The Physics of Angels and Demons

CornellUniversity

/45Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS

The Physics ofANGELS & DEMONS

Flip Tanedo & Don Teo

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PhD students in theoretical and experimental particle physicsCornell Laboratory for Elementary Particle Physics (LEPP)

www.uslhc.us

Puerto Rico

ALICEATLASCMSLHCLHCbLHCfTOTEM

KEY

US LHC Participation

Arizona University of Arizona, Tucson California California Institute of Technology, Pasadena California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Menlo Park University of California, Davis University of California, Irvine University of California, Los Angeles University of California, Riverside University of California, San Diego University of California, Santa Barbara University of California, Santa Cruz Colorado University of Colorado, Boulder Connecticut Fairfield University, Fairfield Yale University, New Haven Florida Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne Florida International University, Miami Florida State University, Tallahassee University of Florida, Gainesville Illinois Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia Northern Illinois University, DeKalb Northwestern University, Evanston University of Chicago, Chicago University of Illinois at Chicago University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Indiana Indiana University, Bloomington Purdue University, West Lafayette Purdue University Calumet, Hammond University of Notre Dame, South Bend Iowa Iowa State University, Ames University of Iowa, Iowa City Kansas Kansas State University, Manhattan University of Kansas, Lawrence Louisiana Louisiana Tech University, Ruston Maryland Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore University of Maryland, College Park Massachusetts Boston University, Boston Brandeis University, Waltham Harvard University, Cambridge Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Northeastern University, Boston Tufts University, Medford University of Massachusetts, Amherst Michigan Michigan State University, East Lansing University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Wayne State University, Detroit

Minnesota University of Minnesota, Minneapolis

Mississippi University of Mississippi, Oxford Nebraska Creighton University, Omaha University of Nebraska, Lincoln New Jersey Princeton University, Princeton Rutgers State University of New Jersey, Piscataway

New Mexico University of New Mexico, Albuquerque New York Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton Columbia University (Nevis Laboratory), New York Cornell University, Ithaca New York University, New York Rockefeller University, New York State University of New York at Albany State University of New York at Buffalo State University of New York at Stony Brook Syracuse University, Syracuse University of Rochester, Rochester

North Carolina Duke University, Durham Ohio Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Ohio State University, Columbus Ohio Supercomputer Center, Columbus Oklahoma Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma City University of Oklahoma, Norman Oregon University of Oregon, Eugene Pennsylvania Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh Penn State University, University Park University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Puerto Rico University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Rhode Island Brown University, Providence

South Carolina University of South Carolina, Columbia Tennessee Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge Vanderbilt University, Nashville University of Tennessee, Knoxville Texas Rice University, Houston Southern Methodist University, Dallas Texas A&M University, College Station Texas Tech University, Lubbock University of Texas at Arlington University of Texas at Austin University of Texas at Dallas Virginia Hampton University, Hampton University of Virginia, Charlottesville Washington University of Washington, Seattle Wisconsin University of Wisconsin, Madison

More than 1,700 scientists, students and technicians from 94 US institutions participate in the LHC. These institutions include universities and national laboratories from 31 states and Puerto Rico.


The Story

• The Illuminati? (Or is it?)

• Antimatter is stolen from the Large Hadron Collider

• ... and is used as a weapon to threaten the Vatican

• Robert Langdon and Vittoria Vetra (CERN) save the day

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The Story

• HEP: study the fundamental laws of nature

• Standard Model: quantum theory that has been remarkably successful...

• ... but there’s still a lot we don’t know.

• Exciting developments in theoretical and experimental work

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Trailer

4Sony Pictures has approved the use of the images and videos contained on this page in materials developed for the Angels & Demons lecture nights.


Fact vs. Fiction

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Prof. Csaba CsákiTheoretical Particle Physicist

Cornell University

Prof. Robert Langdon“Symbologist”

Harvard University


Fact: CERN Exists

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• European Organization for Nuclear ResearchConseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire

• Large Hadron Collider

• 25 km circumference

• Actually five experiments:ATLAS, CMS, LHCb, ALICE, TOTEM

• Founded in 1954: proto-EU

• 20 member states

• Mission: fundamental science


Fact: CERN Exists

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• European Organization for Nuclear ResearchConseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire

• Large Hadron Collider

• 25 km circumference

• Actually five experiments:ATLAS, CMS, LHCb, ALICE, TOTEM

• Founded in 1954: proto-EU

• 20 member states

• Mission: fundamental science


Fact: CERN Exists

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• 9,000 scientists (1,000 from US universities/labs)

• World’s most powerful accelerator


Similar labs in the US

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Cornell ESR: positrons

• On campus we collide electrons and their antiparticles, positrons

• Takes about 10 minutes to fill the machine with anti-particles

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fact: CERN exists

• fact: CERN exists.

• Similar science here (Cornell) and Chicago (Fermilab)

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fermilab


What kind of science?

• Physics: probe fundamental interactions

• Physics: photon physics, lasers

• Chemistry: atomic-scale microscope

• Medicine: cancer therapy

• Spin-offs: microwaves, world-wide web

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Why colliders?

• The universe is made of light particles

• In order to make massive particles, need to convert lots of energy into matter.

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E = mc2


Why colliders?

• Mass is a kind of “potential energy”

• Turn kinetic energy into potential energy

• Speed of light is big... so a lot of kinetic energy is required to make a little mass

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E 2 = m2c4 + p2c2


Why colliders?

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Energies at the LHC

• Battleship cannons: 300 MJ

• LHC beams at full energy: 700 MJ

• LHC particle collision energy ~10-7 J(kinetic energy of a dozen mosquitoes)

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Fiction: 99% speed of light

... it’s actually 99.999998% of the speed of light

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Fiction: lab coats

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Real physicists

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lab coats: fiction

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Theorist!


Real Control Room

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Fermilab: No windows, no lab coats, lots of post-it notes

/45Flip Tanedo & Don Teo, The Physics of ANGELS & DEMONS 19Sony Pictures has approved the use of the images and videos contained on this page in materials developed for the Angels & Demons lecture nights.


Fact: Antimatter

• “Opposite” of matter

• Annihilates with matter to produce energy

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plush particles from particlezoo.net


What is antimatter?

• Charge-Parity conjugation

• Right-handed, +charged particle converted into a left-handed, - charged particle

• All fundamental particles have anti-partners

• Can even produce anti-atoms (1995 in CERN)... but can only store for a few sec.

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Since the 1930s...

•1933: Dirac proposes positron

•Anderson discovers soon after

• Required for theoretical consistency of quantum theory

•Major role in chemistry

•Now used routinely in medicine (PET scans)

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Physical Review 43, 1034 (1933)


Producing antimatter

•Cornell: produce positrons, e+

•Collide e+ and e- to produce D mesons

• 10 min to fill ring with e+

•Tevatron: 1.6 trillion antiprotons in 8 hours

• 1 million collisions makes only 20 antiprotons (low efficiency)

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Cornell ESR: positrons

• On campus we collide electrons and their antiparticles, positrons

• Takes about 10 minutes to fill the machine with anti-particles

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fact: CERN exists

• fact: CERN exists.

• Similar science here (Cornell) and Chicago (Fermilab)

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fermilab



Nature can produce antimatter, too.

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Potassium-40 (40K)

• 100 ppm of natural potassium

• ! ~ billion years

• 40K " 40Ca + e- + #e (89%)

• 40K + e- " 40Ar + #e (11%)

• 40K " 40Ar + e+ + #e (10-5%)

http://tertiarysource.net/ts.cgi/anti-banana

Contains e+

every 75 minPeople contain 40K!

You produce antimatter.




Early universe

Big bang produces equal amounts of matter and antimatter. Why do we only see matter?

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Early universe

Assume there’s some small asymmetry from initial conditions or dynamics.

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Early universe

• Matter-antimatter annihilation

• CMB: the remnants of a cosmic annihilation

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Cosmic Microwave Background

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What’s the matter with antimatter?

• Why is the universe made of matter but not antimatter? (“CP violation”)

• If the universe started with equal amounts of matter and antimatter, how did it generate a matter-antimatter asymmetry?

• Can some particles be their own anti-particles? (maybe neutrinos?)

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Fiction: a gram of antimatter

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Glowing?Um... that’s really bad.



• Movie: 1/4 g of antimatter ~ 5 kT TNT(Hiroshima: 15 kT TNT)

• 1/4 g ~ 1023 antiprotons

• 1.6 trillion P+ in 8 hrs ⇒ 100 million years

• Movie: produced this in 3 seconds

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• No way to store anti-matter

• LHC is a proton collider... no antimatter stored

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© C

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Is it useful?

• Sci-fi: powers the starship Enterprise

• ... but not feasible in the near-term

• Chemistry: $-decay

• Medicine: basis of PET scans

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Fact: the ‘God’ particle• Its real name is the

Higgs boson

• Gives [most] other particles their masselectroweak symmetry breaking

• Exception: atomic nucleus;mass comes from gluons

• Not yet discovered... could it be that there is an alternative mechanism?

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The Higgs Boson

Suppose particles are like a famous scientist.

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The Higgs Boson

The particle is slowed down by a crowd of people (Higgs bosons) that want to chat

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The Higgs Boson

The Higgs gives itself mass: imagine a rumor that a famous scientist is coming soon.

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Fiction: bio-entanglement physics

! Biology

! Entanglement

! Biophysics

! Entanglement physics

" Bio-entanglement physics

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Real LHC Physics

• Electroweak Symmetry Breaking: what gives particles mass? Higgs, or something exotic?

• Are there new sources of CP violation (matter/antimatter asymmetry)?

• ‘Hot and dense’ physics (“heavy ion”)

• New physics scenarios... extra dimensions? Supersymmetry?

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Fiction: ‘Illuminati’

• There is no secret research at CERN or in any of the US collider facilities

• All research is transparent

• Visitors welcome, please do take pictures

• No military research at HEP labs

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Micro Black Holes

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“The Large Hadron Collider might make dragons that might eat us up.”-Prof. Nima Arkani-HamedNew York Times, 29 March 2008


Micro Black Holes• LHC black holes? Maybe

• Planetary threat? Certainly not*

• High energy cosmic rays bombard the atmosphere with much higher energies than the LHC; Earth is still around

• Really cool physics, though...... suggestive of extra dimensions... such black holes would evaporate quickly

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* This is a problem in science communication.


Summary

• 1976 (Ting)

• 1984 (Rubbia, Van der Meer)

• 1992 (Charpak)

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Past CERN experiments...

LHC: looking forward tothe sequel!


Further reading

• The Newtonian Legacy, Nick Evans. “Learn about the frontiers of particle physics within a fast-paced crime adventure.” [Available free online]

• Insultingly Stupid Movie Physics, Tom Rogers. Also see website. Movie with the worst physics? The Core.

• The Physics of Star Trek, Lawrence Krauss. This is the book that made FT want to be a physicist.

• US LHC Blogs (blogs.uslhc.us)Quantum Diaries (quantumdiaries.org)Blogging about life as a particle physicist.

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Documents

The Physics of Angels and Demons