas, -1.7%

Massachusetts, -1.6%

North Carolina, -1.6%

Pennsylvania, -1.4%

Vermont, -1.3%

Colorado, -1.2%

Delaware, -0.8%

Oklahoma, -0.5%

Virginia, -0.2%

Mississippi, -0.2%

Missouri, -0.1%

Texas, 0.0%

New York, 0.0%

Maryland, 1.1%

District of Columbia, 2.2%

New Mexico, 2.3%

Nebraska, 2.7%

West Virginia, 2.7%

Louisiana, 2.8%

Oregon, 4.6%

South Dakota, 5.3%

Wyoming, 6.0%

Alaska, 10.3%

North Dakota, 12.1%

-20.0% -15.0% -10.0% -5.0% 0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0%

Percentage Change in Aggregate GDP: 2007-2009(After Adjusting for Inflation)

Source: U.S. BEA

56

A SUMMARY OF AGGREGATE CHANGES: 2007-2009 The chart above shows that Ohio was hit relatively hard by the 2008-2009 recession; total output fell 6.1 percent from 2007 to 2009. Only six states suffered steeper declines: Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Michigan and Nevada. The table below shows 77.5 percent of Ohio’s $31.1 billion output decline was due to the $24.1 billion/38.8 percent drop in durable goods. Although all such major industries saw reduced production, the data in Appendix Table A3 point to the near collapse of the motor vehicle industry in Ohio, a $12.6 billion, 75.4 percent plunge in output, as the largest contribu-ting factor. As the distress of the financial crisis ricocheted through the economy, consumers (both individuals and organi-zations) cut way back on “postpone-able” purchases of big-ticket items in general. (This is one reason why durable goods industries are highly cyclical). Given the concentration of durable goods production in Ohio, it is understandable how and why its economy was hit so hard.15 GDP* Changes* Sector 2007 2009 Numeric Percent

Total $510.6 $479.5 -$31.1 -6.1% Private sector $449.6 $418.8 -$30.8 -6.8% Goods-producing summary $121.1 $98.8 -$22.3 -18.4% Agriculture, forestry, fishing & hunting $2.1 $3.3 $1.2 55.0% Mining $2.7 $3.3 $0.6 21.1% Construction $18.8 $16.2 -$2.6 -13.6% Durable goods manufacturing $62.1 $38.0 -$24.1 -38.8% Non-durable goods manufacturing $36.2 $38.0 $1.8 5.0% Service-providing summary $328.4 $319.9 -$8.4 -2.6% Utilities $9.8 $9.3 -$0.5 -5.0% Wholesale trade $34.2 $29.2 -$5.0 -14.6% Retail trade $31.9 $29.9 -$2.0 -6.3% Transportation & warehousing $16.2 $14.4 -$1.8 -11.2% Information $15.0 $17.4 $2.5 16.4% Finance & insurance $38.0 $39.3 $1.3 3.4% Real estate, rental & leasing $55.2 $54.8 $0.5 -0.9% Professional, scientific & technical $25.6 $25.9 $0.3 1.1% Management of companies & enterprises $14.6 $13.5 -$1.1 -7.4% Administrative support & waste management $15.4 $14.3 -$1.0 -6.5% Education $4.4 $4.7 $0.3 6.4% Health care & social assistance $41.1 $42.4 $1.3 3.2% Arts, entertainment & recreation $4.0 $4.5 $0.5 12.2% Accommodation & food services $11.5 $10.2 -$1.3 -11.4% Other non-governmental services $11.8 $10.2 -$1.6 -13.4% Government $61.0 $60.8 -$0.3 -0.4% Notes: * - in billions standardized on 2009; figures may not sum to totals due to rounding; percentages are based on unrounded numbers.

57

Wyoming, -7.2%

Alaska, -6.0%

Louisiana, -2.5%

Connecticut, -1.2%

Mississippi, 1.7%

Maine, 2.8%

New Mexico, 3.9%

West Virginia, 4.1%

Missouri, 5.4%

Rhode Island, 5.5%

Delaware, 5.7%

New Jersey, 5.9%

Virginia, 6.8%

Nevada, 7.2%

Vermont, 7.5%

Alabama, 7.7%

Illinois, 8.5%

Kansas, 10.2%

North Carolina, 10.3%

Arizona, 10.3%

Kentucky, 10.7%

Maryland, 10.8%

Idaho, 10.8%

Arkansas, 10.9%

New York, 11.0%

District of Columbia, 11.1%

New Hampshire, 11.1%

Wisconsin, 11.5%

Hawaii, 12.0%

Florida, 12.9%

South Dakota, 13.4%

Pennsylvania, 13.6%

Montana, 13.7%

Georgia, 14.0%

United States, 14.1%Oregon, 14.4%

South Carolina, 14.6%

Indiana, 14.7%

Minnesota, 14.8%

Iowa, 15.1%

Ohio, 15.2%Massachusetts, 15.8%

Nebraska, 16.5%

Tennessee, 16.7%

Colorado, 18.3%

Michigan, 18.6%

Washington, 18.9%

Utah, 20.3%

California, 20.3%

Oklahoma, 21.9%

Texas, 28.5%

North Dakota, 46.6%

-20.0% -10.0% 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0%

Percentage Change in Aggregate GDP: 2009-2016(After Adjusting for Inflation)

Source: U.S. BEA

58

A SUMMARY OF AGGREGATE CHANGES: 2009-2016 The chart above shows that Ohio’s economic recovery, starting from 2009, has been at an above-average rate that ex-ceeded that of 38 states and the District of Columbia. The table below shows an inflation-adjusted 15.2 percent increase of $72.9 billion in the volume of goods produced and services provided in seven years. All of this growth has come from the private sector, which offset the slight drop in government services. The rapid rise has been partially due to the $16.6 billion and $10.4 billion added by durable goods and mining. (Data in Appendix Table A3 point to the motor vehicle indus-try and oil and gas extraction as the greatest parts of durable goods’ and mining’s growth.16) However, it has been the steadier collective growth of the service side that contributed 62.7 percent of the total net growth with the broadly based net increase of $45.7 billion. The four largest contributions have been highlighted.

GDP* Changes* Sector 2009 2016 Numeric Percent

Total $479.5 $552.5 $72.9 15.2% Private sector $418.8 $493.2 $74.4 17.8% Goods-producing summary $98.8 $127.1 $28.3 28.6% Agriculture, forestry, fishing & hunting $3.3 $3.3 -$0.0 -0.6% Mining $3.3 $13.7 $10.4 312.2% Construction $16.2 $19.2 $2.9 17.9% Durable goods manufacturing $38.0 $54.6 $16.6 43.6% Non-durable goods manufacturing $38.0 $38.7 $0.7 1.9% Service-providing summary $319.9 $365.7 $45.7 14.3% Utilities $9.3 $10.9 $1.6 16.9% Wholesale trade $29.2 $34.2 $5.0 17.1% Retail trade $29.9 $34.7 $4.8 16.2% Transportation & warehousing $14.4 $15.8 $1.5 10.1% Information $17.4 $17.6 $0.2 1.3% Finance & insurance $39.3 $42.5 $3.2 8.2% Real estate, rental & leasing $54.8 $60.9 $6.1 11.2% Professional, scientific & technical $25.9 $29.1 $3.2 12.3% Management of companies & enterprises $13.5 $20.0 $6.5 48.4% Administrative support & waste management $14.3 $18.7 $4.3 30.2% Education $4.7 $4.2 -$0.5 -10.8% Health care & social assistance $42.4 $47.5 $5.2 12.2% Arts, entertainment & recreation $4.5 $5.7 $1.2 27.4% Accommodation & food services $10.2 $12.6 $2.5 24.0% Other non-governmental services $10.2 $11.2 $1.0 9.3% Government $60.8 $59.4 -$1.3 -2.2% Notes: * - in billions standardized on 2009; figures may not sum to totals due to rounding; percentages are based on unrounded numbers.

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Aggregate Gross Domestic Products for Metropolitan Areas in Ohio, 2005-2016

(in millions of chained dollars standardized on 2009)

Area 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016*

U.S. $14,203,241 $14,584,888 $14,798,367 $14,718,301 $14,320,114 $14,628,165 $14,833,679 $15,126,281 $15,348,034 $15,690,349 $16,094,516 $16,342,925

Ohio $512,223 $511,281 $510,613 $501,477 $479,526 $492,419 $510,190 $518,583 $523,587 $537,801 $543,421 $552,460

Akron, OH $29,834 $29,559 $29,735 $29,983 $28,604 $28,925 $28,671 $28,581 $29,301 $30,815 $32,370 $33,843

Canton-Massillon, OH $14,319 $13,800 $13,746 $13,559 $12,549 $12,844 $13,419 $13,888 $14,904 $15,408 $15,461 $14,856

Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN $105,622 $105,375 $105,526 $104,316 $101,955 $105,826 $108,412 $109,422 $112,256 $112,835 $113,194 $116,071

Cleveland-Elyria, OH $111,663 $111,279 $113,307 $110,705 $103,325 $104,299 $106,486 $108,458 $109,952 $112,804 $113,809 $114,492

Columbus, OH $95,577 $96,487 $97,015 $95,908 $91,882 $94,257 $99,025 $104,139 $105,826 $108,289 $111,748 $114,492

Dayton, OH $37,265 $37,453 $36,572 $35,364 $32,901 $33,007 $33,943 $34,375 $34,554 $35,114 $35,282 $35,535

Lima, OH $4,779 $4,831 $4,726 $4,427 $4,945 $4,948 $4,913 $4,632 $4,697 $5,029 $4,634 $4,648

Mansfield, OH $4,539 $4,560 $4,314 $4,181 $3,610 $3,738 $3,791 $3,804 $3,865 $3,924 $3,883 $3,894

Springfield, OH $3,983 $4,112 $3,913 $3,814 $3,570 $3,608 $3,751 $3,782 $3,845 $3,868 $3,769 $3,773

Toledo, OH $27,443 $27,915 $27,607 $26,454 $26,070 $26,061 $26,705 $26,432 $27,146 $29,194 $28,159 $28,421

Weirton-Steubenville, WV-OH $3,936 $3,648 $3,702 $3,920 $3,687 $3,530 $3,485 $3,584 $3,601 $3,782 $3,666 $3,659

Wheeling, WV-OH $5,665 $5,687 $5,752 $5,948 $5,915 $6,021 $6,050 $6,355 $6,360 $6,682 $6,612 $6,422

Youngstown..., OH-PA $20,020 $20,334 $19,441 $18,523 $16,398 $17,138 $18,218 $18,000 $17,498 $17,667 $17,947 $17,923

Areas Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

U.S. $595,126 4.2% -$478,253 -3.2% $2,022,811 14.1% $2,139,684 15.1%

Ohio -$1,610 -0.3% -$31,087 -6.1% $72,934 15.2% $40,237 7.9%

Akron, OH -$99 -0.3% -$1,131 -3.8% $5,239 18.3% $4,009 13.4%

Canton-Massillon, OH -$573 -4.0% -$1,197 -8.7% $2,307 18.4% $537 3.8%

Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN -$96 -0.1% -$3,571 -3.4% $14,116 13.8% $10,449 9.9%

Cleveland-Elyria, OH $1,644 1.5% -$9,982 -8.8% $11,167 10.8% $2,829 2.5%

Columbus, OH $1,438 1.5% -$5,133 -5.3% $22,610 24.6% $18,915 19.8%

Dayton, OH -$693 -1.9% -$3,671 -10.0% $2,634 8.0% -$1,730 -4.6%

Lima, OH -$53 -1.1% $219 4.6% -$297 -6.0% -$131 -2.7%

Mansfield, OH -$225 -5.0% -$704 -16.3% $284 7.9% -$645 -14.2%

Springfield, OH -$70 -1.8% -$343 -8.8% $203 5.7% -$210 -5.3%

Toledo, OH $164 0.6% -$1,537 -5.6% $2,351 9.0% $978 3.6%

Weirton-Steubenville, WV-OH -$234 -5.9% -$15 -0.4% -$28 -0.8% -$277 -7.0%

Wheeling, WV-OH $87 1.5% $163 2.8% $507 8.6% $757 13.4%

Youngstown..., OH-PA -$579 -2.9% -$3,043 -15.7% $1,525 9.3% -$2,097 -10.5%

Note: * - initial estimates, subject to revision at a later date; estimates for earlier years may be revised.



Net Changes: `05-`07 Net Changes: `07-`09 Net Changes: `09-`16 Net Changes: `05-`16

60

AGGREGATE GROWTH, RECESSION AND RECOVERY IN METROPOLITAN AREAS The table above displays changes in economic output from metropolitan areas (MAs) wholly or substantially in Ohio, as well as for the state and the nation. The figures have been adjusted for inflation and standardized on 2009. While the national economy grew 4.2 percent from 2005 through 2007 (the national recession began in December), output from most MAs in Ohio peaked in 2005 or 2006; only Cleveland-Elyria, Columbus and Wheeling – had net growth above 1.0 percent from 2005 to 2007 (most of the Wheeling MA is in West Virginia). The widespread impact of the recession during 2008-2009 is evident with output from 11 of the 13 MAs declining: Wheel-ing and Lima were the only exceptions, and Lima’s had fallen in 2008. The largest absolute contractions occurred in Cleveland and Columbus; both exceeded $5 billion. Cleveland also was relatively hard-hit by the recession, with its econ-omy contracting 8.8 percent – worse than the state average. Other MAs suffered about the same or worse than Cleve-land: Canton-Massillon, Dayton, Mansfield, Springfield and Youngstown-Warren-Boardman (including the Pennsylvania portion of the last. All of these smaller MAs were highly dependent on either or both of the highly cyclical steel and motor vehicle industries. (Cleveland is a notable steel and motor vehicle industry location, but is much larger and therefore less dependent on these industries, as seen in the table on page 8.) All but two the MAs have experienced net growth since 2009, with Weirton-Steubenville’s net change only -0.8 percent. Cincinnati, Cleveland and Columbus combined to account for the majority the state’s aggregate expansion. Columbus also has expanded at the fastest rate. Akron and Canton expanded at rates faster than the state average of 15.2 percent, and Cincinnati was close to the national rate. The slower-than-average expansion rates in many MAs may be due in part to the steel and motor vehicle industries not completely returning to pre-recession output levels; Dayton and Mansfield may still feel the effects of the permanent closure of General Motors’ plants in those two MAs. (Springfield, adjacent to Dayton, might also have been affected by the GM closure as well as the highly cyclical fortunes of Navistar’s truck plant.) Weirton-Steubenville may have been affected by the permanent closure of several steel mills.

61

`97 `98 `99 `00 `01 `02 `03 `04 `05 `06 `07 `08 `09 `10 `11 `12 `13 `14 `15 `16*

U.S. Absolute GDP 100.0 104.3 109.2 113.5 114.5 116.6 119.6 123.8 127.7 131.2 133.1 132.4 128.8 131.6 133.4 136.0 138.0 141.1 144.8 147.0

U.S. Per Capita GDP 100.0 103.1 106.7 109.6 109.6 110.5 112.4 115.3 117.9 119.9 120.5 118.7 114.5 116.0 116.7 118.1 119.0 120.8 123.0 124.0

Ohio Absolute GDP 100.0 104.4 106.6 108.5 106.9 109.3 111.1 113.8 114.6 114.4 114.2 112.2 107.3 110.2 114.1 116.0 117.1 120.3 121.6 123.6

Ohio Per Capita GDP 100.0 104.1 106.0 107.7 105.8 108.0 109.6 112.1 112.7 112.4 112.0 109.9 104.9 107.6 111.5 113.3 114.2 117.0 118.1 120.0

90.0

100.0

110.0

120.0

130.0

140.0

150.0

Ind

ex V

alu

es

Inflation-Adjusted Changes in Aggregate and Per Capita GDP, 1997-2016Ohio and the U.S. 1997=100


62

PAST CHANGES AND FORECASTS FOR THE FUTURE: FOUR PARTS The chart above shows that, after adjusting for inflation, Ohio’s aggregate output (red dots) grew a net 14.2 percent from 1997 through 2007. The corresponding growth of the U.S. aggregate output (blue squares) was 33.1 percent. As men-tioned earlier, the chart also shows 2008-2009 recession hit Ohio harder than most of the nation: total output of goods and services here fell 6.0 percent as the index value dropped from 114.2 to 107.3, while national output fell 3.2 percent from 133.1 to 128.8. Initial figures for 2016 suggest that Ohio’s recovery rate, starting from 2009, has been faster than for the nation as a whole: 15.2 vs. 14.1 percent. Despite the more-rapid growth rate here, aggregate output from Ohio remained less than its pre-recession peak until 2012 – one year later than what characterized the nation as a whole. Aggregate numbers do not tell the whole story. A number of factors may explain the seemingly faster recovery of the U.S. economy as compared with Ohio’s. One is population growth. Population figures used by the BEA show the U.S. popula-tion growing 18.5 percent from 1997 through 2016, a faster rate than Ohio’s 3.0 percent; and the chart on page 128 in the Appendix shows faster-growing states tended to have more rapidly growing economies. For this reason, the chart above also illustrates expansions and contractions after adjusting for population growth. Per capita GDP from Ohio (white dots) was 12.0 percent greater in 2007 than in 1997, modestly less than the 14.2 percent for the state’s total output. By com-parison, per capita GDP for the nation (white squares) rose 20.5 percent during the same time. This is still notably greater than Ohio, but substantially less than the 33.1 percent increase in total output. The population growth adjustment also means the impact of the recession has been deeper than indicated by aggregate figures alone. Per capita GDP from Ohio fell 6.3 percent – a fraction more than the 6.0 percent based on aggregate output. However, per capita GDP for the nation declined 5.0 percent, notably more than the 3.2 percent for aggregate output. Furthermore, the higher national population growth rate means, even with economic expansion evident since 2009, national per capita GDP remained less than its 2007 pre-recession peak until 2014 – two years later than in Ohio. The charts on the following two pages put the recession and recovery in a somewhat different light than the corresponding charts on pages 56 and 58. After adjusting for population changes, the chart on page 64 illustrates just how much deeper and more widespread the recession was for all but eight states. Although the contraction was a little deeper in Ohio (6.3 vs. 6.1 percent), the populations of 10 states – not just six – were hit harder than Ohio. Conversely, the chart on page 65 shows that Ohio’s recovery rate is slightly diminished after adjusting for its small population increase (15.2 vs. 14.4 per-cent), but it moves up to become the 5th fastest growing state.

63

See Table A21

Nevada, -15.2%

Arizona, -13.4%

Michigan, -12.5%

Florida, -11.1%

Georgia, -9.3%

Utah, -8.2%

Indiana, -8.1%

South Carolina, -7.3%

Idaho, -6.5%

Connecticut, -6.5%

Ohio, -6.3%California, -6.2%

Alabama, -5.7%

Illinois, -5.7%

Washington, -5.6%

Hawaii, -5.3%

Kentucky, -5.1%

Tennessee, -5.0%

North Carolina, -5.0%

United States, -5.0%Wisconsin, -4.9%

Iowa, -4.9%

New Jersey, -4.8%

Minnesota, -4.8%

Colorado, -4.5%

Rhode Island, -3.9%

Texas, -3.9%

Arkansas, -3.9%

Montana, -3.7%

Kansas, -3.4%

Delaware, -3.1%

Massachusetts, -2.9%

New Hampshire, -2.8%

Oklahoma, -2.7%

Maine, -2.7%

Virginia, -2.4%

Pennsylvania, -2.2%

Vermont, -1.5%

Missouri, -1.3%

Mississippi, -1.2%

New York, -0.9%

District of Columbia, -0.9%

Maryland, -0.2%

New Mexico, -0.1%

Louisiana, 0.2%

Nebraska, 1.0%

Wyoming, 1.3%

West Virginia, 2.0%

Oregon, 2.2%

South Dakota, 3.3%

Alaska, 7.4%

North Dakota, 10.1%

-20.0% -15.0% -10.0% -5.0% 0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0%

Percentage Change in Per Capita GDP: 2007-2009(After Adjusting for Inflation)

Source: U.S. BEA

64

Alaska, -11.4%

Wyoming, -11.3%

Louisiana, -6.5%

District of Columbia, -3.4%

Nevada, -2.1%

Connecticut, -1.6%

Delaware, -1.0%

Virginia, 0.7%

Mississippi, 0.7%

Arizona, 0.9%

New Mexico, 1.7%

Florida, 2.2%

Idaho, 2.3%

Maine, 2.7%

North Carolina, 2.7%

Missouri, 3.1%

New Jersey, 3.7%

West Virginia, 5.1%

Rhode Island, 5.2%

Alabama, 5.3%

Maryland, 5.5%

Hawaii, 5.6%

South Dakota, 5.8%

South Carolina, 6.0%

Colorado, 6.2%

Georgia, 6.4%

Oregon, 6.4%

Montana, 7.3%

Kansas, 7.3%

Utah, 7.4%

Arkansas, 7.5%

Vermont, 7.6%

Kentucky, 7.7%

United States, 8.3%Illinois, 8.5%

New York, 8.6%

Washington, 8.7%

Wisconsin, 9.4%

New Hampshire, 9.6%

Minnesota, 9.9%

Tennessee, 10.7%

Nebraska, 10.7%

Massachusetts, 10.8%

Iowa, 11.3%

Indiana, 11.7%

Pennsylvania, 12.5%

California, 13.3%

Ohio, 14.4%Texas, 14.4%

Oklahoma, 15.5%

Michigan, 18.3%

North Dakota, 28.6%

-20.0% -10.0% 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0%

Percentage Change in Per Capita GDP: 2009-2016(After Adjusting for Inflation)

Source: U.S. BEA

65

Per Capita Gross Domestic Products for Metropolitan Areas in Ohio, 2005-2016

(in chained dollars standardized on 2009)

Area 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016*

U.S. $48,062 $48,880 $49,126 $48,401 $46,680 $47,287 $47,595 $48,173 $48,538 $49,253 $50,155 $50,577

Ohio $44,684 $44,532 $44,399 $43,548 $41,593 $42,667 $44,192 $44,896 $45,254 $46,385 $46,826 $47,567

Akron, OH $42,468 $42,081 $42,272 $42,633 $40,667 $41,138 $40,777 $40,687 $41,654 $43,750 $46,022 $48,195

Canton-Massillon, OH $35,342 $34,044 $33,863 $33,385 $30,974 $31,770 $33,285 $34,429 $36,957 $38,162 $38,398 $37,022

Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN $51,401 $50,907 $50,635 $49,792 $48,374 $49,968 $51,074 $51,410 $52,547 $52,560 $52,517 $53,609

Cleveland-Elyria, OH $52,878 $53,005 $54,172 $53,093 $49,650 $50,246 $51,481 $52,541 $53,258 $54,657 $55,249 $55,697

Columbus, OH $53,361 $53,103 $52,681 $51,407 $48,678 $49,440 $51,419 $53,503 $53,716 $54,231 $55,317 $56,082

Dayton, OH $46,306 $46,612 $45,610 $44,194 $41,183 $41,243 $42,359 $42,851 $43,122 $43,852 $44,114 $44,381

Lima, OH $44,718 $45,266 $44,287 $41,461 $46,425 $46,503 $46,380 $43,995 $44,677 $47,921 $44,471 $44,805

Mansfield, OH $35,536 $35,827 $33,970 $33,152 $28,813 $30,104 $30,803 $31,029 $31,617 $32,189 $31,936 $32,157

Springfield, OH $28,176 $29,230 $27,984 $27,358 $25,725 $26,100 $27,232 $27,571 $28,130 $28,357 $27,750 $27,996

Toledo, OH $44,491 $45,421 $44,994 $43,228 $42,687 $42,715 $43,826 $43,459 $44,667 $48,120 $46,500 $46,960

Weirton-Steubenville, WV-OH $30,883 $28,879 $29,561 $31,372 $29,559 $28,402 $28,261 $29,263 $29,531 $31,177 $30,415 $30,682

Wheeling, WV-OH $37,906 $38,111 $38,676 $40,171 $39,989 $40,723 $41,142 $43,428 $43,637 $46,145 $45,895 $44,917

Youngstown..., OH-PA $34,267 $35,033 $33,779 $32,443 $28,862 $30,340 $32,391 $32,203 $31,464 $31,923 $32,668 $32,901

Areas Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

U.S. $1,064 2.2% -$2,446 -5.0% $3,897 8.3% $2,515 5.2%

Ohio -$285 -0.6% -$2,806 -6.3% $5,974 14.4% $2,883 6.5%

Akron, OH -$196 -0.5% -$1,605 -3.8% $7,528 18.5% $5,727 13.5%

Canton-Massillon, OH -$1,479 -4.2% -$2,889 -8.5% $6,048 19.5% $1,680 4.8%

Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN -$766 -1.5% -$2,261 -4.5% $5,235 10.8% $2,208 4.3%

Cleveland-Elyria, OH $1,294 2.4% -$4,522 -8.3% $6,047 12.2% $2,819 5.3%

Columbus, OH -$680 -1.3% -$4,003 -7.6% $7,404 15.2% $2,721 5.1%

Dayton, OH -$696 -1.5% -$4,427 -9.7% $3,198 7.8% -$1,925 -4.2%

Lima, OH -$431 -1.0% $2,138 4.8% -$1,620 -3.5% $87 0.2%

Mansfield, OH -$1,566 -4.4% -$5,157 -15.2% $3,344 11.6% -$3,379 -9.5%

Springfield, OH -$192 -0.7% -$2,259 -8.1% $2,271 8.8% -$180 -0.6%

Toledo, OH $503 1.1% -$2,307 -5.1% $4,273 10.0% $2,469 5.5%

Weirton-Steubenville, WV-OH -$1,322 -4.3% -$2 0.0% $1,123 3.8% -$201 -0.7%

Wheeling, WV-OH $770 2.0% $1,313 3.4% $4,928 12.3% $7,011 18.5%

Youngstown..., OH-PA -$488 -1.4% -$4,917 -14.6% $4,039 14.0% -$1,366 -4.0%

Note: * - initial estimates, subject to revision at a later date; estimates for earlier years may be revised.



Net Changes: `05-`07 Net Changes: `07-`09 Net Changes: `09-`16 Net Changes: `05-`16

66

The same per capita GDP approach has been applied to the metropolitan areas (MAs) in Ohio, and yields further insight into their economic fortunes. The table above displays and summarizes the changes in inflation-adjusted per capita GDP from 2005 through 2016. Like the state as a whole, 11 of the 13 experienced per capita GDP peaks in either 2005 or 2006; Cleveland-Elyria and Wheeling were the exceptions, peaking in 2007. Ohio’s net change from 2005 to 2007 was -0.4 percent, reflecting the weight of local experiences: three of the MAs were above that mark, eight were below, and two were essentially on it. Ten of the 13 experienced real decreases in per capita GDP during the recession. Controlling for population changes shows that Canton-Massillon, Cleveland, Columbus, Dayton, Mansfield, Springfield and Youngstown-Warren-Boardman all suffered steeper declines in output than the state as a whole. Although Lima and Wheeling appeared to prosper, this is partially an artifact of the decreasing populations, and Lima’s per capita GDP fell to its lowest level in 2008. Just as the recession was widely spread across Ohio, so has been the recovery. Real GDP per capita grew in 12 of the 13 from 2009 to 2016; Lima is the exception. (Year-to-year changes in Lima from 2005 through 2016 appear to have a limited relation to overall trends in Ohio and the U.S.) Growth rates in 10 of the 13 exceeded the national average of 8.3 percent, and Akron, Canton and Columbus have grown at rates exceeding the state average of 14.4 percent. (The last observation is tempered by slight population declines in Akron and Canton during the recovery.) The longer-term from 2005 through 2016 shows Canton, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus and Dayton – five of the seven largest MAs – with per capita growth rates close to the state and national averages of 6.5 and 5.2 percent. Growth rates were far greater in Akron and Wheeling (again noting the lack of population growth in these two). Real per capita output in other MAs is only now returning to, or remains below, 2005 levels. Despite the various changes, it should be noted that Cincinnati, Cleveland and Columbus maintained per capita GDP out-put levels usually exceeding $50,000 per year and surpassing the national average. These were the three highest of all 13 MAs. In other words, these three remained economic powerhouses even after adjusting for their much larger popula-tions.

67

Comparing Relative Portions of Ohio's Economy with the U.S.by Concentration (1997) and Inflation-Adjusted Growth (1997-2015)

Source: U.S. BEA

Industries Concen-trated in Ohio:Ohio - 51.8%U.S. - 38.8%

Industries Not Con-centrated in Ohio:Ohio: 48.3%U.S.: 61.2%

Slower-Growth or Contracting Industries:

Ohio - 58.3%U.S. - 52.8%

More Rapidly Growing Industries:

Ohio - 41.7%U.S. - 47.2%

Ohio

U.S.

Ohio

U.S.

37.9% 13.9%

28.4% 10.4%

24.3%

20.5% 27.8%

36.8%

68

A second factor associated with the different economic growth rates of Ohio and the U.S. may be differences in the com-position of their economies. Appendix Table A22 shows that various industries grew at rates faster or slower than the na-tional average of 44.8 percent for 1997-2015; some industries even contracted during that time. It also shows the indus-tries concentrated in Ohio in varying degrees as well as those that are relatively sparse. The industries can be grouped by those characteristics, and the portion of the economy may be calculated for each of the four groups – those with a faster-than-average national growth rate and concentrated-in-Ohio, slower-growing/contracting and concentrated, faster-growing but sparse in Ohio, and slower-growing/contracting and sparse. The chart above illustrates the relative portions of the four groups for the U.S. and Ohio economies in 1997 as represent-ed by the blue and white areas, respectively. Overall, 41.7 percent of Ohio’s economic output in 1997 was in industries characterized by faster-than-average national growth rates for the then-coming 17 years. (See the white areas on the right side; 13.9 + 27.8 = 41.7.) This compares with 47.2 percent for the U.S. (See the blue areas on the right side; 10.4 + 36.8 = 47.2.) Conversely, 58.4 percent of Ohio’s economic output in 1997 was in industries that would be characterized by slower-than-average or negative growth rates, compared with 52.7 percent of the U.S. (These are sums of the white and blue areas on the left side, and may not sum to higher levels at the far left due to rounding and/or inflation-adjustment weights.) Specific comparisons are even more telling. In 1997, 13.9 percent of Ohio’s output was from rapid-growth industries con-centrated here compared with only 10.3 percent of U.S. output, a difference of 3.6 percent favoring more rapid growth in Ohio. However, this was more than offset by the relative scarcity of other rapid-growth industries in Ohio: 27.8 vs. 36.8 percent, a deficit of 9.0 for the state. Furthermore, 37.9 percent Ohio’s output that year came from slow-growth or con-tracting industries concentrated here vs. only 28.4 percent of total U.S. output, an 9.5 percent difference more than offset-ting the state’s advantage in other such industries not concentrated here (20.5 vs. 24.3, or 3.8 percent). All of these con-trasts point to the conclusion that Ohio had a mix of industries in 1997 predisposing it toward slower net economic growth through 2015.

69

See Table A22

-100.0%

-50.0%

0.0%

50.0%

100.0%

150.0%

200.0%

250.0%

300.0%

-100.0% -50.0% 0.0% 50.0% 100.0% 150.0% 200.0% 250.0% 300.0%

Perc

en

tag

e C

han

ge o

f O

hio

Secto

r/In

du

str

y

Percentage Change of U.S. Sector/Industry

The Association of Percentage Changes in GDP (1997-2015)for the U.S. and Ohio

70

Source: U.S. BEA NAICS 211, 213, 324, 486 & 525 not shown

The differing mix of industries between Ohio and the nation is matter of degree, and should not be over-emphasized. The chart above illustrates the association between changes in industry output – both growth and decline – in Ohio with cor-responding changes at the national level for 1997-2015. The dots collectively cover at least 97.7 percent of each econ-omy.17 It is evident that faster-growing industries in one were, much more often than not, more or less faster-growing in-dustries in the other; the same may be said for slower-growing or contracting industries. Consequently, national forecasts for industries and the economy are, within limits, fairly reliable indicators of what to expect in Ohio over the long term.18 The U.S. BLS (2015) predicts national gross duplicated output (i.e., GDP plus the value of intermediate goods and ser-vices) will grow at an average annual rate of 2.2 percent during the 2014-2024 decade. (See the table on the following page.) The private sector is expected to grow faster than government services: 2.4 vs. 1.0 percent. Within the private sector, the service providers collectively are expected to grow faster the goods producers: 2.5 vs. 2.0 percent. However, this is not true of every sector within the two super clusters. The fastest growing sectors are forecast to be, in descending order: health care/social assistance, information, retail trade and construction. Other sectors predicted to expand faster than average are finance/insurance, wholesale trade and real estate-rental-leasing. The prevalence of faster-growing sectors in the service super cluster means that the distribution of economic activity is expected to continue the long-term shift away from goods production. The concentration or sparsity in Ohio of sectors with different growth rates has implications for the state’s potential growth in this decade. On one hand, the concentration of sectors forecast to grow faster than average – finance/insurance and health care/social assistance – may drive economic growth. Conversely, the sparsity of predicted slower-growth sectors – accommodation/food services, agriculture-forestry-fishing-hunting, education and mining – are an absence of restraint. On the other hand, the concentration of slower-growth sectors – manufacturing and utilities – as well as the sparsity of more-rapid growth sectors – construction, information and professional/scientific/technical services – bode less rapid growth. (Remaining sectors are roughly proportional with the nation.) However, the projected slower population growth rate for Ohio (compare Office of Research of Research, 2013, with U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2014b), due to persistent domestic out-migration, may be the most significant factor pointing to a slower overall economic growth rate (Moody’s, 2017). In the near term, though, Moody’s (2017) predicts that Ohio’s economy will grow 3.40 percent in 2017 and 2.71 percent in 2018. Growth will be driven by the demand for healthcare and many of the professional/scientific/technical services: in-formation technology, consulting, research, software engineering, design and legal services. On the other hand – and despite improvements in the heavy equipment industry, the fabricated metals and motor vehicle industries have slowed, with recent capital investment focused on automation, while the steel industry faces competition from imports – all of which constrain output and job growth. In addition, the strong dollar constrains exports and makes imports appealing.

71

Forecasted U.S. Economic Annual Growth Rates and Projected Job Changes in Ohio, 2014-2024

Forecast U.S. Annual Projected Job Changes Growth Rates 2014-24 in Ohio 2014-24

2007 Gross Annual Job Growth NAICS Duplicated Growth Rates: U.S. Codes Industry Titles Output1 Jobs1 Rate Total2 Minus Ohio

11-92 Total 2.2% 0.6% 0.5% 300,200 0.1% 11-81 Private industries 2.4% 0.7% 0.6% 309,010 0.1% 11, 21, 23, 31-33 Private goods-producing employment 2.0% 0.0% -0.1% -14,410 -0.1% 11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing & hunting 1.9% -0.5% -1.1% -9,430 0.6% 21 Mining 1.9% 0.9% -0.4% -590 1.3% 23 Construction 2.8% 1.2% 1.2% 23,820 0.0% 31-33 Manufacturing 1.9% -0.7% -0.4% -28,210 -0.3% 32p & 33 Durable goods 1.8% -0.5% -0.4% -16,300 -0.1% 31 & 32p Nondurable goods 2.0% -1.0% -0.8% -11,910 -0.2% 22, 42-81 Private service-providing employment 2.5% 0.9% 0.7% 307,190 0.2% 22 Utilities 1.8% -0.9% -1.9% -3,150 1.0% 42 Wholesale trade 2.6% 0.5% 0.5% 10,760 0.0% 44-45 Retail trade 2.9% 0.5% 0.3% 15,830 0.2% 48-49p Transportation & warehousing3 2.3% 0.3% 0.4% 6,690 -0.1% 51 Information 2.9% -0.1% -0.8% -5,500 0.7% 52 Finance & insurance 2.7% 0.7% 0.4% 9,540 0.3% 53 Real estate, rental & leasing 2.5% 0.5% 0.5% 2,880 0.0% 54 Professional, scientific & technical services 2.4% 1.2% 1.1% 28,620 0.1% 55 Management of companies & enterprises 2.2% 0.4% 0.4% 5,350 0.0% 56 Administrative support & waste management 2.4% 0.8% 0.8% 26,830 0.0% 61 Educational services 2.1% 0.9% 0.5% 23,650 0.4% 62 Health care & social assistance 2.9% 1.9% 1.7% 148,130 0.2% 71 Arts, entertainment & recreation 2.3% 0.7% 0.6% 4,710 0.1% 72 Accommodation & food services 2.1% 0.6% 0.6% 25,770 0.0% 81 Other services, exc. government 2.2% 0.4% 0.3% 7,080 0.1% n.a. Self-employed & unpaid family workers4 n.a. 0.7% 0.5% 16,230 0.2% 92, 491 Government (inc. U.S. Postal Service) 1.0% 0.2% -0.3% -8,800 0.5%

Notes: 1 - gross duplicated output (GDO) includes all new goods and services produced as intermediate goods for further use in production as well as the GDP (the final demand purchased of new goods and services); forecasted GDO growth rates have been adjusted for inflation; the non-agricultural self-employed are wholly or partially excluded from all sectors and higher levels except in agriculture (NAICS code 11); 2 - some com-ponents may not sum to totals due to rounding; 3 – except the U.S. Postal Service; 4 - the self-employed and unpaid family workers may be in any private sector industry, but are not included sector-specific figures above. Abbreviations: exc. – except; inc. - including; n.a. - not applicable, not available; p - part. Sources: ODJFS/LMI (2016) and U.S. BLS (2015).

72

Ohio’s overall growth rate may decelerate after 2017. Despite a diversifying industrial base, its mid-term growth may lag the national average due in part to its net concentration in slower-growth or contracting industries and the net out migra-tion of the population. Real economic growth is associated with employment growth. Figures in the table on the preceding page show longer-term U.S. overall economic growth averaging 2.2 percent per year with the corresponding employment growth averaging 0.6 percent. However, there are exceptions. The U.S. BLS (2015) predicts greater volumes of manufactured and agricul-tural-forestry-fishing-hunting goods will be produced in America in the future, utilities will provide more energy to their clients and information services will grow, but the number of jobs in these sectors is expected to decrease. (In any case, though, real economic growth above and beyond employment growth is due in part to increased productivity.)19 The latest projections by the Ohio Dept. of Job and Family Services Labor Market Information division (ODJFS/LMI) pre-dict 300,200 jobs may be added in Ohio from 2014 through 2024, an annual average growth rate of about 0.5 percent per year. The 309,010 jobs expected to be added from the private sector offset the 8,800 which may be lost from the govern-ment sector. In turn, expected growth in private sector self-employed-and-unpaid-family-workers plus private service-providing employees (16,230+307,190) offsets the forecast net loss of 14,410 jobs among goods-producing employees. Within the two private-sector super clusters, 13 service-providing sectors are expected to gain jobs – led by health care and social assistance, while among goods-producers possible gains in construction may partially offset predicted losses in manufacturing and agriculture. The predicted annual job growth rate in Ohio may match or even exceed the national growth rate in some sectors: con-struction, wholesale trade, real estate-rental-leasing, the management of companies and enterprises, and accommoda-tion-and-food-services. Conversely, the expected losses in manufacturing may occur at a slower rate here than for the nation as a whole. Other sectors may grow at a faster rate – or lose jobs at a slower rate – across the country when com-pared with Ohio. Overall, the U.S. is expected to add jobs at a slightly faster rate than is Ohio.20

73

APPENDICES

74

TERMINOLOGY The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Ohio is the final value of goods produced and services provided by capital and labor located in the state. Put another way, a state’s total GDP is the sum of the value-added – revenue less the costs of goods and services purchased – for all industries therein. It “is the most comprehensive measure of overall economic activity… the state counterpart to GDP in the national income and products accounts” (Coakley, et.al., 2009: 62). It is actually measured using data such as employees’ compensation, taxes on production and imports less subsidies, and gross operating surplus. See Downey and Aman (2006), Woodruff, et.al. (2007), and Coakley, et.al. (2009) for details about the data sources and the calculations for each industry. Beginning in 1997, statistics on the nation’s industries have been organized under the North American Industrial Classifi-cation System (NAICS). Establishments producing goods or providing services sufficiently alike are classified in the same industry. A six-digit NAICS code is assigned to each industry. Closely related industries formed an industry group. The first four digits of the code indicate the group to which the industries belong. (The first five digits occasionally indicate a sub-group.) Industry groups with common elements and shared characteristics comprise a major industry or sub-sector. The first three digits of the code indicate a major industry, and the first two digits indicate the sector (Office of Manage-ment and Budget, 1998, 2007). The U.S. BEA usually publishes GDP-by-state figures down to the major industry level. However, figures are available only at the sector level in some instances, while in a few others, they are available for industry groups or a combination of industry groups within a major industry. The NAICS uses guidelines that may be new or different from the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system that it replaced. Occasionally, this has meant that establishments classified in the same industry under the SIC system were classified in different industries – even different groups, major industries, and sectors – under the NAICS. Conse-quently, the change from the SIC system to the NAICS represents an insurmountable discontinuity in charting more or less specific changes in Ohio’s economy before 1997. This report is therefore limited to the years beginning with 1997.

75

DETAILED TABLES

76

Table A1: Ohio's GDP by Sector*, 2016 (in millions of current dollars, except percentages and ratios)


NAICS Percent Percent Percentage Concentra-

Codes Sector Titles (000,000) Distribution (000,000) Distribution of the U.S. tion Ratio

11-92 Total $625,715 100.00% $18,456,292 100.00% 3.39% 1.00

11-81 Private industries $556,523 88.94% $16,177,539 87.65% 3.44% 1.01

11, 21, 23-33 Private goods producers $142,334 22.75% $3,383,740 18.33% 4.21% 1.24

11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing & hunting $3,299 0.53% $159,919 0.87% 2.06% 0.61

21 Mining $9,777 1.56% $264,580 1.43% 3.70% 1.09

23 Construction $23,259 3.72% $784,014 4.25% 2.97% 0.88

31-33 Manufacturing $105,999 16.94% $2,175,228 11.79% 4.87% 1.44

32p & 33 Durable goods $59,332 9.48% $1,184,748 6.42% 5.01% 1.48

31 & 32p Nondurable goods $46,668 7.46% $990,480 5.37% 4.71% 1.39

22, 42-811

Private service providers1

$414,189 66.19% $12,793,799 69.32% 3.24% 0.95

22 Utilities $11,343 1.81% $288,116 1.56% 3.94% 1.16

42 Wholesale trade $37,873 6.05% $1,097,961 5.95% 3.45% 1.02

44-45 Retail trade $38,125 6.09% $1,087,089 5.89% 3.51% 1.03

48-491

Transportation & warehousing1

$18,910 3.02% $562,895 3.05% 3.36% 0.99

51 Information $17,059 2.73% $885,958 4.80% 1.93% 0.57

52 Finance & insurance $54,470 8.71% $1,355,546 7.34% 4.02% 1.19

53 Real estate, rental & leasing $68,622 10.97% $2,461,834 13.34% 2.79% 0.82

54 Professional & technical services $32,251 5.15% $1,355,697 7.35% 2.38% 0.70

55 Management of companies & enterprises $20,985 3.35% $367,803 1.99% 5.71% 1.68

56 Administrative & waste services $20,693 3.31% $585,105 3.17% 3.54% 1.04

61 Educational services $5,170 0.83% $207,321 1.12% 2.49% 0.74

62 Health care & social assistance $53,363 8.53% $1,368,697 7.42% 3.90% 1.15

71 Arts, entertainment & recreation $6,435 1.03% $197,873 1.07% 3.25% 0.96

72 Accommodation & food services $15,284 2.44% $551,461 2.99% 2.77% 0.82

81 Other services, exc. government $13,606 2.17% $420,441 2.28% 3.24% 0.95 92 Government

2$69,192 11.06% $2,278,753 12.35% 3.04% 0.90

Notes: * - sector figures are preliminary, and may not sum to totals due to rounding; major industry data are not available; exc. - except; p - part;

1 - excludes Postal Service; 2 - includes Postal Service.


Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Telephone 800/848-1300, or 614/466-2116 (DL, 6/17).

Ohio GDP 2016 U.S. GDP 2016

77

Table A2: Ohio and U.S. GDP by Sector, 1997-2017 (in billions of chained 2009 dollars)

2007

NAICS

Codes Industry Titles Area 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001^ 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 `97-`00 `00-`01 `01-`07

11-92 Total#

U.S. $11,118.78 $11,598.24 $12,141.84 $12,616.53 $12,735.11 $12,962.81 $13,295.94 $13,764.65 $14,203.24 $14,584.89 $14,798.37 13.5% 0.9% 16.2%

Ohio $446.98 $466.79 $476.23 $484.98 $477.60 $488.46 $496.79 $508.87 $512.22 $511.28 $510.61 8.5% -1.5% 6.9%

11-81 Private sector#

U.S. $9,423.89 $9,873.64 $10,385.92 $10,826.18 $10,926.99 $11,120.13 $11,432.23 $11,886.12 $12,311.12 $12,678.66 $12,872.99 14.9% 0.9% 17.8%

Ohio $386.46 $405.66 $415.20 $422.42 $415.09 $425.69 $433.87 $446.02 $450.06 $449.88 $449.56 9.3% -1.7% 8.3%

11, 21, 23-33 Goods producers#

U.S. $2,307.69 $2,404.14 $2,515.16 $2,643.67 $2,575.25 $2,575.71 $2,666.42 $2,807.23 $2,854.86 $2,956.86 $2,986.21 14.6% -2.6% 16.0%

Ohio $121.17 $126.06 $124.65 $126.09 $115.79 $118.11 $119.11 $125.69 $124.13 $123.17 $121.13 4.1% -8.2% 4.6%

11 Agriculture, forestry, U.S. $90.94 $87.61 $92.08 $105.73 $100.42 $104.17 $114.21 $121.38 $127.20 $132.37 $114.27 16.3% -5.0% 13.8%

fishing & hunting Ohio $2.28 $1.98 $1.61 $2.21 $1.92 $1.93 $2.01 $2.39 $2.25 $2.53 $2.12 -3.1% -13.2% 10.3%

21 Mining U.S. $236.78 $248.66 $237.37 $210.77 $246.49 $242.25 $216.14 $214.13 $212.91 $235.76 $251.33 -11.0% 17.0% 2.0%

Ohio $2.73 $3.36 $3.24 $3.23 $3.10 $3.52 $2.92 $2.84 $2.59 $2.67 $2.74 18.4% -4.1% -11.4%

23 Construction U.S. $686.76 $715.46 $741.31 $768.87 $755.37 $731.46 $744.42 $770.46 $772.76 $753.46 $725.13 12.0% -1.8% -4.0%

Ohio $26.56 $27.29 $27.69 $27.39 $25.29 $24.20 $24.10 $24.27 $22.55 $20.22 $18.80 3.2% -7.7% -25.6%

31-33 Manufacturing#

U.S. $1,365.08 $1,431.12 $1,509.47 $1,603.28 $1,538.54 $1,553.68 $1,632.13 $1,737.53 $1,776.69 $1,864.92 $1,924.83 17.4% -4.0% 25.1%

Ohio $91.20 $95.33 $94.29 $95.19 $87.37 $90.11 $91.38 $97.20 $97.54 $98.38 $98.15 4.4% -8.2% 12.3%

32p & 33 Durable goods U.S. $624.87 $676.25 $723.95 $806.08 $754.51 $769.44 $820.59 $874.22 $930.15 $994.49 $1,037.32 29.0% -6.4% 37.5%

Ohio $55.55 $59.46 $58.21 $60.46 $53.25 $54.50 $55.72 $60.34 $62.67 $62.86 $62.10 8.8% -11.9% 16.6%

31 & 32p Nondurable goods U.S. $788.39 $788.52 $813.81 $807.05 $801.61 $799.23 $823.14 $875.45 $850.56 $872.13 $888.33 2.4% -0.7% 10.8%

Ohio $36.44 $36.14 $36.56 $34.70 $34.66 $36.26 $36.23 $37.26 $34.91 $35.60 $36.17 -4.8% -0.1% 4.4%

22, 42-81 Service providers1#

U.S. $7,119.44 $7,471.62 $7,872.03 $8,178.57 $8,347.59 $8,540.19 $8,761.13 $9,074.26 $9,452.30 $9,717.19 $9,882.09 14.9% 2.1% 18.4%

Ohio $264.31 $278.67 $289.95 $295.77 $299.19 $307.48 $314.69 $320.22 $325.85 $326.64 $328.37 11.9% 1.2% 9.8%

22 Utilities U.S. $266.92 $254.61 $297.91 $303.95 $257.56 $262.69 $254.95 $267.23 $250.61 $264.15 $267.36 13.9% -15.3% 3.8%

Ohio $11.99 $11.14 $12.92 $12.49 $10.43 $10.15 $9.20 $9.06 $8.31 $8.67 $9.84 4.1% -16.5% -5.7%

42 Wholesale trade U.S. $620.14 $672.29 $697.88 $740.70 $754.19 $757.01 $802.01 $845.77 $889.68 $923.36 $954.48 19.4% 1.8% 26.6%

Ohio $24.83 $26.97 $27.52 $28.03 $28.65 $28.61 $29.95 $31.08 $32.23 $33.57 $34.17 12.9% 2.2% 19.3%

44-45 Retail trade U.S. $672.02 $735.20 $759.73 $782.71 $804.78 $835.03 $882.76 $895.47 $925.07 $929.83 $904.18 16.5% 2.8% 12.4%

Ohio $28.26 $31.34 $31.68 $32.31 $32.69 $33.44 $35.68 $35.43 $35.25 $33.02 $31.88 14.3% 1.2% -2.5%

48-49p Transportation & U.S. $357.46 $370.44 $373.79 $379.91 $354.51 $343.25 $357.16 $392.26 $414.45 $439.98 $434.46 6.3% -6.7% 22.6%

warehousing1

Ohio $12.85 $13.57 $13.83 $14.22 $13.26 $13.13 $13.58 $14.72 $15.89 $16.76 $16.20 10.6% -6.7% 22.1%

51 Information U.S. $373.80 $409.18 $455.22 $444.75 $470.02 $515.39 $529.42 $588.01 $620.45 $635.67 $697.35 19.0% 5.7% 48.4%

Ohio $9.85 $10.41 $10.56 $10.03 $10.68 $12.23 $12.77 $13.43 $14.08 $13.74 $14.96 1.7% 6.5% 40.1%

52 Finance & insurance U.S. $582.41 $649.29 $712.21 $782.77 $862.46 $866.16 $872.56 $870.08 $947.91 $988.81 $962.89 34.4% 10.2% 11.6%

Ohio $20.87 $23.40 $26.81 $29.12 $30.24 $33.23 $34.25 $36.61 $38.11 $38.32 $38.04 39.5% 3.9% 25.8%

53 Real estate, rental U.S. $1,413.04 $1,427.79 $1,502.70 $1,539.74 $1,604.43 $1,632.17 $1,655.91 $1,698.46 $1,787.09 $1,816.33 $1,898.23 9.0% 4.2% 18.3%

& leasing Ohio $47.62 $48.49 $51.41 $52.75 $55.35 $55.16 $54.61 $53.40 $54.25 $53.24 $55.24 10.8% 4.9% -0.2%

54 Professional, scientific U.S. $706.77 $743.83 $782.15 $818.00 $841.01 $862.76 $868.45 $900.08 $926.95 $960.28 $990.79 15.7% 2.8% 17.8%

& technical Ohio $21.31 $22.06 $22.65 $22.47 $22.89 $23.11 $23.12 $23.87 $24.06 $24.88 $25.61 5.4% 1.9% 11.9%

55 Mgt. of companies U.S. $249.95 $258.37 $259.41 $272.82 $280.63 $278.85 $288.16 $274.08 $276.15 $278.60 $271.38 9.1% 2.9% -3.3%

& enterprises Ohio $12.27 $12.61 $12.09 $12.07 $13.41 $15.03 $15.77 $14.97 $15.73 $15.87 $14.56 -1.6% 11.1% 8.6%

56 Administrative support U.S. $278.63 $288.50 $305.02 $328.43 $334.56 $335.35 $359.85 $376.69 $411.08 $420.46 $439.36 17.9% 1.9% 31.3%

& waste mgt. Ohio $11.24 $11.94 $12.40 $12.59 $12.42 $12.42 $13.55 $13.60 $14.73 $14.62 $15.34 12.0% -1.3% 23.5%

61 Education U.S. $118.96 $117.24 $120.54 $124.58 $128.84 $130.82 $136.83 $143.58 $143.07 $146.49 $149.67 4.7% 3.4% 16.2%

Ohio $3.65 $3.55 $3.67 $3.80 $3.89 $3.87 $4.04 $4.24 $4.25 $4.42 $4.37 4.1% 2.5% 12.4%

62 Health care & U.S. $750.46 $758.64 $778.38 $798.05 $817.53 $853.68 $880.83 $914.35 $932.83 $970.84 $978.34 6.3% 2.4% 19.7%

social assistance Ohio $33.04 $34.03 $34.50 $35.11 $36.11 $37.25 $38.21 $39.53 $39.89 $41.79 $41.07 6.3% 2.8% 13.7%

71 Arts, entertainment U.S. $119.81 $119.64 $123.84 $129.34 $121.94 $127.72 $132.69 $137.48 $137.87 $142.07 $144.30 8.0% -5.7% 18.3%

& recreation Ohio $5.07 $5.57 $5.69 $5.81 $5.34 $5.35 $5.59 $5.15 $4.72 $4.28 $3.98 14.6% -8.2% -25.4%

72 Accommodation U.S. $337.31 $348.13 $369.23 $391.73 $382.78 $389.87 $400.83 $420.27 $421.72 $430.23 $428.65 16.1% -2.3% 12.0%

& food services Ohio $11.39 $11.14 $11.53 $11.95 $11.69 $11.68 $11.96 $12.23 $11.90 $11.49 $11.51 5.0% -2.2% -1.6%

81 Other services U.S. $376.83 $391.94 $394.73 $403.48 $363.43 $373.35 $361.67 $367.33 $368.62 $370.12 $360.89 7.1% -9.9% -0.7%

(exc. Government) Ohio $14.18 $15.60 $15.41 $15.44 $13.89 $14.13 $13.44 $13.35 $12.52 $12.22 $11.81 8.9% -10.0% -15.0%

92 Government2

U.S. $1,715.96 $1,738.64 $1,761.91 $1,795.38 $1,815.31 $1,850.20 $1,869.16 $1,879.82 $1,890.81 $1,902.78 $1,922.31 4.6% 1.1% 5.9%Ohio $61.48 $61.64 $61.27 $62.87 $62.97 $63.08 $63.12 $62.92 $62.17 $61.37 $61.02 2.3% 0.2% -3.1%

Notes: ^ - there was a recession in 2001, but it was relatively short and mild for the nation as a whole; * - preliminary; prior years may be revised; 1 - excluded Postal Service (NAICS 491); 2 - includes Postal Service; p - part;

Source: U.S. BEA (2017). Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Telephone 800/848-1300, or 614/466-2116 (DL, 8/17).

78

Percent Change

Table A2: Ohio and U.S. GDP by Sector, 1997-2017 (in billions of chained 2009 dollars)

2007 2017 An-

NAICS nualized from

Codes Industry Titles Area 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016* 1st Qtr. 2017* `07-`09 `09-`16* `97-`16*

11-92 Total#

U.S. $14,798.37 $14,718.30 $14,320.11 $14,628.17 $14,833.68 $15,126.28 $15,348.03 $15,690.35 $16,094.52 $16,342.93 $16,530.36 -3.2% 14.1% 47.0%

Ohio $510.61 $501.48 $479.53 $492.42 $510.19 $518.58 $523.59 $537.80 $543.42 $552.46 $561.15 -6.1% 15.2% 23.6%

11-81 Private sector#

U.S. $12,872.99 $12,760.08 $12,352.98 $12,650.15 $12,871.72 $13,169.04 $13,408.90 $13,754.39 $14,144.24 $14,381.84 $14,559.82 -4.0% 16.4% 52.6%

Ohio $449.56 $440.15 $418.77 $430.53 $449.41 $457.33 $463.77 $478.85 $484.20 $493.18 $501.68 -6.8% 17.8% 27.6%

11, 21, 23-33 Goods producers#

U.S. $2,986.21 $2,887.44 $2,732.01 $2,781.99 $2,796.46 $2,842.39 $2,945.42 $3,010.51 $3,090.16 $3,092.65 n.a. -8.5% 13.2% 34.0%

Ohio $121.13 $112.11 $98.84 $102.17 $109.90 $107.52 $111.94 $122.42 $123.41 $127.11 n.a. -18.4% 28.6% 4.9%

11 Agriculture, forestry, U.S. $114.27 $121.99 $137.66 $140.21 $133.99 $122.93 $143.81 $142.92 $146.41 $158.09 $140.12 20.5% 14.8% 73.8%

fishing & hunting Ohio $2.12 $2.29 $3.28 $2.87 $3.26 $2.50 $3.28 $3.10 $2.83 $3.26 $2.69 55.0% -0.6% 42.9%

21 Mining U.S. $251.33 $254.22 $290.35 $272.71 $290.14 $320.34 $341.91 $376.27 $392.11 $348.88 $362.91 15.5% 20.2% 47.3%

Ohio $2.74 $2.74 $3.32 $2.92 $3.12 $2.93 $4.06 $6.04 $9.57 $13.69 $15.51 21.1% 312.2% 402.5%

23 Construction U.S. $725.13 $662.20 $577.30 $551.60 $548.64 $569.17 $584.91 $594.75 $623.86 $645.70 $654.59 -20.4% 11.8% -6.0%

Ohio $18.80 $17.61 $16.25 $15.31 $16.34 $17.69 $18.19 $18.30 $18.81 $19.15 $19.15 -13.6% 17.9% -27.9%

31-33 Manufacturing#

U.S. $1,924.83 $1,869.13 $1,726.71 $1,818.19 $1,823.26 $1,828.87 $1,864.99 $1,883.12 $1,912.04 $1,909.25 $1,927.49 -10.3% 10.6% 39.9%

Ohio $98.15 $89.93 $75.99 $81.12 $87.19 $84.84 $86.44 $95.02 $92.53 $92.66 $94.62 -22.6% 21.9% 1.6%

32p & 33 Durable goods U.S. $1,037.32 $1,025.20 $874.27 $976.08 $1,037.52 $1,068.82 $1,081.92 $1,100.04 $1,109.48 $1,110.00 $1,130.62 -15.7% 27.0% 77.6%

Ohio $62.10 $57.64 $38.00 $44.13 $50.15 $51.33 $51.83 $54.85 $54.97 $54.58 $55.93 -38.8% 43.6% -1.7%

31 & 32p Nondurable goods U.S. $888.33 $844.20 $852.44 $843.85 $793.41 $772.47 $794.34 $795.67 $814.22 $811.19 $810.24 -4.0% -4.8% 2.9%

Ohio $36.17 $32.37 $37.99 $37.10 $37.45 $34.35 $35.38 $40.68 $38.26 $38.73 $39.38 5.0% 1.9% 6.3%

22, 42-81 Service providers1#

U.S. $9,882.09 $9,873.06 $9,620.97 $9,870.06 $10,077.40 $10,330.51 $10,463.96 $10,745.20 $11,056.04 $11,291.71 n.a. -2.6% 17.4% 58.6%

Ohio $328.37 $327.98 $319.93 $328.36 $339.42 $349.96 $351.81 $356.06 $360.42 $365.68 n.a. -2.6% 14.3% 38.4%

22 Utilities U.S. $267.36 $269.65 $250.79 $274.43 $277.86 $276.87 $274.56 $268.51 $264.36 $277.37 $277.42 -6.2% 10.6% 3.9%

Ohio $9.84 $9.92 $9.35 $9.96 $9.85 $13.04 $12.95 $11.79 $10.56 $10.93 $11.15 -5.0% 16.9% -8.8%

42 Wholesale trade U.S. $954.48 $943.48 $822.85 $848.34 $866.04 $891.10 $919.51 $954.60 $983.61 $990.50 $1,014.73 -13.8% 20.4% 59.7%

Ohio $34.17 $33.98 $29.18 $29.82 $29.97 $30.46 $31.61 $32.89 $34.01 $34.17 $35.18 -14.6% 17.1% 37.6%

44-45 Retail trade U.S. $904.18 $866.40 $842.13 $862.17 $867.51 $883.59 $909.45 $934.94 $969.41 $989.82 $992.40 -6.9% 17.5% 47.3%

Ohio $31.88 $30.37 $29.88 $30.26 $30.85 $30.82 $32.06 $32.70 $34.40 $34.71 $34.64 -6.3% 16.2% 22.8%

48-49p Transportation & U.S. $434.46 $433.98 $398.84 $421.40 $436.51 $439.80 $444.81 $450.10 $445.82 $454.80 $465.02 -8.2% 14.0% 27.2%

warehousing1

Ohio $16.20 $16.19 $14.38 $14.88 $15.71 $15.38 $15.31 $15.58 $15.71 $15.84 $16.21 -11.2% 10.1% 23.2%

51 Information U.S. $697.35 $732.05 $705.35 $735.11 $736.16 $744.57 $793.07 $794.67 $854.58 $909.22 $923.53 1.1% 28.9% 143.2%

Ohio $14.96 $15.61 $17.41 $19.66 $21.24 $20.37 $20.49 $17.18 $16.82 $17.65 $18.10 16.4% 1.3% 79.1%

52 Finance & insurance U.S. $962.89 $837.26 $969.25 $968.72 $977.93 $1,028.41 $981.64 $1,031.28 $1,027.79 $1,042.33 $1,059.81 0.7% 7.5% 79.0%

Ohio $38.04 $35.84 $39.33 $38.71 $40.45 $42.57 $38.54 $41.64 $41.34 $42.54 $43.62 3.4% 8.2% 103.9%

53 Real estate, rental U.S. $1,898.23 $1,930.55 $1,904.78 $1,957.14 $2,009.17 $2,040.28 $2,070.32 $2,112.60 $2,164.91 $2,188.40 $2,208.63 0.3% 14.9% 54.9%

& leasing Ohio $55.24 $55.47 $54.77 $56.88 $58.52 $59.13 $59.51 $59.48 $60.43 $60.91 $62.50 -0.9% 11.2% 27.9%

54 Professional, scientific U.S. $990.79 $1,065.54 $1,000.36 $1,009.36 $1,046.07 $1,081.38 $1,082.17 $1,117.92 $1,175.27 $1,214.43 $1,228.87 1.0% 21.4% 71.8%

& technical Ohio $25.61 $27.44 $25.88 $25.90 $27.23 $26.64 $26.85 $27.30 $27.97 $29.07 $29.27 1.1% 12.3% 36.4%

55 Mgt. of companies U.S. $271.38 $270.00 $247.14 $266.05 $277.67 $298.60 $314.28 $338.01 $346.18 $350.55 $353.89 -8.9% 41.8% 40.2%

& enterprises Ohio $14.56 $14.88 $13.48 $14.51 $15.31 $18.70 $19.33 $20.85 $20.12 $20.01 $19.94 -7.4% 48.4% 63.0%

56 Administrative support U.S. $439.36 $442.40 $413.64 $442.84 $459.38 $476.52 $483.93 $501.08 $518.59 $528.36 $543.28 -5.9% 27.7% 89.6%

& waste mgt. Ohio $15.34 $15.55 $14.35 $15.36 $16.27 $17.32 $18.22 $18.63 $18.98 $18.68 $19.01 -6.5% 30.2% 66.2%

61 Education U.S. $149.67 $155.56 $162.99 $164.82 $166.15 $167.60 $164.09 $167.60 $168.00 $166.64 $167.35 8.9% 2.2% 40.1%

Ohio $4.37 $4.51 $4.66 $4.65 $4.65 $4.54 $4.26 $4.25 $4.24 $4.16 $4.12 6.4% -10.8% 13.9%

62 Health care & U.S. $978.34 $1,032.22 $1,051.04 $1,055.73 $1,073.67 $1,095.81 $1,115.62 $1,136.68 $1,187.32 $1,222.62 $1,243.97 7.4% 16.3% 62.9%

social assistance Ohio $41.07 $42.53 $42.38 $42.21 $42.89 $43.66 $44.70 $45.11 $46.63 $47.55 $48.05 3.2% 12.2% 43.9%

71 Arts, entertainment U.S. $144.30 $143.77 $138.84 $144.90 $147.80 $152.69 $157.25 $162.89 $168.55 $172.86 $173.90 -3.8% 24.5% 44.3%

& recreation Ohio $3.98 $4.15 $4.47 $4.99 $5.00 $5.35 $5.78 $5.56 $5.65 $5.69 $5.69 12.2% 27.4% 12.1%

72 Accommodation U.S. $428.65 $414.94 $383.46 $396.37 $414.70 $423.64 $432.99 $443.48 $454.97 $457.68 $462.95 -10.5% 19.4% 35.7%

& food services Ohio $11.51 $11.01 $10.19 $10.57 $11.17 $11.56 $12.19 $12.45 $12.64 $12.64 $12.74 -11.4% 24.0% 11.0%

81 Other services U.S. $360.89 $347.43 $329.51 $323.92 $322.70 $329.60 $327.00 $333.96 $339.57 $345.54 $348.11 -8.7% 4.9% -8.3%

(exc. Government) Ohio $11.81 $10.98 $10.23 $10.07 $10.45 $10.70 $10.61 $10.75 $10.96 $11.18 $11.23 -13.4% 9.3% -21.2%

92 Government2

U.S. $1,922.31 $1,955.39 $1,967.14 $1,976.59 $1,962.47 $1,957.67 $1,940.01 $1,937.20 $1,951.54 $1,961.37 $1,970.93 2.3% -0.3% 14.3%Ohio $61.02 $61.31 $60.76 $61.90 $60.83 $61.31 $59.89 $59.06 $59.34 $59.43 $59.64 -0.4% -2.2% -3.3%

Notes (continued): # - components may not sum to totals due to rounding and/or different inflators/deflators used for different sectors; n.a. - not available.

Source: U.S. BEA (2017). Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Telephone 800/848-1300, or 614/466-2116 (DL, 8/17).

Percent Change

79

Table A3: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry - Durable Goods, 2005-2015

Nominal

2007 Net

NAICS Industry Title 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Change

Durable Goods in Current Dollars

11-92 Total GDP: Ohio $467,392 $480,097 $492,925 $492,745 $479,526 $498,989 $528,567 $550,299 $564,683 $591,485 $607,326

U.S. $13,015,161 $13,773,226 $14,391,149 $14,626,598 $14,320,114 $14,859,772 $15,406,002 $16,041,243 $16,576,738 $17,277,518 $17,925,143

Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.59% 3.49% 3.43% 3.37% 3.35% 3.36% 3.43% 3.43% 3.41% 3.42% 3.39% -0.20%

32p & Durable goods summary: Ohio $61,369 $60,939 $60,343 $55,431 $38,002 $43,334 $49,049 $51,395 $52,594 $57,262 $59,514

33 U.S. $959,473 $1,005,359 $1,030,035 $994,444 $874,274 $956,595 $1,003,844 $1,053,283 $1,086,006 $1,129,186 $1,176,417


Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.78 1.74 1.71 1.65 1.30 1.35 1.42 1.42 1.42 1.48 1.49 -0.29

321 Wood products: Ohio $1,098 $980 $932 $819 $680 $737 $747 $656 $672 $876 $840

U.S. $34,865 $31,771 $29,131 $25,326 $20,667 $22,081 $22,127 $23,537 $26,465 $29,098 $30,178



327 Nonmetallic mineral products: Ohio $2,751 $2,675 $2,724 $2,650 $2,327 $2,393 $2,540 $2,725 $3,029 $3,060 $2,916

U.S. $49,051 $50,618 $50,275 $43,809 $37,330 $36,181 $36,062 $38,666 $43,376 $45,892 $48,033

Ohio as percent of U.S. 5.61% 5.28% 5.42% 6.05% 6.23% 6.61% 7.04% 7.05% 6.98% 6.67% 6.07% 0.46%

Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.56 1.52 1.58 1.80 1.86 1.97 2.05 2.05 2.05 1.95 1.79 0.23

331 Primary metals: Ohio $7,054 $6,840 $7,307 $7,509 $2,911 $4,576 $5,706 $5,058 $5,172 $5,547 $6,091

U.S. $56,636 $62,978 $64,707 $67,322 $40,111 $48,444 $58,119 $60,155 $56,962 $58,623 $55,923



332 Fabricated metal products: Ohio $10,348 $10,836 $11,064 $11,855 $8,772 $9,665 $10,573 $10,816 $10,743 $11,305 $11,404

U.S. $122,936 $127,137 $135,076 $132,981 $117,937 $120,326 $127,437 $138,482 $141,650 $146,218 $149,180



333 Machinery: Ohio $7,003 $6,810 $7,194 $6,983 $5,707 $6,015 $6,965 $7,030 $8,157 $8,440 $8,960

U.S. $114,887 $122,252 $129,732 $129,727 $115,561 $122,087 $136,712 $143,054 $146,790 $152,175 $153,145



334 Computer & electronic products: Ohio $3,126 $2,936 $2,944 $3,003 $1,906 $2,169 $1,956 $2,589 $2,710 $2,679 $2,562

U.S. $211,046 $223,441 $227,248 $234,108 $228,922 $248,999 $248,885 $256,849 $261,177 $266,297 $278,191



335 Electrical eqpt. & appliances: Ohio $4,223 $4,152 $3,995 $4,467 $3,912 $3,666 $3,533 $3,919 $3,789 $4,041 $4,100

U.S. $43,247 $51,434 $50,193 $55,089 $50,177 $49,971 $47,393 $50,995 $54,416 $55,438 $56,314



3361-3 Motor vehicles, bodies, trailers & parts: Ohio $17,948 $17,638 $15,281 $10,200 $4,091 $7,122 $9,726 $11,741 $11,263 $13,337 $14,236

U.S. $136,908 $134,632 $125,258 $91,667 $48,439 $92,904 $111,116 $125,662 $133,564 $144,150 $163,150



3364-9 Other transportation eqpt.: Ohio $4,325 $4,560 $5,477 $4,857 $4,796 $4,258 $4,570 $4,073 $4,309 $4,953 $5,253

U.S. $89,914 $96,266 $114,048 $111,581 $111,855 $112,157 $115,436 $114,053 $119,137 $125,968 $131,103



337 Furniture & related products: Ohio $1,610 $1,524 $1,522 $1,150 $929 $800 $886 $827 $860 $962 $1,009

U.S. $33,783 $34,584 $32,498 $27,943 $23,068 $22,225 $22,495 $23,103 $24,969 $26,123 $28,085



339 Miscellaneous mfg.: Ohio $1,884 $1,989 $1,904 $1,939 $1,971 $1,933 $1,847 $1,961 $1,890 $2,061 $2,143

U.S. $66,198 $70,247 $71,869 $74,889 $80,209 $81,221 $78,062 $78,727 $77,499 $79,206 $83,116



Source: U.S. BEA (2017). Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Phone 614/466-2116 (DL, 6/17).

Dollar figures in millions

80

Table A3: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry - Durable Goods, 2005-2015

2007

NAICS Industry Title 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Numeric Percent

Durable Goods in Constant Dollars

11-92 Total GDP: Ohio $512,223 $511,281 $510,613 $501,477 $479,526 $492,419 $510,190 $518,583 $523,587 $537,801 $543,421 $31,198 6.1%

U.S. $14,203,241 $14,584,888 $14,798,367 $14,718,301 $14,320,114 $14,628,165 $14,833,679 $15,126,281 $15,348,034 $15,690,349 $16,094,516 $1,891,275 13.3%


32p & Durable goods summary: Ohio $62,670 $62,859 $62,097 $57,637 $38,002 $44,127 $50,149 $51,326 $51,830 $54,846 $54,967 -$7,703 -12.3%

33 U.S. $930,148 $994,490 $1,037,315 $1,025,202 $874,274 $976,078 $1,037,520 $1,068,824 $1,081,918 $1,100,041 $1,109,479 $179,331 19.3%



321 Wood products: Ohio $821 $788 $855 $794 $680 $713 $790 $651 $576 $660 $653 -$168 -20.5%

U.S. $26,093 $25,566 $26,747 $24,552 $20,667 $21,372 $23,400 $23,385 $22,674 $21,920 $23,438 -$2,655 -10.2%



327 Nonmetallic mineral products: Ohio $3,089 $2,712 $2,775 $2,837 $2,327 $2,470 $2,716 $2,798 $2,961 $2,893 $2,591 -$498 -16.1%

U.S. $55,078 $51,320 $51,221 $46,892 $37,330 $37,349 $38,553 $39,698 $42,404 $43,378 $42,671 -$12,407 -22.5%



331 Primary metals: Ohio $5,517 $4,399 $4,448 $4,518 $2,911 $3,625 $3,943 $3,951 $4,556 $4,524 $5,953 $436 7.9%

U.S. $44,294 $40,499 $39,392 $40,509 $40,111 $38,375 $40,159 $46,986 $50,183 $47,812 $54,655 $10,361 23.4%



332 Fabricated metal products: Ohio $12,791 $13,453 $13,420 $13,770 $8,772 $10,382 $11,402 $11,076 $10,683 $11,271 $10,725 -$2,066 -16.2%

U.S. $151,957 $157,849 $163,838 $154,469 $117,937 $129,261 $137,431 $141,808 $140,859 $145,783 $140,291 -$11,666 -7.7%



333 Machinery: Ohio $7,917 $7,724 $8,027 $7,802 $5,707 $6,295 $7,363 $7,093 $7,873 $7,893 $7,858 -$59 -0.7%

U.S. $129,872 $138,667 $144,743 $144,944 $115,561 $127,767 $144,525 $144,335 $141,671 $142,310 $134,308 $4,436 3.4%



334 Computer & electronic products: Ohio $2,278 $2,359 $2,625 $2,918 $1,906 $2,228 $2,082 $2,786 $2,893 $2,857 $2,721 $443 19.4%

U.S. $153,798 $179,519 $202,658 $227,525 $228,922 $255,798 $264,862 $276,445 $278,771 $283,996 $295,493 $141,695 92.1%



335 Electrical eqpt. & appliances: Ohio $5,064 $4,866 $4,492 $4,876 $3,912 $3,764 $3,673 $3,838 $3,635 $3,841 $3,772 -$1,292 -25.5%

U.S. $51,863 $60,281 $56,441 $60,134 $50,177 $51,300 $49,269 $49,942 $52,208 $52,690 $51,810 -$53 -0.1%



3361-3 Motor vehicles, bodies, trailers & parts: Ohio $16,985 $18,707 $16,644 $11,884 $4,091 $7,648 $11,159 $12,918 $12,251 $13,907 $13,467 -$3,518 -20.7%

U.S. $129,563 $142,791 $136,434 $106,799 $48,439 $99,759 $127,496 $138,255 $145,280 $150,309 $154,336 $24,773 19.1%



3364-9 Other transportation eqpt.: Ohio $4,742 $4,869 $5,806 $5,137 $4,796 $4,263 $4,529 $3,947 $4,049 $4,514 $4,627 -$115 -2.4%

U.S. $98,588 $102,796 $120,912 $118,030 $111,855 $112,283 $114,391 $110,532 $111,937 $114,806 $115,479 $16,891 17.1%



337 Furniture & related products: Ohio $1,885 $1,775 $1,713 $1,294 $929 $837 $927 $833 $866 $958 $943 -$942 -50.0%

U.S. $39,554 $40,275 $36,583 $31,432 $23,068 $23,259 $23,534 $23,269 $25,142 $26,002 $26,255 -$13,299 -33.6%



339 Miscellaneous mfg.: Ohio $1,937 $2,057 $1,957 $2,019 $1,971 $1,949 $1,862 $1,942 $1,820 $1,978 $1,974 $37 1.9%

U.S. $68,049 $72,679 $73,870 $77,959 $80,209 $81,897 $78,681 $77,958 $74,663 $76,034 $76,579 $8,530 12.5%




Real Net Change

81

Dollar figures in millions, standardized on 2009

Table A4: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry - Non-durable Goods, 2005-2015

Nominal

2007 Net


Non-durable Goods in Current Dollars

11-92 Total GDP: Ohio $467,392 $480,097 $492,925 $492,745 $479,526 $498,989 $528,567 $550,299 $564,683 $591,485 $607,326

U.S. $13,015,161 $13,773,226 $14,391,149 $14,626,598 $14,320,114 $14,859,772 $15,406,002 $16,041,243 $16,576,738 $17,277,518 $17,925,143


31 & Non-durable goods summary: Ohio $30,132 $32,146 $32,832 $30,999 $37,988 $38,626 $43,598 $42,340 $42,947 $49,957 $46,441

32p U.S. $744,700 $798,862 $824,295 $819,676 $852,439 $873,990 $903,467 $930,360 $949,171 $970,240 $993,858



311-2 Food, beverage & tobacco products: Ohio $7,338 $8,194 $8,448 $8,248 $10,090 $9,600 $9,163 $10,048 $11,168 $11,984 $11,846

U.S. $179,914 $194,825 $194,404 $201,150 $243,160 $229,730 $216,720 $229,931 $238,086 $246,306 $257,528



313-4 Textile & textile product mills: Ohio $335 $331 $390 $348 $287 $353 $338 $318 $359 $365 $353

U.S. $20,783 $20,170 $19,369 $17,813 $15,133 $15,555 $15,075 $15,992 $16,646 $17,960 $18,147



315-6 Apparel, leather & allied products: Ohio $193 $166 $199 $196 $169 $140 $129 $117 $128 $126 $124

U.S. $13,860 $12,878 $11,856 $11,583 $9,924 $10,516 $10,316 $10,234 $10,418 $10,112 $10,032



322 Paper: Ohio $2,292 $2,584 $2,522 $2,138 $2,206 $2,096 $2,126 $1,839 $1,894 $2,143 $2,267

U.S. $51,945 $58,187 $55,823 $51,056 $58,506 $55,313 $52,536 $51,714 $55,744 $56,609 $59,570



323 Printing & related support activities: Ohio $2,610 $2,658 $2,552 $2,217 $2,054 $1,851 $1,931 $1,779 $1,749 $1,806 $1,869

U.S. $44,649 $46,974 $47,786 $44,909 $39,263 $38,800 $37,936 $37,473 $38,082 $37,491 $38,712



324 Petroleum & coal products: Ohio $3,785 $4,182 $3,238 $2,464 $6,040 $7,013 $10,651 $8,380 $10,198 $14,515 $8,887

U.S. $142,706 $140,854 $154,948 $156,777 $114,617 $129,979 $169,180 $172,989 $164,306 $170,619 $161,770



325 Chemicals: Ohio $8,176 $8,831 $10,287 $11,134 $12,363 $12,815 $14,105 $14,204 $11,842 $13,781 $15,768

U.S. $227,299 $260,582 $276,412 $280,057 $310,296 $330,822 $337,154 $341,905 $355,100 $364,589 $377,315



326 Plastic & rubber products: Ohio $5,404 $5,201 $5,196 $4,253 $4,779 $4,757 $5,154 $5,655 $5,609 $5,238 $5,327

U.S. $63,543 $64,392 $63,696 $56,330 $61,540 $63,274 $64,551 $70,123 $70,789 $66,553 $70,785





82

Table A4: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry - Non-durable Goods, 2005-2015

2007


Non-durable Goods in Constant Dollars

11-92 Total GDP: Ohio $512,223 $511,281 $510,613 $501,477 $479,526 $492,419 $510,190 $518,583 $523,587 $537,801 $543,421 $31,198 6.1%

U.S. $14,203,241 $14,584,888 $14,798,367 $14,718,301 $14,320,114 $14,628,165 $14,833,679 $15,126,281 $15,348,034 $15,690,349 $16,094,516 $1,891,275 13.3%


31 & Non-durable goods summary: Ohio $34,905 $35,600 $36,174 $32,373 $37,988 $37,098 $37,447 $34,348 $35,382 $40,680 $38,260 $3,355 9.6%

32p U.S. $850,561 $872,129 $888,329 $844,201 $852,439 $843,845 $793,414 $772,471 $794,343 $795,668 $814,222 -$36,339 -4.3%



311-2 Food, beverage & tobacco products: Ohio $8,650 $9,914 $10,272 $9,238 $10,090 $9,751 $9,528 $9,690 $10,495 $10,719 $10,097 $1,447 16.7%

U.S. $212,102 $235,730 $236,395 $225,298 $243,160 $233,325 $225,347 $221,741 $223,731 $220,315 $219,511 $7,409 3.5%



313-4 Textile & textile product mills: Ohio $359 $348 $411 $374 $287 $353 $301 $294 $336 $334 $313 -$46 -12.8%

U.S. $22,273 $21,189 $20,394 $19,148 $15,133 $15,573 $13,403 $14,802 $15,586 $16,448 $16,057 -$6,216 -27.9%



315-6 Apparel, leather & allied products: Ohio $185 $162 $199 $199 $169 $144 $132 $118 $129 $127 $115 -$70 -37.8%

U.S. $13,281 $12,583 $11,801 $11,749 $9,924 $10,815 $10,504 $10,378 $10,528 $10,156 $9,313 -$3,968 -29.9%



322 Paper: Ohio $2,863 $3,041 $2,902 $2,349 $2,206 $2,023 $2,055 $1,782 $1,738 $1,945 $1,955 -$908 -31.7%

U.S. $64,885 $68,477 $64,233 $56,105 $58,506 $53,403 $50,762 $50,111 $51,144 $51,372 $51,381 -$13,504 -20.8%



323 Printing & related support activities: Ohio $2,606 $2,568 $2,492 $2,245 $2,054 $1,895 $2,064 $1,921 $1,885 $1,918 $1,867 -$739 -28.4%

U.S. $44,588 $45,398 $46,652 $45,471 $39,263 $39,713 $40,560 $40,465 $41,042 $39,821 $38,677 -$5,911 -13.3%



324 Petroleum & coal products: Ohio $3,381 $3,242 $2,311 $1,864 $6,040 $5,315 $5,322 $3,928 $5,569 $8,238 $6,036 $2,655 78.5%

U.S. $127,465 $109,199 $110,611 $118,611 $114,617 $98,517 $84,541 $81,081 $89,726 $96,838 $109,875 -$17,590 -13.8%



325 Chemicals: Ohio $10,242 $10,681 $12,415 $12,125 $12,363 $12,799 $13,023 $12,308 $10,013 $11,223 $12,614 $2,372 23.2%

U.S. $284,749 $315,165 $333,576 $304,982 $310,296 $330,404 $311,294 $296,278 $300,244 $296,916 $301,850 $17,101 6.0%



326 Plastic & rubber products: Ohio $6,454 $5,648 $5,806 $4,677 $4,779 $4,912 $5,145 $5,381 $5,266 $5,002 $4,705 -$1,749 -27.1%

U.S. $75,886 $69,917 $71,175 $61,939 $61,540 $65,337 $64,435 $66,723 $66,457 $63,563 $62,515 -$13,371 -17.6%





83

Real Net Change

Table A5: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry - Natural Resources, 2005-2015

Nominal

2007 Net


Natural Resources in Current Dollars

11-92 Total GDP: Ohio $467,392 $480,097 $492,925 $492,745 $479,526 $498,989 $528,567 $550,299 $564,683 $591,485 $607,326

U.S. $13,015,161 $13,773,226 $14,391,149 $14,626,598 $14,320,114 $14,859,772 $15,406,002 $16,041,243 $16,576,738 $17,277,518 $17,925,143


11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing, etc.: Ohio $2,298 $2,465 $2,706 $2,977 $3,281 $3,306 $4,975 $3,909 $5,240 $4,529 $3,432

U.S. $128,571 $128,345 $141,999 $154,525 $137,655 $160,217 $197,241 $185,800 $221,821 $203,188 $175,236



111-2 Crop & animal production (farms): Ohio $2,004 $2,130 $2,393 $2,660 $2,988 $3,002 $4,611 $3,465 $4,747 $3,973 $2,855

U.S. $104,514 $99,352 $113,533 $126,345 $109,800 $129,725 $166,249 $151,489 $186,960 $166,249 $136,717



113-5 Forestry, fishing & related activities: Ohio $294 $335 $313 $317 $293 $305 $364 $444 $494 $555 $577

U.S. $24,057 $28,993 $28,466 $28,180 $27,855 $30,492 $30,992 $34,311 $34,861 $36,939 $38,519



21 Mining: Ohio $2,355 $2,705 $2,996 $3,616 $3,322 $3,397 $4,043 $3,636 $5,042 $7,307 $7,598

U.S. $226,646 $273,405 $314,018 $401,457 $290,349 $331,720 $398,632 $410,940 $450,868 $482,710 $327,796



211 Oil & gas extraction: Ohio $1,179 $1,261 $1,329 $1,687 $1,292 $1,222 $1,473 $1,416 $2,928 $4,717 $5,112

U.S. $156,230 $178,223 $205,288 $280,516 $184,601 $209,323 $252,490 $267,432 $313,194 $338,240 $206,171



212 Mining, exc. oil & gas: Ohio $895 $959 $1,004 $1,258 $1,547 $1,766 $2,158 $1,795 $1,538 $1,695 $1,660

U.S. $43,496 $52,394 $58,462 $62,971 $65,757 $77,327 $88,447 $80,072 $73,594 $72,727 $65,762



213 Support activities for mining: Ohio $281 $485 $662 $671 $483 $409 $413 $426 $575 $896 $826

U.S. $26,921 $42,788 $50,268 $57,970 $39,991 $45,070 $57,695 $63,436 $64,081 $71,743 $55,863





84

Table A5: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry - Natural Resources, 2005-2015

2007


Natural Resources in Constant Dollars

11-92 Total GDP: Ohio $512,223 $511,281 $510,613 $501,477 $479,526 $492,419 $510,190 $518,583 $523,587 $537,801 $543,421 $31,198 6.1%

U.S. $14,203,241 $14,584,888 $14,798,367 $14,718,301 $14,320,114 $14,628,165 $14,833,679 $15,126,281 $15,348,034 $15,690,349 $16,094,516 $1,891,275 13.3%


11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing, etc.: Ohio $2,251 $2,532 $2,117 $2,291 $3,281 $2,865 $3,264 $2,495 $3,281 $3,095 $2,829 $578 25.7%

U.S. $127,202 $132,372 $114,267 $121,988 $137,655 $140,205 $133,986 $122,933 $143,809 $142,922 $146,405 $19,203 15.1%



111-2 Crop & animal production (farms): Ohio $1,949 $2,196 $1,816 $1,994 $2,988 $2,579 $2,932 $2,142 $2,882 $2,662 $2,399 $450 23.1%

U.S. $101,646 $102,413 $86,173 $94,712 $109,800 $111,455 $105,712 $93,662 $113,517 $111,399 $114,855 $13,209 13.0%



113-5 Forestry, fishing & related activities: Ohio $320 $356 $320 $310 $293 $287 $334 $401 $432 $485 $482 $162 50.6%

U.S. $26,157 $30,835 $29,129 $27,523 $27,855 $28,765 $28,487 $30,977 $30,496 $32,247 $32,210 $6,053 23.1%



21 Mining: Ohio $2,589 $2,672 $2,743 $2,742 $3,322 $2,923 $3,117 $2,932 $4,057 $6,044 $9,573 $6,984 269.8%

U.S. $212,911 $235,762 $251,329 $254,216 $290,349 $272,711 $290,137 $320,343 $341,913 $376,265 $392,110 $179,199 84.2%



211 Oil & gas extraction: Ohio $912 $929 $908 $846 $1,292 $926 $964 $1,038 $2,033 $3,391 $6,985 $6,073 665.9%

U.S. $120,935 $131,355 $140,231 $140,735 $184,601 $158,615 $165,233 $195,954 $217,486 $243,212 $281,712 $160,777 132.9%



212 Mining, exc. oil & gas: Ohio $1,429 $1,299 $1,241 $1,372 $1,547 $1,599 $1,773 $1,495 $1,371 $1,549 $1,503 $74 5.2%

U.S. $69,408 $70,984 $72,219 $68,653 $65,757 $70,026 $72,687 $66,704 $65,583 $66,462 $59,536 -$9,872 -14.2%



213 Support activities for mining: Ohio $323 $477 $621 $613 $483 $417 $400 $396 $522 $808 $769 $446 138.1%

U.S. $30,944 $42,049 $47,117 $52,947 $39,991 $45,973 $55,959 $58,952 $58,170 $64,742 $51,992 $21,048 68.0%




Real Net Change

85


Table A6: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry - Transportation and Warehousing, 2005-2015

Nominal

2007 Net


Transportation and Warehousing in Current Dollars

11-92 Total GDP: Ohio $467,392 $480,097 $492,925 $492,745 $479,526 $498,989 $528,567 $550,299 $564,683 $591,485 $607,326

U.S. $13,015,161 $13,773,226 $14,391,149 $14,626,598 $14,320,114 $14,859,772 $15,406,002 $16,041,243 $16,576,738 $17,277,518 $17,925,143


48-49* Transportation* & warehousing: Ohio $14,253 $15,361 $15,228 $15,756 $14,382 $14,784 $15,774 $15,943 $16,277 $17,088 $18,457

U.S. $375,119 $407,597 $409,597 $422,352 $398,843 $425,131 $446,857 $467,407 $487,181 $510,189 $542,528



481 Air: Ohio $1,399 $1,423 $1,627 $1,561 $1,458 $1,425 $1,610 $1,588 $1,682 $1,672 $1,832

U.S. $59,987 $64,602 $68,765 $64,012 $63,725 $72,192 $74,304 $75,358 $81,787 $86,137 $95,705



482 Rail: Ohio $1,054 $1,176 $1,143 $1,296 $1,139 $1,243 $1,328 $1,469 $1,515 $1,622 $1,600

U.S. $28,110 $32,163 $32,365 $37,551 $33,680 $35,012 $37,931 $41,830 $43,669 $46,822 $45,795



483 Water: Ohio $142 $170 $143 $149 $114 $123 $116 $107 $136 $128 $133

U.S. $9,267 $13,165 $14,674 $16,851 $16,609 $15,913 $15,539 $14,959 $18,829 $18,690 $18,915



484 Truck: Ohio $5,921 $6,209 $6,107 $5,973 $5,271 $5,503 $5,889 $6,192 $6,215 $6,619 $7,010

U.S. $116,829 $125,160 $123,016 $119,879 $109,285 $113,293 $121,745 $128,327 $130,958 $139,144 $145,835



485 Transit & ground passengers: Ohio $362 $389 $403 $409 $422 $418 $458 $473 $490 $488 $531

U.S. $23,634 $25,938 $26,290 $26,888 $27,244 $28,046 $29,516 $30,587 $32,070 $32,765 $34,307



486 Pipelines: Ohio $144 $139 $156 $314 $383 $604 $744 $385 $336 $460 $595

U.S. $10,136 $11,022 $13,357 $15,868 $14,018 $18,710 $19,417 $22,367 $22,972 $25,099 $26,811



487-8, Other modes & support activities: Ohio $3,230 $3,520 $3,269 $3,569 $3,211 $3,026 $3,212 $3,211 $3,353 $3,532 $4,011

492 U.S. $89,081 $94,747 $89,861 $95,775 $88,407 $95,722 $101,823 $104,897 $107,585 $110,402 $118,408



493 Warehousing & storage: Ohio $2,003 $2,335 $2,380 $2,486 $2,384 $2,441 $2,418 $2,517 $2,550 $2,566 $2,746

U.S. $38,074 $40,799 $41,270 $45,527 $45,875 $46,243 $46,582 $49,080 $49,312 $51,130 $56,754



Note: * - Excludes the U.S. Postal Service (491). Source: U.S. BEA (2017). Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Phone 614/466-2116 (DL, 6/17).

86


Table A6: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry - Transportation and Warehousing, 2005-2015

2007


Transportation and Warehousing in Constant Dollars

11-92 Total GDP: Ohio $512,223 $511,281 $510,613 $501,477 $479,526 $492,419 $510,190 $518,583 $523,587 $537,801 $543,421 $31,198 6.1%

U.S. $14,203,241 $14,584,888 $14,798,367 $14,718,301 $14,320,114 $14,628,165 $14,833,679 $15,126,281 $15,348,034 $15,690,349 $16,094,516 $1,891,275 13.3%


48-49* Transportation* & warehousing: Ohio $15,891 $16,763 $16,197 $16,194 $14,382 $14,881 $15,713 $15,380 $15,309 $15,578 $15,705 -$186 -1.2%

U.S. $414,454 $439,976 $434,459 $433,978 $398,843 $421,398 $436,513 $439,797 $444,813 $450,097 $445,820 $31,366 7.6%



481 Air: Ohio $1,540 $1,528 $1,766 $1,645 $1,458 $1,384 $1,494 $1,361 $1,400 $1,341 $1,319 -$221 -14.4%

U.S. $66,034 $69,388 $74,644 $67,473 $63,726 $70,135 $68,975 $64,604 $68,040 $69,085 $68,904 $2,870 4.3%



482 Rail: Ohio $1,354 $1,365 $1,301 $1,327 $1,139 $1,222 $1,236 $1,275 $1,266 $1,310 $1,251 -$103 -7.6%

U.S. $36,137 $37,320 $36,837 $38,437 $33,680 $34,410 $35,286 $36,325 $36,502 $37,832 $35,829 -$308 -0.9%



483 Water: Ohio $85 $115 $115 $123 $114 $108 $117 $115 $151 $126 $111 $26 30.6%

U.S. $5,568 $8,945 $11,779 $13,905 $16,609 $13,918 $15,781 $16,045 $20,897 $18,384 $15,833 $10,265 184.4%



484 Truck: Ohio $6,398 $6,629 $6,435 $6,142 $5,271 $5,820 $6,272 $6,393 $6,218 $6,351 $6,074 -$324 -5.1%

U.S. $126,229 $133,617 $129,623 $123,273 $109,285 $119,805 $129,663 $132,479 $131,021 $133,515 $126,370 $141 0.1%



485 Transit & ground passengers: Ohio $445 $456 $467 $458 $422 $407 $438 $433 $410 $405 $425 -$20 -4.5%

U.S. $29,084 $30,444 $30,521 $30,096 $27,244 $27,360 $28,185 $27,982 $26,835 $27,168 $27,458 -$1,626 -5.6%



486 Pipelines: Ohio $181 $165 $180 $386 $383 $559 $679 $336 $275 $366 $455 $274 151.4%

U.S. $12,737 $13,041 $15,440 $19,481 $14,018 $17,315 $17,723 $19,498 $18,814 $19,955 $20,496 $7,759 60.9%



487-8, Other modes & support activities: Ohio $3,641 $3,854 $3,401 $3,586 $3,211 $2,877 $2,889 $2,748 $2,754 $2,794 $3,037 -$604 -16.6%

492 U.S. $100,423 $103,737 $93,477 $96,241 $88,407 $91,016 $91,577 $89,778 $88,356 $87,346 $89,642 -$10,781 -10.7%



493 Warehousing & storage: Ohio $2,243 $2,627 $2,512 $2,525 $2,384 $2,523 $2,617 $2,840 $2,980 $3,026 $3,160 $917 40.9%

U.S. $42,641 $45,889 $43,555 $46,257 $45,875 $47,781 $50,417 $55,383 $57,620 $60,297 $65,320 $22,679 53.2%



Note: * - Excludes the U.S. Postal Service (491). Source: U.S. BEA (2017). Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Phone 614/466-2116 (DL, 6/17).

Real Net Change

87


Table A7: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry - Information, 2005-2015

Nominal

2007 Net


Information in Current Dollars

11-92 Total GDP: Ohio $467,392 $480,097 $492,925 $492,745 $479,526 $498,989 $528,567 $550,299 $564,683 $591,485 $607,326

U.S. $13,015,161 $13,773,226 $14,391,149 $14,626,598 $14,320,114 $14,859,772 $15,406,002 $16,041,243 $16,576,738 $17,277,518 $17,925,143


51 Information: Ohio $14,564 $14,050 $15,072 $15,567 $17,413 $19,517 $20,985 $20,137 $20,440 $17,116 $16,455

U.S. $641,552 $649,017 $702,387 $730,484 $705,347 $730,179 $728,431 $737,471 $791,496 $793,165 $839,919



511 Publishing (inc. sofware, exc. Internet): Ohio $4,781 $4,240 $4,905 $5,100 $5,005 $5,330 $5,498 $5,570 $5,644 $5,062 $5,220

U.S. $172,476 $161,370 $190,366 $187,148 $175,756 $182,366 $188,574 $194,389 $197,633 $194,472 $205,243



512 Motion pictures & sound recordings: Ohio $501 $516 $553 $579 $565 $484 $458 $488 $535 $594 $610

U.S. $60,843 $65,003 $73,671 $83,206 $90,850 $107,498 $105,905 $110,283 $111,421 $107,407 $115,062



515, Broadcasting & telecommunications: Ohio $7,439 $7,345 $8,293 $8,415 $10,474 $12,312 $13,617 $12,773 $12,737 $9,840 $8,918

517 U.S. $336,424 $341,041 $373,754 $388,783 $372,266 $370,842 $361,275 $366,123 $400,141 $396,901 $412,561



518, Data prcsng., hosting, other info. (inc. Internet): Ohio $1,843 $1,949 $1,320 $1,474 $1,368 $1,390 $1,412 $1,306 $1,524 $1,619 $1,707

519 U.S. $71,809 $81,603 $64,596 $71,346 $66,476 $69,472 $72,677 $66,676 $82,302 $94,386 $107,053




88


Table A7: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry - Information, 2005-2015

2007


Information in Constant Dollars

11-92 Total GDP: Ohio $512,223 $511,281 $510,613 $501,477 $479,526 $492,419 $510,190 $518,583 $523,587 $537,801 $543,421 $31,198 6.1%

U.S. $14,203,241 $14,584,888 $14,798,367 $14,718,301 $14,320,114 $14,628,165 $14,833,679 $15,126,281 $15,348,034 $15,690,349 $16,094,516 $1,891,275 13.3%


51 Information: Ohio $14,081 $13,743 $14,960 $15,605 $17,413 $19,662 $21,235 $20,366 $20,493 $17,179 $16,822 $2,741 19.5%

U.S. $620,448 $635,671 $697,345 $732,049 $705,347 $735,108 $736,161 $744,568 $793,072 $794,671 $854,581 $234,133 37.7%



511 Publishing (inc. sofware, exc. Internet): Ohio $5,031 $4,372 $5,048 $5,186 $5,005 $5,394 $5,543 $5,590 $5,604 $5,000 $5,163 $132 2.6%

U.S. $181,495 $166,369 $195,914 $190,300 $175,756 $184,550 $190,095 $195,086 $196,227 $192,052 $202,996 $21,501 11.8%



512 Motion pictures & sound recordings: Ohio $520 $531 $562 $580 $565 $484 $457 $485 $530 $581 $590 $70 13.5%

U.S. $63,104 $66,834 $74,882 $83,396 $90,850 $107,437 $105,860 $109,602 $110,210 $105,076 $111,257 $48,153 76.3%



515, Broadcasting & telecommunications: Ohio $6,786 $6,958 $8,035 $8,356 $10,474 $12,374 $13,788 $12,936 $12,770 $9,904 $9,261 $2,475 36.5%

517 U.S. $306,888 $323,097 $362,113 $386,087 $372,266 $372,705 $365,808 $370,794 $401,200 $399,484 $428,396 $121,508 39.6%



518, Data prcsng., hosting, other info. (inc. Internet): Ohio $1,808 $1,896 $1,326 $1,494 $1,368 $1,409 $1,446 $1,351 $1,591 $1,703 $1,812 $4 0.2%

519 U.S. $70,463 $79,366 $64,875 $72,346 $66,476 $70,396 $74,439 $68,968 $85,919 $99,274 $113,672 $43,209 61.3%




Real Net Change

89


Table A8: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry - Finance-Insurance-Real Estate, 2005-2015

Nominal

2007 Net


Finance-Insurance-Real Estate in Current Dollars

11-92 Total GDP: Ohio $467,392 $480,097 $492,925 $492,745 $479,526 $498,989 $528,567 $550,299 $564,683 $591,485 $607,326

U.S. $13,015,161 $13,773,226 $14,391,149 $14,626,598 $14,320,114 $14,859,772 $15,406,002 $16,041,243 $16,576,738 $17,277,518 $17,925,143


52 Finance & insurance: Ohio $40,858 $41,731 $41,870 $39,245 $39,325 $40,246 $42,769 $47,107 $44,314 $49,822 $51,189

U.S. $991,844 $1,048,838 $1,040,521 $907,226 $969,254 $1,005,832 $1,038,026 $1,142,684 $1,136,414 $1,251,154 $1,293,093



521-2 Federal reserve/credit intermediation: Ohio $24,436 $24,755 $23,408 $23,382 $22,056 $21,741 $23,449 $25,880 $22,817 $23,386 $23,626

U.S. $426,193 $436,701 $420,460 $417,408 $399,458 $410,157 $437,783 $484,085 $470,816 $487,513 $503,554



523 Securities, etc.: Ohio $2,417 $2,651 $2,373 $1,542 $2,370 $2,553 $2,597 $2,978 $3,277 $3,346 $3,431

U.S. $195,402 $223,633 $200,617 $119,930 $186,701 $199,473 $190,332 $218,992 $222,659 $235,022 $236,272



524 Insurance carriers & related activities: Ohio $13,783 $13,987 $15,761 $13,978 $14,652 $15,535 $16,178 $17,349 $17,515 $21,985 $23,131

U.S. $343,555 $363,782 $392,633 $339,636 $357,572 $365,176 $379,452 $402,646 $406,242 $465,665 $489,274



525 Funds-trusts-other financial vehicles: Ohio $223 $338 $327 $344 $247 $417 $546 $901 $705 $1,104 $1,002

U.S. $26,693 $24,722 $26,811 $30,252 $25,524 $31,026 $30,458 $36,960 $36,697 $62,953 $63,993



53 Real estate, rental & leasing: Ohio $50,065 $50,472 $53,447 $54,509 $54,771 $56,551 $58,667 $60,475 $62,036 $63,234 $66,037

U.S. $1,649,219 $1,721,869 $1,836,585 $1,897,287 $1,904,778 $1,945,721 $2,014,402 $2,086,301 $2,157,394 $2,244,846 $2,363,276



531 Real estate: Ohio $45,561 $45,374 $48,566 $49,272 $50,015 $52,104 $54,371 $56,223 $57,498 $58,353 $60,833

U.S. $1,503,645 $1,551,875 $1,670,844 $1,718,954 $1,740,571 $1,783,933 $1,849,196 $1,908,481 $1,972,901 $2,052,641 $2,157,757



532-3 Rental & leasing (inc. intangible assets): Ohio $4,504 $5,097 $4,881 $5,237 $4,755 $4,447 $4,296 $4,252 $4,538 $4,881 $5,204

U.S. $145,574 $169,995 $165,741 $178,333 $164,207 $161,788 $165,206 $177,820 $184,493 $192,205 $205,520





90

Table A8: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry - Finance-Insurance-Real Estate, 2005-2015

2007


Finance-Insurance-Real Estate in Constant Dollars

11-92 Total GDP: Ohio $512,223 $511,281 $510,613 $501,477 $479,526 $492,419 $510,190 $518,583 $523,587 $537,801 $543,421 $31,198 6.1%

U.S. $14,203,241 $14,584,888 $14,798,367 $14,718,301 $14,320,114 $14,628,165 $14,833,679 $15,126,281 $15,348,034 $15,690,349 $16,094,516 $1,891,275 13.3%


52 Finance & insurance: Ohio $38,114 $38,318 $38,042 $35,840 $39,325 $38,710 $40,448 $42,570 $38,539 $41,635 $41,337 $3,223 8.5%

U.S. $947,909 $988,806 $962,887 $837,257 $969,254 $968,719 $977,934 $1,028,412 $981,639 $1,031,282 $1,027,793 $79,884 8.4%



521-2 Federal reserve/credit intermediation: Ohio $21,491 $21,214 $19,824 $19,860 $22,056 $20,581 $22,041 $22,917 $19,061 $18,403 $17,552 -$3,939 -18.3%

U.S. $374,834 $374,226 $356,078 $354,533 $399,458 $388,275 $411,510 $428,669 $393,301 $383,619 $374,084 -$750 -0.2%



523 Securities, etc.: Ohio $2,619 $2,827 $2,328 $1,409 $2,370 $2,460 $2,374 $2,579 $2,606 $2,402 $2,377 -$242 -9.2%

U.S. $211,698 $238,485 $196,756 $109,565 $186,701 $192,176 $174,002 $189,653 $177,057 $168,669 $163,724 -$47,974 -22.7%



524 Insurance carriers & related activities: Ohio $13,848 $14,082 $15,885 $14,343 $14,652 $15,300 $15,524 $16,295 $16,327 $20,341 $21,252 $7,404 53.5%

U.S. $345,173 $366,236 $395,742 $348,501 $357,572 $359,654 $364,134 $378,194 $378,693 $430,833 $449,534 $104,361 30.2%



525 Funds-trusts-other financial vehicles: Ohio $163 $246 $266 $290 $247 $385 $511 $774 $657 $1,024 $844 $681 417.8%

U.S. $19,532 $18,017 $21,783 $25,533 $25,524 $28,676 $28,525 $31,762 $34,190 $58,427 $53,906 $34,374 176.0%



53 Real estate, rental & leasing: Ohio $54,252 $53,242 $55,243 $55,465 $54,771 $56,883 $58,515 $59,134 $59,513 $59,477 $60,433 $6,181 11.4%

U.S. $1,787,088 $1,816,329 $1,898,232 $1,930,548 $1,904,778 $1,957,143 $2,009,174 $2,040,280 $2,070,316 $2,112,597 $2,164,907 $377,819 21.1%



531 Real estate: Ohio $49,183 $47,675 $50,005 $50,026 $50,015 $52,420 $54,239 $54,941 $55,069 $54,707 $55,254 $6,071 12.3%

U.S. $1,623,183 $1,630,556 $1,720,363 $1,745,253 $1,740,571 $1,794,743 $1,844,696 $1,864,970 $1,889,554 $1,924,405 $1,959,883 $336,700 20.7%



532-3 Rental & leasing (inc. intangible assets): Ohio $5,066 $5,592 $5,239 $5,447 $4,755 $4,464 $4,277 $4,193 $4,448 $4,785 $5,219 $153 3.0%

U.S. $163,771 $186,471 $177,903 $185,474 $164,207 $162,410 $164,494 $175,358 $180,859 $188,419 $206,138 $42,367 25.9%




Real Net Change

91


Table A9: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry - Professional/Business Services, 2005-2015

Nominal

2007 Net


Professional/Business Services in Current Dollars

11-92 Total GDP: Ohio $467,392 $480,097 $492,925 $492,745 $479,526 $498,989 $528,567 $550,299 $564,683 $591,485 $607,326

U.S. $13,015,161 $13,773,226 $14,391,149 $14,626,598 $14,320,114 $14,859,772 $15,406,002 $16,041,243 $16,576,738 $17,277,518 $17,925,143


54 Prfsnl.-scntfc.-tchncl. srvcs.: Ohio $21,953 $23,485 $25,039 $27,141 $25,884 $26,179 $27,883 $27,711 $28,374 $29,268 $30,582

U.S. $842,818 $903,735 $967,317 $1,053,337 $1,000,361 $1,022,001 $1,074,069 $1,128,761 $1,148,285 $1,204,501 $1,292,778



5411 Legal srvcs.: Ohio $4,488 $4,670 $4,932 $5,549 $5,000 $4,764 $4,998 $4,948 $4,926 $5,015 $5,311

U.S. $193,891 $202,928 $215,331 $238,106 $213,934 $206,249 $217,826 $219,983 $221,564 $228,499 $241,903



5415 Computer systems & related srvcs.: Ohio $3,969 $4,481 $5,177 $5,543 $5,637 $5,837 $6,466 $5,970 $6,195 $6,381 $6,685

U.S. $134,958 $149,018 $167,141 $177,472 $180,391 $189,914 $206,973 $229,384 $232,767 $244,340 $266,186



5412-4, Other prfsnl.-scntfc.-tchncl. srvcs.: Ohio $13,496 $14,334 $14,930 $16,049 $15,247 $15,577 $16,420 $16,793 $17,254 $17,872 $18,586

5416-9 U.S. $513,969 $551,789 $584,845 $637,759 $606,036 $625,838 $649,270 $679,395 $693,955 $731,663 $784,689



55 Enterprise mgt.: Ohio $12,490 $13,586 $13,926 $14,414 $13,484 $14,628 $15,493 $19,055 $19,828 $20,852 $20,708

U.S. $219,345 $238,491 $259,539 $261,516 $247,136 $268,205 $281,044 $304,281 $322,416 $338,039 $356,243



56 Administrative & waste mgt. srvcs.: Ohio $13,638 $13,886 $15,027 $15,405 $14,345 $15,239 $16,196 $17,419 $18,614 $19,415 $20,434

U.S. $380,548 $399,359 $430,362 $438,237 $413,636 $439,508 $457,515 $479,550 $494,635 $522,360 $558,283



561 Administrative & support srvcs.: Ohio $12,314 $12,698 $13,802 $14,198 $13,143 $13,771 $14,860 $16,030 $16,947 $17,590 $18,521

U.S. $346,586 $367,414 $394,722 $401,950 $376,448 $393,992 $417,753 $439,897 $454,402 $479,145 $513,224



562 Waste mgt. & remediation srvcs.: Ohio $1,323 $1,187 $1,225 $1,207 $1,202 $1,469 $1,336 $1,389 $1,666 $1,825 $1,913

U.S. $33,963 $31,945 $35,641 $36,287 $37,187 $45,516 $39,762 $39,653 $40,233 $43,215 $45,059




92


Table A9: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry - Professional/Business Services, 2005-2015

2007


Professional/Business Services in Constant Dollars

11-92 Total GDP: Ohio $512,223 $511,281 $510,613 $501,477 $479,526 $492,419 $510,190 $518,583 $523,587 $537,801 $543,421 $31,198 6.1%

U.S. $14,203,241 $14,584,888 $14,798,367 $14,718,301 $14,320,114 $14,628,165 $14,833,679 $15,126,281 $15,348,034 $15,690,349 $16,094,516 $1,891,275 13.3%


54 Prfsnl.-scntfc.-tchncl. srvcs.: Ohio $24,059 $24,884 $25,608 $27,435 $25,884 $25,896 $27,232 $26,644 $26,854 $27,302 $27,965 $3,906 16.2%

U.S. $926,953 $960,283 $990,792 $1,065,538 $1,000,361 $1,009,357 $1,046,074 $1,081,384 $1,082,167 $1,117,922 $1,175,273 $248,320 26.8%



5411 Legal srvcs.: Ohio $5,172 $5,164 $5,182 $5,649 $5,000 $4,578 $4,582 $4,374 $4,176 $4,083 $4,166 -$1,006 -19.5%

U.S. $223,421 $224,394 $226,246 $242,394 $213,934 $198,190 $199,696 $194,425 $187,852 $186,058 $189,739 -$33,682 -15.1%



5415 Computer systems & related srvcs.: Ohio $4,022 $4,497 $5,164 $5,516 $5,637 $5,934 $6,576 $6,075 $6,280 $6,518 $6,933 $2,911 72.4%

U.S. $136,742 $149,542 $166,712 $176,617 $180,391 $193,048 $210,490 $233,405 $235,987 $249,568 $276,097 $139,355 101.9%



5412-4, Other prfsnl.-scntfc.-tchncl. srvcs.: Ohio $14,925 $15,252 $15,265 $16,274 $15,247 $15,395 $16,107 $16,221 $16,457 $16,794 $16,989 $2,064 13.8%

5416-9 U.S. $568,412 $587,157 $597,961 $646,711 $606,036 $618,515 $636,909 $656,269 $661,908 $687,514 $717,237 $148,825 26.2%



55 Enterprise mgt.: Ohio $15,725 $15,871 $14,561 $14,881 $13,484 $14,510 $15,307 $18,699 $19,327 $20,850 $20,123 $4,398 28.0%

U.S. $276,145 $278,599 $271,382 $269,995 $247,136 $266,045 $277,669 $298,597 $314,280 $338,005 $346,183 $70,038 25.4%



56 Administrative & waste mgt. srvcs.: Ohio $14,728 $14,618 $15,339 $15,551 $14,345 $15,359 $16,267 $17,315 $18,217 $18,626 $18,983 $4,255 28.9%

U.S. $411,079 $420,459 $439,358 $442,402 $413,636 $442,840 $459,380 $476,522 $483,934 $501,080 $518,591 $107,512 26.2%



561 Administrative & support srvcs.: Ohio $13,276 $13,326 $14,051 $14,318 $13,143 $13,927 $14,995 $16,010 $16,683 $17,007 $17,345 $4,069 30.6%

U.S. $373,658 $385,590 $401,846 $405,340 $376,449 $398,456 $421,549 $439,351 $447,301 $463,265 $480,623 $106,965 28.6%



562 Waste mgt. & remediation srvcs.: Ohio $1,461 $1,295 $1,289 $1,232 $1,202 $1,429 $1,281 $1,316 $1,537 $1,618 $1,637 $176 12.0%

U.S. $37,487 $34,833 $37,516 $37,051 $37,187 $44,298 $38,108 $37,564 $37,096 $38,303 $38,572 $1,085 2.9%




Real Net Change

93


Table A10: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry - Education-Health-Social Assistance, 2005-2015

Nominal

2007 Net


Education-Health-Social Assistance in Current Dollars

11-92 Total GDP: Ohio $467,392 $480,097 $492,925 $492,745 $479,526 $498,989 $528,567 $550,299 $564,683 $591,485 $607,326

U.S. $13,015,161 $13,773,226 $14,391,149 $14,626,598 $14,320,114 $14,859,772 $15,406,002 $16,041,243 $16,576,738 $17,277,518 $17,925,143


61 Educational srvcs.: Ohio $3,591 $3,918 $4,053 $4,327 $4,656 $4,772 $4,909 $4,955 $4,820 $4,942 $5,100

U.S. $121,000 $129,910 $138,670 $149,285 $162,991 $169,271 $175,464 $183,029 $185,606 $195,145 $202,251



62 Health care & social assistance: Ohio $35,385 $37,985 $38,832 $41,019 $42,383 $43,132 $44,386 $45,969 $47,558 $48,557 $51,095

U.S. $828,880 $883,002 $925,919 $996,023 $1,051,042 $1,079,189 $1,111,578 $1,153,783 $1,186,799 $1,223,155 $1,298,901



621 Ambulatory health care srvcs.: Ohio $15,562 $16,557 $16,823 $17,668 $18,365 $18,649 $19,281 $20,103 $20,826 $21,487 $22,515

U.S. $398,480 $424,555 $443,395 $475,849 $498,278 $517,567 $535,993 $551,503 $570,676 $591,109 $629,871



622-3 Hospitals-nursing-residential care facilities: Ohio $17,475 $18,844 $19,308 $20,444 $21,056 $21,446 $22,058 $22,737 $23,390 $23,613 $24,893

U.S. $357,810 $381,624 $402,093 $434,131 $463,700 $469,956 $484,354 $503,591 $511,085 $522,464 $552,570



624 Social assistance: Ohio $2,348 $2,585 $2,701 $2,907 $2,962 $3,037 $3,048 $3,130 $3,341 $3,456 $3,687

U.S. $72,590 $76,823 $80,431 $86,044 $89,065 $91,666 $91,231 $98,688 $105,037 $109,582 $116,460




94


Table A10: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry - Education-Health-Social Assistance, 2005-2015

2007


Education-Health-Social Assistance in Constant Dollars

11-92 Total GDP: Ohio $512,223 $511,281 $510,613 $501,477 $479,526 $492,419 $510,190 $518,583 $523,587 $537,801 $543,421 $31,198 6.1%

U.S. $14,203,241 $14,584,888 $14,798,367 $14,718,301 $14,320,114 $14,628,165 $14,833,679 $15,126,281 $15,348,034 $15,690,349 $16,094,516 $1,891,275 13.3%


61 Educational srvcs.: Ohio $4,246 $4,418 $4,374 $4,509 $4,656 $4,646 $4,648 $4,537 $4,261 $4,245 $4,237 -$9 -0.2%

U.S. $143,072 $146,491 $149,666 $155,558 $162,991 $164,815 $166,146 $167,601 $164,085 $167,598 $167,999 $24,927 17.4%



62 Health care & social assistance: Ohio $39,893 $41,792 $41,074 $42,528 $42,383 $42,208 $42,888 $43,661 $44,695 $45,110 $46,633 $6,740 16.9%

U.S. $932,834 $970,838 $978,342 $1,032,223 $1,051,042 $1,055,731 $1,073,674 $1,095,808 $1,115,618 $1,136,678 $1,187,321 $254,487 27.3%



621 Ambulatory health care srvcs.: Ohio $17,235 $18,142 $17,635 $18,272 $18,365 $18,198 $18,626 $19,134 $19,768 $20,269 $21,275 $4,040 23.4%

U.S. $441,308 $465,214 $464,789 $492,096 $498,278 $505,043 $517,790 $524,927 $541,685 $557,592 $595,190 $153,882 34.9%



622-3 Hospitals-nursing-residential care facilities: Ohio $20,017 $20,837 $20,602 $21,266 $21,056 $21,045 $21,363 $21,592 $21,882 $21,783 $22,244 $2,227 11.1%

U.S. $409,858 $421,985 $429,037 $451,578 $463,700 $461,157 $469,093 $478,229 $478,129 $481,960 $493,752 $83,894 20.5%



624 Social assistance: Ohio $2,644 $2,812 $2,838 $2,991 $2,962 $2,966 $2,900 $2,937 $3,047 $3,067 $3,136 $492 18.6%

U.S. $81,716 $83,585 $84,514 $88,534 $89,065 $89,517 $86,808 $92,610 $95,791 $97,229 $99,081 $17,365 21.3%




Real Net ChangeDollar figures in millions, standardized on 2009

95

Table A11: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry - Leisure and Hospitality, 2005-2015

Nominal

2007 Net


Leisure and Hospitality in Current Dollars

11-92 Total GDP: Ohio $467,392 $480,097 $492,925 $492,745 $479,526 $498,989 $528,567 $550,299 $564,683 $591,485 $607,326

U.S. $13,015,161 $13,773,226 $14,391,149 $14,626,598 $14,320,114 $14,859,772 $15,406,002 $16,041,243 $16,576,738 $17,277,518 $17,925,143


71 Arts-entertainment-recreation: Ohio $4,199 $3,935 $3,804 $4,039 $4,466 $4,953 $4,960 $5,479 $6,016 $5,894 $6,167

U.S. $122,261 $130,279 $137,638 $140,134 $138,842 $144,446 $147,482 $157,003 $164,161 $173,411 $185,791



711-2 Performing arts, museums etc.: Ohio $1,756 $1,715 $1,738 $1,790 $1,698 $1,700 $1,775 $1,974 $1,935 $2,195 $2,296

U.S. $66,786 $73,063 $74,966 $78,174 $78,762 $78,767 $80,642 $85,355 $88,307 $94,374 $101,718



713 Amusements-gambling-recreation: Ohio $2,443 $2,221 $2,066 $2,249 $2,768 $3,252 $3,184 $3,505 $4,081 $3,699 $3,871

U.S. $55,475 $57,217 $62,672 $61,959 $60,081 $65,679 $66,840 $71,648 $75,854 $79,038 $84,073



72 Accommodation & food srvcs.: Ohio $9,989 $9,991 $10,412 $10,323 $10,189 $10,588 $11,126 $12,006 $13,041 $13,650 $14,574

U.S. $359,009 $379,695 $394,467 $394,930 $383,462 $396,225 $413,899 $439,885 $462,615 $486,721 $524,179



721 Accommodation: Ohio $1,573 $1,465 $1,532 $1,580 $1,425 $1,455 $1,504 $1,616 $2,053 $2,235 $2,362

U.S. $109,044 $115,762 $124,078 $122,725 $106,640 $110,687 $119,889 $126,103 $134,008 $140,442 $149,001



722 Food srvcs. & drinking places: Ohio $8,416 $8,526 $8,880 $8,743 $8,764 $9,134 $9,622 $10,390 $10,987 $11,415 $12,212

U.S. $249,965 $263,933 $270,390 $272,205 $276,822 $285,538 $294,010 $313,782 $328,608 $346,279 $375,178





96

Table A11: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry - Leisure and Hospitality, 2005-2015

2007


Leisure and Hospitality in Constant Dollars

11-92 Total GDP: Ohio $512,223 $511,281 $510,613 $501,477 $479,526 $492,419 $510,190 $518,583 $523,587 $537,801 $543,421 $31,198 6.1%

U.S. $14,203,241 $14,584,888 $14,798,367 $14,718,301 $14,320,114 $14,628,165 $14,833,679 $15,126,281 $15,348,034 $15,690,349 $16,094,516 $1,891,275 13.3%


71 Arts-entertainment-recreation: Ohio $4,717 $4,279 $3,981 $4,145 $4,466 $4,989 $4,996 $5,347 $5,781 $5,564 $5,648 $931 19.7%

U.S. $137,867 $142,066 $144,300 $143,770 $138,842 $144,904 $147,798 $152,691 $157,249 $162,894 $168,545 $30,678 22.3%



711-2 Performing arts, museums etc.: Ohio $2,012 $1,894 $1,837 $1,834 $1,698 $1,690 $1,759 $1,906 $1,841 $2,039 $2,036 $24 1.2%

U.S. $76,525 $80,703 $79,258 $80,118 $78,762 $78,285 $79,889 $82,393 $84,012 $87,677 $90,197 $13,672 17.9%



713 Amusements-gambling-recreation: Ohio $2,701 $2,384 $2,144 $2,310 $2,768 $3,301 $3,238 $3,442 $3,943 $3,523 $3,611 $910 33.7%

U.S. $61,341 $61,420 $65,036 $63,655 $60,081 $66,667 $67,957 $70,351 $73,305 $75,274 $78,428 $17,087 27.9%



72 Accommodation & food srvcs.: Ohio $11,899 $11,489 $11,506 $11,005 $10,189 $10,574 $11,166 $11,564 $12,193 $12,453 $12,640 $741 6.2%

U.S. $421,724 $430,233 $428,649 $414,938 $383,462 $396,367 $414,702 $423,638 $432,990 $443,478 $454,967 $33,243 7.9%



721 Accommodation: Ohio $1,729 $1,547 $1,538 $1,549 $1,425 $1,468 $1,496 $1,556 $1,932 $2,022 $2,060 $331 19.1%

U.S. $119,856 $122,281 $124,597 $120,316 $106,640 $111,689 $119,254 $121,390 $126,106 $127,066 $129,912 $10,056 8.4%



722 Food srvcs. & drinking places: Ohio $10,165 $9,948 $9,977 $9,455 $8,764 $9,106 $9,670 $10,008 $10,262 $10,431 $10,581 $416 4.1%

U.S. $301,889 $307,973 $303,764 $294,376 $276,822 $284,688 $295,461 $302,263 $306,907 $316,438 $325,082 $23,193 7.7%




Dollar figures in millions, standardized on 2009 Real Net Change

97

Table A12: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry - Government, 2005-2015

Nominal

2007 Net


Government in Current Dollars

11-92 Total GDP: Ohio $467,392 $480,097 $492,925 $492,745 $479,526 $498,989 $528,567 $550,299 $564,683 $591,485 $607,326

U.S. $13,015,161 $13,773,226 $14,391,149 $14,626,598 $14,320,114 $14,859,772 $15,406,002 $16,041,243 $16,576,738 $17,277,518 $17,925,143


92, 491* Government, all levels: Ohio $54,054 $55,575 $57,580 $59,790 $60,756 $63,652 $63,759 $65,275 $65,168 $66,017 $67,843

U.S. $1,648,864 $1,727,780 $1,818,761 $1,910,419 $1,967,136 $2,033,265 $2,057,563 $2,083,698 $2,108,273 $2,161,672 $2,226,474



92f, Federal govt. total GDP: Ohio $11,764 $11,996 $12,436 $12,937 $13,386 $14,262 $14,387 $14,396 $14,152 $14,532 $14,896

491* U.S. $471,788 $492,571 $515,865 $541,269 $565,346 $596,531 $604,359 $604,599 $593,689 $604,243 $617,885



92fc & Federal civilian (inc. Postal Service): Ohio $8,254 $8,508 $8,881 $9,089 $9,292 $10,045 $10,097 $10,066 $9,861 $10,284 $10,670

491* U.S. $304,670 $317,101 $330,674 $342,133 $357,381 $381,372 $387,947 $388,897 $383,527 $398,021 $412,989



92811 Federal military: Ohio $3,510 $3,488 $3,555 $3,848 $4,094 $4,217 $4,290 $4,330 $4,291 $4,248 $4,226

U.S. $167,118 $175,470 $185,191 $199,136 $207,965 $215,159 $216,412 $215,702 $210,162 $206,222 $204,896



92sl State & local: Ohio $42,291 $43,579 $45,144 $46,853 $47,370 $49,391 $49,372 $50,879 $51,016 $51,485 $52,947

U.S. $1,177,075 $1,235,210 $1,302,894 $1,369,152 $1,401,790 $1,436,733 $1,453,205 $1,479,099 $1,514,584 $1,557,429 $1,608,589



92sl State & local in Ohio as a percentage of all 78.24% 78.41% 78.40% 78.36% 77.97% 77.60% 77.44% 77.95% 78.28% 77.99% 78.04% -0.20%

government activity in Ohio (92sl/(92, 491*))

Note: * - 491 - the U.S. Postal Service. Source: U.S. BEA (2017). Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Phone 614/466-2116 (DL, 6/17).

98


Table A12: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry - Government, 2005-2015

2007


Government in Constant Dollars

11-92 Total GDP: Ohio $512,223 $511,281 $510,613 $501,477 $479,526 $492,419 $510,190 $518,583 $523,587 $537,801 $543,421 $31,198 6.1%

U.S. $14,203,241 $14,584,888 $14,798,367 $14,718,301 $14,320,114 $14,628,165 $14,833,679 $15,126,281 $15,348,034 $15,690,349 $16,094,516 $1,891,275 13.3%


92, 491* Government, all levels: Ohio $62,166 $61,374 $61,017 $61,311 $60,756 $61,896 $60,834 $61,313 $59,892 $59,059 $59,339 -$2,827 -4.5%

U.S. $1,890,814 $1,902,777 $1,922,307 $1,955,390 $1,967,136 $1,976,585 $1,962,467 $1,957,665 $1,940,014 $1,937,195 $1,951,541 $60,727 3.2%



92f, Federal govt. total GDP: Ohio $13,093 $12,888 $12,864 $13,069 $13,386 $13,789 $13,617 $13,538 $13,128 $13,171 $13,253 $160 1.2%

491* U.S. $525,046 $528,479 $532,620 $545,686 $565,346 $577,189 $572,667 $568,724 $551,485 $548,678 $550,922 $25,876 4.9%



92fc & Federal civilian (inc. Postal Service): Ohio $9,193 $9,195 $9,254 $9,261 $9,292 $9,681 $9,503 $9,451 $9,072 $9,214 $9,371 $178 1.9%

491* U.S. $339,327 $342,682 $344,545 $348,603 $357,381 $367,565 $365,137 $365,139 $352,842 $356,595 $362,720 $23,393 6.9%



92811 Federal military: Ohio $3,900 $3,693 $3,610 $3,808 $4,094 $4,108 $4,114 $4,087 $4,056 $3,957 $3,882 -$18 -0.5%

U.S. $185,719 $185,797 $188,075 $197,083 $207,965 $209,624 $207,530 $203,585 $198,643 $192,083 $188,202 $2,483 1.3%



92sl State & local: Ohio $49,085 $48,501 $48,167 $48,249 $47,370 $48,106 $47,216 $47,776 $46,765 $45,889 $46,082 -$3,003 -6.1%

U.S. $1,366,180 $1,374,720 $1,390,140 $1,409,934 $1,401,790 $1,399,351 $1,389,752 $1,388,872 $1,388,391 $1,388,167 $1,400,038 $33,858 2.5%



Note: * - 491 - the U.S. Postal Service. Source: U.S. BEA (2017). Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Phone 614/466-2116 (DL, 6/17).

Dollar figures in millions, standardized on 2009 Real Net Change

99

Table A13: Comparing Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry - Infrastructure, Trade, Other Services, 2005-2016

Nominal

2007 Net

NAICS Industry Title 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Change

Infrastructure, Trade, Other Services in Current Dollars

11-92 Total GDP: Ohio $467,392 $480,097 $492,925 $492,745 $479,526 $498,989 $528,567 $550,299 $564,683 $591,485 $607,326 $625,715

U.S. $13,015,161 $13,773,226 $14,391,149 $14,626,598 $14,320,114 $14,859,772 $15,406,002 $16,041,243 $16,576,738 $17,277,518 $17,925,143 $18,456,292

Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.59% 3.49% 3.43% 3.37% 3.35% 3.36% 3.43% 3.43% 3.41% 3.42% 3.39% 3.39% -0.20%

22 Utilities: Ohio $6,677 $7,551 $8,648 $8,739 $9,348 $9,692 $9,640 $12,378 $12,692 $12,428 $11,362 $11,343

U.S. $201,352 $229,998 $235,074 $237,514 $250,785 $266,986 $272,036 $262,852 $269,164 $283,103 $284,331 $288,116

Ohio as percent of U.S. 3.32% 3.28% 3.68% 3.68% 3.73% 3.63% 3.54% 4.71% 4.72% 4.39% 4.00% 3.94% 0.62%

Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 0.92 0.94 1.07 1.09 1.11 1.08 1.03 1.37 1.38 1.28 1.18 1.16 0.24

23 Construction: Ohio $19,087 $18,733 $18,541 $17,369 $16,246 $15,037 $16,278 $18,140 $19,308 $20,675 $22,068 $23,259

U.S. $654,105 $698,228 $714,988 $652,984 $577,295 $541,617 $546,614 $583,646 $620,780 $672,054 $732,120 $784,014



42 Wholesale trade: Ohio $27,509 $29,655 $30,817 $31,616 $29,178 $30,524 $31,398 $32,904 $34,434 $36,100 $37,801 $37,873

U.S. $759,368 $815,675 $860,843 $877,814 $822,846 $868,469 $907,257 $962,526 $1,001,606 $1,047,881 $1,093,237 $1,097,961



44-45 Retail trade: Ohio $32,342 $31,177 $30,942 $30,006 $29,883 $30,496 $31,711 $32,526 $34,149 $35,102 $37,500 $38,125

U.S. $848,767 $878,064 $877,606 $856,111 $842,134 $868,800 $891,689 $932,618 $968,577 $1,003,627 $1,056,781 $1,087,089


Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.06 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.06 1.05 1.04 1.02 1.03 1.02 1.05 1.03 -0.03

81 Other srvcs.: Ohio $10,584 $10,751 $10,812 $10,456 $10,226 $10,335 $10,969 $11,540 $11,792 $12,271 $12,968 $13,606

U.S. $311,721 $325,716 $330,527 $330,843 $329,510 $332,405 $338,892 $355,366 $363,470 $381,169 $401,652 $420,441



2007

NAICS Industry Title 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Numeric Percent

Infrastructure, Trade, Other Services in Constant Dollars

11-92 Total GDP: Ohio $512,223 $511,281 $510,613 $501,477 $479,526 $492,419 $510,190 $518,583 $523,587 $537,801 $543,421 $552,460 $40,237 7.9%

U.S. $14,203,241 $14,584,888 $14,798,367 $14,718,301 $14,320,114 $14,628,165 $14,833,679 $15,126,281 $15,348,034 $15,690,349 $16,094,516 $16,342,925 $2,139,684 15.1%


22 Utilities: Ohio $8,311 $8,672 $9,835 $9,921 $9,348 $9,963 $9,846 $13,038 $12,947 $11,787 $10,564 $10,932 $2,621 31.5%

U.S. $250,612 $264,153 $267,359 $269,647 $250,785 $274,430 $277,859 $276,868 $274,556 $268,513 $264,359 $277,365 $26,753 10.7%



23 Construction: Ohio $22,549 $20,215 $18,804 $17,614 $16,246 $15,314 $16,339 $17,691 $18,192 $18,297 $18,805 $19,153 -$3,396 -15.1%

U.S. $772,756 $753,462 $725,127 $662,195 $577,296 $551,604 $548,635 $569,172 $584,912 $594,747 $623,855 $645,697 -$127,059 -16.4%



42 Wholesale trade: Ohio $32,229 $33,569 $34,169 $33,981 $29,178 $29,817 $29,971 $30,463 $31,612 $32,886 $34,011 $34,165 $1,936 6.0%

U.S. $889,683 $923,355 $954,483 $943,484 $822,846 $848,342 $866,037 $891,096 $919,506 $954,596 $983,610 $990,500 $100,817 11.3%



44-45 Retail trade: Ohio $35,250 $33,015 $31,879 $30,366 $29,883 $30,263 $30,851 $30,816 $32,064 $32,700 $34,399 $34,714 -$536 -1.5%

U.S. $925,069 $929,828 $904,183 $866,402 $842,134 $862,167 $867,510 $883,589 $909,445 $934,936 $969,407 $989,815 $64,746 7.0%


Concentration ratio - Ohio::U.S. 1.06 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.06 1.04 1.03 1.02 1.03 1.02 1.05 1.04 -0.02

81 Other srvcs.: Ohio $12,516 $12,217 $11,805 $10,980 $10,226 $10,072 $10,445 $10,703 $10,608 $10,751 $10,963 $11,182 -$1,334 -10.7%

U.S. $368,624 $370,121 $360,889 $347,433 $329,510 $323,921 $322,696 $329,598 $326,996 $333,960 $339,573 $345,541 -$23,083 -6.3%




Real Net Change

100



Table A14: Ohio's GDP by Industry - Sorted by 2015 Concentration Ratio

2007 Concentra- Percent 2007 Concentra- Percent

NAICS tion Ratio GDP Change NAICS tion Ratio GDP Change

Codes Industry Titles 2015 1

2015 1

2005-15 2


2015 1

2005-15 2

11-92 Total 1.00 $607,326 6.1% 22, 42-81* Private service providing industries* 0.96 $400,429 10.6%

722 Food srvcs. & drinking places 0.96 $12,212 4.1%

331 Primary metals 3.21 $6,091 7.9% 81 Other srvcs., exc. government 0.95 $12,968 -12.4%

3361-3 Motor vehicles, bodies, trailers & parts 2.58 $14,236 -20.7% 624 Social assistance 0.93 $3,687 18.6%

332 Fabricated metal products 2.26 $11,404 -16.2% 92, 491 Government 0.90 $67,843 -4.5%

326 Plastic & rubber products 2.22 $5,327 -27.1% 23 Construction 0.89 $22,068 -16.6%

335 Electrical eqpt. & appliances 2.15 $4,100 -25.5% 531 Real estate 0.83 $60,833 12.3%

336 Transportation eqpt. 1.95 $19,489 -16.7% 53 Real estate, rental & leasing 0.82 $66,037 11.4%

327 Nonmetallic mineral products 1.79 $2,916 -16.1% 321 Wood products 0.82 $840 -20.5%

333 Machinery 1.73 $8,960 -0.7% 72 Accommodation & food srvcs. 0.82 $14,574 6.2%

55 Management of companies & enterprises 1.72 $20,708 28.0% 92fc, 491 Civilian (inc. Postal Service) 0.76 $10,670 1.9%

324 Petroleum & coal products 1.62 $8,887 78.5% 339 Miscellaneous mfg. 0.76 $2,143 1.9%

32p & 33 Durable goods 1.49 $59,514 -12.3% 511 Publishing (inc. sofware, exc. Internet) 0.75 $5,220 2.6%

31-33 Manufacturing 1.44 $105,956 -5.1% 532-3 Rental & leasing srvcs. & lessors of intangible assets 0.75 $5,204 3.0%

493 Warehousing & storage 1.43 $2,746 40.9% 212 Mining, exc. oil & gas 0.75 $1,660 5.2%

323 Printing & related support activities 1.42 $1,869 -28.4% 61 Educational srvcs. 0.74 $5,100 -0.2%

484 Truck transportation 1.42 $7,010 -5.1% 5415 Computer systems design & related srvcs. 0.74 $6,685 72.4%

524 Insurance carriers & related activities 1.40 $23,131 53.5% 211 Oil & gas extraction 0.73 $5,112 665.9%

521-2 Federal Reserve banks, credit intermediation, etc. 1.38 $23,626 -18.3% 92fc, fm, 491 Federal government 0.71 $14,896 1.2%

31 & 32p Nondurable goods 1.38 $46,441 9.6% 5412-4, 5416-9 Other professional, scientific & technical srvcs. 0.70 $18,586 13.8%

713 Amusements, gambling & recreation 1.36 $3,871 33.7% 54 Professional, scientific & technical srvcs. 0.70 $30,582 16.2%

311-2 Food, beverage & tobacco products 1.36 $11,846 16.7% 21 Mining 0.68 $7,598 269.8%

622-3 Hospitals & nursing & residential care facilities 1.33 $24,893 11.1% 711-2 Performing arts, museums & related activities 0.67 $2,296 1.2%

562 Waste management & remediation srvcs. 1.25 $1,913 12.0% 486 Pipeline transportation 0.66 $595 151.4%

325 Chemicals 1.23 $15,768 23.2% 5411 Legal srvcs. 0.65 $5,311 -19.5%

11, 21, 23, 33 Private goods producing industries 1.21 $139,054 -0.6% 515, 517 Broadcasting & telecommunications 0.64 $8,918 36.5%

3364-9 Other transportation eqpt. 1.18 $5,253 -2.4% 111-2 Crop & animal production (farms) 0.62 $2,855 23.1%

22 Utilities 1.18 $11,362 27.1% 92811 (fm) Military 0.61 $4,226 -0.5%

52 Finance & insurance 1.17 $51,189 8.5% 51 Information 0.58 $16,455 19.5%

62 Health care & social assistance 1.16 $51,095 16.9% 11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing, etc. 0.58 $3,432 25.7%

322 Paper 1.12 $2,267 -31.7% 313-4 Textile & textile product mills 0.57 $353 -12.8%

56 Administrative & waste srvcs. 1.08 $20,434 28.9% 481 Air transportation 0.56 $1,832 -14.4%

561 Administrative & support srvcs. 1.07 $18,521 30.6% 518, 519 Data prcsng., hosting, other info. (inc. Internet) 0.47 $1,707 0.2%

337 Furniture & related products 1.06 $1,009 -50.0% 721 Accommodation 0.47 $2,362 19.1%

621 Ambulatory health care srvcs. 1.06 $22,515 23.4% 525 Funds, trusts & other financial vehicles 0.46 $1,002 417.8%

44-45 Retail trade 1.05 $37,500 -2.4% 485 Transit & ground passenger transportation 0.46 $531 -4.5%

482 Rail transportation 1.03 $1,600 -7.6% 113-5 Forestry, fishing & related activities 0.44 $577 50.6%

42 Wholesale trade 1.02 $37,801 5.5% 213 Support activities for mining 0.44 $826 138.1%

11-81* Private industries* 1.01 $539,483 7.6% 523 Securities, commodity contracts, investments 0.43 $3,431 -9.2%

48-49* Transportation & warehousing* 1.00 $18,457 -1.2% 315-6 Apparel, leather & allied products 0.36 $124 -37.8%

487-8, 492 Other transportation & support activities 1.00 $4,011 -16.6% 334 Computer & electronic products 0.27 $2,562 19.4%

71 Arts, entertainment & recreation 0.98 $6,167 19.7% 483 Water transportation 0.21 $133 30.6%

92sl State & local 0.97 $52,947 -6.1% 512 Motion pictures & sound recordings 0.16 $610 13.5%

Notes: 1 - based on current dollars; 2 - based on chained dollars standardized on 2009; * - excludes Postal Service (NAICS code 491); italicized - mildly concentrated in Ohio; bold - concentrated in Ohio.

Abbreviations used: eqpt. - equipment; exc. - excluding; fc - federal civilian; fm - federal military; inc. - including; info. - information; p - part; prcsng. - processing; sl - state & local; srvcs. - services.



101

Table A15: Ohio's GDP by Industry - Sorted by Percentage Change, 2005-2015

2007 Percent Concentra- 2007 Percent Concentra-

NAICS Change GDP tion Ratio NAICS Change GDP tion Ratio

Codes Industry Titles 2005-15 2

2015 1

2015 1

Codes Industry Titles 2005-15 2

2015 1

2015 1

11-92 Total 6.1% $607,326 1.00 339 Miscellaneous mfg. 1.9% $2,143 0.76

212 Mining, exc. oil & gas 5.2% $1,660 0.75

321 Wood products -20.5% $840 0.82 21 Mining 269.8% $7,598 0.68

42 Wholesale trade 5.5% $37,801 1.02 92811 (fm) Military -0.5% $4,226 0.61

483 Water transportation 30.6% $133 0.21 31-33 Manufacturing -5.1% $105,956 1.44

562 Waste management & remediation srvcs. 12.0% $1,913 1.25 55 Management of companies & enterprises 28.0% $20,708 1.72

493 Warehousing & storage 40.9% $2,746 1.43 333 Machinery -0.7% $8,960 1.73

22 Utilities 27.1% $11,362 1.18 5411 Legal srvcs. -19.5% $5,311 0.65

484 Truck transportation -5.1% $7,010 1.42 524 Insurance carriers & related activities 53.5% $23,131 1.40

336 Transportation eqpt. -16.7% $19,489 1.95 51 Information 19.5% $16,455 0.58

48-49* Transportation & warehousing* -1.2% $18,457 1.00 622-3 Hospitals & nursing & residential care facilities 11.1% $24,893 1.33

485 Transit & ground passenger transportation -4.5% $531 0.46 62 Health care & social assistance 16.9% $51,095 1.16

313-4 Textile & textile product mills -12.8% $353 0.57 92, 491 Government -4.5% $67,843 0.90

213 Support activities for mining 138.1% $826 0.44 337 Furniture & related products -50.0% $1,009 1.06

92sl State & local -6.1% $52,947 0.97 525 Funds, trusts & other financial vehicles 417.8% $1,002 0.46

624 Social assistance 18.6% $3,687 0.93 113-5 Forestry, fishing & related activities 50.6% $577 0.44

523 Securities, commodity contracts, investments -9.2% $3,431 0.43 311-2 Food, beverage & tobacco products 16.7% $11,846 1.36

44-45 Retail trade -2.4% $37,500 1.05 722 Food srvcs. & drinking places 4.1% $12,212 0.96

532-3 Rental & leasing srvcs. & lessors of intangible assets 3.0% $5,204 0.75 52 Finance & insurance 8.5% $51,189 1.17

53 Real estate, rental & leasing 11.4% $66,037 0.82 521-2 Federal Reserve banks, credit intermediation, etc. -18.3% $23,626 1.38

531 Real estate 12.3% $60,833 0.83 92fc, fm, 491 Federal government 1.2% $14,896 0.71

482 Rail transportation -7.6% $1,600 1.03 332 Fabricated metal products -16.2% $11,404 2.26

511 Publishing (inc. sofware, exc. Internet) 2.6% $5,220 0.75 335 Electrical eqpt. & appliances -25.5% $4,100 2.15

54 Professional, scientific & technical srvcs. 16.2% $30,582 0.70 61 Educational srvcs. -0.2% $5,100 0.74

22, 42-81* Private service providing industries* 10.6% $400,429 0.96 32p & 33 Durable goods -12.3% $59,514 1.49

11-81* Private industries* 7.6% $539,483 1.01 518, 519 Data prcsng., hosting, other info. (inc. Internet) 0.2% $1,707 0.47

11, 21, 23, 33 Private goods producing industries -0.6% $139,054 1.21 111-2 Crop & animal production (farms) 23.1% $2,855 0.62

323 Printing & related support activities -28.4% $1,869 1.42 23 Construction -16.6% $22,068 0.89

331 Primary metals 7.9% $6,091 3.21 5415 Computer systems design & related srvcs. 72.4% $6,685 0.74

326 Plastic & rubber products -27.1% $5,327 2.22 334 Computer & electronic products 19.4% $2,562 0.27

486 Pipeline transportation 151.4% $595 0.66 92fc, 491 Civilian (inc. Postal Service) 1.9% $10,670 0.76

324 Petroleum & coal products 78.5% $8,887 1.62 325 Chemicals 23.2% $15,768 1.23

711-2 Performing arts, museums & related activities 1.2% $2,296 0.67 515, 517 Broadcasting & telecommunications 36.5% $8,918 0.64

322 Paper -31.7% $2,267 1.12 71 Arts, entertainment & recreation 19.7% $6,167 0.98

3364-9 Other transportation eqpt. -2.4% $5,253 1.18 315-6 Apparel, leather & allied products -37.8% $124 0.36

487-8, 492 Other transportation & support activities -16.6% $4,011 1.00 713 Amusements, gambling & recreation 33.7% $3,871 1.36

81 Other srvcs., exc. government -12.4% $12,968 0.95 621 Ambulatory health care srvcs. 23.4% $22,515 1.06

5412-4, 5416-9 Other professional, scientific & technical srvcs. 13.8% $18,586 0.70 481 Air transportation -14.4% $1,832 0.56

211 Oil & gas extraction 665.9% $5,112 0.73 11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing, etc. 25.7% $3,432 0.58

327 Nonmetallic mineral products -16.1% $2,916 1.79 56 Administrative & waste srvcs. 28.9% $20,434 1.08

31 & 32p Nondurable goods 9.6% $46,441 1.38 561 Administrative & support srvcs. 30.6% $18,521 1.07

3361-3 Motor vehicles, bodies, trailers & parts -20.7% $14,236 2.58 72 Accommodation & food srvcs. 6.2% $14,574 0.82

512 Motion pictures & sound recordings 13.5% $610 0.16 721 Accommodation 19.1% $2,362 0.47


Abbreviations used: eqpt. - equipment; exc. - excluding; fc - federal civilian; fm - federal military; inc. - including; info. - information; p - part; prcsng. - processing; sl - state & local; srvcs. - services.



102

Table A16: Ohio's GDP by Industry - Sorted by Size in 2015

2007 Percent Concentra- 2007 Percent Concentra-

NAICS GDP Change tion Ratio NAICS GDP Change tion Ratio


2005-15 2

2015 1


2005-15 2

2015 1

11-92 Total $607,326 6.1% 1.00 484 Truck transportation $7,010 -5.1% 1.42

5415 Computer systems design & related srvcs. $6,685 72.4% 0.74

11-81* Private industries* $539,483 7.6% 1.01 71 Arts, entertainment & recreation $6,167 19.7% 0.98

22, 42-81* Private service providing industries* $400,429 10.6% 0.96 331 Primary metals $6,091 7.9% 3.21

11, 21, 23, 33 Private goods producing industries $139,054 -0.6% 1.21 326 Plastic & rubber products $5,327 -27.1% 2.22

31-33 Manufacturing $105,956 -5.1% 1.44 5411 Legal srvcs. $5,311 -19.5% 0.65

92, 491 Government $67,843 -4.5% 0.90 3364-9 Other transportation eqpt. $5,253 -2.4% 1.18

53 Real estate, rental & leasing $66,037 11.4% 0.82 511 Publishing (inc. sofware, exc. Internet) $5,220 2.6% 0.75

531 Real estate $60,833 12.3% 0.83 532-3 Rental & leasing srvcs. & lessors of intangible assets $5,204 3.0% 0.75

32p & 33 Durable goods $59,514 -12.3% 1.49 211 Oil & gas extraction $5,112 665.9% 0.73

92sl State & local $52,947 -6.1% 0.97 61 Educational srvcs. $5,100 -0.2% 0.74

52 Finance & insurance $51,189 8.5% 1.17 92811 (fm) Military $4,226 -0.5% 0.61

62 Health care & social assistance $51,095 16.9% 1.16 335 Electrical eqpt. & appliances $4,100 -25.5% 2.15

31 & 32p Nondurable goods $46,441 9.6% 1.38 487-8, 492 Other transportation & support activities $4,011 -16.6% 1.00

42 Wholesale trade $37,801 5.5% 1.02 713 Amusements, gambling & recreation $3,871 33.7% 1.36

44-45 Retail trade $37,500 -2.4% 1.05 624 Social assistance $3,687 18.6% 0.93

54 Professional, scientific & technical srvcs. $30,582 16.2% 0.70 11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing, etc. $3,432 25.7% 0.58

622-3 Hospitals & nursing & residential care facilities $24,893 11.1% 1.33 523 Securities, commodity contracts, investments $3,431 -9.2% 0.43

521-2 Federal Reserve banks, credit intermediation, etc. $23,626 -18.3% 1.38 327 Nonmetallic mineral products $2,916 -16.1% 1.79

524 Insurance carriers & related activities $23,131 53.5% 1.40 111-2 Crop & animal production (farms) $2,855 23.1% 0.62

621 Ambulatory health care srvcs. $22,515 23.4% 1.06 493 Warehousing & storage $2,746 40.9% 1.43

23 Construction $22,068 -16.6% 0.89 334 Computer & electronic products $2,562 19.4% 0.27

55 Management of companies & enterprises $20,708 28.0% 1.72 721 Accommodation $2,362 19.1% 0.47

56 Administrative & waste srvcs. $20,434 28.9% 1.08 711-2 Performing arts, museums & related activities $2,296 1.2% 0.67

336 Transportation eqpt. $19,489 -16.7% 1.95 322 Paper $2,267 -31.7% 1.12

5412-4, 5416-9 Other professional, scientific & technical srvcs. $18,586 13.8% 0.70 339 Miscellaneous mfg. $2,143 1.9% 0.76

561 Administrative & support srvcs. $18,521 30.6% 1.07 562 Waste management & remediation srvcs. $1,913 12.0% 1.25

48-49* Transportation & warehousing* $18,457 -1.2% 1.00 323 Printing & related support activities $1,869 -28.4% 1.42

51 Information $16,455 19.5% 0.58 481 Air transportation $1,832 -14.4% 0.56

325 Chemicals $15,768 23.2% 1.23 518, 519 Data prcsng., hosting, other info. (inc. Internet) $1,707 0.2% 0.47

92fc, fm, 491 Federal government $14,896 1.2% 0.71 212 Mining, exc. oil & gas $1,660 5.2% 0.75

72 Accommodation & food srvcs. $14,574 6.2% 0.82 482 Rail transportation $1,600 -7.6% 1.03

3361-3 Motor vehicles, bodies, trailers & parts $14,236 -20.7% 2.58 337 Furniture & related products $1,009 -50.0% 1.06

81 Other srvcs., exc. government $12,968 -12.4% 0.95 525 Funds, trusts & other financial vehicles $1,002 417.8% 0.46

722 Food srvcs. & drinking places $12,212 4.1% 0.96 321 Wood products $840 -20.5% 0.82

311-2 Food, beverage & tobacco products $11,846 16.7% 1.36 213 Support activities for mining $826 138.1% 0.44

332 Fabricated metal products $11,404 -16.2% 2.26 512 Motion pictures & sound recordings $610 13.5% 0.16

22 Utilities $11,362 27.1% 1.18 486 Pipeline transportation $595 151.4% 0.66

92fc, 491 Civilian (inc. Postal Service) $10,670 1.9% 0.76 113-5 Forestry, fishing & related activities $577 50.6% 0.44

333 Machinery $8,960 -0.7% 1.73 485 Transit & ground passenger transportation $531 -4.5% 0.46

515, 517 Broadcasting & telecommunications $8,918 36.5% 0.64 313-4 Textile & textile product mills $353 -12.8% 0.57

324 Petroleum & coal products $8,887 78.5% 1.62 483 Water transportation $133 30.6% 0.21

21 Mining $7,598 269.8% 0.68 315-6 Apparel, leather & allied products $124 -37.8% 0.36


Abbreviations used: eqpt. - equipment; exc. - excluding; fc - federal civilian; fm - federal military; inc. - including; p - part; sl - state & local; srvcs. - services.



103

0.0%

2.0%

4.0%

6.0%

8.0%

10.0%

12.0%

0.0% 2.0% 4.0% 6.0% 8.0% 10.0% 12.0% 14.0%

Perc

en

t o

f V

alu

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ed

in

Oh

io

Percentage of GDP from Ohio

Comparing U.S. Percentages of ManufacturingValue-Added and GDP from Ohio, 2015

Sources: U.S. BEA and U.S. Census Bureau

104

Table A17: Value-Added and GDP in Manufacturing Industries in Ohio and the U.S., 2015

2012 Ohio as Ohio as

NAICS Percent Percent

Code Industry Title Ohio U.S. of U.S. Ohio U.S. of U.S.

321 Wood products $908.9 $40,779.9 2.23% $840 $30,178 2.78%

327 Nonmetallic mineral products $3,588.9 $67,437.6 5.32% $2,916 $48,033 6.07%

331 Primary metals $9,852.7 $81,071.5 12.15% $6,091 $55,923 10.89%

332 Fabricated metal products $14,494.0 $187,296.1 7.74% $11,404 $149,180 7.64%

333 Machinery $11,947.6 $189,795.7 6.29% $8,960 $153,145 5.85%

334 Computer & electronic products $3,872.4 $175,063.7 2.21% $2,562 $278,191 0.92%

335 Electrical eqpt., appliances, & components $4,136.7 $61,288.5 6.75% $4,100 $56,314 7.28%

336 Transportation eqpt. $21,358.3 $338,304.9 6.31% $19,489 $294,253 6.62%

337 Furniture & related products $1,389.8 $39,299.1 3.54% $1,009 $28,085 3.59%

339 Miscellaneous $3,180.0 $96,817.0 3.28% $2,143 $83,116 2.58%

311-2 Food, beverage & tobacco products $16,515.2 $376,842.0 4.38% $11,846 $257,528 4.60%

313-4 Textile & textile product mills $326.9 $23,256.9 1.41% $353 $18,147 1.95%

315-6 Apparel, leather & allied products $135.2 $8,198.0 1.65% $124 $10,032 1.24%

322 Paper $3,182.0 $85,851.7 3.71% $2,267 $59,570 3.81%

323 Printing & related support activities $2,598.8 $48,503.4 5.36% $1,869 $38,712 4.83%

324 Petroleum & coal products $6,291.5 $102,292.5 6.15% $8,887 $161,770 5.49%

325 Chemicals $17,261.0 $396,494.5 4.35% $15,768 $377,315 4.18%

326 Plastic & rubber products $9,568.9 $111,505.3 8.58% $5,327 $70,785 7.53%

Sources: U.S. Bureau of the Census (2017a), U.S. BEA (2017).

Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Telephone 614-466-2116 (DL, 6/17).

Value Added (millions) GDP (millions)

105

Table A18: Value-Added in Manufacturing by Industry in Ohio and the U.S., 2015

2012

NAICS Percent Apparent

Code Industry Title Ohio U.S. of U.S. Rank^

31-33 All manufacturing $130,628.2 $2,430,098.1 5.38% 3rd

32p-33 Durable Goods $74,729.2 $1,277,154.0 5.85% n.a.

321 Wood products $908.9 $40,779.9 2.23% 21st

3211 Sawmills & wood preservation $182.2 $10,649.7 1.71% 22nd

3212 Veneer, plywood, & engineered wood products $67.0 $8,585.9 0.78% 28th

3219 Other wood products $659.7 $21,544.2 3.06% 13th

327 Nonmetallic mineral products $3,588.9 $67,437.6 5.32% 3rd

3271 Clay & refractory products $593.6 $4,687.3 12.66% 1st

3272 Glass & glass products $1,098.9 $15,186.1 7.24% 3rd

3273 Cement & concrete products $853.5 $28,375.7 3.01% 7th

3274 Lime & gypsum products $74.8 $4,170.6 1.79% 17th

3279 Other nonmetallic mineral products $968.1 $15,017.9 6.45% 5th

331 Primary metals $9,852.7 $81,071.5 12.15% 2nd

3311 Iron & steel mills & ferroalloys $3,290.4 $29,305.5 11.23% 3rd

3312 Steel products from purchased steel $748.9 $6,744.6 11.10% 2nd

3313 Alumina & aluminum products & processing $506.0 $11,058.6 4.58% 6th

3314 Nonferrous metal (exc. aluminum) products & processing $2,835.0 $15,896.6 17.83% 1st

3315 Foundries $2,472.4 $18,066.3 13.69% 1st

332 Fabricated metal products $14,494.0 $187,296.1 7.74% 3rd

3321 Forging & stamping $1,680.6 $14,924.8 11.26% 1st

3322 Cutlery & handtools $884.6 $6,721.3 13.16% 2nd

3323 Architectural & structural metals $1,975.4 $41,398.5 4.77% 4th

3324 Boilers, tanks, & shipping containers $1,291.6 $14,877.4 8.68% 2nd

3325 Hardware $342.3 $4,378.7 7.82% 3rd

3326 Spring & wire products $333.8 $4,578.3 7.29% 4th

3327 Machine shops; turned products; & screws, nuts, & bolts $3,409.0 $41,663.9 8.18% 3rd

Value Added (millions)

Ohio

106


2012




Ohio

3328 Coating, engraving, heat treating, & allied activities $1,888.3 $16,838.5 11.21% 1st

3329 Other fabricated metal products $2,688.4 $41,914.5 6.41% 4th

333 Machinery $11,947.6 $189,795.7 6.29% 5th

3331 Agriculture, construction, & mining machinery $875.3 $43,408.9 2.02% 15th

3332 Industrial machinery $1,376.8 $17,938.8 7.68% 3rd

3333 Commercial & service industry machinery $886.1 $14,924.4 5.94% 4th

3334 Ventilation, heating, air-conditioning, & commercial refrigeration eqpt. $1,118.3 $21,762.4 5.14% 6th

3335 Metalworking machinery $2,248.6 $18,856.2 11.92% 2nd

3336 Engine, turbine, & power transmission eqpt. $758.7 $22,118.4 3.43% 10th

3339 Other general purpose machinery $4,683.8 $50,786.6 9.22% 1st

334 Computer & electronic products $3,872.4 $175,063.7 2.21% 15th

3341 Computer & peripheral eqpt.* $135.1 $13,402.9 1.01% 13th

3342 Communications eqpt. $189.2 $20,535.5 0.92% 19th

3343 Audio & video eqpt.* $16.0 $1,675.1 0.95% 14th

3344 Semiconductors & other electronic components $537.3 $49,154.4 1.09% 19th

3345 Navigational, measuring, electromedical, & control instruments $2,982.2 $89,534.7 3.33% 9th

3346 Mfg. & reproducing magnetic & optical media $38.8 $1,524.7 2.55% 9th

335 Electrical eqpt., appliances, & components $4,136.7 $61,288.5 6.75% 2nd

3351 Electric lighting eqpt. $291.7 $7,117.1 4.10% 7th

3352 Household appliances $2,280.2 $9,672.3 23.57% 1st

3353 Electrical eqpt. $799.0 $18,386.2 4.35% 8th

3359 Other electrical eqpt. & components $765.8 $26,112.8 2.93% 12th

336 Transportation eqpt. $21,358.3 $338,304.9 6.31% 5th

3361 Motor vehicles* $6,312.0 $70,789.2 8.92% 4th

3362 Motor vehicle bodies & trailers $523.1 $14,227.4 3.68% 7th

3363 Motor vehicle parts $9,592.0 $83,092.2 11.54% 2nd

107


2012




Ohio

3364 Aerospace products & parts $5,604.6 $130,119.4 4.31% 8th

3365 Railroad rolling stock n.a. $6,030.7 n.a. n.a.

3366 Ship & boat building $16.7 $20,743.2 0.08% 26th

3369 Other transportation eqpt. n.a. $7,319.8 n.a. n.a.

337 Furniture & related products $1,389.8 $39,299.1 3.54% 10th

3371 Household & institutional furniture & kitchen cabinets $909.8 $20,300.6 4.48% 6th

3372 Office furniture (inc. fixtures) $300.8 $13,934.0 2.16% 15th

3379 Other furniture related products $179.2 $5,064.5 3.54% 9th

339 Miscellaneous $3,180.0 $96,817.0 3.28% 11th

3391 Medical eqpt. & supplies $1,613.3 $59,855.6 2.70% 18th

3399 Other miscellaneous $1,566.6 $36,961.5 4.24% 9th

31-32p Non-durable goods $55,899.0 $1,152,944.2 4.85% n.a.

311 Food $14,397.5 $282,651.1 5.09% 4th

3111 Animal food $817.2 $17,567.5 4.65% 9th

3112 Grain & oilseed milling $1,057.9 $24,586.6 4.30% 10th

3113 Sugar & confectionery products $216.8 $16,431.9 1.32% 14th

3114 Fruit & vegetable preserving & specialty foods $4,214.5 $34,271.6 12.30% 2nd

3115 Dairy products $1,625.1 $32,167.4 5.05% 5th

3116 Animal slaughtering & processing $1,568.1 $60,084.2 2.61% 16th

3117 Seafood products preparation & packaging $0.0 $4,989.7 0.00% n.a.

3118 Bakeries & tortilla $2,007.5 $39,562.9 5.07% 7th

3119 Other foods $2,890.4 $52,989.2 5.45% 5th

312 Beverage & tobacco products $2,137.3 $94,190.9 2.27% 11th

3121 Beverages $2,137.3 $60,691.4 3.52% 5th

3122 Tobacco products $0.0 $33,499.5 0.00% n.a.

313 Textile mills $90.1 $11,995.1 0.75% 18th

108


2012




Ohio

3131 Fiber, yarn, & thread mills* $1.4 $2,476.6 0.06% 14th

3132 Fabric mills* $56.9 $6,577.3 0.86% 15th

3133 Textile & fabric finishing & fabric coating mills $57.4 $3,111.1 1.84% 11th

314 Textile products mills $236.8 $11,261.7 2.10% 12th

3141 Textile furnishings mills $64.4 $5,739.8 1.12% 17th

3149 Other textile products mills $172.3 $5,522.0 3.12% 9th

315 Apparel $47.0 $6,252.7 0.75% 17th

3151 Apparel knitting mills $0.0 $882.3 0.00% n.a.

3152 Cut & sew apparel $40.0 $4,833.7 0.83% 13th

3159 Apparel accessories & other apparel $7.0 $536.7 1.31% 10th

316 Leather & allied products $88.2 $1,945.3 4.53% 7th

3161 Leather & hide tanning & finishing (Ohio figures estimated) $7.0 $331.8 2.10% 6th

3162 Footwear (Ohio figures estimated) $0.0 $820.5 0.00% n.a.

3169 Other leather & allied products $81.2 $793.0 10.24% 2nd

322 Paper $3,182.0 $85,851.7 3.71% 9th

3221 Pulp, paper, & paperboard mills $636.7 $43,393.8 1.47% 20th

3222 Converted paper products $2,545.3 $42,457.9 5.99% 4th

323 Printing & related support activities $2,598.8 $48,503.4 5.36% 6th

3231 Printing & related support activities $2,598.8 $48,503.4 5.36% 6th

324 Petroleum & coal products $6,291.5 $102,292.5 6.15% 4th

3241 Petroleum & coal products $6,291.5 $102,292.5 6.15% 4th

325 Chemicals $17,261.0 $396,494.5 4.35% 7th

3251 Basic chemicals $3,972.6 $95,561.7 4.16% 5th

3252 Resin, synthetic rubber, & artificial synthetic fibers & filaments $1,723.6 $33,430.4 5.16% 3rd

3253 Pesticide, fertilizer, & other agricultural chemicals $831.1 $18,995.0 4.38% 6th

3254 Pharmaceuticals & medicines $1,225.0 $153,719.6 0.80% 20th

109


2012




Ohio

3255 Paints, coatings, & adhesives $2,610.0 $19,194.6 13.60% 1st

3256 Soaps, cleaning compounds, & toilet preparations $5,848.6 $53,183.1 11.00% 1st

3259 Other chemical products & preparations $1,050.1 $22,410.0 4.69% 7th

326 Plastic & rubber products $9,568.9 $111,505.3 8.58% 1st

3261 Plastics products $7,103.2 $91,200.6 7.79% 2nd

3262 Rubber products $2,465.7 $20,304.7 12.14% 1st

Notes: ^ - Ranks are apparent because data for some states are supressed to maintain confidentiality; this is more likely to be a

problem for industry groups (4-digit NAICS codes) with smaller percentages of the U.S. total; * - revised 2014 data used

in place of missing 2015 data; consequently, group values will not sum to the major industry total; exc. - except; inc. - in-

cluding; n.a. - not available or not applicable; p - part.

Sources: U.S. Census Bureau (2017a).

Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Telephone 614-466-2116 (DL, 6/17).

110

Intentionally blank

111

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00

CB

P C

on

ce

ntr

ati

on

Ra

tio

GDP Concentration Ratio

The Association of GDP and CBP Concentration Ratios in Ohio, 2015

Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, BEA

112

Table A19: Ohio::U.S. GDP and County Business Patterns Concentration Ratios

(GDP in millions of current dollars, except concentration ratio)

Ohio::U.S. Ohio::U.S.

Concentra- Concentra-

2007 NAICS Codes Industry Titles Ohio U.S. tion Ratio* Ohio U.S. tion Ratio*

11-81 Private industries* $535,028 $15,516,157 1.00 4,719,985 124,085,947 1.00

113-5 Forestry, fishing & related activities $577 $38,519 0.43 1,204 160,144 0.20

211 Oil & gas extraction $5,112 $206,171 0.72 2,054 135,482 0.40

212 Mining, except oil & gas $1,660 $65,762 0.73 6,018 191,948 0.82

213 Support activities for mining $826 $55,863 0.43 4,860 416,230 0.31

23 Construction $22,068 $732,120 0.87 179,883 6,008,286 0.79

321 Wood products mfg. $840 $30,178 0.81 10,699 378,474 0.74

327 Nonmetallic mineral products mfg. $2,916 $48,033 1.76 21,757 369,859 1.55

331 Primary metals mfg. $6,091 $55,923 3.16 41,154 398,566 2.71

332 Fabricated metal products mfg. $11,404 $149,180 2.22 103,590 1,446,767 1.88

333 Machinery mfg. $8,960 $153,145 1.70 74,193 1,078,367 1.81

334 Computer & electronic products mfg. $2,562 $278,191 0.27 22,353 795,694 0.74

335 Electrical equipment & appliances mfg. $4,100 $56,314 2.11 23,404 344,735 1.78

3361-3 Motor vehicles, bodies, trailers & parts mfg. $14,236 $163,150 2.53 95,426 865,637 2.90

3364-9 Other transportation equipment mfg. $5,253 $131,103 1.16 12,565 611,974 0.54

337 Furniture & related products mfg. $1,009 $28,085 1.04 13,999 359,121 1.02

339 Miscellaneous mfg. $2,143 $83,116 0.75 22,845 538,658 1.11

311-2 Food, beverage & tobacco products $11,846 $257,528 1.33 65,393 1,670,156 1.03

313-4 Textile & textile product mills mfg. $353 $18,147 0.56 3,924 217,892 0.47

315-6 Apparel, leather & allied products $124 $10,032 0.36 1,919 129,958 0.39

322 Paper mfg. $2,267 $59,570 1.10 18,718 351,043 1.40

323 Printing & related support activities $1,869 $38,712 1.40 22,381 447,618 1.31

324 Petroleum & coal products mfg. $8,887 $161,770 1.59 5,403 102,479 1.39

325 Chemical mfg. $15,768 $377,315 1.21 38,280 758,795 1.33

326 Plastics & rubber products mfg. $5,327 $70,785 2.18 65,881 739,708 2.34

22 Utilities $11,362 $284,331 1.16 23,839 639,234 0.98

42 Wholesale trade $37,801 $1,093,237 1.00 235,573 6,076,109 1.02

44-45 Retail trade $37,500 $1,056,781 1.03 565,140 15,704,167 0.95

481 Air transportation $1,832 $95,705 0.56 10,681 453,380 0.62

483 Water transportation $133 $18,915 0.20 343 67,904 0.13

484 Truck transportation $7,010 $145,835 1.39 62,919 1,448,631 1.14

485 Transit & ground passenger transportation $531 $34,307 0.45 10,840 492,630 0.58

486 Pipeline transportation $595 $26,811 0.64 1,145 52,221 0.58

487-8, 492 Other transportation & support activities $4,011 $118,408 0.98 45,578 1,292,443 0.93

493 Warehousing & storage $2,746 $56,754 1.40 39,780 809,359 1.29

511 Publishing (inc. sofware, exc. Internet) $5,220 $205,243 0.74 23,623 877,345 0.71

512 Motion pictures & sound recordings $610 $115,062 0.15 5,357 431,554 0.33

515, 517 Broadcasting & telecommunications $8,918 $412,561 0.63 35,389 1,285,856 0.72

2015 CBP Employment~

2015 GDP^

(current, in millions)

113

Table A19: Ohio::U.S. GDP and County Business Patterns Concentration Ratios

(GDP in millions of current dollars, except concentration ratio)

Ohio::U.S. Ohio::U.S.

Concentra- Concentra-

2007 NAICS Codes Industry Titles Ohio U.S. tion Ratio* Ohio U.S. tion Ratio*

518, 519 Data prcsng., hosting, other info. (inc. Internet) $1,707 $107,053 0.46 20,046 799,562 0.66

521-2 Federal Reserve, credit intermediation, & related srvcs. $23,626 $503,554 1.36 110,629 2,779,901 1.05

523 Securities, commodity contracts, investments $3,431 $236,272 0.42 18,043 896,135 0.53

524 Insurance carriers & related activities $23,131 $489,274 1.37 113,059 2,453,404 1.21

525 Funds, trusts & other financial vehicles $1,002 $63,993 0.45 33 6,474 0.13

531 Real estate $60,833 $2,157,757 0.82 47,495 1,522,166 0.82

532-3 Rental & leasing srvcs., leasing intangible assets $5,204 $205,520 0.73 17,829 543,261 0.86

5411 Legal srvcs. $5,311 $241,903 0.64 33,425 1,139,290 0.77

5415 Computer systems design & related srvcs. $6,685 $266,186 0.73 45,097 1,687,604 0.70

5412-4, 6-9 Other professional, scientific & technical srvcs. $18,586 $784,689 0.69 171,520 5,971,366 0.76

55 Management of companies & enterprises $20,708 $356,243 1.69 150,099 3,308,759 1.19

561 Administrative & support srvcs. $18,521 $513,224 1.05 383,012 10,728,572 0.94

562 Waste management & remediation srvcs. $1,913 $45,059 1.23 14,314 383,893 0.98

61 Educational srvcs. $5,100 $202,251 0.73 120,934 3,642,170 0.87

621 Ambulatory health care srvcs. $22,515 $629,871 1.04 278,391 7,006,624 1.04

622-3 Hospitals & nursing & residential care facilities $24,893 $552,570 1.31 429,087 9,185,083 1.23

624 Social assistance $3,687 $116,460 0.92 117,294 3,030,157 1.02

711-2 Performing arts, museums & related activities $2,296 $101,718 0.65 21,710 629,334 0.91

713 Amusements, gambling & recreation $3,871 $84,073 1.34 45,337 1,601,488 0.74

721 Accommodation $2,362 $149,001 0.46 36,343 2,032,041 0.47

722 Food srvcs. & drinking places $12,212 $375,178 0.94 425,552 11,164,851 1.00

81 Other srvcs., except government $12,968 $401,652 0.94 202,085 5,401,233 0.98

Notes: ^ - includes the self-employed with no employees; industry figures sum to within rounding error of these totals; * - figures exclude farms, rail transportation and govern-

ment services; ~ all County Business Patterns (CBP) figures should be regarded as estimates of the number of employees; 541 in Ohio were not classified by industry,

while 24,155 were unclassified across the U.S.; only with this two additions do industry figures sum to totals.

Abbreviations used: mfg. - manufacturing; n.a. - not available; srvcs. - services.

Sources: U.S. Bureau of the Census (2017b), U.S. BEA (2017).


2015 GDP^ 2015 CBP Employment~

114

(current, in millions)

Table A20: Group or Sub-group Employment Concentration Ratios Based on 2015 CBP Employment*

2012 Ohio::U.S.

NAICS Concentra-

Code Industry Titles Ohio U.S. tion Ratio

------ Total (exc. farms, railroads & the U.S. Postal Service) 4,719,985 124,085,947 1.00

Goods producing groups (exc. farms)

1131 Timber tract operations 13 3,666 0.09

1132 Forest nurseries & gathering forest products 15 1,395 0.28

1133 Logging 336 51,108 0.17

1141 Fishing 4 5,905 0.02

1142 Hunting & trapping 23 1,604 0.38

1151 Crop production support activities 378 65,307 0.15

1152 Animal production support activities 408 19,474 0.55

1153 Forestry support activities 27 11,685 0.06

211111 Crude petroleum & natural gas 1,731 124,847 0.36

211112 Natual gas liquid 323 10,635 0.80

2121 Coal mining 2,940 69,894 1.11

2122 Metal ore mining 1 40,237 0.00

2123 Nonmetallic mineral mining & quarrying 3,077 81,817 0.99

213111 Drilling oil & gas wells 920 89,471 0.27

213112 Supporting oil & gas operations 3,702 314,589 0.31

213113 Supporting coal mining 167 5,728 0.77

213114 Supporting metal mining 3 3,813 0.02

213115 Supporting non-metallic minerals 68 2,629 0.68

2361 Residential building construction 15,851 635,339 0.66

2362 Nonresidential building construction 22,825 616,440 0.97

2371 Utility system construction 12,463 548,788 0.60

2372 Land subdivision 555 25,188 0.58

115


2012 Ohio::U.S.

NAICS Concentra-


2373 Highway, street & bridge construction 7,825 260,735 0.79

2379 Other heavy & civil engineering 3,267 86,800 0.99

2381 Foundation, structure, & building exterior contractors 23,660 758,816 0.82

2382 Building eqpt. contractors 60,622 1,824,216 0.87

2383 Building finishing contractors 18,866 704,933 0.70

2389 Other specialty trade contractors 13,949 547,031 0.67

31-33 Manufacturing

32p & 33 Durable goods

3211 Sawmills & wood preservation 1,714 84,127 0.54

3212 Veneer, plywood & engineered wood product mfg. 1,439 69,787 0.54

3219 Other wood product mfg. 7,546 224,560 0.88

3271 Clay product & refractory mfg. 4,777 33,632 3.73

3272 Glass & glass product mfg. 6,168 86,628 1.87

3273 Cement & concrete product mfg. 4,910 161,239 0.80

3274 Lime & gypsum product mfg. 302 13,443 0.59

3279 Other nonmetallic mineral product mfg. 5,600 74,917 1.97

3311 Iron & steel mills & ferroalloy mfg. 13,113 103,853 3.32

3312 Steel product mfg. from purchased steel 5,441 48,684 2.94

3313 Alumina & aluminum production & processing 3,185 58,785 1.42

3314 Nonferrous (exc. aluminum) production & processing 4,681 60,732 2.03

3315 Foundries 14,734 126,512 3.06

3321 Forging & stamping 12,114 117,236 2.72

3322 Cutlery & handtool mfg. 4,056 37,025 2.88

3323 Architectural & structural metals mfg. 15,449 341,844 1.19

3324 Boiler, tank & shipping container mfg. 6,914 93,021 1.95

3325 Hardware mfg. 1,798 28,103 1.68

116


2012 Ohio::U.S.

NAICS Concentra-


3326 Spring & wire product mfg. 2,323 38,989 1.57

3327 Machine shops, turn products, screw, nut & bolt mfg. 30,781 390,015 2.07

3328 Coating, engrave, heat treating & other activity 11,149 130,152 2.25

3329 Other fabricated metal product mfg. 19,006 270,382 1.85

3331 Agricultural, construction & mining machinery mfg. 6,165 216,228 0.75

3332 Industrial machinery mfg. 7,990 105,368 1.99

3333 Commercial & service industry machinery mfg. 3,980 77,229 1.35

3334 HVAC & commercial refrigeration eqpt. mfg. 6,972 129,001 1.42

3335 Metalworking machinery mfg. 17,399 148,009 3.09

3336 Engine, turbine & power transmission eqpt. mfg. 4,705 103,629 1.19

3339 Other general purpose machinery mfg. 26,982 298,903 2.37

3341 Computer & peripheral eqpt. mfg. 956 42,245 0.59

3342 Communications eqpt. mfg. 956 92,978 0.27

3343 Audio & video eqpt. mfg. 150 9,265 0.43

3344 Semiconductor & other electronic component mfg. 6,048 258,620 0.61

3345 Navigation, measuring, medical, control instruments mfg. 13,922 382,955 0.96

3346 Mfg. & reproducing magnetic & optical media 205 9,631 0.56

3351 Electric lighting eqpt. mfg. 1,928 43,036 1.18

3352 Household appliance mfg. 9,955 47,536 5.51

3353 Electrical eqpt. mfg. 5,587 120,584 1.22

3359 Other electrical eqpt. & component mfg. 5,934 133,579 1.17

3361 Motor vehicle mfg. 21,031 187,311 2.95

3362 Motor vehicle body & trailer mfg. 5,913 136,864 1.14

3363 Motor vehicle parts mfg. 68,482 541,462 3.32

3364 Aerospace product & parts mfg. 10,840 404,321 0.70

3365 Railroad rolling stock mfg. 576 32,745 0.46

117


2012 Ohio::U.S.

NAICS Concentra-


3366 Ship & boat building 147 143,287 0.03

3369 Other transportation eqpt. mfg. 1,002 31,621 0.83

3371 Household & institutional furniture & kitchen cabinet mfg. 9,421 217,701 1.14

3372 Office furniture (including fixtures) mfg. 3,733 109,962 0.89

3379 Other furniture related product mfg. 845 31,458 0.71

3391 Medical eqpt. & supplies mfg. 10,239 277,921 0.97

3399 Other miscellaneous mfg. 12,606 260,737 1.27

31 & 32p Nondurable goods

3111 Animal food mfg. 2,148 55,178 1.02

3112 Grain & oilseed milling 2,321 57,831 1.06

3113 Sugar & confectionery product mfg. 2,872 75,986 0.99

3114 Fruit & vegetable preserving & specialty food mfg. 10,857 157,408 1.81

3115 Dairy product mfg. 6,038 141,246 1.12

3116 Animal slaughtering & processing 10,261 485,885 0.56

3117 Seafood product preparation & packaging 0 30,708 0.00

3118 Bakeries & tortilla mfg. 17,557 290,839 1.59

3119 Other food mfg. 8,442 190,575 1.16

3121 Beverage mfg. 4,897 170,628 0.75

3122 Tobacco mfg. 0 13,872 0.00

3131 Fiber, yarn & thread mills 15 25,126 0.02

3132 Fabric mills 455 49,278 0.24

3133 Textile, fabric finishing, fabric coating mills 577 29,085 0.52

3141 Textile furnishings mills 780 54,011 0.38

3149 Other textile product mills 2,097 60,392 0.91

3151 Apparel knitting mills 0 12,568 0.00

3152 Cut & sew apparel mfg. 513 83,849 0.16

3159 Apparel accessories & other apparel mfg. 131 7,315 0.47

118


2012 Ohio::U.S.

NAICS Concentra-


3161 Leather & hide tanning & finishing 83 3,689 0.59

3162 Footwear mfg. 5 11,808 0.01

3169 Other leather & allied product mfg. 1,187 10,729 2.91

3221 Pulp, paper & paperboard mills 2,580 105,709 0.64

3222 Converted paper product mfg. 16,138 245,334 1.73

32311 Printing 20,867 421,240 1.30

32312 Support activities for printing 1,514 26,378 1.51

32411 Petroleum refineries 2,085 63,973 0.86

32412 Asphalt paving mfg., roof shingles, etc. 1,854 23,492 2.07

32419 Other petroleum & coal products 1,464 15,014 2.56

3251 Basic chemical mfg. 8,461 160,234 1.39

3252 Resin, synthetic rubber, artificial & synthetic fibers, filling mfg. 5,893 93,499 1.66

3253 Pesticide, fertilizer & other agricultural chemical mfg. 1,211 28,849 1.10

3254 Pharmaceutical & medicine mfg. 3,567 242,329 0.39

3255 Paint, coating & adhesive mfg. 7,352 58,910 3.28

3256 Soap, cleaners & toilet preparation mfg. 6,660 95,560 1.83

3259 Other chemical product & preparation mfg. 5,136 79,414 1.70

3261 Plastics product mfg. 50,078 608,903 2.16

3262 Rubber product mfg. 15,803 130,805 3.18

Service-providing groups

2211 Electric power generation, transmission & distribution 18,855 510,028 0.97

2212 Natural gas distribution 3,848 86,439 1.17

2213 Water, sewage & other systems 1,136 42,767 0.70

4231 Motor vehicles, parts & supply merchant whsle. 19,148 389,133 1.29

4232 Furniture & home furnishing merchant whsle. 5,740 150,512 1.00

119


2012 Ohio::U.S.

NAICS Concentra-


4233 Lumber & other construction materials merchant whsle. 7,992 216,804 0.97

4234 Professional & commercial equip & supp merchant whsle. 23,267 642,753 0.95

4235 Metal & mineral (exc. petroleum) merchant whsle. 10,312 156,906 1.73

4236 Appliances, electrical & electronic goods merchant whsle. 16,743 546,721 0.81

4237 Hardware, plumb & heating eqpt. & supplies merchant whsle. 10,941 235,319 1.22

4238 Machinery, eqpt. & supplies merchant whsle. 36,906 768,555 1.26

4239 Miscellaneous durable goods merchant whsle. 14,038 333,861 1.11

4241 Paper & paper product merchant whsle. 6,144 147,391 1.10

4242 Drugs & druggists' sundries merchant whsle. 6,909 307,211 0.59

4243 Apparel, piece goods & notions merchant whsle. 4,139 200,327 0.54

4244 Grocery & related product merchant whsle. 28,811 814,648 0.93

4245 Farm product raw material merchant whsle. 2,342 64,741 0.95

4246 Chemical & allied products merchant whsle. 9,639 157,913 1.60

4247 Petroleum & petroleum products merchant whsle. 3,172 103,257 0.81

4248 Beer, wine, distilled alcoholic beverage merchant whsle. 6,329 198,131 0.84

4249 Miscellaneous nondurable goods merchant whsle. 11,113 340,253 0.86

42511 Business to business electronic markets 99 2,466 1.06

42512 Wholesale trade agents & brokers 11,789 299,207 1.04

4411 Automobile dealers 49,231 1,246,850 1.04

4412 Other motor vehicle dealers 4,611 138,249 0.88

4413 Automotive parts, accessories & tire stores 20,594 523,210 1.03

4421 Furniture stores 7,055 202,327 0.92

4422 Home furnishings stores 6,774 242,913 0.73

443141 Household appliance stores 2,452 60,311 1.07

443142 Electronics stores 11,103 347,098 0.84

120


2012 Ohio::U.S.

NAICS Concentra-


4441 Building material & supplies dealers 43,247 1,131,139 1.01

4442 Lawn & garden eqpt. & supplies stores 6,253 149,166 1.10

4451 Grocery stores 89,144 2,800,048 0.84

4452 Specialty food stores 5,296 167,348 0.83

4453 Beer, wine & liquor stores 3,855 162,339 0.62

44611 Pharmacies & drug stores 29,836 712,986 1.10

44612 Cosmetics, beauty supplies & perfume stores 4,582 139,902 0.86

44613 Optical goods stores 2,475 78,028 0.83

44619 Other health & personal care stores 4,026 110,231 0.96

44711 Gasoline stations with convenience stores 31,022 774,911 1.05

44719 Other gasoline stores 5,442 146,743 0.97

4481 Clothing stores 36,231 1,347,930 0.71

4482 Shoe stores 6,604 234,087 0.74

4483 Jewelry, luggage & leather goods stores 4,537 129,005 0.92

4511 Sporting goods, hobby, musical instrument stores 16,500 479,406 0.90

4512 Book, periodical & music stores 2,659 99,676 0.70

4521 Department stores 36,819 1,016,623 0.95

4529 Other general merchandise stores 74,205 1,885,722 1.03

4531 Florists 2,874 60,076 1.26

4532 Office supplies, stationery & gift stores 8,130 230,865 0.93

4533 Used merchandise stores 8,186 198,309 1.09

4539 Other miscellaneous store retailers 9,428 268,570 0.92

4541 Electronic shopping & mail-order houses 24,272 413,595 1.54

4542 Vending machine operators 2,518 34,659 1.91

4543 Direct selling establishments 5,179 171,845 0.79

4811 Scheduled air transportation 5,134 416,239 0.32

4812 Nonscheduled air transportation 5,547 37,141 3.93

121


2012 Ohio::U.S.

NAICS Concentra-


4831 Deep sea, coastal & Great Lakes water transportation 307 45,282 0.18

4832 Inland water transportation 36 22,622 0.04

4841 General freight trucking 45,380 955,271 1.25

4842 Specialized freight trucking 17,539 493,360 0.93

4851 Urban transit systems 264 53,531 0.13

4852 Interurban & rural bus transportation 95 12,542 0.20

4853 Taxi & limousine service 1,167 77,491 0.40

4854 School & employee bus transportation 4,803 227,094 0.56

4855 Charter bus industry 1,178 34,049 0.91

4859 Other transit & ground passenger transportation 3,333 87,923 1.00

4861 Pipeline transportation of crude oil 454 13,937 0.86

4862 Pipeline transportation of natural gas 510 30,258 0.44

4869 Other pipeline transportation 181 8,026 0.59

4871 Scenic & sightseeing transportation, land 112 11,189 0.26

4872 Scenic & sightseeing transportation, water 52 13,000 0.11

4879 Scenic & sightseeing transportation, other 8 2,299 0.09

4881 Air transportation support activities 2,984 175,009 0.45

4882 Rail transportation support activities 2,229 39,384 1.49

4883 Water transportation support activities 790 97,354 0.21

4884 Road transportation support activities 3,585 91,786 1.03

4885 Freight transportation arrangement 10,330 253,880 1.07

4889 Other transportation support activities 1,105 17,118 1.70

4921 Couriers 23,508 553,235 1.12

4922 Local messengers & local delivery 875 38,189 0.60

49311 General warehousing & storage 34,763 692,485 1.32

49312 Refrigerated warehousing & storage 1,124 48,850 0.60

49313 Farm products 111 7,503 0.39

49319 Other warehousing & storage 3,782 60,521 1.64

122


2012 Ohio::U.S.

NAICS Concentra-


5111 Newspaper, periodical, book, database publishers 15,794 407,500 1.02

5112 Software publishers 7,829 469,845 0.44

5121 Motion picture & video industries 5,184 403,035 0.34

5122 Sound recording industries 173 28,519 0.16

5151 Radio & television broadcasting (exc. Internet) 6,002 206,918 0.76

5152 Cable & other subscription programming (exc. Internet) 138 52,609 0.07

5171 Wired telecommunications carriers 22,169 734,903 0.79

5172 Wireless telecommunications carriers (exc. satellite) 5,572 221,756 0.66

5174 Satellite communications 62 8,302 0.20

5179 Other telecommunications 1,446 61,368 0.62

5182 Data processing, hosting & related services^ 12,764 539,171 0.62

51911 News syndicates 247 6,934 0.94

51912 Libraries & archives 281 26,841 0.28

51913 Internet publishing, broadcasting & web search portals 6,693 212,902 0.83

51919 All other information services 61 13,714 0.12

5211 Monetary authorities - central bank^ 1,431 19,187 1.96

5221 Depository credit intermediation 81,638 1,910,081 1.12

5222 Nondepository credit intermediation 18,101 580,027 0.82

5223 Activities related to credit intermediation 9,492 270,606 0.92

5231 Security & commodity contracts intermediation & brokerage 10,064 404,518 0.65

5232 Securities & commodity exchanges 0 5,994 0.00

5239 Other financial investment activities 7,979 485,623 0.43

5241 Insurance carriers 78,508 1,490,696 1.38

5242 Agencies & other insurance related activities 34,551 962,708 0.94

52591 Open end investment funds 6 1,182 0.13

52599 Other financial vehicles 27 5,292 0.13

123


2012 Ohio::U.S.

NAICS Concentra-


5311 Lessors of real estate 20,571 573,265 0.94

5312 Offices of real estate agents & brokers 5,636 281,828 0.53

5313 Activities related to real estate 21,288 667,073 0.84

5321 Automotive eqpt. rental & leasing 6,167 164,932 0.98

5322 Consumer goods rental 5,436 143,670 0.99

5323 General rental centers 774 18,805 1.08

5324 Commercial, industrial eqpt. rental & leasing 4,439 181,395 0.64

5331 Lessors of other nonfinancial intangible asset^ 1,013 34,459 0.77

5411 Legal services 33,425 1,139,290 0.77

5412 Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, payroll services 39,213 1,453,846 0.71

5413 Architectural, engineering & related services 44,272 1,438,002 0.81

5414 Specialized design services 3,971 113,007 0.92

5415 Computer systems design & related services 45,097 1,687,604 0.70

5416 Management, scientific & technical consulting services 29,407 1,183,651 0.65

5417 Scientific research & development services 16,591 710,059 0.61

5418 Advertising & related services 11,513 462,150 0.65

5419 Other professional, scientific, technical service 26,553 610,651 1.14

551111 Bank holding companies 63 9,765 0.17

551112 Other holding companies 4,867 115,959 1.10

551114 Corporate & subsidiary managing offices 145,169 3,183,035 1.20

5611 Office administrative services 17,286 443,040 1.03

5612 Facilities support services 6,721 258,377 0.68

5613 Employment services 210,743 6,023,648 0.92

5614 Business support services 30,755 787,206 1.03

124


2012 Ohio::U.S.

NAICS Concentra-


5615 Travel arrangement & reservation services 4,150 229,944 0.47

5616 Investigation & security services 22,160 910,348 0.64

5617 Services to buildings & dwellings 77,753 1,805,785 1.13

5619 Other support services 13,444 270,224 1.31

5621 Waste collection 7,459 199,816 0.98

5622 Waste treatment & disposal 2,174 51,345 1.11

5629 Remediation & other waste management services 4,681 132,732 0.93

6111 Elementary & secondary schools 36,252 1,006,113 0.95

6112 Junior colleges 3,237 79,830 1.07

6113 Colleges, universities & professional schools 63,861 1,879,011 0.89

6114 Business schools & computer & management training 1,335 58,301 0.60

6115 Technical & trade schools 3,701 109,207 0.89

6116 Other schools & instruction 10,093 401,770 0.66

6117 Educational support services 2,455 107,938 0.60

6211 Offices of physicians 95,346 2,442,684 1.03

6212 Offices of dentists 31,874 905,401 0.93

6213 Offices of other health practitioners 32,275 822,458 1.03

6214 Outpatient care centers 30,899 887,232 0.92

6215 Medical & diagnostic laboratories 7,255 279,577 0.68

6216 Home health care services 68,181 1,377,447 1.30

6219 Other ambulatory health care services 12,561 291,825 1.13

6221 General medical & surgical hospitals 244,420 5,199,364 1.24

6222 Psychiatric & substance abuse hospitals 5,726 227,394 0.66

6223 Other specialty hospitals 8,901 291,228 0.80

125


2012 Ohio::U.S.

NAICS Concentra-


6231 Nursing care facilities 92,259 1,676,501 1.45

6232 Residential mental retardation, health facilities 30,925 748,516 1.09

6233 Community care facilities for the elderly 43,273 909,873 1.25

6239 Other residential care facilities 3,583 132,207 0.71

6241 Individual & family services 57,114 1,625,541 0.92

6242 Community, emergency & other relief services 7,199 188,309 1.01

6243 Vocational rehabilitation services 20,029 327,950 1.61

6244 Child day care services 32,952 888,357 0.98

7111 Performing arts companies 3,031 124,128 0.64

7112 Spectator sports 7,683 128,273 1.57

7113 Promoters of entertainment events 3,697 163,879 0.59

7114 Agents, managers for artists & other public figures 264 20,209 0.34

7115 Independent artists, writers & performers 600 46,818 0.34

71211 Museums 3,854 93,256 1.09

71212 Historical sites 460 10,485 1.15

71213 Zoos & gardens 1,929 35,203 1.44

71219 Nature parks, etc. 192 7,083 0.71

7131 Amusement parks & arcades 3,938 196,907 0.53

7132 Gambling industries 2,882 152,878 0.50

7139 Other amusement & recreation industries 38,517 1,251,703 0.81

7211 Traveler accommodation 35,309 1,977,054 0.47

7212 RV parks & recreational camps 741 43,403 0.45

7213 Rooming & boarding houses 293 11,584 0.66

7223 Special food services 19,299 716,292 0.71

7224 Drinking places (alcoholic beverages) 12,594 367,565 0.90

7225 Restaurants & other eating places 393,659 10,080,994 1.03

126


2012 Ohio::U.S.

NAICS Concentra-


8111 Automotive repair & maintenance 30,410 865,133 0.92

8112 Electronic & precision eqpt. repair & maintenance 3,148 99,624 0.83

8113 Commercial eqpt. (exc. auto & electric) repair & maintenance 9,385 210,000 1.17

8114 Personal & household goods repair & maintenance 2,149 69,927 0.81

8121 Personal care services 27,954 669,876 1.10

8122 Death care services 7,355 139,291 1.39

8123 Drycleaning & laundry services 10,746 294,707 0.96

8129 Other personal services 9,100 294,262 0.81

8131 Religious organizations 63,997 1,679,616 1.00

8132 Grantmaking & giving services 5,671 186,946 0.80

8133 Social advocacy organizations 3,663 165,139 0.58

8134 Civic & social organizations 12,556 238,796 1.38

8139 Business, labor, political, like organizations 15,951 487,916 0.86

Notes: * - all County Business Patterns (CBP) figures should be regarded as estimates, and may not sum to totals for

that reason; ^ - no further details are available. Abbreviations used: exc. - except; mfg. - manufacturing;

mgt. - management; whsle. - wholesale.

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (2017b).

Prepared by: Office of Research, Ohio Development Services Agency. Telephone 800/848-1300, or

614/466-2116 (DL, 6/17).

127

0.0%

20.0%

40.0%

60.0%

80.0%

100.0%

120.0%

140.0%

0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0%

Perc

en

tag

e G

DP

Gro

wth

Percentage Population Growth

Population Growth Rate and Aggregate GDP Growth Rate, 1997-2016

Source: U.S. BEA

Ohio

U.S.

128

Table A21: GDP and Population in Ohio and the U.S., 1997-2016

Variable Area 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

GDP (in billions, U.S. $11,118.8 $11,598.2 $12,141.8 $12,616.5 $12,735.1 $12,962.8 $13,295.9 $13,764.7 $14,203.2 $14,584.9 $14,798.4 $14,718.3 $14,320.1

standardized on 2009) Ohio $447.0 $466.8 $476.3 $485.0 $477.6 $488.5 $496.8 $508.9 $512.2 $511.3 $510.6 $501.5 $479.5

Per Capita GDP U.S. $40,781 $42,045 $43,513 $44,714 $44,689 $45,068 $45,831 $47,010 $48,062 $48,880 $49,126 $48,401 $46,680

(standardized on 2009) Ohio $39,635 $41,267 $42,013 $42,678 $41,941 $42,818 $43,445 $44,434 $44,684 $44,532 $44,399 $43,548 $41,593

Absolute GDP - Indexed U.S. 100.0 104.3 109.2 113.5 114.5 116.6 119.6 123.8 127.7 131.2 133.1 132.4 128.8

Per Capita GDP - Indexed U.S. 100.0 103.1 106.7 109.6 109.6 110.5 112.4 115.3 117.9 119.9 120.5 118.7 114.5

Absolute GDP - Indexed Ohio 100.0 104.4 106.6 108.5 106.9 109.3 111.1 113.8 114.6 114.4 114.2 112.2 107.3

Per Capita GDP - Indexed Ohio 100.0 104.1 106.0 107.7 105.8 108.0 109.6 112.1 112.7 112.4 112.0 109.9 104.9

Variable Area 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016*

GDP (in billions, U.S. $14,628.2 $14,833.7 $15,126.3 $15,348.0 $15,690.3 $16,094.5 $16,342.9

standardized on 2009) Ohio $492.4 $510.2 $518.6 $523.6 $537.8 $543.4 $552.5

Per Capita GDP U.S. $47,287 $47,595 $48,173 $48,538 $49,253 $50,155 $50,577

(standardized on 2009) Ohio $42,667 $44,192 $44,896 $45,254 $46,385 $46,826 $47,567

Absolute GDP - Indexed U.S. 131.6 133.4 136.0 138.0 141.1 144.8 147.0

Per Capita GDP - Indexed U.S. 116.0 116.7 118.1 119.0 120.8 123.0 124.0

Absolute GDP - Indexed Ohio 110.2 114.1 116.0 117.1 120.3 121.6 123.6

Per Capita GDP - Indexed Ohio 107.6 111.5 113.3 114.2 117.0 118.1 120.0

Variable Area Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

GDP (in billions, U.S. $3,679.6 33.1% -$478.3 -3.2% $2,022.8 14.1% $5,224.1 47.0%

standardized on 2009) Ohio $63.6 14.2% -$31.1 -6.1% $72.9 15.2% $105.5 23.6%

Per Capita GDP U.S. $8,345.0 20.5% -$2,446.0 -5.0% $3,897.0 8.3% $9,796.0 24.0%

(standardized on 2009) Ohio $4,764.0 12.0% -$2,806.0 -6.3% $5,974.0 14.4% $7,932.0 20.0%

Absolute GDP - Indexed U.S. 33.1 -4.3 18.2 47.0

Per Capita GDP - Indexed U.S. 20.5 -6.0 9.6 24.0

Absolute GDP - Indexed Ohio 14.2 -7.0 16.3 23.6

Per Capita GDP - Indexed Ohio 12.0 -7.1 15.1 20.0

Note: * - 2016 GDP figures are preliminary; those for earlier years may be revised. Source: U.S. BEA (2017).


129

Net Change: `09-`16*Net Change: `97-`07 Net Change: `07-`09 Net Change: `97-`16*

Table A22: Growth and Industry Concentration in Ohio's Economy, 1997-2015

1997

Ohio::U.S.

1997 Per- Real 1997 Per- Real Concen-

2007 NAICS 1997 Value cent of the Growth 1997 Value cent of the Growth tration

Codes Major Industry Titles (in millions)1

Economy1

to 20152

(in millions)1

Economy1

to 20152

Ratio1

11-92 Total $343,460 100.00% 21.6% $8,542,530 100.00% 44.8% 1.00

Slower-Growing/Declining Industries2 Not Concentrated in Ohio 20.48% -11.8% 24.33% 4.9% 0.84

92sl State & local government $29,913 8.71% -3.3% $759,673 8.89% 15.7% 0.98

23 Construction $13,174 3.84% -29.2% $340,697 3.99% -9.2% 0.96

81 Other srvcs., exc. government $8,686 2.53% -22.7% $230,792 2.70% -9.9% 0.94

92fc, 491 Federal civilian (inc. Postal Service) $6,403 1.86% -4.9% $217,448 2.55% 8.3% 0.73

5411 Legal srvcs. $3,038 0.88% -23.4% $107,127 1.25% -1.1% 0.71

92811 Military $2,456 0.72% -1.9% $106,013 1.24% 10.2% 0.58

61 Educational srvcs. $2,200 0.64% 16.1% $71,750 0.84% 41.2% 0.76

721 Accommodation $1,261 0.37% 14.6% $70,555 0.83% 29.1% 0.44

321 Wood products $923 0.27% -22.8% $26,866 0.31% -4.9% 0.85

212 Mining, exc. oil & gas $744 0.22% -14.1% $26,485 0.31% -4.4% 0.70

481 Air transportation $713 0.21% 18.9% $53,142 0.62% -16.6% 0.33

313-4 Textile & textile product mills $368 0.11% -22.1% $27,443 0.32% -46.4% 0.33

315-6 Apparel, leather & allied products $239 0.07% -48.2% $25,236 0.30% -60.2% 0.24

485 Transit & ground passenger transportation $224 0.07% 19.4% $15,059 0.18% 14.8% 0.37

Slower-Growing/Declining Industries2 Concentrated in Ohio 37.86% 4.4% 28.43% 22.0% 1.33

44-45 Retail trade $24,744 7.20% 21.7% $588,376 6.89% 44.3% 1.05

622-3 Hospitals & nursing & residential care facilities $11,233 3.27% 22.3% $218,802 2.56% 39.4% 1.28

332 Fabricated metal products $9,609 2.80% -20.6% $110,517 1.29% -9.7% 2.16

331 Primary metals $8,294 2.41% -16.1% $48,164 0.56% 32.7% 4.28

325 Chemical $7,918 2.31% 11.1% $174,914 2.05% 20.4% 1.13

22 Utilities $7,732 2.25% -11.9% $172,141 2.02% -1.0% 1.12

333 Machinery $6,876 2.00% -5.7% $102,552 1.20% 8.0% 1.67

311-2 Food, beverage & tobacco products $6,555 1.91% 2.3% $136,109 1.59% 7.1% 1.20

55 Management of companies & enterprises $6,220 1.81% 64.0% $126,705 1.48% 38.5% 1.22

722 Food srvcs. & drinking places $6,106 1.78% 10.6% $150,708 1.76% 37.7% 1.01

326 Plastics & rubber products $5,714 1.66% -31.3% $58,008 0.68% -10.1% 2.45

335 Electrical eqpt. & appliances $4,362 1.27% -27.3% $47,096 0.55% -7.5% 2.30

484 Truck transportation $3,940 1.15% 10.9% $77,411 0.91% 17.4% 1.27

327 Nonmetallic mineral products $3,559 1.04% -43.4% $39,954 0.47% -17.0% 2.22

322 Paper $2,694 0.78% -49.6% $55,592 0.65% -35.8% 1.21

3364-9 Other transportation eqpt. $2,603 0.76% 17.4% $62,702 0.73% 21.6% 1.03

713 Amusements, gambling & recreation $2,368 0.69% 12.4% $43,239 0.51% 33.6% 1.36

130

U.S.Ohio


1997

Ohio::U.S.




Economy1

to 20152

(in millions)1

Economy1

to 20152

Ratio1

U.S.Ohio

Slower-Growing/Declining Industries2 Concentrated in Ohio (continued)

487-8, 492 Other transportation & support activities $2,265 0.66% -6.2% $55,869 0.65% 12.3% 1.01

339 Miscellaneous mfg. $2,158 0.63% -15.3% $52,507 0.61% 35.1% 1.02

323 Printing & related support activities $2,010 0.59% -10.3% $37,472 0.44% -0.3% 1.33

337 Furniture & related products $1,276 0.37% -44.0% $28,024 0.33% -29.0% 1.13

562 Waste management & remediation srvcs. $971 0.28% 21.4% $21,935 0.26% 26.7% 1.10

482 Rail transportation $824 0.24% -3.7% $20,036 0.23% 13.4% 1.02

Faster-Growing Industries2 Not Concentrated in Ohio 27.77% 59.5% 36.84% 79.4% 0.75

531 Real estate $31,687 9.23% 28.1% $937,699 10.98% 53.5% 0.84

5412-4, 6-9 Other professional, scientific & technical srvcs. $9,954 2.90% 21.3% $320,886 3.76% 58.8% 0.77

621 Ambulatory health care srvcs. $9,794 2.85% 61.7% $251,234 2.94% 76.3% 0.97

521-2 Federal Reserve banks, credit intermediation, etc. $8,030 2.34% 132.2% $234,130 2.74% 69.7% 0.85

561 Administrative & support srvcs. $7,721 2.25% 75.1% $193,590 2.27% 93.5% 0.99

515, 517 Broadcasting & telecommunications $6,254 1.82% 91.3% $227,369 2.66% 143.5% 0.68

532-3 Rental & leasing srvcs. & lessors of intangible assets $3,521 1.03% 14.8% $106,817 1.25% 49.5% 0.82

334 Computer & electronic products $2,948 0.86% 378.2% $196,320 2.30% 679.3% 0.37

511 Publishing (inc. sofware, exc. Internet) $2,870 0.84% 47.0% $97,634 1.14% 69.9% 0.73

111-2 Crop & animal production (farms) $2,538 0.74% 17.1% $88,136 1.03% 61.4% 0.72

5415 Computer systems design & related srvcs. $2,370 0.69% 193.6% $75,259 0.88% 268.3% 0.78

523 Securities, commodity contracts, investments $1,740 0.51% 62.4% $120,282 1.41% 61.8% 0.36

624 Social assistance $1,220 0.36% 66.6% $39,403 0.46% 63.0% 0.77

324 Petroleum & coal products $1,155 0.34% 242.0% $47,975 0.56% 49.8% 0.60

711-2 Performing arts, museums & related activities $1,129 0.33% 11.4% $37,136 0.43% 50.0% 0.76

518, 519 Data prcsng., hosting, other info. (inc. Internet) $1,053 0.31% 62.4% $30,314 0.35% 253.6% 0.86

512 Motion pictures & sound recordings $424 0.12% 11.3% $40,399 0.47% 120.0% 0.26

211 Oil & gas extraction $336 0.10% 561.5% $55,158 0.65% 62.5% 0.15

113-5 Forestry, fishing & related activities $242 0.07% 102.5% $20,660 0.24% 59.0% 0.29

483 Water transportation $217 0.06% -41.9% $6,613 0.08% 172.4% 0.82

213 Support activities for mining $93 0.03% 426.7% $13,501 0.16% 144.8% 0.17

486 Pipeline transportation $74 0.02% 540.8% $6,925 0.08% 210.2% 0.27

131


1997

Ohio::U.S.




Economy1

to 20152

(in millions)1

Economy1

to 20152

Ratio1

U.S.Ohio

Faster-Growing Industries2 Concentrated in Ohio 13.89% 44.6% 10.39% 70.3% 1.34

42 Wholesale trade $21,225 6.18% 37.0% $530,163 6.21% 58.6% 1.00

3361-3 Motor vehicles, bodies, trailers & parts $15,221 4.43% 12.0% $112,638 1.32% 73.4% 3.36

524 Insurance carriers & related activities $9,753 2.84% 82.2% $216,715 2.54% 73.4% 1.12

493 Warehousing & storage $914 0.27% 184.9% $20,997 0.25% 156.4% 1.08525 Funds, trusts & other financial vehicles $603 0.18% 24.1% $7,455 0.09% 541.4% 2.01

Notes: 1 - in or based on current dollars, but components may not sum to totals due to rounding; 2 - based on national industry change figures after adjusting for inflation;

grouped on slower or faster than the national average of 44.8 percent.

Abbreviations used: eqpt. - equipment; exc. - except; inc. - including; info. - information; mfg. - manufacturing; prcsng. - processing; srvcs. - services.



132

Table A23: Percentage Changes in Ohio and U.S. GDP by Industry, 1997-2015 (chained 2009 dollars)

2007 Percent Percent

NAICS Change Change

Codes Industry Titles 1997 2015 1997-2015 1997 2015 1997-2015

11-92 Total $11,118,778 $16,094,516 44.8% $446,980 $543,421 21.6%

111-2 Crop & animal production (farms) $71,152 $114,855 61.4% $2,049 $2,399 17.1%

113-5 Forestry, fishing & related activities $20,254 $32,210 59.0% $238 $482 102.5%

211 Oil & gas extraction $173,312 $281,712 62.5% $1,056 $6,985 561.5%

212 Mining, exc. oil & gas $62,245 $59,536 -4.4% $1,749 $1,503 -14.1%

213 Support activities for mining $21,235 $51,992 144.8% $146 $769 426.7%

23 Construction $686,763 $623,855 -9.2% $26,555 $18,805 -29.2%

321 Wood products $24,640 $23,438 -4.9% $846 $653 -22.8%

327 Nonmetallic mineral products $51,390 $42,671 -17.0% $4,577 $2,591 -43.4%

331 Primary metals $41,187 $54,655 32.7% $7,092 $5,953 -16.1%

332 Fabricated metal products $155,293 $140,291 -9.7% $13,501 $10,725 -20.6%

333 Machinery $124,312 $134,308 8.0% $8,335 $7,858 -5.7%

334 Computer & electronic products $37,920 $295,493 679.3% $569 $2,721 378.2%

335 Electrical eqpt. & appliances $55,983 $51,810 -7.5% $5,185 $3,772 -27.3%

3361-3 Motor vehicles, bodies, trailers & parts $88,996 $154,336 73.4% $12,026 $13,467 12.0%

3364-9 Other transportation eqpt. $94,959 $115,479 21.6% $3,942 $4,627 17.4%

337 Furniture & related products $36,987 $26,255 -29.0% $1,684 $943 -44.0%

339 Miscellaneous mfg. $56,684 $76,579 35.1% $2,330 $1,974 -15.3%

311-2 Food, beverage & tobacco products $204,950 $219,511 7.1% $9,870 $10,097 2.3%

313-4 Textile & textile product mills $29,964 $16,057 -46.4% $402 $313 -22.1%

315-6 Apparel, leather & allied products $23,411 $9,313 -60.2% $222 $115 -48.2%

322 Paper $80,020 $51,381 -35.8% $3,877 $1,955 -49.6%

323 Printing & related support activities $38,808 $38,677 -0.3% $2,081 $1,867 -10.3%

324 Petroleum & coal products $73,328 $109,875 49.8% $1,765 $6,036 242.0%

325 Chemical $250,793 $301,850 20.4% $11,353 $12,614 11.1%

326 Plastics & rubber products $69,511 $62,515 -10.1% $6,848 $4,705 -31.3%

22 Utilities $266,917 $264,359 -1.0% $11,990 $10,564 -11.9%

42 Wholesale trade $620,136 $983,610 58.6% $24,827 $34,011 37.0%

44-45 Retail trade $672,016 $969,407 44.3% $28,262 $34,399 21.7%

481 Air transportation $82,668 $68,904 -16.6% $1,109 $1,319 18.9%

Ohio

Real GDP (millions)

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U.S.

Real GDP (millions)



NAICS Change Change


482 Rail transportation $31,602 $35,829 13.4% $1,299 $1,251 -3.7%

483 Water transportation $5,813 $15,833 172.4% $191 $111 -41.9%

484 Truck transportation $107,604 $126,370 17.4% $5,476 $6,074 10.9%

485 Transit & ground passenger transportation $23,910 $27,458 14.8% $356 $425 19.4%

486 Pipeline transportation $6,607 $20,496 210.2% $71 $455 540.8%

487-8, 492 Other transportation & support activities $79,852 $89,642 12.3% $3,237 $3,037 -6.2%

493 Warehousing & storage $25,472 $65,320 156.4% $1,109 $3,160 184.9%

511 Publishing (inc. sofware, exc. Internet) $119,511 $202,996 69.9% $3,513 $5,163 47.0%

512 Motion pictures & sound recordings $50,561 $111,257 120.0% $530 $590 11.3%

515, 517 Broadcasting & telecommunications $175,948 $428,396 143.5% $4,840 $9,261 91.3%

518, 519 Data prcsng., hosting, other info. (inc. Internet) $32,145 $113,672 253.6% $1,116 $1,812 62.4%

521-2 Federal Reserve banks, credit intermediation, etc. $220,425 $374,084 69.7% $7,560 $17,552 132.2%

523 Securities, commodity contracts, investments $101,179 $163,724 61.8% $1,464 $2,377 62.4%

524 Insurance carriers & related activities $259,197 $449,534 73.4% $11,665 $21,252 82.2%

525 Funds, trusts & other financial vehicles $8,404 $53,906 541.4% $680 $844 24.1%

531 Real estate $1,276,640 $1,959,883 53.5% $43,140 $55,254 28.1%

532-3 Rental & leasing srvcs. & lessors of intangible assets $137,911 $206,138 49.5% $4,546 $5,219 14.8%

5411 Legal srvcs. $191,860 $189,739 -1.1% $5,441 $4,166 -23.4%

5415 Computer systems design & related srvcs. $74,967 $276,097 268.3% $2,361 $6,933 193.6%

5412-4, 6-9 Other professional, scientific & technical srvcs. $451,676 $717,237 58.8% $14,011 $16,989 21.3%

55 Management of companies & enterprises $249,953 $346,183 38.5% $12,270 $20,123 64.0%

561 Administrative & support srvcs. $248,413 $480,623 93.5% $9,908 $17,345 75.1%

562 Waste management & remediation srvcs. $30,448 $38,572 26.7% $1,348 $1,637 21.4%

61 Educational srvcs. $118,958 $167,999 41.2% $3,648 $4,237 16.1%

621 Ambulatory health care srvcs. $337,525 $595,190 76.3% $13,158 $21,275 61.7%

622-3 Hospitals & nursing & residential care facilities $354,221 $493,752 39.4% $18,185 $22,244 22.3%

624 Social assistance $60,773 $99,081 63.0% $1,882 $3,136 66.6%

711-2 Performing arts, museums & related activities $60,131 $90,197 50.0% $1,828 $2,036 11.4%

713 Amusements, gambling & recreation $58,691 $78,428 33.6% $3,214 $3,611 12.4%

721 Accommodation $100,602 $129,912 29.1% $1,798 $2,060 14.6%

722 Food srvcs. & drinking places $236,123 $325,082 37.7% $9,566 $10,581 10.6%

OhioU.S.

Real GDP (millions)Real GDP (millions)

134



NAICS Change Change


81 Other srvcs., exc. government $376,826 $339,573 -9.9% $14,182 $10,963 -22.7%

92fc, 491 Federal civilian (inc. Postal Service) $334,782 $362,720 8.3% $9,859 $9,371 -4.9%

92811 Military $170,804 $188,202 10.2% $3,956 $3,882 -1.9%

92sl State & local government $1,210,508 $1,400,038 15.7% $47,665 $46,082 -3.3%

Notes: * - exc. - except; inc. - including; info. - information; mfg. - manufacturing; prcsng. - processing; srvcs. - services; figures do not sum to

totals due to rounding and/or different inflators or deflators used for different industries.

Sources: U.S. BEA (2017).


U.S. Ohio

Real GDP (millions)Real GDP (millions)

135

NOTES

1 The choice of start and end points for a period can affect how changes during that time are viewed. What looks

like a trend with one set of points for one time-period may appear as a random fluctuation with another set of points for another, overlapping time-period. This is particularly true when the time periods are short. Furthermore, initial figures usually are revised when additional information becomes available later. Interpretations of trends often change as a consequence. (Appelbaum, 2011, has a more detailed discussion.) Caution is warranted.

2 The ranks of Bangladesh and Algeria reflect their much larger populations – 156,187,000 and 40,264,000, respec-

tively – as well as their economic development levels. (It also is interesting to note the combined GDP for the 28-nation European Union is $19,970 billion, which would rank the U.S. third in the world; its combined population is 515,053,000.) All national GDP figures are based on Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). The CIA also offers figures based on Official Exchange Rates (OER), but prefers the PPP over OER figures for comparing the economic strengths and well-being of countries because the latter are subject to international and domestic financial forces not capturing the value of domestic output. It describes PPP estimates for developed countries as quite reliable: its 2016 PPP and OER figures for the U.S. are $18.56 trillion, and the BEA’s figure is $18.46 trillion – different, but the smaller is 99.5 percent of the larger. However, it cautions users that PPP estimates for developing countries are often rough approximations for one reason or another: some countries do not formally participate in the World Bank’s PPP project, or there may be a relative lack of comparable price information between the U.S and another country. (What are the prices in America for oxcarts and non-U.S. military equipment?) Most GDP estimates for developing countries extrapolate from PPP numbers published by the United Nations International Comparison Program and by University of Pennsylvania Professors Summers and Heston and their colleagues. See the CIA and OECD websites for more details.

3 Table A17 and the related graph on page 104 illustrate the very strong association between the percentages of

GDP and value-added (VA – essentially the value of shipments minus the costs of labor and materials) coming from Ohio for the 19 major manufacturing industries and clusters used by the BEA. The association is so strong because GDP calculations start with the Census Bureau’s VA estimates; they differ a bit because the BEA sub-tracts additional costs such as purchased services, which may vary by industry. The strength of this association means that the VA percentages calculated for manufacturing industry groups, shown in Appendix Table A18, are very good proxies for percentages of GDP. Similarly, and more widely applicable, Appendix Table A19 and the related graph on page 112 show the association between concentration ratios based on the private sector GDP and corresponding County Business Patterns (CBP) employment figures (farms and railroads are excluded from both). The strength of this association means CBP concentration ratios for industry groups shown in Appendix

136

Table A20 generally are good proxies for GDP data. VA and CBP data specify our understanding of sectors and major industries concentrated in Ohio, and may point to groups that are exceptions in sectors and major industries not concentrated here. More specific (i.e., 6-digit) industry data are available from CBP and the quinquennial Census of Manufactures, but space limitations, data suppression and timeliness issues usually preclude their use herein.

4 The engines-turbines-power transmission group includes all diesel engines (333618) – even those for motor ve-

hicles – but otherwise excludes motor vehicle parts. It also excludes equipment for transmitting electricity. 5 It is possible that the recovery in computer and electronic products includes not just increased output volumes, but

qualitative and quantitative improvements in device capabilities as well as manufacturing efficiencies. 6 Examples of support activities include fee or contract-based exploring, drilling, coring, testing and/or making geo-

logical observations independently from the companies extracting the material. 7 The rise in construction activity from 1997 through 1999 also is consistent with the rising number of building permits

during the same years (U.S. BEA, 2017; U.S. Bureau of the Census, n.d.). 8 Rail and water transportation services carry some passengers, but the Association of American Railroads (2017)

emphasizes moving freight. CBP data for water transportation show most are employed in moving cargo (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2017b). In contrast, commuter rail and ship-based sightseeing services are classified in other transportation industries (Office of Management and Budget, 2007).

9 The BEA treats “other transportation and support activities” as a residual category including airport operations, air

traffic control, crating-packing-cargo handling, arranging freight transportation, port operations, sightseeing and scenic travel regardless of mode, towing, and navigational, courier and railroad car services – among other things (Office of Management and Budget, 2007).

10 CBP data show most people employed in air transportation are employed on the passenger side of the industry,

not moving freight (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2017b). 11 Lenze (2016: 4) notes on page four improved geo-coding and editing of source data from IRS Form 1065 (partner-

ship returns) and Form 1040 Schedule C (sole proprietor returns). (Thanks to Lam Cao of the BEA for this refer-ence.) This explains why the pattern of change this year is so different from the pattern of change in last year’s

137

report, which showed an increase from 2004 to 2007 with fluctuations thereafter. It may also explain why this year’s pattern differs from the corresponding national pattern of expansion from 2005 to 2008, contraction to 2011, followed by expansion to 2015. Employment trends may bolster the argument this is an accounting anomaly. BEA Ohio employment data show:

• jobs in broadcasting (NAICS 515) steadily decreasing from 10,111 in 2005 to 8,010 in 2013 before slightly increasing to 8,152 in 2015, and

• jobs in telecommunications (NAICS 517) peaking at 36,544 in 2007 and steadily decreasing to 29,288 in 2015 (U.S. BEA, 2017).

12 The BEA imputes the rental value of owner-occupied housing, treating homeowners as businesses paying rent to

themselves. Therefore, homeowners contribute to the real estate industry’s GDP even if not employed by the in-dustry. In addition, like businesses, homeowners’ property taxes paid to state and local governments are included as part of taxes on production and imports for the real estate industry (U.S. BEA, 2017).

13 Managing offices differ from holding companies. The latter hold an equity interest to control or influence company

management, but do not manage specific company establishments (Office of Management and Budget, 2007). 14 Full-time equivalent (FTE) employment with Ohio state and local governments was estimated to be 587,547 in

2012 according to the latest Census of Governments. Of that number, 42.3 percent worked for independent local school districts, 23.1 percent worked for the state, 14.4 percent worked for counties, 13.8 percent worked for muni-cipalities, 3.6 percent worked in special districts, and 2.8 percent worked for townships. If the 71,276 FTE state-level education employees are added to the 248,486 FTE independent school district employees, then an esti-mated 54.4 percent of all state and local government employment in Ohio is part of education. (Some county and municipality data are missing, but the problem is not large enough to substantially change the conclusion.) Most of the remaining FTE employees worked in hospitals and other health establishments, law and public safety (correc-tions, judicial, legal, police and firefighters), public welfare/social insurance, transportation-related services, various utilities, and general administration (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2014a).

15 The motor vehicle industry also is concentrated in Indiana and Michigan. However, Arizona, Florida and Nevada

are more dependent on the tourism-related leisure and hospitality sectors; they also were hit hard when the hous-ing bubble burst and local construction activity fell (U.S. BEA, 2017).

16 The motor vehicle industry in Ohio has been at or near production capacity for the last three years. Initial figures

for 2016 show a 0.6 percent decrease from revised 2015 counts of light vehicle assemblies in Ohio, but the former

138

remain 1.0 percent higher than revised 2014 counts. However, assemblies in the first six months of 2017 are down almost 14.0 percent from the same period in 2016, and down 27.1 percent from the first six months of 2015. The confluence of several factors helps explain the decline:

• Cherokee production moved out of state by April 2017, and initial production of the new Wrangler is scheduled for March 2018;

• seasonal reductions for model change-overs may have started earlier in 2017;

• production in Ohio is relatively tilted to cars, and the U.S. sales market has shifted to light trucks (vans, pick-ups and sport-utility vehicles) – consequently, fewer cars have been assembled here; and

• fewer assemblies of some light trucks models still produced here (Automotive News, 2016, 2017). 17 The chart covers all aspects of each economy at the most detailed levels available from the BEA. The exceptions

are five outliers, usually where growth was extreme or differences in magnitude between Ohio and the nation as a whole were very large. Extreme growth characterized manufacturing computer and electronic products (NAICS 334) – about 400 percent in Ohio, but more than 650 percent across the nation. Similarly, funds, trust and other financial services (525) grew more than 700 percent in Ohio and over 380 percent in the U.S.; mining support ac-tivities (213) rose about 460 percent in Ohio and more than 200 percent nationally; coal and petroleum products manufacturing (324) rose 380 percent here, but less than 40 percent nationally. On the other hand, U.S. water transportation services (483) rose more than 220 percent but contracted by more than 20 percent in Ohio. All of these changes and differences are remarkable, but the collective contribution of the five amounted to 2.2 and 3.2 percent of Ohio’s and America’s respective GDP totals in 2015 (U.S. BEA, 2017).

18 Economic forecasts, though, are often imprecise due to any number of factors. These include, but are not limited

to: the impact of technological advances and unforeseeable events, limited data, an incomplete understanding of the economy, and assumptions about the economy that may not be entirely justified. This imprecision also means that recessions are difficult to predict.

19 Other factors to consider are variations in capacity utilization rates – particularly important in goods-producing sec-

tors – and the number of hours worked. Both affect output even if the number of employees does not change. 20 Projections and forecasts are based on assumptions – explicit and implicit – that may or may not be justified. Fur-

thermore, variations in expansion and contraction cycles and unforeseen developments can impact growth rates – and the last may vary in their impact between the national and local levels. Consequently, it is advisable to think of projections and forecasts as possibilities extrapolated from the recent past and not as precise certainties.

139

SOURCES AND REFERENCES CITED Appelbaum, Binyamin, 2011

“On Economy, Raw Data Gets a Grain of Salt,” New York Times, August 16. Found at http://www.nytimes.com/. Association of American Railroads, 2017

See https://www.aar.org/. Automotive News, 2016, 2017 Various reports found at http://www.autonews.com/datacenter. Coakley, Caitlin E., et.al., 2009

“Gross Domestic Product Data by State: Advance Statistics for 2008 and Revised Statistics for 2005-2007,” Survey of Current Business, Vol. 89, No. 6 (June), pp. 62-91.

Downey, George K., and Gerard P. Aman, 2006

“Gross Domestic Product by State Estimation Methodology.” Originally located at http://www.bea.doc.gov/bea/regional/gsp/help/.

ELM Analytics, Inc., 2016

Data found at http://www.elmanalytics.com/. Fedprimerate.com, 2017

See http://www.fedprimerate.com/wall_street_journal_prime_rate_history.htm for a history of the prime rate. Fortune, 2017

Start with http://www.fortune.com/. Look for the Fortune U.S.-1,000 list. Lenze, David G., 2016

“Regional Quarterly Report: State Personal Income and More…,” found at http://0716_state_personal_income.pdf. Moody’s, 2017

Moody’s Analytics / Précis U.S. State / Midwest / June. Found at http://www.economy.com/.

140

ODJFS/LMI (Ohio Dept. of Job and Family Services/Labor Market Information), 2016 See http://ohiolmi.com/, and check “Data” and then “Employment Projections by Occupation and Industry.”

ODNR (Ohio Dept. of Natural Resources), 2017

Start with http://oilandgas.ohiodnr.gov/, look under industry for well production, then combined production. OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), 2017

Start with http://www.oecd.org/ and search on “PPP” for a discussion of purchasing power parities. Office of Management and Budget, 1998 and 2007

North American Industry Classification System: United States, 1997 and 2007. Lanham, Md.: Bernan Press. Also see http://www.census.gov/eos/www/naics/ for the 2012 NAICS.

Office of Research, 2013

See http://development.ohio.gov/files/research/P6001.pdf for Ohio’s projected population. Ott, Thomas, 2013

“Ohio wraps up first year of casino gambling; payoff still taking shape,” the Cleveland Plain Dealer, May 12. Article found at http://www.cleveland.com/metro/index.ssf/2013/05/ohio_wraps_up_first_year_of_ca.html.

Sutherly, Ben, 2013

“Average nursing-home patient getting younger,” the Columbus Dispatch, August 2, pp. A1 & A9. U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2014a

2012 Census of Governments found at http://www.census.gov/govs/apes/historical_data_2012.html. _______, 2014b

See http://www.census.gov/population/projections/data/national/2014/summarytables.html for national population projections.

_______, 2017a

2015 Annual Survey of Manufactures [machine-readable data file] / prepared by the Bureau. Washington, D.C.: the Bureau [producer and distributor].

141

_______, 2017b Cbp15st.txt and cbp15us.txt [machine-readable state and national County Business Patterns data files for 2015] / prepared by the Bureau. Washington, D.C.: the Bureau [producer and distributor].

_______, 2017c 2015 American Community Survey data from tables C23001 and C24080 found at http://factfinder.census.gov/.

_______, n.d.

Building permit data disseminated in various formats over the years. U.S. BEA (Bureau of Economic Analysis), 2017

See http://www.bea.gov/ and check “GDP by State and Metropolitan Area” and “State and Local Personal Income.” U.S. BLS (Bureau of Labor Statistics), 2015

See http://www.bls.gov/emp/ep_table_207.htm. U.S. CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 2017

See https://www.cia.gov/, and start with the “World Factbook.” U.S. DA (Dept. of Agriculture), 2017

Search for the Crop Production 2016 Summary at http://www.nass.usda.gov/. U.S. EIA (Energy Information Administration), 2017

Start at http://www.eia.gov/ search for the coal production and reserve statistics. U.S. FPDS (Federal Procurement Data System), 2017

See https://www.fpds.gov/; code=9700 for the Dept. of Defense contracts. U.S. Geological Survey, 2017

See http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/iron_&_steel/index.html#mc5. Woodruff, Clifford H. III, et.al., 2007

“Gross Domestic Product Data by State: Advance Estimates for 2006 and Revised Estimates for 2003-2005,” Survey of Current Business, Vol. 87, No. 7 (July), pp. 111-139.

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Documents

THE OHIO MOTOR VEHICLE INDUSTRY