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January 22, 2004January 22, 2004 ISE 599 ISE 599 –– Music Cognition and Perception Music Cognition and Perception
The Perception of MusicThe Perception of MusicBy H. C. By H. C. LonguetLonguet-Higgins, FRS-Higgins, FRS
““The problem considered in this lecture isThe problem considered in this lecture isthat of describing the conceptual structuresthat of describing the conceptual structuresby which we represent Western classicalby which we represent Western classicalmusic, and the processes by which thesemusic, and the processes by which thesestructures are created.structures are created.””
Presentation by Joanne EmmanuelPresentation by Joanne Emmanuel
January 22, 2004January 22, 2004 ISE 599 ISE 599 –– Music Cognition and Perception Music Cognition and Perception
IntroductionIntroduction
““Given that a listener can distinguish timeGiven that a listener can distinguish timeintervals differing by a few hundredths of aintervals differing by a few hundredths of asecond, and can tell the differencesecond, and can tell the differencebetween two notes separated by abetween two notes separated by akeyboard semitone, how does he use thiskeyboard semitone, how does he use thisinformation in discerning the rhythmic andinformation in discerning the rhythmic andtonal structure of a piece of music?tonal structure of a piece of music?””
January 22, 2004January 22, 2004 ISE 599 ISE 599 –– Music Cognition and Perception Music Cognition and Perception
DefinitionsDefinitions
PerformancePerformance
Piece of MusicPiece of Music
Rhythmic RelationshipsRhythmic Relationships
Competent PerformerCompetent Performer
ListenerListener
Conceptual StructureConceptual Structure
January 22, 2004January 22, 2004 ISE 599 ISE 599 –– Music Cognition and Perception Music Cognition and Perception
ProblemProblem
How to matchHow to matchnn ComposerComposer’’s Intentionss Intentions
nn PerformerPerformer’’s Performances Performance
nn ListenerListener’’s Conceptual Understandings Conceptual Understanding
Look atLook atnn RhythmRhythm
nn TonalityTonality
2
January 22, 2004January 22, 2004 ISE 599 ISE 599 –– Music Cognition and Perception Music Cognition and Perception
RhythmRhythm
January 22, 2004January 22, 2004 ISE 599 ISE 599 –– Music Cognition and Perception Music Cognition and Perception
Worm vs. TreeWorm vs. Tree
WormWorm’’s Eye Views Eye Viewnn Look at sequence of notes from one note toLook at sequence of notes from one note to
the next.the next. Rhythm depends on the overall beat structure. Rhythm depends on the overall beat structure.
Binary TreeBinary Treenn Look at the whole piece.Look at the whole piece.
Identify rhythm based on relations to the beat. Identify rhythm based on relations to the beat.
January 22, 2004January 22, 2004 ISE 599 ISE 599 –– Music Cognition and Perception Music Cognition and Perception
Rules to RhythmRules to Rhythm
Keep track of the beat.Keep track of the beat.A metrical unit at a given level of the treeA metrical unit at a given level of the treemay be a note or a rest.may be a note or a rest.nn Metrical unit may be divided into n unitsMetrical unit may be divided into n units(n = 2, 3)(n = 2, 3)
Apply a Apply a tolerancetolerance to account for to account for……nn Change in tempoChange in temponn Tied notes and syncopationTied notes and syncopationnn Ornamentation (trills)Ornamentation (trills)
January 22, 2004January 22, 2004 ISE 599 ISE 599 –– Music Cognition and Perception Music Cognition and Perception
TonalityTonality
3
January 22, 2004January 22, 2004 ISE 599 ISE 599 –– Music Cognition and Perception Music Cognition and Perception
Why Octaves?Why Octaves?
The octave can be tuned to theThe octave can be tuned to thesatisfaction of any other musiciansatisfaction of any other musiciannn Also possible with 5Also possible with 5thth and 3 and 3rdrd
Western music is created using theseWestern music is created using thesethree intervalsthree intervalsnn Octave minus fifth = FourthOctave minus fifth = Fourth
nn Fourth plus third = SixthFourth plus third = Sixth
January 22, 2004January 22, 2004 ISE 599 ISE 599 –– Music Cognition and Perception Music Cognition and Perception
Tonal SpaceTonal Space
Tonal coordinatesTonal coordinatesdetermine keyboarddetermine keyboardpositionposition
Intervals in tonalIntervals in tonalmusic appear asmusic appear asvectors in tonal spacevectors in tonal space
Tonal space allows usTonal space allows usto visualize the notionto visualize the notionof a key usingof a key usingharmonic space.harmonic space.
Z octaves
Y major 3rd
X 5th
January 22, 2004January 22, 2004 ISE 599 ISE 599 –– Music Cognition and Perception Music Cognition and Perception
Harmonic SpaceHarmonic Space
Key defined as the neighborhood in harmonicKey defined as the neighborhood in harmonicspace.space.
4433221100-1-1-2-2-3-3X=X=
AbAbDbDbGbGbCbCbFbFbBbbBbbEbbEbbAbbAbb-2-2
CCFFBbBbEbEbAbAbDbDbGbGbCbCb-1-1
EEAADDGGCCFFBbBbEbEb00
G#G#C#C#F#F#BBEEAADDGG11
B#B#E#E#A#A#D#D#G#G#C#C#F#F#BB22
D##D##G##G##C##C##F##F##B#B#E#E#A#A#D#D#Y = 3Y = 3
January 22, 2004January 22, 2004 ISE 599 ISE 599 –– Music Cognition and Perception Music Cognition and Perception
ExampleExample
4433221100-1-1-2-2-3-3X=X=
AbAbDbDbGbGbCbCbFbFbBbbBbbEbbEbbAbbAbb-2-2
CCFFBbBbEbEbAbAbDbDbGbGbCbCb-1-1
EEAADDGGCCFFBbBbEbEb00
G#G#C#C#F#F#BBEEAADDGG11
B#B#E#E#A#A#D#D#G#G#C#C#F#F#BB22
D##D##G##G##C##C##F##F##B#B#E#E#A#A#D#D#Y = 3Y = 3
Key is first note because second note is on theKey is first note because second note is on theright sideright side
D# does not belong to the original keyD# does not belong to the original key
4
January 22, 2004January 22, 2004 ISE 599 ISE 599 –– Music Cognition and Perception Music Cognition and Perception
Example (cont.)Example (cont.)
4433221100-1-1-2-2-3-3X=X=
AbAbDbDbGbGbCbCbFbFbBbbBbbEbbEbbAbbAbb-2-2
CCFFBbBbEbEbAbAbDbDbGbGbCbCb-1-1
EEAADDGGCCFFBbBbEbEb00
G#G#C#C#F#F#BBEEAADDGG11
B#B#E#E#A#A#D#D#G#G#C#C#F#F#BB22
D##D##G##G##C##C##F##F##B#B#E#E#A#A#D#D#Y = 3Y = 3
Key is first note because second note is to theKey is first note because second note is to theright of the first noteright of the first note
All notes played are within the neighborhoodAll notes played are within the neighborhood
January 22, 2004January 22, 2004 ISE 599 ISE 599 –– Music Cognition and Perception Music Cognition and Perception
““RemotenessRemoteness””
Figure 13Figure 13
Sharpness is the distance from a key inSharpness is the distance from a key inintervals of fifthsintervals of fifthsnn ……EbEb-Bb-F-C-G-D-A-E-B-F#-C#...-Bb-F-C-G-D-A-E-B-F#-C#...
Remoteness is the distance in sharpnessRemoteness is the distance in sharpnessfrom a keyfrom a keynn C-G has remoteness of 1C-G has remoteness of 1
January 22, 2004January 22, 2004 ISE 599 ISE 599 –– Music Cognition and Perception Music Cognition and Perception
Diatonic/ ChromaticDiatonic/ Chromatic
DiatonicDiatonicnn Remoteness less than 6Remoteness less than 6
ChromaticChromaticnn Remoteness greater than 6Remoteness greater than 6
Remoteness of 6 ?Remoteness of 6 ?
January 22, 2004January 22, 2004 ISE 599 ISE 599 –– Music Cognition and Perception Music Cognition and Perception
RulesRules
For notes L, M, N For notes L, M, Nnn If LM and MN are both chromaticIf LM and MN are both chromatic
Change name of M to MChange name of M to M’’ to make LM to make LM’’ and M and M’’NNdiatonicdiatonic
nn Same applies to when preceded by note KSame applies to when preceded by note K
nn Rule 3 ? (p. 319)Rule 3 ? (p. 319)
5
January 22, 2004January 22, 2004 ISE 599 ISE 599 –– Music Cognition and Perception Music Cognition and Perception
Tonality - SummaryTonality - Summary
Listener interprets each note as lyingListener interprets each note as lyingwithin the extended key as suggested bywithin the extended key as suggested bythe first two notes.the first two notes.
If this results in a key where the notes areIf this results in a key where the notes arejumping from the key, select a new keyjumping from the key, select a new keythat reduces remoteness.that reduces remoteness.
January 22, 2004January 22, 2004 ISE 599 ISE 599 –– Music Cognition and Perception Music Cognition and Perception
The ProgramThe Program
January 22, 2004January 22, 2004 ISE 599 ISE 599 –– Music Cognition and Perception Music Cognition and Perception
ConstraintsConstraints
Can only be applied to unaccompaniedCan only be applied to unaccompaniedmelodiesmelodies
Cannot be applied to polyphonic musicCannot be applied to polyphonic music
Chromatic intervals can only be applied toChromatic intervals can only be applied tonotes within the same phrasenotes within the same phrase
January 22, 2004January 22, 2004 ISE 599 ISE 599 –– Music Cognition and Perception Music Cognition and Perception
2 Parts to Program2 Parts to Program
Tonal AnalysisTonal Analysisnn Ignoring octaves, each note is assigned aIgnoring octaves, each note is assigned a
place in the current key. Key changed asplace in the current key. Key changed asneeded.needed.
Rhythmic AnalysisRhythmic Analysisnn Construction of rhythmic hierarchy isConstruction of rhythmic hierarchy is
performed. Change in tempo is considered.performed. Change in tempo is considered.
Analysis is displayed in matrix formatAnalysis is displayed in matrix format
6
January 22, 2004January 22, 2004 ISE 599 ISE 599 –– Music Cognition and Perception Music Cognition and Perception
ResultsResults
Example 1Example 1nn Program able to perceive the performanceProgram able to perceive the performance
Example 2Example 2nn Although rhythm is correct, problems withAlthough rhythm is correct, problems with
phrasing affect note spellingphrasing affect note spelling
January 22, 2004January 22, 2004 ISE 599 ISE 599 –– Music Cognition and Perception Music Cognition and Perception
ClosingClosing
Program treats Rhythm and TonalProgram treats Rhythm and TonalAnalysis as independent processesAnalysis as independent processes
Unable to perceive atonal or Unable to perceive atonal or arhythmicarhythmicmusicmusic
This theory is a very basic start toThis theory is a very basic start tounderstanding the processes of musicunderstanding the processes of musicappreciation.appreciation.
January 22, 2004January 22, 2004 ISE 599 ISE 599 –– Music Cognition and Perception Music Cognition and Perception
Questions?Questions?