The Petroleum Industry_full

8/2/2019 The Petroleum Industry_full

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Outline

Introduction

Oil refining

Alkanes

alkenes


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Introduction


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Oil refining

Crude oil:

is a mixture of hydrocarbons.

Not only a major source of fuel but also a raw

material of enormous importance. Oil refining:

is a method which convert crude oil to

petroleum products. Carried out by technique called fraction

distillation.


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Fraction distillation

heater


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ALKANES

The molecules within the alkane familycontain carbon covalently bonded to fourother atoms by single bonds.

These molecules possess only single bondsthey are said to be saturated, as no furtheratom can be added.


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ALKANES

In the case of the alkanes the general fomulais:

CnH(2n+2)Where n is the number of carbon atoms

present


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TRUCTURAL ISOMERISM

Isomers are subtances which have the samemolecular formula but different structuralformula


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Chemical property of alkanes

Reacts with air to form heat energy (Burningreaction )

CH4

(g) + 2O2

(g)CO2

(g) + 2H2

O(g) + Q

Decomposition reaction

+ The catalytic heat

CH4 C + 2H

2

+ The catalytic light

CH4 + 2Cl2 C + 4HCl


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alkanes reacts with halogen

Chain reaction substitution reaction

Alkyl and chlorine atomfree radical

The process continues until all

the chlorine

CH3Cl, CH2Cl, CHCl3, CCl4

all the hydrogen in alkanes was

replaced by chlorine


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Application of alkanes

methane

Liquefied petroleum gas

Pentane to octanePropane and butane Halogenoalkanes


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The ozone hole problem

CFC molecule chlorine atom

The chlorine atom reacts with the ozone:Cl(g) + O3(g) OCl(g) + O2(g)

Therefore, the ozone hole problem by CFC gas

ultraviolet


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Alkenes

General formula

Bonding in alkenes

Names of the alkenes

Source and prepare

Chemical reaction

Test for unsaturated compounds


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General formula

Alkenes take form Carbon and Hydrogenatoms

Formula: CnH2n

in there, n is the number of carbonatoms


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Bonding in alkenes

Alkenes have double covalent bond betweenthe carbon atoms

It is unsaturated

more reactive than the alkanes


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Names of the alkenes

All alkenes have names ending inene

Name number carbon atoms + ene

Ex:

Alkenes Formula

Ethene C2H4

Propene C3H6

Butene C4H8


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Source and prepare

Very few alkenes are found in nature

Preparing alkenes in industry:

The fractional distillation (catalytic cracking)

Equation:Dodecane decane + alkene

C12H26 (g) C10H22 (g) + C2H4 (g)

Or:

C12H26 (g) C8H16 (g) + C4H8 (g) + H2(g)


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Source and prepare

Preparing alkenes in lab:


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Physical properties

The physical state depends on molecular mass:

Ethene, propene and butene are gases

Alkene have 5-16 carbon atom are liquids

Higher alkenes are waxy solids


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Chemical reaction

Addition reaction

Ex:

C2

H4

(g) + H2

O (g) C2

H5

OH (g)

Application is manufacture of ethanol


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Chemical reaction

Hydrogenation

Ex:

C2H4 (g) + H2 (g) C2H6 (g)

Application is manufacture of margarines fromvegetable oils,


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Chemical reaction

Halogenation

CH2=CH2 + Br2 BrCH2-CH2Br

Hydrohalogenation

CH3-CH=CH2+ HBr CH3-CHBr-CH2-H

Polymerization

Oxidation

R1-CH=CH-R2 + O3 R1-CHO + R2-CHO +H2O


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Test for unsaturated compounds

Ethene + bromine dibromoethane

CH2

=CH2

+ Br-Br C2

H4

Br2


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Conclusion


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The Petroleum Industry_full