The Petroleum Industry_full

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    Outline

    Introduction

    Oil refining

    Alkanes

    alkenes

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    Introduction

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    Oil refining

    Crude oil:

    is a mixture of hydrocarbons.

    Not only a major source of fuel but also a raw

    material of enormous importance. Oil refining:

    is a method which convert crude oil to

    petroleum products. Carried out by technique called fraction

    distillation.

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    Fraction distillation

    heater

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    ALKANES

    The molecules within the alkane familycontain carbon covalently bonded to fourother atoms by single bonds.

    These molecules possess only single bondsthey are said to be saturated, as no furtheratom can be added.

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    ALKANES

    In the case of the alkanes the general fomulais:

    CnH(2n+2)Where n is the number of carbon atoms

    present

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    TRUCTURAL ISOMERISM

    Isomers are subtances which have the samemolecular formula but different structuralformula

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    Chemical property of alkanes

    Reacts with air to form heat energy (Burningreaction )

    CH4

    (g) + 2O2

    (g)CO2

    (g) + 2H2

    O(g) + Q

    Decomposition reaction

    + The catalytic heat

    CH4 C + 2H

    2

    + The catalytic light

    CH4 + 2Cl2 C + 4HCl

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    alkanes reacts with halogen

    Chain reaction substitution reaction

    Alkyl and chlorine atomfree radical

    The process continues until all

    the chlorine

    CH3Cl, CH2Cl, CHCl3, CCl4

    all the hydrogen in alkanes was

    replaced by chlorine

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    Application of alkanes

    methane

    Liquefied petroleum gas

    Pentane to octanePropane and butane Halogenoalkanes

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    The ozone hole problem

    CFC molecule chlorine atom

    The chlorine atom reacts with the ozone:Cl(g) + O3(g) OCl(g) + O2(g)

    Therefore, the ozone hole problem by CFC gas

    ultraviolet

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    Alkenes

    General formula

    Bonding in alkenes

    Names of the alkenes

    Source and prepare

    Chemical reaction

    Test for unsaturated compounds

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    General formula

    Alkenes take form Carbon and Hydrogenatoms

    Formula: CnH2n

    in there, n is the number of carbonatoms

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    Bonding in alkenes

    Alkenes have double covalent bond betweenthe carbon atoms

    It is unsaturated

    more reactive than the alkanes

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    Names of the alkenes

    All alkenes have names ending inene

    Name number carbon atoms + ene

    Ex:

    Alkenes Formula

    Ethene C2H4

    Propene C3H6

    Butene C4H8

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    Source and prepare

    Very few alkenes are found in nature

    Preparing alkenes in industry:

    The fractional distillation (catalytic cracking)

    Equation:Dodecane decane + alkene

    C12H26 (g) C10H22 (g) + C2H4 (g)

    Or:

    C12H26 (g) C8H16 (g) + C4H8 (g) + H2(g)

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    Source and prepare

    Preparing alkenes in lab:

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    Physical properties

    The physical state depends on molecular mass:

    Ethene, propene and butene are gases

    Alkene have 5-16 carbon atom are liquids

    Higher alkenes are waxy solids

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    Chemical reaction

    Addition reaction

    Ex:

    C2

    H4

    (g) + H2

    O (g) C2

    H5

    OH (g)

    Application is manufacture of ethanol

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    Chemical reaction

    Hydrogenation

    Ex:

    C2H4 (g) + H2 (g) C2H6 (g)

    Application is manufacture of margarines fromvegetable oils,

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    Chemical reaction

    Halogenation

    CH2=CH2 + Br2 BrCH2-CH2Br

    Hydrohalogenation

    CH3-CH=CH2+ HBr CH3-CHBr-CH2-H

    Polymerization

    Oxidation

    R1-CH=CH-R2 + O3 R1-CHO + R2-CHO +H2O

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    Test for unsaturated compounds

    Ethene + bromine dibromoethane

    CH2

    =CH2

    + Br-Br C2

    H4

    Br2

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    Conclusion

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