The ReformationThe Reformation

E.Q. 2: Who was Martin Luther E.Q. 2: Who was Martin Luther and what role did he play and what role did he play

in the Reformation?in the Reformation?

Martin Luther and the Beginning of Martin Luther and the Beginning of the Reformationthe Reformation

Why did Luther question Why did Luther question Church practices?Church practices?

Troubled by the idea that salvation was Troubled by the idea that salvation was attainable through “attainable through “good worksgood works””

Interpreted St. Paul to mean that path to Interpreted St. Paul to mean that path to salvation was by salvation was by faith alonefaith alone ( (justification by justification by faith)faith)

Believed forgiveness of sins could come Believed forgiveness of sins could come only from God’s mercyonly from God’s mercy

Angered by Angered by Tetzel’sTetzel’s sale of sale of indulgencesindulgences

What was his early life like?What was his early life like? Son of middle-class German parentsSon of middle-class German parents Studied law at firstStudied law at first Near disaster (almost hit by Near disaster (almost hit by

lightning) caused him to become a lightning) caused him to become a Catholic monkCatholic monk

How did his criticisms expand How did his criticisms expand into an effort to form a new into an effort to form a new

church?church? Wrote Wrote 95 Theses 95 Theses to start debate on to start debate on Church abusesChurch abuses

Published books and pamphlets Published books and pamphlets questioning Church’s teachingsquestioning Church’s teachings

Ideas for reform led to a new church:Ideas for reform led to a new church:1.1. Congregations choose their own ministersCongregations choose their own ministers2.2. Worship of saints and holy days considered Worship of saints and holy days considered

sinfulsinful3.3. Services in German rather than LatinServices in German rather than Latin4.4. Clergy allowed to marryClergy allowed to marry5.5. Simplified servicesSimplified services6.6. Respect for all vocationsRespect for all vocations

* 7. Salvation by* 7. Salvation by faith alonefaith alone

Why did his reforms create Why did his reforms create widespread revolt in Germany?widespread revolt in Germany?

Peasants, believing “Peasants, believing “everyone everyone was equal under God”, was equal under God”, revolted revolted against their lords: against their lords: Peasant Peasant RebellionRebellion

German princes, who resented German princes, who resented being controlled by pope, being controlled by pope, seized Church landsseized Church lands

Peace of Augsburg Peace of Augsburg forced forced many to move in order to many to move in order to worship freelyworship freely

Vocabulary Terms (E.Q.2)Vocabulary Terms (E.Q.2) Martin Luther Martin Luther == German monk who broke with German monk who broke with

the Catholic Church in 1520 and began the the Catholic Church in 1520 and began the ReformationReformation

Pope Leo X Pope Leo X = = Pope at time of Reformation; Pope at time of Reformation; excommunicates Luther in 1521 (Diet of Worms-excommunicates Luther in 1521 (Diet of Worms-Trial, Edict of Worms is the Excommunication)Trial, Edict of Worms is the Excommunication)

Johan Tetzel Johan Tetzel = = monk who ruthlessly sells monk who ruthlessly sells indulgences in Saxony, thus angering Lutherindulgences in Saxony, thus angering Luther

Charles V Charles V = = Holy Roman Emperor during Holy Roman Emperor during Luther’s time; strongly Catholic, he tries to get Luther’s time; strongly Catholic, he tries to get Luther to stop criticizing the ChurchLuther to stop criticizing the Church

VocabularyVocabulary The Ninety-Five Theses The Ninety-Five Theses = = Luther’s list Luther’s list

of complaints about the Church’s of complaints about the Church’s abuses; posted on church door of abuses; posted on church door of Wittenberg, 1521Wittenberg, 1521

The Peasants’ Rebellion The Peasants’ Rebellion = = 1524 1524 uprising where peasants misunderstood uprising where peasants misunderstood Luther’s call for Luther’s call for religiousreligious equality to equality to mean mean socialsocial equality. Led to death of equality. Led to death of thousands.thousands.

Diet of Worms Diet of Worms = = trial held in Worms trial held in Worms for Luther to recant his actions; Luther for Luther to recant his actions; Luther refuses and is excommunicatedrefuses and is excommunicated

VocabularyVocabulary

Edict of Worms Edict of Worms = = Luther to be Luther to be excommunicatedexcommunicated

Peace of Augsburg, 1555 = Peace of Augsburg, 1555 = allowed all allowed all German princes to choose the religion for German princes to choose the religion for their principalitytheir principality

Justification by Faith Justification by Faith = = Luther’s theory that Luther’s theory that one attains salvation through faith alone one attains salvation through faith alone (implies that the Church or good works cannot (implies that the Church or good works cannot earn one salvation)earn one salvation)