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The Past the Present and the Future of Golden Jackal in Hungary László Szabó, Miklós Heltai, József Lanszki
Szent István University Institute for Wildlife Conservation
University of Kaposvár
Department of Nature Conservation
Introduction • The golden jackal became extinct in Hungary and the
most part of the Balkans and Central Europe by the middle of the 20th century.
• Settled down again in the southern region of Hungary in the nineties.
• The southern and eastern parts of the Balkan Peninsula seem to hold the largest populations of jackals.
• Greece, one of the region’s strongholds for the species, experienced a large-scale population decline in the last 3 decades.
The current distribution of the Golden Jackal and the possible directions of further spreading
Janosch Arnold, Anna Humer, Miklós Heltai, Dumitru Murariu, Nikolai Spassov, Klaus Hackländer 2010. Current status and distribution of golden jackals (Canis aureus L., 1758) in Europe. Mammal Review Accepted on 26 Jul 2010.
Questions
– What were the earlier occurrences of the golden jackal in Hungary like?
– What factors help its intensive spreading?
– Unlimited spreading? What is the limiting factor?
– Is there any impact on wildlife ?
– What can be expected in the future?
Materials and Methods • Studied the available and dominant food resources
• small mammal trapping (2001 - 2004)
• Diet composition (fox - jackal)
• scat – collecting and analysis (1997 - 2009)
• Studied the directions of spreading
• mail quastionnaire survey (1997 - 2006)
• hunting bag data (1997 - )
• acoustic survey (2004 - 2009)
• collected proof specimen (2000 - 2009)
• Post mortem examination (2000 - 2009)
• body measurements (fox - jackal)
• reproduction (placental scar)
- golden jackal - probably jackal - questionable
The occurrences of the Golden Jackal between 1800 and 1920
Béllye (1891)
Debrő (1882)
Tamás TÓTH, László KRECSÁK, Eleonóra SZŰCS, Miklós HELTAI and György HUSZÁR 2009. Records of the golden jackal (Canis aureus Linnaeus, 1758) in Hungary from 1800th until 2007, based on a literature survey. North-Western Journal of Zoology 5(2): 357-363. IF: 0.817
Tyukod (1937)
Derecse (1942)
The occurrences of the Golden Jackal between 1920 and 1945
Tamás TÓTH, László KRECSÁK, Eleonóra SZŰCS, Miklós HELTAI and György HUSZÁR 2009. Records of the golden jackal (Canis aureus Linnaeus, 1758) in Hungary from 1800th until 2007, based on a literature survey. North-Western Journal of Zoology 5(2): 357-363. IF: 0.817
- golden jackal - probably jackal - questionable
The occurrences of the Golden Jackal between 1945 and 1995
- golden jackal - probably jackal - questionable
Tamás TÓTH, László KRECSÁK, Eleonóra SZŰCS, Miklós HELTAI and György HUSZÁR 2009. Records of the golden jackal (Canis aureus Linnaeus, 1758) in Hungary from 1800th until 2007, based on a literature survey. North-Western Journal of Zoology 5(2): 357-363. IF: 0.817
Mail questionnaire
1997 2006
L. Szabó, M. Heltai, E. Szűcs, J. Lanszki and R. Lehoczki 2009. Expansion range of golden jackal in Hungary between 1997 and 2006. Mammalia 73. p. 307-311. IF.: 0.365.
Hunting bag data (source: Game Management Database, Gödöllő)
COUNTRY
R2 = 0,95
TRANSDANUBIA
R2 = 0,93
EAST FROM RIVER DANUBE
R2 = 0,91
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
hu
nti
ng
bag
(n
)
Country TransdanubiaEast from river Danube Expon. (Country)
- The most answers: uncultivated lands, woodlands, bushy areas cultivated lands
- Stable population against fluctuation
- Highest estimated density: 13,6 sp / 1000 ha in Hungary (Hajós-Szentgyörgy 2005 autumn)
Density
L., Szabó, L., M. Heltai, and J. Lanszki 2008. Factors that influence the Golden jackal’s (Canis aureus L. 1758) spreading in Hungary. 92nd Annual Meeting of the German Society of Mammalogy. Mammalian Biology. Special Issue Vol. 73: 41 p. IF: 1.119
Changing of the group density in the study period
R2 = 0,3626
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
win
ter
au
tum
n
win
ter
au
tum
n
win
ter
au
tum
n
win
ter
su
mm
er
au
tum
n
win
ter
su
mm
er
au
tum
n
win
ter
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Gro
up
de
ns
ity
(g
rou
p/1
00
0h
a).
..........
Habitats
L., Szabó, M. Heltai, and J. Lanszki 2008. Factors that influence the Golden jackal’s (Canis aureus L. 1758) spreading in Hungary. 92nd Annual Meeting of the German Society of Mammalogy. Mammalian Biology. Special Issue Vol. 73: 41 p. IF: 1.119
Rivers' vallies as green corridors for jackals
Szabó, L., Heltai, M. és Lanszki, J. 2006. A Tisza, mint zöld folyosó szerepe az aranysakál magyarországi terjedésében. Vadbiológia, 12: 47-54.
Proof specimen in Hungary (2000-2009)
Source population Green corridor
New breeding pair
L., Szabó, M. Heltai, and J. Lanszki 2008. Factors that influence the Golden jackal’s (Canis aureus L. 1758) spreading in Hungary. 92nd Annual Meeting of the German Society of Mammalogy. Mammalian Biology. Special Issue Vol. 73: 41 p. IF: 1.119
Body size
Jackal Fox
Male Female Male Female
Body
weight (kg)
11,7±1,5
(n=19)
10,2±1,4
(n=14)
6,3±0,9
(n=247)
5,4±0,7
(n=268)
Body
length (cm)
84,8±8,0
(n=17)
79,0±3,8
(n=12)
71,6±5,6
(n=248)
68,0±4,6
(n=290)
Tail
length (cm)
23,9±3,3
(n=16)
24,0±3,3
(n=12)
41,7±4,5
(n=235)
40,5±4,0
(n=287)
Leg
length (cm)
43,3±2,7
(n=16)
41,8±3,1
(n=10)
41,9±2,4
(n=248)
39,9±2,1
(n=296)
L. Szabó, M. Heltai, J. Lanszki, E. Szűcs., 2007. An indigenous predator, the Golden jackal (Canis aureus L.1758) spreading like an invasive species in Hungary. Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Vol. 63-64: 230-235.
Basic data of reproduction
• Placental scar examination:
• Fox Jackal
• x: 4,9 x: 5,75
• Reproductive females
• 67 % 29 %
• n = 438 n = 14
• More inactive jackal females (than inactive fox females) alpha female
Szabó, L., Heltai, M.. and Lanszki, J. 2008. Factors that influence the Golden jackal’s (Canis aureus L. 1758) spreading in Hungary. 92nd Annual Meeting of the German Society of Mammalogy. Mammalian Biology. Special Issue Vol. 73: 41 p. IF: 1.119
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Wi Sp Su Au Wi Sp Su Au Wi Sp Su Au Wi Sp Su Au
75 46 67 100123 44 49 37 40 36 28 27 58 21 27 36
2001 2002 2003 2004
Plants
Other prey
Domestic animals
Birds
Wild ungulates
Small mammalsBiom
ass
cons
umed
n
a) JACKAL a) JACKAL a) JACKAL
Jackal
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Wi Sp Su Au Wi Sp Su Au Wi Sp Su Au Wi Sp Su Au
64 27 73 104 131 53 64 59 46 33 47 49 50 27 29 35
2001 2002 2003 2004
Biom
ass
cons
umed
n
Fox
J. Lanszki, M. Heltai, and L. Szabó 2006. Feeding habits and trophic niche overlap between sympatric golden jackal (Canis aureus) and red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in the Pannonian ecoregion (Hungary). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 84(11): 1647-1656. IF.: 1,393.
254 sp/ha
2 sp/ha
Feeding habits
Feeding habits
Food Jackal Fox Δ P
77,2 68,1 9,1 **
1,4 2,7 -1,3 ns
9,0 4,9 4,1 **
2,0 1,3 0,7 ns
0,5 1,8 -1,3 ns
0,5 0,9 -0,4 ns
0,1 0,2 -0,1 ***
5,1 2,7 2,4 ns
0,1 0,5 -0,4 ***
5,6 18,2 -12,6 ***
Feeding Habits
Generalist, adapting to local abundance of food resources
a) JACKAL a) JACKAL a) JACKAL
H,K,H
1%
Ragadozó
3%Nyúl
4%
Kisemlős
6%
Nagyvad
6%
Növény
6%
Gerinct.
1%
Háziállat
37%
Madár
36%
J. Lanszki, G. Giannatos, M. Heltai, A. Legakis. 2009. Diet composition of golden jackals during cub-rearing season in Mediterranean marshland, in Greece. Mammalian Biology 74(1): 72-75. IF.: 1.387.
R, A, F
Birds
ungulates
Small mammals
hare predator
invertebrates
Domestic animal
Plant materials
Questions and Answers
– What were the eariler occurrences of the golden jackal in Hungary? • Sporadic occurrences
– Is there any impact on wildlife ? • Eating small mammals, but…
– What factors help its intensive spreading? • No competitors; stronger than the red fox, better reproduction
strategy; habitat and food generalist
– Unlimited spreading? What is the limiting factor? • Habitat without hiding place – intensive agricultural areas
– What can be expected in the future? • Common predator species with countrywide occurrence