THE OTTAWA MICRO-ENVIRONMENT DATABASE FOR MOTOR VEHICLE

RELATED AIR POLLUTANTS

Deniz Karman

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Carleton University

For presentation at

Environmental Health Center

Environmental & Occupational Toxicology (EOT) Seminar Series

Health Canada, Ottawa

3 October 2001

Outline

• Experimental work in Ottawa, 1994 and 2000• The microenvironment database

http://www.carleton.ca/~dkarman/OMDB.htm

• Selected results

Acknowledgements1994

Lisa Graham

Moin El Herraoui

Dale Braun

Lo Cheng

Kinny Wong

Arlene Whitmore

Greg Rideout

Fred Hendren

Health Canada

Air and Waste Issues Section

Environment Canada

MSED, Environmetal Technology Centre

2000

Lisa Graham

Danny Wang

Lianne Noseworthy

Oznur Oguz

Gultekin Akay

Sandra Bayne

Norm Meyer

Mod Keetile

Health Canada, TSRI

Environment Canada

ERMD Environmetal Technology Centre

TUBITAK & METU

Objectives• To establish a database of motor vehicle related toxic substance

concentrations and PM2.5 mass concentrations at nose-level along a busy downtown street in the two extremes of weather (Summer and Winter) in a typical Canadian city.

• To compare and correlate the short term (2 hour periods of peak traffic volume) ambient concentrations at nose-level with the regional air quality monitoring data of longer duration (24 hours) measured at other urban sites and in-vehicle concentrations on typical commuting trips.

• To determine the contribution of motor vehicle traffic to the measured toxic substance concentrations and fine particulate matter by comparisons with motor vehicle emission data.

Summary of experimental work

1994 Summer Roadside, 2 stations– 2 hour sampling periods (7:30-9:30, 11:30-13:30,15:30-17:30)– 6 L SUMMA canisters for VOCS (2 stations)– 2,4 DNPH cartridges for carbonyl compounds (2 stations)– TSP mass, SOF, and trace metals (3 stations)– PAH on TSP and PUF cartridges (stations)

2000 Winter and Summer

Roadside– 2, 6, 24 hour roadside sampling periods – 6 L SUMMA canisters for VOCs, Tenax cartridges for SVOCs– 2,4 DNPH cartridges for carbonyl compounds

– PM2.5 mass, EC/OC, and trace metals

Rooftop (limited)– VOC and SVOC

Passenger car and transit bus (a.m and p.m. commuting trips) – 1 L SUMMA canisters, DNPH cartridges

1994 Slater-1 and Slater-2 stations

1994 Slater-2 (background) station

• 1994

Nose-level sampling stations constructed at ETC for roadside measurement of VOC, TSP, and carbonyl compounds

Winter 2000, Slater Street Roadside station

• Winter 2000

Nose-level sampling station constructed at ETC for roadside measurement of VOC, SVOC, PM2.5, and carbonyl compounds

• Oznur Oguz taking roadside measurements in January 2000, Slater Street, Ottawa.

• Windchill:

- 51 C ( - 60 F)

• Evacuated 1 L Summa canister with flow controller and pressure gauge

• 1 L/min personal sampling pump and DNPH cartridge

• Used in car and bus

OMDBOTTAWA MICRO-ENVIRONMENT DATABASE

FOR MOTOR VEHICLE RELATED AIR POLLUTANTS

• Data in Excel files:– Gas phase (VOC, SVOC, carbonyl compounds)

– Particulate matter(TSP, PM2.5 mass concentrations, chemical analysis)

– Weather and traffic

Identified by:– Year, season, date, sampling station, sampling time

• Exploratory analysis (S-PLUS and Powerpoint files)• Descriptive access through html and graphic files

BKGD-CURB CORRELATION, Benzene, (All data)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Curb concentrations, ppb

BK

GD

co

nce

ntr

atio

ns,

p

pb

MORNING

NOON

AFTERNOON

BKGD-CURB CORRELATION, Ethylene, (All data)

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

CURB VALUES, ppb

BK

GD

VA

LU

ES

, p

pb

MORNING

NOON

AFTERNOON

Benzene-Traffic Correlation (CURB, All data)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Total vehicle counts for 2 hours

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n,

pp

b MORNING

NOON

AFTERNOON

Ethylene-Traffic Correlation (CURB, All data)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Total vehicle counts for 2 hours

Eth

ylen

e co

nce

ntr

atio

n,

pp

b

MORNING

NOON

AFTERNOON

Chemical Mass Balance Receptor Modelling

Source 1xi1 i=1,n

Source 2xi2 i=1,n

Source 3xi3 i=1,n

Receptoryi i=1,n

1

2

3

Source Profiles

Slater Street Study - Published Profiles

TT94HD Heavy duty vehicle fleet average emissions profile in hotstabilized mode from Tunnel study (Sagebiel et al. 1995)

FCNG Compressed Natural Gas profile (Fujita et al. 1994)

FLPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas profile as reported by (Fujita et al.1994)

TLROD Light duty vehicle dominated fleet average emissions profile inhot stabilized mode from roadside ambient samples (Conner etal. 1995)

TLWG Liquid fuel profile (Conner et al. 1995).

Underground Garage Study - Profiles mesaured at ERMD

FUEL Liquid fuel profile for a winter grade fuel of RVP=13.7 psi usedin a testing program for light duty vehicles

COLDSTHOTST

Tailpipe profiles from first two phases of UDDS test, composite of 4 vehicles tested at 10 C and - 5 C with the abovementioned fuel.

Modelled Species Profile

* Fitting species

ethylene *acetylene +ethane *propane *isobutane *isobutylenen-butane *2m-butane *n-pentane *2,3-dm-butane *2m-pentane *

3m-pentane *m-cyclopentane*benzene *cyclohexane *iso-octanen-heptane *toluene *n-octane *e-benzenem&p-xylenen-nonane1,2,4-tm-benzene

Slater-1 Source Contributions

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

TT94HD FLPG TLROD TLWG GA

Fra

ctio

n o

f to

tal

Morning Noon Afternoon Evening

Slater-2 Source Contributions

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

TT94HD FLPG TLROD TLWG GA

Fra

ctio

n o

f to

tal

Morning Noon Afternoon Evening

Temperatures during sampling periods

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

Days of sampling

Tem

per

atu

re,

C

8:00 A.M.

12:00 P.M.

4:00 P.M.

Winter 2000, PM2.5 concentrations

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

7:30 to 9:30 a.m. 11:30 a.m. to 1:30 p.m. 3:30 to 5:30 p.m. weekend 6 hr Weekday 24 hr

Con

cent

ratio

n (u

g/m3)

PM2.5 and TSP concentrations

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

7:30 to 9:30 a.m. 11:30 a.m. to 1:30 p.m. 3:30 to 5:30 p.m. weekend 6 hr NAPS 24 hr

Med

ian

Con

cent

ratio

n (u

g/m

3)Winter 2000

Summer 2000

Summer 1994 TSP

2000 PM2.5 Elemental/Organic carbon

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

7:30 -9:30Winter

7:30 -9:30Summer

11:30 - 1:30 Winter

11:30 - 1:30Summer

3:30 -5:30Winter

3:30 -5:30 Summer

w eekend 6 hrWinter

w eekend 6 hrSummer

NAPS 24 hrWinter

NAPS 24 hrSummer

Me

dia

n C

on

cen

tra

tio

n (

ug

/m3 )

EC

OC

7:30-9:30 concentrations

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

ethy

lene

etha

ne

acet

ylen

e

prop

ylen

e

prop

ane

isob

utan

e

isob

uten

e (*

)

n-bu

tane

c2-b

uten

e

2m-b

utan

e

n-pe

ntan

e

2m-p

enta

ne

3m-p

enta

ne

n-he

xane

m-c

yclo

pent

ane

benz

ene

2m-h

exan

e

3m-h

exan

e

224-

tm-p

enta

ne

n-he

ptan

e

tolu

ene

(*)

e-be

nzen

e

m&

p-xy

lene

(*)

o-xy

lene

124-

tm-b

enze

ne (

*)

ng

/L

Formaldehyde concentrations

0

5

10

15

20

25

Slate

r-1, 7

:30

Slate

r-1, 1

1:30

Slate

r-1, 3

:30

Slate

r-1, 2

2:00

Slate

r-2, 7

:30

Slate

r-2, 1

1:30

Slate

r-2, 3

:30

Slate

r-2, 2

2:00

Slate

r, W

inte

r 7:3

0

Slate

r, W

inte

r 11:

30

Slate

r, W

inte

r 3:3

0

Slate

r, W

inte

r 24

hr

In-C

ar, W

inte

r AM

In-C

ar, W

inte

r PM

In-b

us, w

inte

r AM

In-b

us, w

inte

r PM

ng

/L

Benzene concentrations

0

5

10

15

20

25

Sla

ter-

1, 7

:30

Sla

ter-

1, 1

1:30

Sla

ter-

1, 3

:30

Sla

ter-

1, 2

2:00

Sla

ter-

2, 7

:30

Sla

ter-

2, 1

1:30

Sla

ter-

2, 3

:30

Sla

ter-

2, 2

2:00

Sla

ter,

Win

ter

7:30

Sla

ter,

Win

ter

11:3

0

Sla

ter,

Win

ter

3:30

Sla

ter,

Win

ter

24 h

r

In-C

ar,

Win

ter

AM

In-C

ar,

Win

ter

PM

In-b

us,

win

ter

AM

In-b

us,

win

ter

PM

NA

PS

, w

inte

r 20

00

NA

PS

, su

mm

er 2

000

ng

/L

0 2 4 6 8ERMD Rooftop conc. (ng/L)

0

2

4

6

8

ER

MD

No

se-l

eve

l co

nc.

(n

g/L

)

Winter (6 Feb)

0 2 4 6 8ERMD Rooftop conc. (ng/L)

0

2

4

6

8

ER

MD

No

se-l

eve

l co

nc.

(n

g/L

)

Summer (29 Jul)

Comparison of ERMD 24-Hr Nose-level (1.5 m) VOC Measurements with ERMD 24-Hr Rooftop (10 m) VOC Mesurements

0 2 4 6ERMD winter median conc. (ng/L)

0

2

4

6

NA

PS

win

ter

med

ian c

on

c. (

ng/L

)

0 2 4 6ERMD summer median conc. (ng/L)

0

2

4

6

NA

PS

sum

mer

med

ian c

on

c. (

ng/L

)

Comparison of NAPS 24-Hr (4m) VOC Measurements with ERMD 24-Hr Nose-level (1.5 m) VOC Mesurements

In-vehicle sampling program for VOC and carbonyl compounds

• 15 Winter days (January-February 2000)• 15 Summer days (July-August 2000)• 2 sampling periods, 8-9 A.M. and 4-5 P.M. • Routes and vehicles:

– Bus: 30-45 min route along main “downtown” streets, different bus for different sessions

– Car: 30-45 commute along an arterial route that combines rural and urban settings. ~ 10 year old vehicles Nissan (Winter) and Aries (Summer)

Comparison of median concentrations in different microenvironments

Winter concentrations (ug/m3)Compound In-car In-bus Roadside Car/Road Bus/RoadBenzene 5.06 ± 2.69 3.38 ± 1.38 4.24 ± 3.17 1.2 0.8Toluene 18.05 ± 14.48 9.62 ± 5.15 14.41 ± 13.74 1.3 0.7Ethylbenzene 3.09 ± 3.24 2.58 ± 1.23 2.49 ± 2.62 1.2 1.0m,p-xylene 9.25 ± 9.97 6.93 ± 3.29 7.33 ± 7.41 1.3 0.9o-xylene 3.93 ± 4.15 3.04 ± 1.29 2.87 ± 2.88 1.4 1.11,3-butadiene BDL BDL 0.38 ± 0.64 NA NAFormaldehyde 7.00 ± 2.60 3.50 ± 3.36 3.89 ± 1.59 1.8 0.9Acetaldehyde 2.00 ± 2.04 2.50 ± 2.46 2.80 ± 1.17 0.7 0.9

Summer concentrations (ug/m3)Compound In-car In-bus Roadside Car/Road Bus/RoadBenzene 5.33 ± 1.50 3.46 ± 1.00 2.16 ± 0.86 2.5 1.6Toluene 15.66 ± 7.45 11.53 ± 3.58 7.75 ± 3.04 2.0 1.5Ethylbenzene 2.90 ± 1.30 3.57 ± 1.77 1.36 ± 0.78 2.1 2.6m,p-xylene 6.00 ± 2.32 7.06 ± 2.77 3.17 ± 1.84 1.9 2.2o-xylene 2.23 ± 0.81 2.85 ± 1.01 1.20 ± 0.73 1.9 2.41,3-butadiene 1.13 ± 0.81 1.08 ± 0.58 0.81 ± 0.48 1.4 1.3Formaldehyde 10.40 ± 2.39 10.50 ± 2.97 8.19 ± 11.55 1.3 1.3Acetaldehyde 6.01 ± 1.97 5.93 ± 2.05 2.39 ± 0.61 2.5 2.5

ethylene

0102030

05

1015

0.02.55.07.5

10.012.515.0

05

101520

0100200300400500

0 10203040

0 10 20 30

ethane

acetylene

4 6 8101214

0 5 10 15

propylene

propane

3.56.08.511.013.5

0.02.55.07.510.012.515.0

isobutane

isobutene

0 2 4 6 8

0 5 101520

n.butane

x2m.butane

0 51015202530

010203040

0100200300400500

468101214

3.56.08.511.013.5

02468

051015202530

TNMHC

Scatter Plot Matrix Of Abundant Species (SLATER STREET-WINTER)

Conclusion THE OTTAWA MICRO-ENVIRONMENT DATABASE FOR MOTOR

VEHICLE RELATED AIR POLLUTANTS

• Available: A database of motor vehicle related toxic substance concentrations and PM2.5 mass concentrations at nose-level along a busy downtown street and in commuter vehicles in the two extremes of weather (Summer and Winter) in a typical Canadian city.

• http://www.carleton.ca/~dkarman/OMDB.htm• Comments, criticism, collaboration welcome at:

• Deniz_Karman@Carleton.ca