THE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Prepared by:Ms. Bernabeth Jo T. Tendero

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

Contains Carbon and Hydrogen Small molecules (monomers or building

blocks) are covalently bonded to form large polymers or macromolecules

Water is usually involved in the formation and breakage of bonds between monomersDehydration Synthesis – removal of water to form a covalent bond between monomersHydrolysis - Using water to break bonds between monomers

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS AND HYDROLYSIS

FOUR MAJOR CLASSES Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

CARBOHYDRATES Contains C, H and O in a 1:2:1 ratio

usually

Glucose

C6H12O6

Fructose

C6H12O6

Galactose

C6H12O6

MONOSACCHARIDE Also known as simple sugars because

they can no longer be broken down to form simpler forms of sugars

Monomers of Carbohydrates Most common simple sugars are the 6-

carbon sugars or hexoses Compounds that have the same

chemical formulas are called isomers

MONOSACCHARIDES Glucose

- Found in all the cells of your body- primary source of energy

GlucoseC6H12O6

MONOSACCHARIDES Fructose

- Sugar found in fruits- Taste much sweeter than glucose

FructoseC6H12O6

MONOSACCHARIDES Galactose

- One of the sugars found in milk

GalactoseC6H12O6

MONOSACCHARIDES Ribose

- A 5-Carbon sugar (Pentose)- a component of Nucleic Acid

DISACCHARIDES Carbohydrates made up of two sugar

molecules Formed through dehydration synthesis

DISACCHARIDES Maltose

- a malt sugar used in making beer- composed of 2 glucose molecules

DISACCHARIDES Lactose

- Most common sugar in milk- composed of glucose and galactose

DISACCHARIDES Sucrose

- AKA table sugar- composed of glucose and fructose- harvested from sugar cane, sugar beets or the sugar maple- FormsWhite sugarBrown sugar – white sugar + molasses (a thick, dark brown syrup made by refining raw sugar)

DISACCHARIDES Sugar cane (Saccharum sp.)

DISACCHARIDES Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris)

DISACCHARIDES Sugar Maple Tree (Acer saccharum)

POLYSACCHARIDES Long chain of simple sugars linked

together to form a macromolecule Examples:

Starch, Glycogen and Cellulose Polymer – molecule made up of many

similar units called monomer

POLYSACCHARIDES Starch- Combination of two types of

polysaccharides: amylose and amylopectin

- Large carbohydrate composed of many sugar molecules linked into long, branching chains

- Plants store excess sugar molecules as starch. When plants need energy, starches are broken down into monosaccharides .

- Sources: Wheat products like bread and pasta, and potatoes

POLYSACCHARIDES Starch

POLYSACCHARIDES Cellulose- Component of plant cell walls- Polysaccharide composed of many

glucose units- Cannot be digested by humans, i.e.

cannot be broken down in simpler molecules and used as source of energy

- Still an important part of our diet because it functions to hold water in large intestine, thus helps in eliminating wastes

POLYSACCHARIDES Cellulose

FUNCTION OF CARBOHYDRATES

Supply about one-half of the total energy requirements of an organism- Glucose and Starch

Serves as structural components of organisms- Cellulose in plants- Chitin in exoskeletons of shrimps, insects and crabs- Form part of the living material in cells like 5-carbon deoxyribose and ribose sugars

LIPIDS Contains C, H, and O but in different

proportions from carbohydrates Insoluble in water Soluble in organic solvents like acetone,

alcohol, ether, and chloroform

GROUPS OF LIPIDS Fats, Oils, and Wax Phospholipids Steroids

FATS AND OILS Monomers of Fats is called triglycerides

(glycerol + 3 fatty acids)

FORMATION OF TRIGLYCERIDES

TRIGLYCERIDE MOLECULE

SATURATED VS. UNSATURATED

SATURATED VS. UNSATURATED

CATEGORIES SATURATED UNSATURATEDChemical Bonds Single Double

Phase at RT Solid LiquidSource Animal Plant

Examples Bacon grease, Lard, and Butter

Corn Oil and Olive Oil

Breaking Down Difficult Easy

SATURATED FATS

UNSATURATED FATS

WAXES Insoluble in water Highly suitable as waterproof material

for plant leaves or animal feathers and fur

PHOSPHOLIPIDS Similar to the fat molecule but instead

of three fatty acids attached to the glycerol, only two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached

PHOSPHOLIPID

STEROIDS Composed of four interconnected rings Example is Cholesterol

- common constituent of the brain and spinal cord-needed in the formation of certain hormones like sex hormones- associated with circulatory illness like blockage in the arteries and that puts the heart at risk

CHOLESTEROL MOLECULE

FUNCTIONS OF LIPIDS Serves as structural components of

organismsExample:All membranous structures of the cells consist of a phospholipid bilayer with associated proteins

CELL MEMBRANE

FUNCTIONS OF LIPIDS Serves as structural components of

organismsExample:- All membranous structures of the cells consist of a phospholipid bilayer with associated proteins- Cutin - wax that cover the cell walls of leaves and young stems- Suberin – wax found on the walls of the cork cells in plants

FUNCTIONS OF LIPIDS Fats and Oils serves as main source of

energy among organisms- 1g of fat provides more energy than 1g of carbohydrates

Some metabolic regulators are lipids- Testosterone and Estradiol

PROTEINS Contains C, H, O and N some even

contains P and S Monomers of proteins are called amino

acids

AMINO ACIDS

20 amino acids constitute a protein structure

FORMATION OF A PEPTIDE BOND

PROTEIN STRUCTURE

PROTEIN STRUCTURE

FUNCTIONS OF PROTEIN Structural proteins like keratin, which

makes up hairs and nails, and collagen fibers which support many organs

Myosin and actin, make up the bulk of muscles that helps in movement

Enzymes are proteins that acts as catalyst to speed chemical reactions within cells

FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS Hormones made out of protein regulates

metabolism. Like insulin that regulates glucose content in blood

Antibodies and Immunoglobulin defends the body from foreign substances

Transport proteins, like hemoglobin facilitate the exchange of materials in and out of the cells.

NUCLEIC ACIDS Contains C, H, O, N, and P Polymers formed out of nucleotides

NUCLEOTIDE Composed of 5-Carbon Sugar

NUCLEOTIDE Phosphate Group

NUCLEOTIDE Nitrogenous bases

FUNCTIONS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS

DNA makes up the genes which bears the hereditary traits-In eukaryotes DNA is in chromosome form-considered as the genetic material

handed down from parents to offspring without change

controls all cellular activities by controlling protein synthesis

RNA plays important role in protein synthesis