The Real Equinox Rule

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    Wheelof

    Stars:

    The Realquinox1

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    Introduction

    In recent months, I have been mostgratified by the positive reception I havereceived on these calendar presentations,

    which are an attempt to simplify the grandthemes in my book Wheel of Stars.

    In particular I have seen a good deal ofenthusiasm for the real Biblicalcalendar, as discussed in the basicThe 4 Calendar Laws and Philo andthe New Moon.

    2

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    Introduction

    Recently also I have encountered folkswho seem to largely agree already withthese rules and the way I parse the

    Biblical and historical data.They understand very well, for example,

    that the Rabbinic calendar is a product ofthe exile, that the role of the stars hasbeen totally lost or at least greatlydownplayed in calling the seasons and avariety of other points of concordance that

    I appreciate. 3

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    Introduction

    After a lengthy discussion in The 4Calendar Rules about astronomy inScripture, the wider historical record and

    physics, two different ideologies aboutthe role of the equinox have emerged.

    My position is that the new moonnearest the start of spring must alwaysbe counted as Abib.

    Others though disagree, saying the NewMoon AFTER the start of spring is always

    Abib. We will see who is right and why 5

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    Introduction

    What is at stake here? Basically, for methe issue is that the moedim were alwaysmeant to go along with key parts of the

    harvest season in ancient Israel.This is about a time, place and people that

    had no refrigeration, no artificialpreservatives and no geneticallymodified produce that would allowthem to extend their harvest times.Instead, they had to rely on Abba YHWHs

    Torah to literally survive each year. 7

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    Introduction

    As a result, Abba YHWHs calendar wasset up so that, no matter what variationsexisted between the Hebrew and Solar

    Year, the moedim would always markthe ideal time for each phase ofharvestingin ancient Israel.

    What we moderns are able to do toextend or alter that natural timeline isquite irrelevant. The fact is Abba YHWHdesigned the growing season, what

    ripened, and whenHe knows His job! 8

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    Introduction

    So what we need to do in order to seewhich equinox rule is correct is see howequinoxes were dealt with in Scripture and

    Israels history.We will also see why, in spite of our

    modern enhancements the originalancient method is superior and stillworks perfectly, totally setting aside ofour attempts to play Elohim. We beginby recapping our evidence of the lost role

    of the stars according to Scripture 9

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    The Lost Role of the StarsRestored!

    10

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    The Lost Role of the StarsRestored!

    The fact is, the stars have beencommanded by Abba YHWH as being

    part of His original calendar fromGenesis 1:14-19.

    The role of the stars (or mazzaroth) was

    further defined in the book of Job which isalso very ancient. Lets see this up close!

    11

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    The Lost Role of the StarsRestored!

    Elohim said, 'Let there be lights in the vault

    of heaven to divide day from night, and let

    them indicate signs, seasons, days and

    years. Let them be lights in the vault ofheaven to shine on the earth.' And so it was.

    Elohim made the two great lights: the

    greater light to govern the day, thesmaller light to govern the night, and the

    stars. Elohim set them in the vault of

    heaven to shine on the earth, to govern 12

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    The Lost Role of the StarsRestored!

    the day and the night and to divide light

    from darkness. Elohim saw that it was

    good. Evening came and morning came: the

    fourth day. (Genesis 1:14-19)

    So the sun, moon and the stars govern

    the day and the night, divide light from

    darkness. Where then is this role forthe stars utilized in the calendar

    schools of today?Now look at this

    13

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    The Lost Role of the StarsRestored!

    As long as earth endures: seed-time and

    harvest, cold and heat, summer and

    winter, day and night will never cease.

    (Genesis 8:22)

    These terms seed-time and harvest and

    summer and winter are known as

    equinoxes and solstices today.In orderto track them properly, the role of the stars

    must be taken into account! Lets now

    see what the book o f Job says

    14

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    The Lost Role of the StarsRestored!

    Can you bind the chains of the Pleiades, or

    loose the cords of Orion? Can you lead

    forth the constellations in their season,

    and guide the Bear constellation with hersatellites? Do you know the ordinances of

    the heavens, or fix their rule over the earth?

    (Job 38:31-33- Matara)

    The Pleiades was anciently used to help

    determine the time of spring.15

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    The Lost Role of the StarsRestored!

    Therefore, whether its constellation in its

    season as some render it or

    constellations in their season as I have it,

    the point is the stars were being usedto determine the start of spring, the

    start of the Hebrew calendar!

    Other words in Tanakh, such as tekuwfaand teshuvahmean equinox or turns of

    the year as Scripture defines it. For

    instance 16

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    The Lost Role of the StarsRestored!

    The heavens are telling of the glory of

    Elohim; and their expanse is declaring the

    work of His hands. Day to day pours forth

    speech, and night to night revealsknowledge. There is no speech, nor are

    there words; their voice is not heard. Their

    line has gone out through all the earth, andtheir utterances to the end of the world. In

    them He has placed a tent for the sun,

    which is as a bridegroom coming out 17

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    The Lost Role of the StarsRestored!

    of his chamber; it rejoices as a strong

    man to run his course. Its rising is from

    one end of the heavens, and its circuit

    (tekuwfa) to the other end of them; andthere is nothing hidden from its heat.

    (Psalm 19:1-6 NAU)

    It is very interesting that the next line after

    this, the perfect solar year, is the law of

    YHWH is perfect, converting the soul!18

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    The Lost Role of the StarsRestored!

    This strongly suggests that part of Abba

    YHWHs perfect Torah is keeping His

    feasts on time! And then theres this

    [Samuel] used to go annually on circuit

    (shana bshanavesaviv/ ) toBethel and Gilgal and Mizpah, and he

    judged Israel in all these places.

    (1 Samuel 7:16 NAU)

    19

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    The Lost Role of the StarsRestored!

    The word savivliterally means to go

    around in a circle, and the fact that

    Samuel is said to do a yearly circle

    strongly proves he knew that sameyearly circle was driven by the sun,

    because he always returned to where

    he started from, which does not happenin a lunar year!

    And then theres the turns of the year

    20

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    The Lost Role of the StarsRestored!

    You shall celebrate the Feast of Weeks, that

    is, the first fruits of the wheat harvest, and

    the Feast of Ingathering at the turn of the

    year(tekuw fa ha shana/ )-Exodus 34:22 NAU

    There were two turns of the year, which

    again relates to the equinoxes, in thiscase, the one in fall, for Sukkot. Here is

    the other one, in spring

    21

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    The Lost Role of the StarsRestored!

    Then the prophet came near to the king of

    Israel and said to him, "Go, strengthen

    yourself and observe and see what you

    have to do; for at the turn of the year(teshuvah ha shana/ ) the king

    of Aram will come up against you."

    (1 Kings 20:22 NAU; see also: 1 Kings20:26, 2 Chronicles 24:23; 36:10)

    And finally, Id like to return to Job 3822

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    The Lost Role of the StarsRestored!

    Can you bind the chains of the Pleiades, or

    loose the cords of Orion? Can you lead

    forth the constellations in their season

    ( ), and guide the Bear constellationwith her satellites? Do you know the

    ordinances of the heavens, or fix their rule

    over the earth?(Job 38:31-33- Matara)

    23

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    The Lost Role of the StarsRestored!

    This word eth() means seasonandis often a synonym for moedimor

    appointed times/feasts that must coincide

    with those seasons, such as here

    Therefore, I will take back My grain at

    harvest time and My new wine in its

    season( ). I willalso take away My wool and My flax givento

    cover her nakedness. And then I will

    24

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    The Lost Role of the StarsRestored!

    uncover her lewdness in the sight of her

    lovers, and no one will rescue her out of My

    hand. (Hosea 2:9-10 NAU)

    In addition, ethactually refers to the

    seasons themselvesdirectlywhich the

    moedim technically must be attached to in

    order to berelevant. In other words, youcannot have Pesach without barley,

    Sukkot without grapes, etc. Lets see

    25

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    The Lost Role of the StarsRestored!

    If you walk in My statutes and keep My

    commandments so as to carry them out,

    then I shall give you rains in their season

    ) ), so that the land will yield itsproduce and the trees of the field will

    bear their fruit. (Leviticus 26:3-4 NAU)

    Ethclearly means the agricultural year,and this is far from the only example I

    have to share with you

    26

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    The Lost Role of the StarsRestored!

    He will give the rain for your land in its

    season ( ), the early andlate rain,that you may gather in your

    grain and your new wine and your oil.(Deuteronomy 11:14 NAU)

    They all wait for You To give them their food

    in due season( ).(Psalm 104:27 NAU)

    27

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    The Lost Role of the StarsRestored!

    Therefore, since the stars bring in the eth

    per Job 38:32

    and the ethare either synonyms for the

    moedim or the structure to which the

    moedim are inextricably attached to the

    ethin which they occur (i.e. you cant have

    Pesach in summer, etc.)

    it must be the case then that the stars

    bring in the ethand the moed im!28

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    The Lost Role of the StarsRestored!

    The question then is: Since we know the

    Scripture commands the stars to bring

    in the Hebrew year, how exactly is this

    done?

    Well, with the right foundation now laid,

    you are going to see that complete answer

    with your own eyes.

    The fact is, the stars role in the calendar

    has survived, and it is coming up next!29

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    Rule #1: How the Stars Set the Year!

    30

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    Rule #1: How the Stars Set the Year!

    But perhaps the most important fact is this:

    The barley ripens when the sun returns

    to a particular point in space and

    shines down on the earth at a particularangle! If you can predict spring, you

    can predict barley without looking at it!

    There also has to be a standard timinglinked to vernal equinox, because the

    barley ripens over 3 weeks in different

    areas in Israel. 32

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    Rule #1: How the Stars Set the Year!

    But there is a way to calculate the timing

    of the ripening of barley through most of

    Israel, and it has to do with finding the

    right New Moon to count the year from

    Observe and guard the month of Abib

    and celebrate the Passover for Yahweh your

    Elohim, because it was in the month of Abibthat Yahweh your Elohim brought you out of

    Egypt by night. (Deut. 16:1 Matara)

    33

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    Rule #1: How the Stars Set the Year!

    Again we must remember that Moshe was

    a prince of Egypt with advanced

    astronomical training that goes far

    beyond merely looking at a sliverymoon near a barley field!

    Egypt used the stars to tell them when to

    plant and harvest, as did every otherculture around Israel, so if Israel didnt

    know, they are stupidest people in the

    Middle East. 34

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    Rule #1: How the Stars Set the Year!

    But the fact is, Israel did know how to

    seed and harvest by the stars, as the

    advanced astronomical language in the

    Tanakh proves.

    Also there is the testimony of two

    historians descended from Hebrew priests

    and kingsJosephus and Philowhowere eyewitnesses to the calendar that

    both Yshua and the Pharisees used. Lets

    hear their testimony now 35

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    Rule #1: How the Stars Set the Year!

    In the month of Nisanthe beginning of our

    year, on the 14thday of the lunar month,

    when the sun is in Aries, (for in this month

    it was that we were delivered from bondageunder the Egyptians,) the law ordained that

    we should every year slay that sacrifice

    which I before told you we slew when wecame out of Egypt, and which was called the

    Passover. (Josephus, Antiquities, 3:248)

    36

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    Rule #1: How the Stars Set the Year!

    At first glance, the 14thday of the lunar

    month of Nisan, when the sun is in Aries

    seems a very precise astronomical

    convergence of star, sun and moon data.

    But Josephus is relating his astronomy

    as it existed at the time of the Exodus

    some 1500 years before his time and3400+ years from our time, not how the

    stars are positioned today!

    37

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    Rule #1: How the Stars Set the Year!

    In 128 BCE, the Greek astronomer

    Hipparchus discovered what we now call

    precession of the equinoxes.

    Hipparchus figured out that every 72

    years, a so-called fixed stars

    position in the sky will shift a degree

    backwards from where it started.So, after 2,160 years (72 x 30), that star

    has precessed 30 degrees.

    38

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    Rule #1: How the Stars Set the Year!

    Moses puts down the beginning of the

    vernal equinox as the 1stmonth of the

    yearfor it is through the bounty of nature

    that the seeds which are sown to producethe necessary food of mankind are brought

    to perfection. (Philo, On Moses, 2:222)

    This phrase beginning of the vernalequinox is a huge and critical clue for

    piecing the system together.

    41

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    Rule #1: How the Stars Set the Year!

    Philo recognizes the importance of dating

    the start of the Hebrew Solar Year at the

    beginning of spring, because this will

    give a fixed point in time completelyindependent of the stars precessing

    backwards over time. It will never go out

    of date! Therefore beginning of vernalequinox is understood as being the same

    as the when the sun begins to be in Aries.

    42

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    Rule #1: How the Stars Set the Year!

    Then, going back to Josephus, we see the

    importance of the 14thday of that lunar

    month, which is the time of the full

    moon.

    Putting it all together it means this: The

    New Moon nearest VE is Abib and the

    first full moon of Aries is Passover!This proves, stars, sun and moon cycles

    are all part of the Hebrew calendar.43

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    Rule #1: How the Stars Set the Year!

    But an important question and this point

    might be: How do we know the ancient

    Hebrews were keeping these kinds of

    detailed records?

    To answer this question, what follows are

    quotes from across the spectrum of

    Jewish tradition, from Scripture, Dead SeaScrolls, Talmud and important modern

    commentaries on their calendar44

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    Rule #1: How the Stars Set the Year!

    Then taking [Abraham] outside, [YHWH]

    said, 'Look up at the sky and count

    (saphar)the stars if you can. Just so will

    your descendants be,' he told him.

    (Genesis 15:5 NJB)

    Saphar/seferis the same word/root for

    writing, scroll, or book, so Abraham isliterally commanded to record the stars for

    prophecy understanding!45

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    Rule #1: How the Stars Set the Year!

    Yahweh, Builder of Jerusalem! He gathers

    together the exiles of Israel, healing the

    broken-hearted and binding up their

    wounds; He counts out the number of thestars, and gives each one of them a

    name. Our Lord is great, all-powerful, his

    wisdom beyond all telling.(Psalm 147:2-5 NJB)

    Theres way more where these came from!46

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    Rule #1: How the Stars Set the Year!

    The chief of the Beth Din then said: "It (the

    new moon) is consecrated," and all the

    people repeated after him: "It is

    consecrated; it is consecrated." Whetherthe new moon was seen at its proper

    time (after twenty-nine days) or not, they

    used to consecrate it. R. Elazar b. Zadoksaid: If it had not been seen at its proper

    time it was not consecrated, because it had

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    Rule #1: How the Stars Set the Year!

    already been consecrated in heaven (i.e., of

    itself). R. Gamaliel had on a tablet, and on a

    wall of his upper room, illustrations of the

    various phases of the moon, which heused to show to the common people, saying:

    "Did you see the moon like this figure or like

    this?"Rodkinson Mishnah,

    Rosh Hashanna, 2:4-548

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    Rule #1: How the Stars Set the Year!

    On the 4thday of the week of the sons of

    Gamul in the first month of the first year. On

    the 5thday in the week of Jedaiah

    corresponding to the 29thday of the lunarmonth, which falls on the 30thday of the

    solar month.-Mishmarot A (4Q320), as

    translated by Geza Vermes, The CompleteDead Sea Scrolls in English, p. 336

    49

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    Rule #1: How the Stars Set the Year!

    IVand on 13 and 14 Pisces; and on 15

    and 16 Aries; on 17 and 18 Taurus; on 19

    and 20 and 21 Gemini; on 22 and 23

    Cancer; on 24 and 25 Leo; on 26, 27 and 28

    Virgo; on 29 and 30 LibraTishri. On 1 and

    2 Scorpio4Q318, The Complete Dead SeaScrolls in English, p. 361

    50

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    Rule #1: How the Stars Set the Year!

    On the 5thday of the (solar) month, 12

    fourteenths of the moons surface was

    covered and thus it enters the day. On the

    6thday, 13 fourteenths of the moon arecovered and thus it enters the day. On the

    7thday of it, 14 fourteenths of its surface is

    covered and thus it enters the day.- 4Q317,The Complete Dead Sea Scrolls in English,

    p. 360.

    51

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    Rule #1: How the Stars Set the Year!

    This is just a very tiny sampling showing

    the extent of which ancient Hebrews

    recorded stellar, solar and lunar data while

    also tracking the Moedim. Not only wouldthe idea of Hebrews not keeping these

    lists be un-historical, it would also make

    them, as I said before, the mostprimitive civilization in the history of

    the Middle East! So heres our rule

    again, officially speaking 52

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    Rule #1: How the Stars Set the Year!

    Rule #1: The New Moon

    nearest the start of spring(Vernal Equinox) is always Abib!

    53

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    Rule #1: How the Stars Set the Year!

    Another way to put the same rule is: The

    Full Moon that happens first, within 30

    days on or after Vernal Equinox, must

    be Passover.This is because Passover can never

    take place prior to VE day or the start of

    spring, but my research has shown thateven if the full moon precedes VE by a few

    hours on the same day, its still Passover.54

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    Rule #1: How the Stars Set the Year!

    Relating these facts to Josephus

    description, the first constellation of spring

    (then Aries, now Pisces), anchors for us a

    time roughly between March 21stand April19thin our current calendar.

    The first full moon that happens during this

    timeeven on VE day itselfis Pesach.Josephus again is thinking about Exodus,

    when 0 degree Aries and VE were one

    and the same timing!55

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    The Gezer Calendar

    56

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    The picture you just saw was a large scale

    replica done for clarity of reading.

    The original however, though smaller and

    harder to read, is dated to the 10thcentury BCE and contains some of the

    oldest calendar information ever

    recovered from ancient Israel!It was found in the ancient Canaanite city

    of Gezer (20 miles west of Jerusalem) and

    is inscribed in Paleo-Hebrew script.57

    The Gezer Calendar

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    Dating from the time of David and

    Solomon, it reckons civil time from fall to

    fall (Tishri-Elul) as we know the southern

    kingdom of Judah would do, starting underDavids grandson, Rehoboam.

    It is also signed by a man named Abijah

    who might be simply its scribe or couldrefer to King Abijah, the son of Rehoboam

    himself (2 Chronicles 12:16). Heres what

    th is th is key p iece of evidence said...58

    The Gezer Calendar

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    Two months gathering (September,

    October).

    Two months planting (November,

    December).

    Two months late sowing (January,

    February).

    One month cutting flax (March).

    One month reaping barley (April).

    59

    The Gezer Calendar

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    One month reaping and measuring grain

    (May).

    Two months pruning (June, July).

    One month summer fruit (August).

    Obviously the Paleo-Hebrew isnt naming

    our Gregorian monthsthey were put in ()

    by the scholars translating it. Nevertheless

    the Gregorian is accurate because

    60

    The Gezer Calendar

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    it is based on a solar year, and my

    point is, so was the ancient Hebrew

    calendarwhen all its mechanisms are

    properly understood.In order for the calendar though to work, it

    had to deal with two challenges each and

    every year.First, the season for the ripeness of the

    barley be linked to the right month for its

    usage at Passover.61

    The Gezer Calendar

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    Choose your Abib New Moon too early,

    and your barley simply wont be ready to

    wave on the 16th.

    I know some of you though will say, Butthat doesnt matterthere is no

    priesthood or Temple to fulfill the

    mandate, but I say, irrelevant becauseof what the Scripture itself indicates

    62

    The Gezer Calendar

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    Yahweh spoke to Moses and said: 'Speak

    to the Israelites and say: "When you enter

    the country which I am giving you and

    reap the harvest there, you will bring thepriest the first sheaf of your harvest, and

    he will present it to Yahweh with the

    gesture of offering, for you to beacceptable. The priest will make this

    offering on the day after the Sabbath, and

    63

    The Gezer Calendar

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    on the same day as you make this

    offering, you will offer Yahweh an

    unblemished lamb one year old as a burnt

    offering. The cereal offering for that day willbe two-tenths of wheaten flour mixed with

    oil, as food burnt as a smell pleasing to

    Yahweh. The libation will be a quarter of ahin of wine.You will eat no bread, roasted

    ears of wheat or fresh produce before

    64

    The Gezer Calendar

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    this day, before making the offering to

    your God. This is a perpetual law for all

    your descendants, wherever you live.

    (Leviticus 23:9-14 NJB)So basically, once the clock starts forward

    as Israel enters Canaan, it keeps the

    ritual described 100% intact andunchangeable. More than that, the ritual

    cannot ever be altered regardless as to

    where the Israelites live.65

    The Gezer Calendar

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    So that means a double layer of

    complexity for the start of each Hebrew

    year.

    Its not enough to hit a new moon thatallows you to wave the sheaf during

    Passover

    you also have to hit a time AFTER thatnew moon, where 64 days later your

    grain harvest is completed! Whats

    right for barley may not be for grain.67

    The Gezer Calendar

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    In other words, picking the New Moon that

    is always after the start of spring/VE may

    work some or even most years.

    but it will also fail quite often to meetthese multi-level agricultural requirements,

    that the ethor seasons mentioned in Job

    and elsewhere always match up withtheir intended moedim, based on the

    original agricultural cycle in ancient

    Israel!68

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    This is also the heart of the Gezer

    Calendars design. It has allotted one

    month of reaping barley, what we call in

    our calendar April.This is because the barley is not picked at

    Abib New Moon, which can be as early as

    about March 7th.Instead its from the earliest time you could

    begin the harvest, 2+ weeks later, late

    March, after vernal equinox.69

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    71

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    This small chart tell us a lot, as it shows

    that nothing has changed for Israels

    harvesting timings in more than 3,000

    years! The proof of its accuracy is thatthis pattern holds in Israel, year after

    year. And notice the calculations for the

    end of the harvest are just as intricate asthose at the start in the spring. This goes

    back to the Torahs own terminology

    for the feasts 72

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    You shall observe the Feast of Weeks, of

    the first fruits of the wheat harvest; and the

    Feast of Ingathering at the turn of the

    year. (Exodus 34:22 JPS 1985)Again, turn of the year means equinoxes,

    in this case the one in fall.

    But I also want to focus on this other namefor Sukkot, Feast of Ingatheringnow

    what exactly does that term really mean?73

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    , 648 :Ex 2316 ingathering fromthreshing-floor & winepress before

    beginning of rainy season, Ex 23163422.

    (pg 23)-Holladay Hebrew and AramaicLexicon.

    So this is not just around the time of the

    start of fall, but specifically early fall,before the rainy season begins,

    referring also to the only time of year

    when the most could be gathered.74

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    This means we have to have our Feast

    of Ingathering only when the vast

    majority and variety of grains and fruit

    was either peaking in harvest season orending altogether.

    The rainy season in turn will begin in late

    October in Israel, so Sukkot cant touchthat time of year. But if you have an April

    17thAbib NM, you will also have a

    Sukkot that reaches into November!75

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    Heres the problem with that

    The rainy season from October to May

    may be divided into three parts, the

    former, the winter, and the latter rains,and they are often referred to under

    these names in the Old Testament. The

    "former rains" are the showers ofOctober and the first part of November.

    They soften the parched ground so that76

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    the winter grain may be sown before theheavy continuous rains set in.

    ISBE Bible Encyclopedia

    So Sukkot must be at a full moon that

    takes all these things into the account:

    Fixed to the season of the fall equinox (will

    show later), after the harvest of most ofthe fruits has peaked or is over, and be

    before the start of the former or early

    rains.77

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    These requirements then lead us to thesecond and final harvest for Israel, both

    then and now.

    This is a precise and exclusive time ofyear for the rest of the produce to get

    picked and stored, again and we saw, both

    before the rains and before the onset ofwinter. Now lets see our chart once

    again and how all this lines up in terms

    of practical agriculture.78

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    79

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    As you can see, the harvest is peakingfor grapes, figs, pomegranates and

    olives specifically in the September-

    October time frameonly olives can stillbe harvested a little into November.

    This time is also not far from when

    sesame (July), flax (July) and millet (July-August) would have been stored, but wait

    until November and its all over.80

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    Your grapes will be done, so where is yournew wine for Sukkot? Again, never mind

    that modern grapes may last into

    November, thats not the point.The point is the grapes that Abba YHWH

    originally intended you to use for

    Sukkot will be gone!So if your Sukkot occasionally touches

    November, its just as bad as when you

    Passover touches May.81

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    Now it simply comes down to the mathand what first century eyewitnesses to the

    Hebrew calendar have to say about how it

    worked.Every once in a while, 2026 will be the

    next time this happens, you will have

    your new moon after VE around April17th. When that happens, your Passover

    will begin May 1stand throw off the

    entire year.82

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    S

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    An Abib Full Moon hitting May 1stwill havethat month end May 16th.

    29 days later, for the 2ndmonth of Iyar, will

    bring you to June 14th, with Sivan startingJune 15th.

    Keep adding: 30 days for Sivan, 29 days

    for Tammuz, 30 days for Ab, 29 days forElul, and your fall feasts now begin with

    your Tishri 1 on October 11th, with

    Sukkot hitting on the 25th

    .84

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    Your grapes, figs and pomegranates haveall been harvested by the end of

    September or into the first third of October.

    After that time, only the olives might stillremain to be harvested.

    So whats the point of a harvest

    festival, or an ingathering feast if thereis almost nothing left to harvest or

    ingather?85

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    That to me is the central problem with thesupposed new moon after Vernal Equinox

    is always Abib rule.

    On the surface, it appears to work manyyears in a row.

    But scrutinize its utility over decades

    and centuries and the practice veryquickly falls apart and becomes

    inaccurate and chaotic. One time off, is

    one time too many!86

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    On the fourth day [YHWH] adorned theheaven with the sun, the moon, and the

    other stars; and appointed them their

    motions and courses, that the changes ofthe seasons might be clearly signified.

    (Josephus, Antiquities, 1:31)

    So says Josephusbut his predecessorPhilo is even more specific and

    comprehensive on this matter, tying feasts

    to equinoxes directly87

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    And the sun, the ruler of the day, makingtwo equinoxes every year, both in spring

    and autumn. The spring equinox in the

    constellation of Aries, and the autumnalone in Libra, gives the most evident

    demonstration possible of the divine

    dignity of the number seven. For each ofthe equinoxes takes place in the seventh

    month, at which time men are expressly

    88

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    hard berries, of which there are greatnumbers, to the autumnal one. (Philo, On

    Creation 1:116)

    Now wheat and barley are among thethings which are very necessary; as,

    likewise, are all the other species of food,

    without which it is impossible to live. But oil,and wine, and almonds are not among

    necessaries, since men often live without90

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    them to the very extremity of old age,extending their life over a number of years.

    Accordingly, in this month, about the 14th

    day of the month, when the orb of themoon is usually about to become full, the

    public universal feast of the passover is

    celebrated, which in the Chaldaic languageis called pascha; at which festival not only

    do private individuals bring victims to the

    91

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    altar and the priests sacrifice them, but also,by a particular ordinance of this law, the

    whole nation is consecrated and officiates in

    offering sacrifice; every separate individualon this occasion bringing forward and

    offering up with his own hands the sacrifice

    due on his own behalf.(On Moses, 2:223-224)

    And Philo is just as specific about Sukkot

    in the fall92

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    The last of all the annual festivals is thatwhich is called the feast of tabernacles,

    which is fixed for the season of the

    autumnal equinox. And by this festival thelawgiver teaches two lessons, both that it is

    necessary to honor equality, the first

    principle and beginning of justice, theprinciple akin to unshadowed light; and that

    it is becoming also, after witnessing

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    the perfection of all the fruits of the year,to give thanks to that Being who has

    made them perfectAgain, the beginning

    of this festival is appointed for thefifteenth day of the month, on account of

    the reason which has already been

    mentioned respecting the spring season,also that the world may be full, not by day

    only but also by night, of the most beautiful

    94

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    light, the sun and moon on their risingopposite to one another with uninterrupted

    light, without any darkness interposing itself

    between so as to divide them. And after thefestival has lasted seven days, he adds

    an eighth as a seal, calling it a kind of

    crowning feast, not only as it would seemto this festival, but also to all the feasts

    of the year which we have enumerated;

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    And besides the stars above mentioned theband of the Pleiades is also made up of

    seven stars, the rising and occultation of

    which are the causes of great benefits toall men. For when they set, the furrows

    are ploughed up for the purpose of

    sowing; and when they are about to rise,they bring glad tidings of harvest; and

    after they have arisen, they awaken the

    97

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    Conclusions

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    it is absolutely critical that Abba YHWHpick a system that guarantees prosperity

    for the vast majority of Israel every year.

    If not, then the Scripture is broken.

    If not, then Abba YHWH does not care if

    His treasured possession has

    enough food or if they are harvesting andcelebrating on time or not.

    If not, then this Scripture makes no

    sense101

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    Conclusions

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    Today, I call heaven and earth to witnessagainst you: I am offering you life or death,

    blessing or curse. Choose life, then, so

    that you and your descendants may live,in the love of Yahweh your God, obeying

    his voice, holding fast to him; for in this

    your life consists, and on this depends thelength of time that you stay in the country

    which Yahweh swore to your ancestors

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    Conclusions

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    Abraham, Isaac and Jacob that he wouldgive them. (Deuteronomy 30:19-20 NJB)

    Abba YHWH then chooses life

    He therefore begs Israel to also chooselife through obedience to His Torah. How

    then can that same Torah that promises

    life for keeping it, create death whenIsrael keeps it exactly as written?

    Therefore, the rule must be, new moon

    nearest VE is always Abib!103

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    abr hdwtTodah Rabbaheace and blessings

    Andrew Gabriel Roth