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The Ottoman Empire, The Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China
The Ottomans
weak rulers led to power struggles between rivals, religious experts and Janissary corps commanders
local leaders cheating on tax payments
Growth of imported goods weakening local businesses and manufacturing-urban riots
Merchants mainly Christians and Jews and traded more and more with the West
Military weakened-pushed out of the Balkans by The Austrian Hapsburgs
1700’s-main threat becomes Russia-westernized by Peter the Great
Lost Causasus region and Crimea
revolt in Serbia
Greeks independent by 1830
Why survived?
European rivals divided against each other
British worried about expansion of the Russians
Needed reform from within…caused tensions
some wanted change to Western style…others wanted to return to the past…still others wanted to keep things the same
Jannisaries overthrew Selim II because of reforms
Selim III wiped them out
Mahmud II –a reformer
Ambassadors with the Westwesternized army
1838-British given rights to no import taxes and did not have to follow Ottoman laws in their trade areas
Changes not fast enough and Sultan looked upon as holding the country back
Response-Abdul Hamid did away with constitution, reforms, liberties..used imprisonment, torture..but kept western military
Response-1908- The Young Turks
Sultan becomes a figurehead and leader of the faith
Infighting among military leaders
New wars in the Balkans, in Africa against Italy
Eventually sided with Germany and Austria Hungary in WWI…lost and the empire was no more
New leader-Mustafa Kemel (Ataturk) rebuilds the nation of Turkey
The Islamic Heartlands
fell behind the West and were becoming surroundedDid not realize how far behind they were until Napoleon invaded Egypt and defeated the Mamluks at the Battle of the Pyramids
1801-Muhammad Ali takes control of Egypt and breaks from the Ottoman Empire (why important to Ottomans?)
Rebuilt the army in Western style
little effect on society
Died in 1848..Egypt Open to Western Control
New Leaders ..The kheldives
British Influence-cottonEgypt Became a One-crop Economy Setting to British
Poor…borrowed Heavily From Western Banks (Sound Familiar?)
1869-Suez Canal built
…very important to the Europeans…particularly the British and the French
Some leaders felt they should get from the Europeans and they had given in the past (al-Afghani and Muhammad Abdul)
Others felt that the Quran had to be followed literally and change was bad
Mahdist Revolt
nomads of Sudanic plains had been fighting Egyptians and were angry at the Egyptian attempt to end the slave tradeBritish now involved
rebellion led by Muhammad Achmadfell to British military technology
Qing China
Manchu had kept Chinese waysvery conservative
had opened China to trade and allowed international travel so new ideas getting into Chinamerchants (compradors) getting wealthy
new crops, ideas, money, silver
Problems
exam system corrupted ..gov’t less well runmilitary down because tax $ being funneled to rich families
Public works down-flooding
General belief-Manchu would simply be replaced by another dynasty as had always happened
but…changes were taking place that had never been there before
Thought of the Europeans as like the Mongols…but the Europeans were their equals and in many ways superior.
British angry over inability to get Chinese to trade for western goods so stated importing opium
Chinese tried to stop the trade so the British invaded China…Opium War
forced open trade…Hong Kong established
Taiping Rebellion-wanted social reforms, western education, land redistribution…failed
Boxer Rebellion (Harmonious Fist)…drive Westerners from China…Western armies invaded China and put down the revolt
Secret societies began
Get rid of the Manchu
last emperor out in 1912
Sun Yat-sen…need the West