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THE PEP Sub-regional workshopSeptember 2013
Health effects of particulate matter:
Policy implications for EECCA countries
Marie-Eve HérouxTechnical Officer, Air Quality & Noise
European Centre for Environment and HealthWHO Regional Office for Europe
THE PEP Sub-regional workshopSeptember 2013
Presentation Outline
• Importance of air quality as a risk factor
for health
• Burden of disease of air pollution
• WHO recommendations on air quality
• Risk management – what can be done?
• Implications for policy makers
THE PEP Sub-regional workshopSeptember 2013
Premature mortality
Hospital admissions
Emergency room visits
Visits to doctor
Restricted activity/reduced performance
Medication use
Symptoms
Impaired pulmonary function
Sub clinical (subtle) effects
Severityof health effect
Proportion of population affected
Air pollution health effets pyramid
Source: American Thoracic Society, 2000
THE PEP Sub-regional workshopSeptember 2013
Burden of disease from 20 leading causes in 2010 (% global DALYs)
Lim et al. LANCET (2012)
Ambient air pollution (PM2.5):Globally: - 3.1 million deaths- ~ 3.0% of all DALYsIn Western, Central and Eastern Europe: - 430,000 premature deaths; - over 7 million years of healthy life lost
THE PEP Sub-regional workshopSeptember 2013
Years of life lost due to PM
Lim
S e
t al
. La
ncet
201
2
Europe
50 10 million
THE PEP Sub-regional workshopSeptember 2013
PM2.5 annual exposure estimates for 2005 – GBD 2010 Project
Brauer et al. EST (2012)
The PM2.5 estimates are generated from the grid cell average of SAT and TM5 and calibrated with a prediction model incorporating surface measurements
THE PEP Sub-regional workshopSeptember 2013
Levels of and trends in PM in the WHO European Region (2010 data)
= WHO guideline
THE PEP Sub-regional workshopSeptember 2013
Gain in life expectancy (months) in 25 Aphekom cities for a decrease in PM2.5 to WHO AQG (10 μg/m3) (age 30+)
Source: APHEKOM
THE PEP Sub-regional workshopSeptember 2013
NCDs attributable to exposure to traffic-related air pollution
Source: APHEKOM
THE PEP Sub-regional workshopSeptember 2013
WHO Air Quality Guidelines
• Air quality guidelines – Global update (2005)
• Indoor air quality – dampness and mould (2009)
• Indoor air quality – selected pollutants (2010)
• Indoor air quality – household fuel combustion (planned: fall 2013)
THE PEP Sub-regional workshopSeptember 2013
WHO AQG Summary (2005)
Pollutant Averaging time AQG value
Particulate matter PM2.5
PM10
1 year24 hour (99th percentile)
1 year24 hour (99th percentile)
10 µg/m3 25 µg/m3
20 µg/m3
50 µg/m3
Ozone, O3 8 hour, daily maximum 100 µg/m3
Nitrogen dioxide, NO2 1 year1 hour
40 µg/m3 200 µg/m3
Sulfur dioxide, SO2 24 hour10 minute
20 µg/m3 500 µg/m3
Levels recommended to be achieved everywhere in order to significantly reduce the adverse health effects of pollution
THE PEP Sub-regional workshopSeptember 2013
IARC Monographs
Next upcoming IARC monograph
Ambient air pollution
(WG meeting 8-15 October 2013)
THE PEP Sub-regional workshopSeptember 2013
Risk management and air quality abatement • Concerted action needed from public authorities, industries, and individuals at
international/regional/sub regional/national/local levels
– Regulatory measures: stricter AQ standards, emission limits, ...
– Structural changes: change in transport modes, land use planning, clean energy production, ...
– Behavioural changes: choice of cleaner transportation modes or household energy sources, ...
• Co-benefits of integrating climate change and air pollution management strategies
– Clean energy = low PM and other air pollutants, AND low greenhouse gas emissions
THE PEP Sub-regional workshopSeptember 2013
Main directions for formulating policies and actions• Evidence on health effects of air pollution increases • Recent WHO evidence review “REVIHAAP” confirming conclusions of
WHO AQG Global Update 2005• Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality particularly increased by PM
exposure• PM pollution is widespread and reduces life expectancy• Important burden of disease from urban air pollution• Implementation of actions to cut air pollution can result in measurable,
significant health benefits and contribute to– Mitigation of GHG emission– Primary prevention of non-communicable diseases
THE PEP Sub-regional workshopSeptember 2013
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
