The Origins of the Cold The Origins of the Cold WarWar

Chapter 19.1 and 19.2Chapter 19.1 and 19.2

What’s Going on with Russia?What’s Going on with Russia?

1917: 21917: 2ndnd Russian Revolution Russian Revolution 1918: Russia out of WWI1918: Russia out of WWI 1933: US recognized USSR as 1933: US recognized USSR as

nationnation WW2: USSR is Allied power but WW2: USSR is Allied power but

tension & disagreementstension & disagreements

The Yalta ConferenceThe Yalta Conference February 1945February 1945 Roosevelt, Churchill & StalinRoosevelt, Churchill & Stalin Future of Germany & PolandFuture of Germany & Poland Germany - 4 zones (GB, US, Germany - 4 zones (GB, US,

FR, USSR)FR, USSR) Berlin - 4 zonesBerlin - 4 zones Stalin agrees to self-Stalin agrees to self-

determination for determination for PolandPoland

USSR agrees to enter war USSR agrees to enter war against Japanagainst Japan

German Zones of OccupationGerman Zones of Occupation

United Nations United Nations

Agreed on creation of UN at YaltaAgreed on creation of UN at Yalta International peacekeeping organizationInternational peacekeeping organization April 1945April 1945, San Francisco, San Francisco US is memberUS is member General Assembly=all member NationsGeneral Assembly=all member Nations Security Council= 6 nations plus Security Council= 6 nations plus

permanent (US, USSR, GB, FR, China) permanent (US, USSR, GB, FR, China) • Each had veto power over proposed policiesEach had veto power over proposed policies

Potsdam ConferencePotsdam Conference

July 1945July 1945 Truman, Stalin meet for first timeTruman, Stalin meet for first time Continued debate on future of Continued debate on future of

Germany & PolandGermany & Poland Truman tries to intimidate Stalin (new Truman tries to intimidate Stalin (new

weapon of extraordinary force)weapon of extraordinary force) Stalin knows about A-Bomb, still Stalin knows about A-Bomb, still

nervousnervous

Goals for the Post-War WorldGoals for the Post-War World

USUS: : • Democratic Democratic

opportunity opportunity through self-through self-determinationdetermination

• Economic growth Economic growth & opportunity & opportunity (Capitalism)(Capitalism)

USSRUSSR::• Protect Soviet Protect Soviet

interests through interests through satellite nationssatellite nations

• Promote Promote Communism Communism

Economies of the Post-War EraEconomies of the Post-War Era

Market Market

(US)(US) CapitalistCapitalist Individuals own Individuals own

property, resourcesproperty, resources Supply/Demand Supply/Demand Profit Profit

Command (Soviets)Command (Soviets) Govt controls land, Govt controls land,

resources, propertyresources, property Govt makes Govt makes

economic decisionseconomic decisions

Soviet Satellite NationsSoviet Satellite Nations

SATELLITE NATIONS:

Countries dominated by Soviet Union

Western border

Communist govts & economies

By 1949, Eastern Europe under Soviet control except Greece & Turkey

A Statement of Soviet GoalsA Statement of Soviet Goals

Stalin SpeechStalin Speech February 1946February 1946 Predicts triumph of Communism over Predicts triumph of Communism over

capitalismcapitalism Called on Communists to spread Called on Communists to spread

system through non-military meanssystem through non-military means

The “Iron Curtain” SpeechThe “Iron Curtain” Speech ““From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the

Adriatic, Adriatic, an an iron curtainiron curtain has descended across the has descended across the ContinentContinent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of…. Behind that line lie all the capitals of…Central and Eastern Europe… Central and Eastern Europe… The Communist The Communist parties, which were very small in all these Eastern parties, which were very small in all these Eastern States of Europe, have been raised to States of Europe, have been raised to preeminence and power far beyond their preeminence and power far beyond their numbers and arenumbers and are seeking everywhere to obtain seeking everywhere to obtain totalitarian control…totalitarian control… This is certainly not the This is certainly not the Liberated Europe we fought to build up. Nor is it Liberated Europe we fought to build up. Nor is it one which contains the essentials of permanent one which contains the essentials of permanent peace.”peace.”

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S2PUIQpAEAQ ““Iron Curtain” speech, Winston Churchill, Iron Curtain” speech, Winston Churchill, March 5, 1946March 5, 1946

The Western ReactionThe Western Reaction

Winston ChurchillWinston Churchill ““Iron Curtain”Iron Curtain” Communists seek to Communists seek to dominate, dominate,

rather than liberaterather than liberate, Eastern , Eastern European countriesEuropean countries

Called on AmericansCalled on Americans to keep to keep Communists from dominating & Communists from dominating & oppressing any more nationsoppressing any more nations

The Cold War BeginsThe Cold War Begins

Speeches by Stalin & Churchill set Speeches by Stalin & Churchill set the stage for COLD WARthe stage for COLD WAR

COLD WARCOLD WAR = political, economic = political, economic conflict & military tensionsconflict & military tensions• No actual war (that’s a HOT WAR)No actual war (that’s a HOT WAR)• Competition between US & USSR Competition between US & USSR • Divides the world into two campsDivides the world into two camps

The American ResponseThe American Response ““[The Soviet Union] cannot be easily defeated or [The Soviet Union] cannot be easily defeated or

discouraged by a single victory on the part of its discouraged by a single victory on the part of its opponents… but only by intelligent, long-range opponents… but only by intelligent, long-range policies… no less steady in their purpose… than policies… no less steady in their purpose… than those of the Soviet Union itself. In these those of the Soviet Union itself. In these circumstances, it is clear that the main element circumstances, it is clear that the main element of any of any United States policyUnited States policy toward the Soviet toward the Soviet Union must be that of a Union must be that of a long-term, patient but long-term, patient but firm and vigilant firm and vigilant containmentcontainment of Russian of Russian expansive tendencies.”expansive tendencies.”

American Diplomat George Kennan, article in Foreign American Diplomat George Kennan, article in Foreign Affairs magazine, Affairs magazine, July 1947July 1947

America’s Response to StalinAmerica’s Response to Stalin

George KennanGeorge Kennan Believed that the US and USSR Believed that the US and USSR

cannot co-existcannot co-exist US must US must STOP THE SPREAD OF STOP THE SPREAD OF

COMMUNISM COMMUNISM This isThis is CONTAINMENT CONTAINMENT – The main – The main

tenet of US Foreign policy for 45 tenet of US Foreign policy for 45 yearsyears

The Truman DoctrineThe Truman Doctrine ““Nearly every nation must choose between Nearly every nation must choose between

alternative ways of life. The choice is too often alternative ways of life. The choice is too often not a free one. not a free one. One way of life is based upon the One way of life is based upon the will of the majoritywill of the majority… … The second way of life is The second way of life is based upon the will of the minority forcibly based upon the will of the minority forcibly imposed upon the majorityimposed upon the majority… I believe that it… I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation [conquest] by armed minorities or by subjugation [conquest] by armed minorities or by outside pressures. I believe that we must assist outside pressures. I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own waytheir own way.”.”

Truman Doctrine speech by President Harry S. Truman to Truman Doctrine speech by President Harry S. Truman to Congress, March 12, 1947Congress, March 12, 1947

The Truman DoctrineThe Truman Doctrine

Truman’s response to Stalin is to Truman’s response to Stalin is to begin a policy of begin a policy of aiding those fighting aiding those fighting communismcommunism

Focus on Greece & TurkeyFocus on Greece & Turkey Strategic importance to USSRStrategic importance to USSR

- access to Mediterranean- access to Mediterranean

- Middle eastern oil- Middle eastern oil GB can’t help anymoreGB can’t help anymore

The Truman DoctrineThe Truman Doctrine

US takes up the leadership role-US takes up the leadership role-Becomes the Becomes the leader of the “free leader of the “free world”world”

““Must assist free peoples to work out Must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.”their own destinies in their own way.”

$400 million in military aid to Greece $400 million in military aid to Greece and Turkeyand Turkey

The Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan ““It is logical that the United It is logical that the United

States should do whatever it is States should do whatever it is able to able to assist in the return of assist in the return of normal economic healthnormal economic health in the in the world, without which there can world, without which there can be no political stability and no be no political stability and no assured peace… Its purpose [the assured peace… Its purpose [the Marshall Plan’s] should be the Marshall Plan’s] should be the revival of a working economy in revival of a working economy in the world so as to the world so as to permit the permit the emergence of political and social emergence of political and social conditions in which free conditions in which free institutions can exist.institutions can exist.

Marshall Plan speech at Harvard University Marshall Plan speech at Harvard University by Sec. of State George C. Marshall, June 5, by Sec. of State George C. Marshall, June 5, 19194747

The Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan

Goals:Goals: Provide economic aid Provide economic aid

to war-torn European to war-torn European countries to rebuildcountries to rebuild

Turn countries to Turn countries to democracy & democracy & capitalismcapitalism

Effect: Effect: Between 1948-1952 Between 1948-1952

US gave $13 Billion in US gave $13 Billion in aid aid

Soviet Union invited to Soviet Union invited to participate, but participate, but declined – Why?declined – Why?

Germany becomes an IssueGermany becomes an Issue

Allies merge 3 Allies merge 3 zones to create zones to create West GermanyWest Germany in in 19481948

West BerlinWest Berlin formed, part of formed, part of West Germany but West Germany but located inside East located inside East GermanyGermany

THE BERLIN AIRLIFTTHE BERLIN AIRLIFT

Stalin concerned over escapes to Stalin concerned over escapes to West BerlinWest Berlin

Stalin determined to take all of BerlinStalin determined to take all of Berlin Blocked Allies access to West Berlin Blocked Allies access to West Berlin

by closing road and railroadby closing road and railroad 15 months of airlifting in supplies to 15 months of airlifting in supplies to

2.5 million West Berliners2.5 million West Berliners Soviets gave up in 1949Soviets gave up in 1949

By 1949 the world is divided By 1949 the world is divided and is supported by one of and is supported by one of

two superpowers: two superpowers:

The United States and the The United States and the Soviet UnionSoviet Union

The Cold War has begun!The Cold War has begun!