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The Religion in
Globalization
Legitimacy, Natural Law and Empire
Globalization: What Is It?
universal exchange
or communication
of…
Exchange & communication of
• Goods, • services,• People,• information, • Capital,• Fashion,• Languages, • cultures , etc.
• across boarders,
• into territories of others,
• without limit
Beyer tells us to “get real”
For Beyer, technology & practice are critical:
1.“potential for worldwide communication”
2.“translated into actual practice”
Like this….
So, How Did Globalization Happen?
Is Globalization “Natural”?
I mean…
#1. Have we, humans, always
sought to communicate widely with each
other, moved about globally, traded with each other, invaded other territories
from the very beginning ?
Or, #2, have we preferred,
or been required, to live
in relatively isolated, self-sustaining groups,
inside our own territories?
Put otherwise, #3,have we always sought,
or had to be, in the widest possible
communication with others?
Or, #4, have we preferred
NOT to be, or been UNable
to extend and perfect, universal communication
with one another ?
Answer
All of the above
Much of human history has been lived in small, isolated communities
Or, Today’s “Hermit” States
MyanmarPeople’s Republic of
Korea
Human history has also been lived in cosmopolitan cities,too.
But, How Did Cities and Villages Get There,
Rather than Elsewhere?
We Were GlobalFrom the Beginning
Out of Africa, & Going Global
“Eve” 150,00 years ago “Adam” 10, 000 years ago
how we got here from there…
all over the map To Svetlogorsk 150k – 31k years
ago
www.nationalgeographic.com/genographic
Globalization, Indo-European Style3,000 BCE
(from Novocherkassk?!)
How Were Such Movements Justified?(Aren’t They Incursions or Invasions?)
“African Genesis” Is Really an
African “Incursion”?
No Idea. We Must Guess????????????
Maybe, we had just “space” but no “places”?
“Novochercasskian Genesis”
Is Really anAryan “Invasion”
Hard to Answer, Too.???????????????
Another Guess? Maybe, we were not so tribal?
Review #1• There was an ancient globalization, yes• But, there was minimal communication in
“actual practice.”• Therefore, no globalization in “actual
practice” • Communication is minimal for two
reasons:– Humanity is spread thinly across the
globe– Appropriate communication technology
does not exist
Therefore….
Two Theses
Thesis 1: First, we
globalized; then,
we territorialized
“Space” Became “Place”Our “Place”: The
“Nationalities
Thesis 2: First, we globalized;
then, we tribalized
“Ourselves” vs “Others”, “Us” vs “Them”
Our People, Our Tribe, Our Race
JUST ONE LITTLE PROBLEM….
Bottom Line:Minimal communication between
“places”means no (serious) globalization
Humanity precipitated out into realms of difference
Review #2:We do know
more about recent
globalizations
Again, Communication = the key
And…
we know a great deal about
how these recent globalizations
were justified by religion.
The StoryWe know how globalization
came about by means of
communicating political, economic & cultural
systems
that is, by
colonialism and empire
Second, we know how globalization was seen as
legitimate, even obligatory
in large part because of
Religion
1500’s: “Actual”Globalization Begins:
The Colonial Age
The Netherlands
Willem of OrangeSea Power 17th C. “Golden Age” of Empire
17th C. Amsterdam1602: 1st Stock Market
Globalized
Citizenry
The British Were Different:Empire, Yes…
First British Empire: 1713 The ‘Last’ British Empire: 1930
Thus, Commerce Reigns
“Fathers” of “The Bay”
Canadian Operations
But Also, Religion Rulese.g., in Massachusetts Bay Colony
1624
Российская Империя1721 - 1917
He Learned Dutch Communication by Sea Power & Commerce
Russia’s Globalizers
Kronshtadt on the Baltic & Back
Kruzenshtern
Worldwide Ambitions: “Nadezhda” & “Neva” Circle the Globe
26 July 1803 -- 7 August 1806
Shelikov & Golikov The “Russian-American Company” Russia’s First Joint Stock Company
Grigory Golikov
Russian America: 1832-67
КΑЛЙФОНЙЯ Dreaming: 1841-67
Fort Ross
A role for Orthodoxy?
You tell me
The French “New France:”
1750 Colonial Domains: 20th C.
Commerce, But Religion, Too:
The Jesuit Missionizing Enterprise
But, really, It’s All about Spain
SPAIN MATTERS
MOST
The Two Meanings of 1492
1492: “Reconquista” drives Muslims from Iberia
1492: Spain is first into the New World“La Conquista de America”
The “Reconquista”shaped
The “Conquista de America”
e.g., militarized elites, armed mercenaries,
Militarized Elites
Encomiendias & slave labor
A confident, missionizing Church
Conversion
Repopulation
Inquisition
What also matters …
• Ideology
• Re Ideology: Conquista = Reconquista
• Conquista Ideology = religiously based
Why Ideology Matters
It makes it possible for globalization • to be thought ,
•or not at all.
Ideology• It justifies or makes legitimate
• forms of globalization •or none at all.
Bottom line: Ideology is one factor
making globalization possible in “actual
practice.”
Spanish Catholicism provided
this ideology
Conquista IdeologyFirst item
“Tierra de Nadie" (res nullius)
= territory outside law & social reality,
sometimes = indigenous property, in contrast to European territory
similar to Muslim Dar-al-Harb
Conquista IdeologySecond Item
‘Land for Christendom"
• principle behind decision to spread Christianity to the people of America,
• enabled forced conversion of native peoples if they refuse to accept convesion.
• Similar to Dar-al-Islam
Conquista Ideologythird item
• “Rights of Conquest" of European states and societies over native civilizations as well as their natural resources.
• the imposition of the use of native peoples as slaves:
• “encomienda” system
A Second Ideological Front:3 Spanish Humanists vs Conquista Ideology
– Founder, Natural Law theorist of the ‘School of Salamanca,’ Francisco de Vitoria, Dominican.
– Bartolome de las Casas, Dominican, defended the Native Americans against Juan Gines de Sepulveda, Debate at Vallodolid (1550-1)
– Jesuit Francisco Suarez first argued the right of oppressed people to rebel.
Francisco de Vitoria (ca.1485- 1546)“Father of International Law"
Bartolome de las Casas (1484-1576)The Destruction of the Indies
Francisco Suarez (1548-1617)De Legibus ac Deo Legislatore (1679)
They did much to promote the welfare of the native folk:
“The New Laws”
But, they also gave he Spaniards legal rights
in the New World
“Spaniards had (natural) rights…”
•to freedom of travel, such as to/from and through Native American lands,
to trade with native folk,
to import and export
to mine for
precious metals in native lands
to explore native lands,
to insist upon native cooperationin communicating
with them,
to exact sanctions
for resistance to
communication,
such aswaging “just war” against native folk.
Summary: Spanish Humanists
Modified “Conquista Ideology” by arguing that
Native Americans had “natural rights.”
.
Summary: Religion
Arguments rested on “Natural Law” theology
of Thomas Aquinas, 13th C
Summary: Spanish Influence
•Spanish humanists •directly influenced Grotius,
•and the development of international aw
In this sense, globalization
rests on religious justifications