The PhraseThe PhraseKinds of Phrases and Their Kinds of Phrases and Their

FunctionsFunctions

What is a phrase?What is a phrase?

A group of related words that is used A group of related words that is used as a single part of speech and that as a single part of speech and that does not contain both a verb and does not contain both a verb and subject.subject.

Vs. the clause = a group of words Vs. the clause = a group of words that has both a subject and a verb.that has both a subject and a verb.

Examples…Examples…

have been waitinghave been waiting They They have been waitinghave been waiting for the bus. for the bus.

during the stormduring the storm The tree fell The tree fell during the stormduring the storm..

of my friendsof my friends One One of my friends of my friends is making a movie.is making a movie.

Prepositional PhrasesPrepositional Phrases

Include a preposition, the object of Include a preposition, the object of the preposition, and any modifiers of the preposition, and any modifiers of that object.that object.– Do you know the Greek myth about Do you know the Greek myth about

Persephone and the pomegranate?Persephone and the pomegranate?– The objective of this assignment is to The objective of this assignment is to

help you understand irony.help you understand irony.

Types of Prepositional Types of Prepositional PhrasesPhrases

Adjective phraseAdjective phrase – a prepositional – a prepositional phrase that modifies a noun or phrase that modifies a noun or pronoun.pronoun.– What kind or which one?What kind or which one?

Adverb phraseAdverb phrase – a prepositional – a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, phrase that modifies a verb, adjective or an adverb.adjective or an adverb.– How, when, where, why or to what How, when, where, why or to what

extent?extent?

Adjective PhrasesAdjective Phrases

One of my brothers made chocolate pie for ChristmasOne of my brothers made chocolate pie for Christmas

dinner.dinner.

The picture will include all of the students in our class.The picture will include all of the students in our class.

She is always talking on her cell phone in the car.She is always talking on her cell phone in the car.

The movie relates the adventures of five boys at The movie relates the adventures of five boys at homehome

and in school.and in school.

Adverb PhrasesAdverb Phrases

The boy was too smart for his own The boy was too smart for his own good.good.

He ruled as king for twenty-five years.He ruled as king for twenty-five years.

The baby screamed loudly during the The baby screamed loudly during the churchchurch

service.service.

Adjective Phrase or Adverb Adjective Phrase or Adverb Phrase?Phrase?

One of her friends is making a film One of her friends is making a film about school.about school.

After the early 800s, the Fujiwara After the early 800s, the Fujiwara family ruled as regents in Japan for family ruled as regents in Japan for more than 300 years.more than 300 years.

He is too short for the ride.He is too short for the ride. The debate tonight will feature all of The debate tonight will feature all of

the candidates.the candidates.

The VerbalThe Verbal

A verb form that is used as a noun, A verb form that is used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb.an adjective, or an adverb.

Verbal phrase = a verbal and its Verbal phrase = a verbal and its modifiers and complements.modifiers and complements.– 3 types:3 types:

The participial phraseThe participial phrase The gerund phraseThe gerund phrase The infinitive phraseThe infinitive phrase

The ParticipleThe Participle A verb form that can be used as an adjective.A verb form that can be used as an adjective.

– Present participlesPresent participles end in end in –ing.–ing. The running water looked brown.The running water looked brown. Kneeling, she pet the dog.Kneeling, she pet the dog. The freezing rain made the road slick.The freezing rain made the road slick.

– Most Most past participlespast participles end in end in –d–d or or –ed–ed; others are ; others are irregularly formed.irregularly formed. Refreshed, the boys returned back to school after Refreshed, the boys returned back to school after

vacation.vacation. She refuses to accept papers completed after grades She refuses to accept papers completed after grades

have closed.have closed. The lab tests samples of water taken from local beaches.The lab tests samples of water taken from local beaches.

– Present perfect participlesPresent perfect participles add add havinghaving or or having having beenbeen to the past participle of a verb (indicating a to the past participle of a verb (indicating a completed action).completed action). Having been paid, she decided to buy a new dress.Having been paid, she decided to buy a new dress. He is understandably excited, having been named MVP of He is understandably excited, having been named MVP of

his hockey team.his hockey team. Having completed the homework, she decided to take a Having completed the homework, she decided to take a

nap.nap.

The Participial PhraseThe Participial Phrase

Consists of a participle and its Consists of a participle and its modifiers and complements; the entire modifiers and complements; the entire phrase is used as an adjectivephrase is used as an adjective– Grinning broadly, I accepted the award.Grinning broadly, I accepted the award.– Proclaiming his innocence, the criminal Proclaiming his innocence, the criminal

vehemently denied the charges.vehemently denied the charges.– Breathing heavily, she finally crossed the Breathing heavily, she finally crossed the

finish line.finish line.– Vietnam, formally known as Siam, was a Vietnam, formally known as Siam, was a

place of great military unrest in the place of great military unrest in the 1970s.1970s.

The Absolute PhraseThe Absolute Phrase Consists of…Consists of…

– A participle or participial phraseA participle or participial phrase– A noun or pronoun that the participle or participial A noun or pronoun that the participle or participial

phrase modifiesphrase modifies– Any other modifiers of that noun or pronounAny other modifiers of that noun or pronoun

The entire word group is used as an adverb to The entire word group is used as an adverb to modify a clause in a sentencemodify a clause in a sentence

Ex.Ex.* Our car having been repaired, we continued on * Our car having been repaired, we continued on our road trip.our road trip.* Ryan said that, the weather being so fine, he * Ryan said that, the weather being so fine, he would prefer to go kayaking.would prefer to go kayaking.*Wearily, the explorer trudged onward through *Wearily, the explorer trudged onward through the snow, his loyal sled dog keeping close by his the snow, his loyal sled dog keeping close by his side.side.

The GerundThe Gerund

A verb form ending in –ing that is A verb form ending in –ing that is used as a noun.used as a noun.– Reading is my favorite pastime.Reading is my favorite pastime.– Please stop talking.Please stop talking.– The chorus members gave learning the The chorus members gave learning the

new song their full attention.new song their full attention.– The problem is their whining.The problem is their whining.– In answering, give specific examples.In answering, give specific examples.

Careful!Careful!

Do not confuse a gerund with a Do not confuse a gerund with a present participle used as an present participle used as an adjective or as part of a verb phrase.adjective or as part of a verb phrase.– I love driving long distances.I love driving long distances.– Driving to New York for Thanksgiving, Driving to New York for Thanksgiving,

my friends and I took turns behind the my friends and I took turns behind the wheel.wheel.

– Greg made us listen to country music Greg made us listen to country music while we were driving.while we were driving.

The Gerund PhraseThe Gerund Phrase

Consists of a gerund and its Consists of a gerund and its modifiers and complements; the modifiers and complements; the entire phrase is used as a noun.entire phrase is used as a noun.– We got a ticket for parking there.We got a ticket for parking there.– I enjoy running in the rain.I enjoy running in the rain.– Writing a 10 page paper is not difficult if Writing a 10 page paper is not difficult if

you plan ahead.you plan ahead.

The InfinitiveThe Infinitive

A verb form that can be used as a A verb form that can be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb; noun, an adjective, or an adverb; most infinitives begin with “to.”most infinitives begin with “to.”– To graduate is her goal.To graduate is her goal.– No one wants to leave.No one wants to leave.– Their goal is to win.Their goal is to win.– She is the candidate to watch.She is the candidate to watch.– We came to work.We came to work.

The Infinitive PhraseThe Infinitive Phrase Consists of an infinitive and its modifiers Consists of an infinitive and its modifiers

and complements; the entire phrase can and complements; the entire phrase can be used as a noun, an adjective, or an be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb.adverb.– To call this late would be rude.To call this late would be rude.– They promised to call him about the partyThey promised to call him about the party– We have time to get coffee before class starts.We have time to get coffee before class starts.– He is eager to visit London.He is eager to visit London.

Infinitive clause = an infinitive or infinitive Infinitive clause = an infinitive or infinitive phrase phrase with a subjectwith a subject..– Everyone expects Hillary to win the election.Everyone expects Hillary to win the election.– We wanted her to let us out early.We wanted her to let us out early.

The AppositiveThe Appositive

A noun or pronoun placed beside A noun or pronoun placed beside another noun or pronoun to identify or another noun or pronoun to identify or describe it (usually follows the word it describe it (usually follows the word it identifies or describes, but may come at identifies or describes, but may come at the beginning of the sentence for the beginning of the sentence for emphasis).emphasis).– My friend Lara just moved to Peru.My friend Lara just moved to Peru.– Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless MindEternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind, a , a

movie, is one of his favorites.movie, is one of his favorites.– Seniors, both Dan and Steve are busy with Seniors, both Dan and Steve are busy with

college applications.college applications.

The Appositive PhraseThe Appositive Phrase

Consists of an appositive and its Consists of an appositive and its modifiers; usually follows the word it modifiers; usually follows the word it describes or modifies, but may precede describes or modifies, but may precede it.it.– My brother’s car, a black hatchback with My brother’s car, a black hatchback with

bucket seats, has almost 100,000 miles on it.bucket seats, has almost 100,000 miles on it.– Jan, a member of the swim team, was late Jan, a member of the swim team, was late

for our first practice.for our first practice.– Once his favorite holiday, Halloween is less Once his favorite holiday, Halloween is less

than exciting because he is too old to dress than exciting because he is too old to dress up.up.