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The Punic Wars
Rome against Carthage
The first Punic War
• Rome's first territorial conquest outside of Italy was Carthage in Africa.
• Rome wanted Carthage for two reasons:
Reasons for the first Punic War:
1) Carthage controlled Sicily, a valuable source of grain.
Reasons for the first Punic War:
2) The navy of Carthage was a threat; it controlled commercial trade in the Mediterranean, and hindered trade at sea for Rome.
The First Punic War
• Rome invaded Sicily.
The First Punic War
• Rome built a navy (at first Carthage was stronger at sea). • The Roman Ships had a gangplank to hook on to enemy boats
so legionaries could board and fight on deck. • Rome utterly destroyed the Carthaginian Navy.
The First Punic War
• The Carthaginians signed a treaty making Sicily the first Roman province.
• Next Rome took the islands of Corsica and Sardinia.
The Second Punic War
• Again Carthage became a threat. • They expanded their empire into Spain and were
advancing north, closer to Italy.
The Second Punic War
• Rome demanded that the greatest of all Carthaginian generals, Hannibal, surrender a city in Northern Spain - Saguntum (a Roman ally).
• He Refused, and launched an invasion on Italy instead.
The Second Punic War
• From Spain he marched 40,000 infantry, 8000 cavalry, & 60 battle elephants over the Alps (mountain barrier to Italy).
• Within two months he conquered all of Northern Italy.
The Second Punic War• Once in Italy he was almost
unstoppable. • He defeated the Romans at the
Trebia River, & Lake Trasimene.
The Second Punic War• In Southern Italy he defeated
the Romans at the battle of Cannae.
The Second Punic War• He used a crescent shaped formation
of troops and cavalry.• It was a brilliant strategy of false
retreat followed by attack & conquer.
The Second Punic War
• Before attacking Rome he needed reinforcements.
• He sent his brother, Hasdrubal.
• The Romans intercepted his messengers.
• After learning the location of his armies they crushed them & delivered Hastrubal's head to Hannibal.
The Second Punic War• Hannibal was at Rome's doorstep without siege
equipment, or reinforcements from Spain. • In Spain the Carthaginians were losing a counter
invasion led by the Roman General Scipio.• Scipio conquered all of Spain and Hannibal retreated to
protect Carthage. • In spite of winning every battle he lost the war.
The Second Punic War
• He was defeated at the battle of Zama by Scipio.• Carthage surrendered and Rome became an empire.• Hannibal committed suicide when assassins followed him
into exile.
The Second Punic War
• Four reasons Hannibal lost the war:• 1) No siege equipment for Rome's walls• 2) Rome's allies were too loyal to join him• 3) Carthage didn't get reinforcements through• 4) The Romans never gave up
The Third Punic War
• Carthage revived its commercial empire and violated a treaty by building up its military.
• Rome, still angry about the second war, destroyed, plundered, burned, and plowed the city under, sowing the ground with salt so nothing could grow.
• They slaughtered the inhabitants and those not killed were sold into slavery.