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8/2/2019 The Petroleum Industry_full
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Outline
Introduction
Oil refining
Alkanes
alkenes
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Introduction
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Oil refining
Crude oil:
is a mixture of hydrocarbons.
Not only a major source of fuel but also a raw
material of enormous importance. Oil refining:
is a method which convert crude oil to
petroleum products. Carried out by technique called fraction
distillation.
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Fraction distillation
heater
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ALKANES
The molecules within the alkane familycontain carbon covalently bonded to fourother atoms by single bonds.
These molecules possess only single bondsthey are said to be saturated, as no furtheratom can be added.
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ALKANES
In the case of the alkanes the general fomulais:
CnH(2n+2)Where n is the number of carbon atoms
present
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TRUCTURAL ISOMERISM
Isomers are subtances which have the samemolecular formula but different structuralformula
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Chemical property of alkanes
Reacts with air to form heat energy (Burningreaction )
CH4
(g) + 2O2
(g)CO2
(g) + 2H2
O(g) + Q
Decomposition reaction
+ The catalytic heat
CH4 C + 2H
2
+ The catalytic light
CH4 + 2Cl2 C + 4HCl
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alkanes reacts with halogen
Chain reaction substitution reaction
Alkyl and chlorine atomfree radical
The process continues until all
the chlorine
CH3Cl, CH2Cl, CHCl3, CCl4
all the hydrogen in alkanes was
replaced by chlorine
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Application of alkanes
methane
Liquefied petroleum gas
Pentane to octanePropane and butane Halogenoalkanes
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The ozone hole problem
CFC molecule chlorine atom
The chlorine atom reacts with the ozone:Cl(g) + O3(g) OCl(g) + O2(g)
Therefore, the ozone hole problem by CFC gas
ultraviolet
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Alkenes
General formula
Bonding in alkenes
Names of the alkenes
Source and prepare
Chemical reaction
Test for unsaturated compounds
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General formula
Alkenes take form Carbon and Hydrogenatoms
Formula: CnH2n
in there, n is the number of carbonatoms
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Bonding in alkenes
Alkenes have double covalent bond betweenthe carbon atoms
It is unsaturated
more reactive than the alkanes
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Names of the alkenes
All alkenes have names ending inene
Name number carbon atoms + ene
Ex:
Alkenes Formula
Ethene C2H4
Propene C3H6
Butene C4H8
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Source and prepare
Very few alkenes are found in nature
Preparing alkenes in industry:
The fractional distillation (catalytic cracking)
Equation:Dodecane decane + alkene
C12H26 (g) C10H22 (g) + C2H4 (g)
Or:
C12H26 (g) C8H16 (g) + C4H8 (g) + H2(g)
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Source and prepare
Preparing alkenes in lab:
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Physical properties
The physical state depends on molecular mass:
Ethene, propene and butene are gases
Alkene have 5-16 carbon atom are liquids
Higher alkenes are waxy solids
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Chemical reaction
Addition reaction
Ex:
C2
H4
(g) + H2
O (g) C2
H5
OH (g)
Application is manufacture of ethanol
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Chemical reaction
Hydrogenation
Ex:
C2H4 (g) + H2 (g) C2H6 (g)
Application is manufacture of margarines fromvegetable oils,
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Chemical reaction
Halogenation
CH2=CH2 + Br2 BrCH2-CH2Br
Hydrohalogenation
CH3-CH=CH2+ HBr CH3-CHBr-CH2-H
Polymerization
Oxidation
R1-CH=CH-R2 + O3 R1-CHO + R2-CHO +H2O
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Test for unsaturated compounds
Ethene + bromine dibromoethane
CH2
=CH2
+ Br-Br C2
H4
Br2
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Conclusion
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